MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE

School of Liberal Arts

Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

COURSE ENRICHMENT PAPER NO. 3

PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING

BY:

VIA MARIA I. MALAPOTE

MPA-OS

SUMITTED TO:

DR. DIOSDADO P. ZULUETA, DPA.

Professor

As a partial fulfillment of the requirement in the subject

Management Planning and Control

I. PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING

 MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
School of Liberal Arts
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

II. STATEMENT OF CONCERNS

1. What are the two functions that enable management to go through
the process of continually planning and evaluating?
2. How do organizations assess the implementation of their plans?
3. The Decision-Making Process, Styles and Conditions
4. Effective Decision Making in Today’s World

III. DISCUSSION OF EACH CONCERN

Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives
and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. Planning
requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their
organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be
good decision makers.
The two important functions that enable management to
continually plan for the future and assess implementation are called planning
and control. Planning function is the process of evaluating whether the
organization's plans were implemented effectively.

Managers continually plan for the future, and after the plan is
implemented, managers assess whether they achieved their goals. Planning and
controlling operations are critical functions within most organizations. In today’s
business environment, effective planning and control by managers can be the
key to survival. Managers continually plan and control operations within
organizations. Planning involves establishing goals and communicating these
goals to employees of the organization. The control function assesses whether
goals were achieved and is often used to evaluate the performance of
employees, departments, and the organization as a whole. Planning is the key to
an effective decision making.

Effective decision making is defined here as the process through which

alternatives are selected and then managed through implementation to achieve
business objectives. 'Effective decisions result from a systematic process, with
clearly defined elements, that is handled in a distinct sequence of steps' [Drucker,
1967].
 MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
School of Liberal Arts
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

Organizations operate by people making decisions. A manager plans,

organizes, staffs, leads, and controls her team by executing decisions. The
effectiveness and quality of those decisions determine how successful a manager
will be.

Managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve

problems. Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of
evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and
following them up with the necessary actions. Sometimes the decision‐making
process is extremely short, and mental reflection is essentially instantaneous. In
other situations, the process can drag on for weeks or even months. The entire
decision‐making process is dependent upon the right information being available
to the right people at the right times.

The Effective Decision Making involves the following steps:

1. Defining the problem

2. Identifying the limiting factors
3. Developing potential alternatives
4. Analyzing the alternatives
5. Selecting the best alternative
6. Implementing the decision
7. Establishing a control and evaluation system.

IV. CONCLUSION
All managers want to make the best decisions. To do so, managers need
to have the ideal resources — information, time, personnel, equipment, and
supplies — and identify any limiting factors. Realistically, managers operate in an
environment that normally doesn't provide ideal resources. For example, they
may lack the proper budget or may not have the most accurate information or
any extra time. So, they must choose to satisfice — to make the best decision
possible with the information, resources, and time available.
 MARINDUQUE STATE COLLEGE
School of Liberal Arts
Tanza, Boac, Marinduque

V. RECOMMENDATION
Planning is a process consisting of several steps. The process begins
with environmental scanning which simply means that planners must be aware
of the critical contingencies facing their organization in terms of economic
conditions, their competitors, and their customers. Planners must then attempt
to forecast future conditions. These forecasts form the basis for planning.
Planners must establish objectives, which are statements of what needs to
be achieved and when. Planners must then identify alternative courses of action
for achieving objectives. After evaluating the various alternatives, planners must
make decisions about the best courses of action for achieving objectives. They
must then formulate necessary steps and ensure effective implementation of
plans. Finally, planners must constantly evaluate the success of their plans and
take corrective action when necessary.