Transformasi Laplace

Transformasi Laplace : suatu model untuk menyelesaikan suatu persamaan

diferensial dengan menggunakan nilai awal dan nilai akhir.
(IVP : initial-value problems ; BVP : boundary-value problems)

Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) dituliskan dengan symbol : ℒ {f(t)},

didefenisikan sebagai :
∞

ℒ{f(t)} = ∫ e−st . f(t) dt = f(s)

0
f(s) dari variabel s disebut Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi asal f(t).

Contoh Transformasi Laplace dari beberapa fungsi.

1. Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) = 1

∞
−st
1 −st ∞
ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ{1} = ∫ e . 1. dt = − e ]
s 0
0

1 1 ∞
= − st ]
se 0
1 1 1
= − [ s.∞ − s.0 ]
s e e

1
∴ ℒ{f(t)} = ;s > 0
s

ロンダン タムブン 1
2. Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) = k ----> k = bilangan konstanta
∞ ∞
−st −st
k −st ∞
ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ {k} = ∫ e . k. dt = k ∫ e dt = − e ]
s 0
0 0

k 1 ∞
= − st ]
se 0

k 1 1
= − [ s.∞ − s.0 ]
s e e

k
∴ ℒ {k)} = ;s > 0
s

3. Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) = t

ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ {t} = ∫ e−st . t dt

0
mis : u = t ----> du = dt
1
dv = e-st dt ----> v = − s e−st

∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
∞
1 1
∫ e−st . t dt = t. − e−st − ∫ − e−st dt
s s
0

t −st ∞ 1 −st ∞
= − e ] − 2e ]
s 0 s 0

t −st 1 −st ∞
= −[ e + 2e ]
s s 0

ロンダン タムブン 2
 ∞ 1 1 0 1 1
= −[ + . − − . ]
s. es.∞ s2 es.∞ s. es.0 s2 es.0

1
∴ ℒ {t} = ;s > 0
s2
k
∴ ℒ {kt} = 2 ;s > 0
s

4. Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) = tn

∞

ℒ {f(t)} = ℒ {t n } = ∫ e−st . t n dt
0
mis : st= x ; t = 0 -----> x = 0
t = x/s t = ∞ ---> x = ∞
dt = dx/s

∞
∞
n −st
x n −x dx
∫ t .e dt = ∫ ( ) . e
0 s s
0
∞
1 1 n
= . ( ) . ∫ x n . e−x dx
s s
0
∞
n!
∴ ∫ t n . e−st dt = = − − − −→ Rumus reduksi
sn+1
0

ロンダン タムブン 3
5. Transformasi Laplace dari fungsi f(t) = eat

ℒ{f(t)} = ℒ{eat } = ∫ e−st . eat dt

0
∞

= ∫ et(a−s) dt
0

1 (a−s)t ∞
= e ]
a−s 0

1
= [e(a−s).∞ − e(a−s).0 ]
a−s
1 1
∴ ℒ {eat } = − = ; s > |𝑎|
a−s s−a

Tabel untuk Transformasi Laplace : “Sherwood, Hal. 311”

a
sin at =
s2 + a2
s
cos at =
s2 + a2
n!
t n . eat =
(s − a)n+1

ロンダン タムブン 4
Dalil-dalil (teorema) dasar Transformasi Laplace

Dalil 1. Linearity property (dalil kelinieran)

ℒ{c1 f1 (t) + c2 f2 (t)} = c1 ℒ{f1 (t)} + c2 ℒ{f2 (t)}

= c1 f1 (s) + c2 f2 (s)

c1 & c2 = konstanta
Contoh :

ℒ {(sin t + cos t)2 } = ℒ{sin2 t + 2 sin t cos t + cos2 t}

= ℒ {1 + sin 2t}

= ℒ {1} + ℒ{sin 2t}

1 2 s2 + 4 + 2s
= + 2 =
s s + 22 s(s2 + 4)

note :
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

Dalil 1 ini dapat dikembangkan untuk fungsi yang tersusun dari lebih 2
fungsi.

