erie So VAC AERO VAC AERO News, Ecucation & Training acum Technology with The Heat Treat Doctor Vacuum Brazing with Dan Kay Metallography with George Vander Voort Biography - George F. Vander Voor Practial Vacuum Pump Practice with Dan Herting Vacuum Purp Practice with Howard Tring Qsand as What's Hot Newsletter “Glossary Metallurgical Terms Cea UTA eee a Li pers Caen a) nore Pretend ss Martone and te Control of Retained Austerito CANADA FRANCA. POLAND SERVICE + EXPERIENCE + TRUST — TER st values that SET us apart Seach Martensite and the Control of Retained Austenite By George Vander Voort Abstract Formation of martensite in foe-gined steels probably he mest common goal = heat Westrant of campanens. The carbon conent of the aaron Ststante phate determines hte nh ow-earbon) or ps (ighr00% the se-quancad hardness dope, Ths te due to be Dretance of retained auttente which mich softer than ple reste Linch a [3] expanded the study ofthe havaness of e-quenched steels to a bulk carbon content of neath 2% which Glemonseates the allect of feinng very ge amas of retsined Ase upon the as-quenched hardness, igure 3 fom the work of Marder ane Kraus [) sows the relstonaip bedieen the Spe of Se Neg pace Oe ‘gure 1 fence of carbon conte of Jeanne >>, the austen onthe percentages oft (or martensite ebaerved and the carbon coven and martensite sta Horizontal Gas Quench Furnace late) macente Ms temperature and temperate fr Fe-C alloys, Figures 4 to 9 thats the appearar i Fi hs pearance by fue erentoge of retained ustont [5 LOM of martensite in steel wth increasing carbon content Figures & snd show B115 and 1528 alloy steel afer water quencing from 1700% They iurate fll th martensite matric stucures Figure & shown 1561 when « monty bth marten Bat does have some pnt martanieprarent Note thts he carbon content ofthe ally ineresaes toward the eutecoss carbon coment, the corect austontzng temperature decreases 50 that # does not gfeathy exceed the ACS temperstire. Figure 7 shows 10862,» boronuvestes carbon steel (B is used to increase harder, R wos Sustentzod 3 1525, but the mortly pte maransite stuctie ols too coarse fr Wot te ‘he apparent coarseness of te suena of the 10862 to the 1541, gure # show overustntzed 1095 carbon sol, surtenzed at 165°, which darohes all ofthe coments, coarsened the prior sstente grains ‘erste in visible retined surtanie. Compare Figure Bto gure 7 and to Figure 8. Figs 9 ir 3 WI wate-ardenes tool sto! 3¢ 105% C_ Not tat the martensn, whch i al lat, is ch fer in appearance andthe thee is Considerable un-dissohed cements present Pgores 1 and 2 iste the detrimental effect of cesoking too rch ‘carbon nthe austen, bitty ony reveal eset on fardnersnoton the retuned arte conten and poten serve fares Se Neg pace seare>> es ues Posy antaon Figure 4: As-quenched lath martensite in 8115 alloy steel (0.13/0.18% C)austenitized at 1700°F and water quenched, ‘There are afew patches of ferrite present. The specimen Figure 5: As-quenched lath Figure 6: As-quenched lath and martensite in 1524 alloy steel plate martensite in 1541 alloy (0197025% C0) austeniized at Sea (oae/04s5 0) 1700°F and water quenched. A. Sesenised ot 1600°F and Pot) slight amount of grain boundary ater quenched. The specimen ferrite is present. The specimen was etched with nital and the acaoro comvinermetion-resourcesimetallgraphyalh-george vende sonr"39'-mariensite-andthe-contrl-ot-etained-austerit Nt Deere rs ear ce Det derie Teen eee) Genes ee more Ce kee eee Inorganic Paint Coatings potenti readmore Pe) eae) Cee eer etn Cee ae Ly een) Martone and te Control of Retained Austerito was etched with nitaland the was etched with nital and the imageis at 1000X image is at 1000x ‘image is at 1000 {magnification bar is 10 wr), {magnification bars 10 umn). (magnification