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© Publisher
Edition - Sixth
Edition Year - 2022
INDEX
Writer - SSGC
M.R.P.: 490/- INDIAN HISTORY nd
ISBN : 978-93-90927-64-7 (2 in 8 Part Series)
Printed at -
Core Publishing Solution Chapter Page No. Chapter Page No.
I. Ancient History of India 11. Political Organisation Established before B437-B443
1. Stone Age B9-B16 Congress
Contact :
2. Indus Valley Civilization B16-B31 12. Indian National Congress B443-B452
Sam-Samayik 3. Vedic Age B31-B48 13. Moderates and Extremists B452-B458
4. Buddhism B48-B69 in Congress
Ghatna Chakra
5. Jain Religion B69-B79 14. Revolutionary Movement in India B458-B473
188A/128, Chruchlane, 6. Shaiva, Bhagavata Religion B79-B85 15. Revolutionary Activities Outside India B473-B478
7. Sixth century B.C.E - Political Condition B85-B95 16. Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi B478-B484
Allenganj, Prayagraj 8. Greek Invasion B95-B96 Movement
hehindu000

(Allahabad) - 211002 9. Maurya Empire B96-B117 17. Congress: Banaras, Culcutta, and Surat B484-B488
Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525 10. Post-Mauryan Period B117-B126 Session
11. Gupta and Post-Gupta Period B126-B149 18. Formation of Muslim League (1906) B488-B490
Mob.: 9335140296 12. Architecture in Ancient India B149-B163 19. Morley-Minto Reforms B490-B491
e-mail : ssgcald@yahoo.co.in 13. South India (Chola, Chalukya, Pallava B163-B176 20. Delhi Durbar and Change of Capital B491-B492
and Sangam Period) 21. Lucknow Session of Congress B492-B494
Website : ssgcp.com 14. Ancient Literature and Litterateur B176-B185 (The Lucknow Pact)
e-shop : shop.ssgcp.com 15. Pre-Medieval Period B185-B192 22. Home Rule League Movement B494-B496
Join−> https://t.me/th

II. Medieval History of India 23. Gandhi and His Early Movement B497-B513
1. Muslim Invasion of India B193-B198 24. Peasant Movement and Kisan Sabha B513-B519
Copyright 2021, by Sam- 2. Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty B198-B204 25. Trade Union and Communist Party B519-B522
3. Khalji Dynasty B204-B209 26. Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh B522-B528
Samayik Ghatna Chakra
4. Tughluq Dynasty B209-B217 Massacre (1919)
Private Limited. No Part of this 5. Lodi Dynasty B217-B219 27. Khilafat Movement B528-B530
publication may be reproduces 6. Vijayanagara Empire B219-B225 28. Non-Cooperation Movement B531-B538
or distributed in any form or by 7. Delhi Sultanate: Administration B225-B229 29. Formation of Swaraj Party (1923) B538-B541
any means, electronic, 8. Delhi Sultanate: Art and Architecture B229-B231 30. Simon Commission (1927) B541-B545
9. Delhi Sultanate: Literature B231-B235 31. Lahore Session of Congress, Proposal B545-B548
mechanical, photocopying,
10. Delhi Sultanate : Miscellaneous B235-B240 of Complete Independence (1929)
recording or otherwise or 11. Provincial Dynasty of North India B240-B245 32. Civil Disobedience Movement B548-B555
stored in database or retrieval and Deccan Province 33. Gandhi-Irwin Pact B555-B556
system without the prior 12. Bhakti and Sufi Movement B245-B259 34. Karachi Session of Congress (1931) B556-B558
written permission of 13. Mughal Dynasty : Babur B259-B263 35. Round Table Conference B558-B561
publisher. The program listings 14. Humayun and Sher Shah B263-B267 36. Communal Award And Poona B562-B565
15. Akbar B268-B280 Pact (1932)
(if any) may be entered stored 16. Jahangir B280-B285 37. Congress Socialist Party (1934) B565-B568
and exeuted in a computer 17. Shah Jahan B285-B288 38. Provincial Election and Formation B568-B570
system, but they may not be 18. Aurangzeb B289-B293 of Cabinet (1937)
reproduced for publication. 19. Mughal Administration B293-B298 39. Tripuri Crisis of Congress (1939) B570-B572
20. Music and Paintings of Mughal Period B298-B302 40. Indian Princely States B572-B574
21. Mughal Literature B302-B305 41. Second World War B574-B575
Writer & Associates : 22. Mughal Period : Miscellaneous B305-B313 42. Demand for Pakistan B575-B578
23. Sikh Sect B313-B316 43. Individual Satyagrah (1940) B578-B579
l Kameshwar Shukla 24. Maratha State and Confederacy B316-B323 44. Cripps Mission (1942) B579-B580
25. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire B323-B325 45. Quit India Movement B581-B591
l Dr. Vivek K. Tripathi III. Modern History of India 46. Subhash Chandra Bose and Azad B591-B597
l Vivek Tripathi 1. Advent of European Companies B326-B334 Hind Fauj
2. East India Company and Nawab of Bengal B334-B340 47. Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) B597-B600
l Abhay Pandey 3. Regional States: Punjab and Mysore B340-B344 48. Constituent Assembly (1946) B600-B602
4. Governor/Governor General/ Viceroy B344-B365 49. Formation of Interim Government (1946) B602-B604
l Vinod K. Tripathi 5. Economic Impact of British Rule on India B365-B372 50. Partition of India and Independence B604-B612
6. Revolt of 1857 B372-B386 51. Constitutional Development of India B612-B624
l Vimal K. Shukla
7. Other Civil Uprisings B386-B400 52. Modern History : Miscellaneous B625-B675
l Arpit Mishra 8. Development of Education in Modern India B400-B406 53. Magazines, Books And Their Authors B676-B704
9. Development of Press in Modern India B406-B416 54. Art and Culture B705-B732
l Vicky Raj 10. Social Religious Movement B417-B437 55. Award B732-B736