ℒ{c1 f1 (t) + c2 f2 (t) + c3 f3 (t) + … } = c1 f1 (s) + c2 f2 (s) + c3 f3 (s) + ⋯

Contoh :
ℒ {4t 2 − 3 cos 2t + 5e−t }
= 4ℒ{t 2 } − 3ℒ {cos 2t} + 5ℒ {e−t }
2! s 1
= 4( ) − 3 ( ) + 5 ( )
s2+1 s 2 + 22 s+1
8 3s 5
= 3− 2 +
s s +4 s+1

ロンダン タムブン 5
Dalil 2.

Jika ∶ ℒ{f(t)} = f(s) − −−→ dalil pergeseran

Maka :

 ℒ {eat . f(t)} = f(s − a)

 ℒ {e−at . f(t)} = f(s + a)

Contoh 1:

ℒ{e3t . (a1 . t + a2 . t 2 )}

= a1 ℒ {t. e3t } + a2 ℒ{t 2 . e3t }

1 2
= a1 ( ) + a 2 ( )
(s − 3)2 (s − 3)3

a1 (s − 3) + 2a2 a1 s − 3a1 + 2a2

= =
(s − 3)3 (s − 3)3

Contoh 2:

ℒ{e−2t . (3 cos 6t − 5 sin 6t)} = ⋯ ?

ℒ{3 cos 6t − 5 sin 6t} = 3ℒ {cos 6t} − 5ℒ{sin 6t}

s 6
= 3( 2 ) − 5 ( )
s + 62 s 2 + 62
3s − 30
= 2
s + 36

ロンダン タムブン 6
 3(s + 2) − 30 3s + 6 − 30
ℒ{e−2t . (3 cos 6t − 5 sin 6t)} = 2
= 2
(s + 2) + 36 s + 4s + 4 + 36

3s − 24
∴ ℒ {e−2t . (3 cos 6t − 5 sin 6t)} =
s2 + 4s + 40

Dalil 3
Jika ∶ ℒ {f(t)} = f(s)

1 s
∴ ℒ{f(at)} = f ( )
a a

Contoh :
Diketahui :
1
e−s
ℒ {f(t)} =
s
Tentukan :

ℒ {e−t . f(3t)}

Penyelesaian :

1
e−s
ℒ {f(t)} =
s
1
− s 3 3
1 e ( 3) 1 e− s e− s
ℒ {f(3t)} = . s = =
3 3 s s
3 3
3
−t
e− s+1
∴ ℒ{e . f(3t)} =
s+1

ロンダン タムブン 7
Dalil 4

Turunan dari Transformasi Laplace

Jika ∶ ℒ {f(t)} = f(s)

∴ ℒ {f′(t)} = sf(s) − f(0)

Dalil 5
Jika ∶ ℒ {f(t)} = f(s)

∴ ℒ {f ′′ (t)} = s2 f(s) − sf(0) − f ′ (0)

ℒ{f′′′(t)} = s3 f(s) − s2 f(0) − sf′(0) − f′′(0)

Dalil 6
Jika ∶ ℒ {f(t)} = f(s)

∴ ℒ {f n (t)} = sn f(s) − sn−1 f(0) − sn−2 f ′(0) … … f n−1 (0)

Invers Transformasi Laplace (𝓛−𝟏 )

Contoh :

1
ℒ {e−3t } =
s+3
1
∴ ℒ −1 { } = e−3t
s+3

ロンダン タムブン 8
Contoh 1
16y" − 9y = 0
y(0) = 3
y′(0) = 3,75
Penyelesaian :
16[s2 ℒ{y} − sy(0) − y ′ (0)] − 9ℒ{y} = 0
16[s2 ℒ{y} − 3s − 3,75] − 9ℒ{y} = 0
16 s2 ℒ {y} − 48s − 60 − 9ℒ{y} = 0
(16 s2 − 9)ℒ {y} = 48s + 60
48s + 60
ℒ {y} =
16 s2 − 9
48s + 60
y = ℒ −1 { }
16 s2 − 9