bars 10 pm). Pate martensite Keauenly coninsmico-cacks fom the inpact of ane plat ino a previeusly formed pte. These ‘acs cn inate subsequent fs. Splch an Lese [5] showed how increasing carbon inthe ausante caused be percentage of tebined austenite to icrense as well as decrease the My and change the matenie ype from ath to ote, Figure 10. A umber of studies betaeen Payson ard Saiage in 1844 and Anatews in 1968 have developed femal formulas t& cleulate the M, bases upon conosiion not simply from the carbon content Carbon, of course, ha be largest effc, uth infonce of albyng elements upon lowsrng the My cannot be ignored. The My temperate fas wih he My s he formubs predic ony the M, temperature, Detecting Retained Austenite ‘Over the years the witer as ed many echt, pus tint etchant, in an afr to ty to preferential color retin austenite In almost all case, these efforts hav Tailed, Many years ago, an nvestgatar guolshed > short paper ‘hhining that the adcton of 1% zaphiran chloride, a weting agen requerty added to 4% pial nerease te speed of etching (6, woul reveal reained austente by eating a song contrast between the dark martensite a ‘he umetchd austnte uring nal This author cid so be able to see and measure by point countng retained atstante dow t ~2% intel. the weer has vid t duplicate ths experiment vee times, tha most rece sing ‘alkoud cone bearings ofcarburaed #720 alloy steel Uortnately no dette of how there bearings were processed and then prepared for metalgraply are known. But at some eal tine, ty were arsed by eray efaction ‘wee paces daitad wo contain 254,287 and 162% ened austente ware gent the wer who mourtd thr n loyetemperaure cng pox) compound and ground ah polshed them tal ls 2eprtan Aorde di reveal be Fecained austenite mach beter an ia itbout he aditon snd highe’ amu of aaa astente were fecordes when zephria chore wos adc ~ but the image anass resus were very low compared tothe xray difraion ‘elt, Of course it posible that some of the feaied astente had lalermaly tanslotmed betwoun the tine linen te XRD work was done and when the image snabsis work was done Ume tat may have Been 3 few years, RASS Ha Figure 7 Arquenched plate and ith Faure & Ax-quenched pate gure 9 Avguenchad pe ‘martensite in 10852 alloy see! martensite ana smalwhite angusr_rtnste and umasrokes cements (Ds4O5T% C austentzed at 1525 patches of reamed aistentein 1098. (gna whteglodubr partls)n WI Spdwater quenced The stacture Soy steal (990/108% © uated carbon fool steel (1.05% Q corey Sppears tobe conver hanwhat st 1650 (seokes allamanttesustnies st 1475" and bene Should be obtained wh 3 2525°F —_Suppresing te Ms and MI esultng quenched. Note tht no feta Sustenitze The specenen vas etched invrble retained stone 3nd ome austenite vibe and the gain eth italand the mages at 2000X grain grow) apd water cuenched.”suucue is ie a5 canbe ietred Theapecmenmas ced wih rial fom te fe plats marae and the mage at 1000 compared nthstin Fg. The (eagnieaion ba 10 Speamen was etched with ial and ‘he mage 3 1000% fragncaton aris 10pm FFgure 11 shows he mirostuctr ofthe cone bering hat was reported to contain 25.9 retained surtante etched ‘wth nial pis 1% zephian chore which gave beter resus than 2% itl The age, by eye, doce ot appear to Se one-fourtyretsinad sustente sna image sas measured ony 13.39% with thi teh ans less with 2% nal ‘wo oharechans ted. The specimen with 197% retained austen wae measured a 85% by mage anal wth ‘hi eh and the specimen avn 162% resid sutton was measured 3 oni 12% retina’ surtente by image nal wh the etch general thief the type of aference tat the wer has aay geen when doing sme ‘xpermens prevoxshy, Faue 22 shows an exams example of over-ausensigaton where» lage amount of carbide was essolie in 3 tot steal fe -20 to 235 % €- 110 t» 185 % Cf) whch ravenad any marten t form upon quencing, When he Tesined atone vel rather hight etchant wlleslr the ate, In hie cate, annealing tine can Be enn the autem mati acaoro comvinermeion-resourcesimetallgraphyalh-george-vende-sonrV"39'-mariensite-andthe-contrl-ot-etained-austeit Nterie Martenite and te Control of Retained Austerito Figure 1: Suace of» carburved 8720 ale ste! Fire 22 Type 5 0 tel grossy ov railroad cone bearing etches win alps 1% austonized 31 2200 essoking mos of 3G Zephtan chloride Image arabssyelsea 183% abate and some ofthe CCy primary carbide Fetained austenite vs 25.4% by XRD (10000) he hte globular particles sil present. The rma irall retained aurente, colored bythe ot then weed (era's slime a, viewed wth poles Ight and sesive tis. Note that Sroeang tine canbe seen inthe mate 3nd lnatin is reser im some ofthe austente grain boundaries (500, Conclusions Martone 6 the most inportantconsiuen produced by heat treatments designe to produce esl mechanical propertas Rotermal wentments may sometimes be uEed to procuce lower bainte micronructirs which do ils ‘icelntproperter hh beng immune to cerain emblems problems, sth se toper arenes em leek. ‘hot devimeraly ae: tempered martensite steels. Bit harserablty sues Unt te aby to use this technology ‘more widely, ‘The appearance of martensite doer vary withthe amount of carbon daoked ithe austenite Examples of th rene, inh and plte marten, ple and inh martensite and ple martensite and retained sustnte or bse ‘raronste and comnts mirorracure were Ikatsng. Fxamples of excessive ratased aston were tktstad. ‘the witersexperance, bated vpon vee experante uring specmen with itfaret suet contents determines byxeraycitracion tat retained sure steels canoe observed wh the igh meroscpe unl te arson the range of abun 12 to 13%, Retained! austen aove ths level hae only Been thon to be heb to sence performance when fs present inthe carburzed cases of gear teeth Intel see, most of wach are through hardened ureable reamed austenite lads toa shor serie Ife and acre Referees: 1. LE Samus Light Microscopy of Carbon Stel, ASM Inematonal, Mater Park OH, 198, p. 273 2.6 krauss, “Marlee Transfomstion Stucur and Properties in Hardenable Stes, Hardenabiliy Concepts wth Appteson o Stel DV Doane and 15. Klay ade, AN, Warrendale PA 178 pp. 229-248 4304 Linck ot 3 Mater Senes Vol 1 1976, p 1200, 14.6 russ, Pipe of Heat Teatment of Stool ASM, Metal Park OM, 198,952 5.GR Spach ans WC lesle, Met Trans, Vol 3 1972p 1023 5. GF. Vander Voor Metalography. Princoles ané Pracice, McGraw Book Co, NY, 1884; ASM Ineratona Materia Park 04,1999, ‘George Vander Vaort has 3 backround in physical process and mechanical metalrgy and has been performing retalographe sida fr 47 years He is 3 longstine member of ASTM Commitee E-4 on merallography and Mat published exensivey in mtallography and flr aralss Ho egal teaches MEL curses for ASM iernations| an |S now soing webinar, He is» congutant fr Ser inc. and willbe seating courses soon for them He can be feached at 1-847-423-7648, EMAL georgeandencortimahacom and trough Ns web ste ‘mm. georgevanderort.com Te View string ofall George's articles pleats clic here ‘ead George Vander Voor’ Biography Share this post wh 3b Specialists in Vacuum Furnace Technology - Manufacturers of Quality Vacuum Furnaces ontoal race Spee Heat rening Quebec Costngs Dison Fatal Up aden acaoro‘comvinermation-resourcesimetallographyalh-george-vende-son'V"391-mariensite-andthe-contrl-ot-retained-austerit Nterie ont tens aly cont Farace eget or Quste (m0) AA OAC Martone and te Control of Retained Austerito ‘ute Thema Proesng > Dri 14 acaoro‘comvinermation-resourcesimetallographyalh-george-vende-son'V"391-mariensite-andthe-contrl-ot-retained-austerit Nt