Ray Optics

& Optical
Instruments

B. Udaya sree
J.L in physics
Visakha Govt Jr College
CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
3. Refraction.
4. Total internal reflection.
5. Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses.
6. Refraction through a prism.
7. Dispersion by prism.
INTRODUCTION
⚫ Light
⚫ Light is a form of energy eyes. which produces the Sources
of light are of three types-thermal sources and luminescent
sources.
⚫ Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy.
⚫ Characteristics of Light
⚫ Light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is
transverse. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s but
it is different in different media.
⚫ The speed and wavelength of light change when it travels
from one medium to another but its frequency remains
unchanged.
⚫ Important Terms
⚫ (I) Luminous Objects The objects which emits its
own light, are called luminous objects, e.g., sun, other
stars, an oil lamp etc.
⚫ (ii) Non-Luminous Objects The objects which do not
emit its own light but become visible due to the
reflection of light falling on them, are called
non-luminous objects, e.g., moon, table, chair. trees
etc.
⚫ (iii) Ray of Light A straight line drawn in the direction
of propagation of light is called a ray of light.
⚫ (iv) Beam of Light A bundle of the adjacent light rays
is called a beam of light.
(v) Image If light ray coming from an object meets or appear to meet at a point
after reflection or refraction, then this point is called image of the object.
(vi) Real Image The image obtained by the real meeting of light rays, is called a
real image.
 Various scientists
and their
contribution.

❖NEWTON’S Particle
theory>Interference .

❖HYGEN’S Wave theory

>Reflection, Refraction.

❖MAXWELL’S Electro
magnetic theory.
>Interference,
Polarization.
 Particle nature of Light

Reflection Refraction

Wave Nature Of Light

Interference Polarization
Reflection Of Light
⚫ What Is Reflection?
Reflection is when light bounces off an object. If the
surface is smooth and shiny like glass or water, the
light will reflect at the same angle as it hit the surface.
SNELL’S LAW:
⚫ Snell’s law is defined as “The ratio of the sine of the
angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction
is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for the
given pair of media”. Snell’s law formula is expressed as:
⚫ Sini/sinr=constant=μ
⚫ Where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of
refraction. This constant value is called the refractive
index of the second medium with respect to the first.
• Same plane propagation and plane mirror.
• Laterally inverted images are formed.
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
An Hollow sphere is cut.
It has been cut from
hollow sphere with
reflecting surface as one
side. Object surface is
another side.
CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRRORS
RULES FOR RAY DIAGRAMS
⚫ Positions in the space around a spherical mirror are
described using the principal axis like the axis of a
coordinate system. The pole serves as the origin. Locations
in front of a spherical mirror (or a plane mirror, for that
matter) are assigned positive coordinate values. Those
behind, negative. The distance from the pole to the center
of curvature is called (no surprise, I hope) the radius of
curvature (r). The distance from the pole to the focal point
is called the focal length (f). The focal length of a spherical
mirror is then approximately half its radius of curvature.
⚫ f ≈ r/2
 SIGN CONVENTION

Object is always placed to the left of mirror

All distances are measured from the pole of
the mirror.
Distances measured in the direction of the
incident ray are positive and the distances
measured in the direction opposite to that of
the incident rays are negative.
Distances measured along y-axis above the
principal axis are positive and that measured
along y-axis below the principal axis are
negative.
MIRROR EQUATION
The figure shows an object AB at a distance u
from the pole of a concave mirror. The
image A1B1 is formed at a distance v from the
mirror. The position of the image is obtained
by drawing a ray diagram.
Consider the ΔA1CB1 and ΔACB
∠A1CB1=∠ACB (vertically opposite angles)
∠AB1C=∠ABC (right angles)
∠B1A1C=∠BAC (third angle will also
become equal)
∴ΔA1CB1 and ΔACB are similar
∴A1B1AB=B1CBC