B–2
Question Paper Analysis
225 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) based question papers of General Studies of Union and State Public Service
Commission preliminary and mains are integrated in this release. Detailed list of 225 question papers are as follows:

No. of Ques.
IAS Pre exam 2011-2021 100 × 11 1100
IAS Pre exam 1993-2010 150 × 18 2700
UP PCS Pre exam 1998-2021 150 × 25 3700
UP PCS Pre exam 1990-1997 120 × 8 960
UP PCS Mains exam 2002-2003 150 × 2 300
UP PCS Mains exam (including special exams) 2004-2017 150 × 31 4650
UP PSCGIC exam 2010 and 2017 150 × 3 450
UP (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2001-2006 150 × 3 450
UP (RO/ARO) Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2018, 2021 140 × 8 1120
UP (UDA/LDA) Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2014 120 × 5 600
UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 1998-2009 100 × 11 1100
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UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2013-2015 150 × 2 300
UP Lower Subordinate Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2013, 2015, 2016 120 × 3 360
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UPPCS (RI) Pre Exam 2014 100 × 1 100


UP BEO Pre Exam 2019 120 × 1 120
Uttarakhand PCS Pre exam 2002-2016 150 × 7 1050
Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2007 150 × 1 150
Uttarakhand PCS Mains exam 2002 & 2006 150 × 2 300
Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Mains exam 2007 100 × 1 100
Uttarakhand Lower Subordinate Pre exam 2010 150 × 1 150
Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 1990-2006 75 × 15 1125
Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2010 150 × 2 300
Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2012-2020 100 × 9 900
Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2003-2005 75 × 2 150
Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2008 & 2013 -2020 100 × 9 900
Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2011 150 × 1 150
Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1992 120 × 1 120
Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1993-2012 100 × 11 1100
Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 2013, 2018 & 2021 150 × 5 750
Bihar PCS Pre exam 1992-2020 150 × 19 2850
Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2003-2011 100 × 2 200
Join−

Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2013, 2016 & 2021 100 × 5 500
225 28805
After exclusion of repeated questions from above questions of 225 papers around 28800 questions have been
categorized as following:
ü Current Affairs
ü History of India and Indian National Movement
ü Indian and World Geography
ü Indian Polity and Governance
ü Economic and Social Development
ü General issues on Environmental Ecology
ü General Science
ü State Related Question
nd
In this sixth edition of PREVIEW ( iwokZoyksdu ) series, we are presenting Indian History in 2 section. As per the
new revised format, 4925 questions have been collected from 225 question papers of Union and States Civil Service
Examinations. After elimination of 609 repetitive questions, 4316 questions have been included in this section. Repeated
questions were given below the original questions so that our aspirants can analyze the trend of repetitive questions.

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