48s + 60 48s + 60 A B
= = +
16 s2 − 9 (4s − 3)(4s + 3) 4s − 3 4s + 3

A = 16
B = −4

16 4
y = ℒ −1 { − }
4s − 3 4s + 3

16 4
y = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
4s − 3 4s + 3

ロンダン タムブン 9
 1 1
y = 4 ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
3 3
s−4 s+4

∴ y = 4e3t/4 − e−3t/4

note:
x+1 x+1 A B
∫ dx = ∫ dx = +
x 2 − 3x + 2 (x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2

A = −2
B=3
x+1 −2 3
∴∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x 2 − 3x + 2 x−1 x−2

x+1
∴∫ dx = −2 ln (x − 1) + 3 ln (x − 2)
x 2 − 3x + 2

Jika:

x2 A B C
= + +
(x + 1)(x − 1)2 x + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2

4x 2 + 1 A B C
= + +
x(2x − 1)2 x 2x − 1 (2x − 1)2

ロンダン タムブン 10
Contoh 2
d2 y dy
+ 3 + 2y = 1
dt 2 dx

y(0) = −1
y′(0) = 2
Penyelesaian :

ℒ {y′′} = s2 ℒ{y} − sy(0) − y ′ (0) = s2 ℒ {y} + s − 2

ℒ{y′} = s ℒ{y} − y(0) = s ℒ{y} + 1

∴ ℒ {y′′} + 3 ℒ {y′} + 2ℒ{y} = ℒ{1}

1
s2 ℒ{y} + s − 2 + 3s ℒ {y} + 3 + 2ℒ{y} =
s
1
(s2 + 3s + 2)ℒ {y} = −s−1
s
2
−(s2 + s − 1)
(s + 3s + 2)ℒ{y} =
s
−(s2 + s − 1)
ℒ{y} =
s(s2 + 3s + 2)

−(s2 + s − 1)
ℒ{y} =
s(s + 1)(s + 2)

−(s2 + s − 1) A B C
= + +
s(s + 1)(s + 2) s s + 1 s + 2

ロンダン タムブン 11
 1 1
A= ; B = −1 ; C=−
2 2

1 1 1 1 1
y = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
2 s s+1 2 s+2
1 1
y = − e−t − e−2t
2 2
1
y = (1 − 2e−t − e−2t )
2

ロンダン タムブン 12
Contoh 3
d3 x d2 x dx
+ 3 + 3 +x = 1
dt 3 dt 2 dt

x(0) = x ′ (0) = x ′′ (0) = 0

f = x − −→ f(0) = x(0) ; f ′ (0) = x ′ (0)

Penyelesaian :

ℒ{x′′′} = s3 ℒ{x} − s2 f(0) − sf ′ (0) − f ′′ (0)

ℒ{x′′′} = s3 ℒ{x} − 0 − 0 − 0
ℒ{x′′′} = s3 ℒ{x}

ℒ{x′′} = s2 ℒ{x} − sf(0) − f ′ (0)

ℒ{x′′} = s2 ℒ{x} − 0 − 0
ℒ{x′′} = s2 ℒ{x}

ℒ{x′} = s ℒ{y} − f(0)

ℒ{x′} = s ℒ{x} − 0
ℒ{x′} = s ℒ{x}

∴ ℒ {x′′′} + 3ℒ {x′′} + 3ℒ {x′} + ℒ {x} = ℒ{1}

1
s3 ℒ {x} + 3s2 ℒ {x} + 3s ℒ {x} + ℒ {x} =
s
1
(s3 + 3s2 + 3s + 1)ℒ{x} =
s

ロンダン タムブン 13
 1
(s + 1)3 ℒ{x} =
s
1
ℒ {x} =
s(s + 1)3

1
x = ℒ −1 { }
s(s + 1)3

1 A B C D
= + + +
s(s + 1)3 s s + 1 (s + 1)2 (s + 1)3

A=1 ; B = −1 ; C = −1 ; D = −1

1 1 1 1
x = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } −ℒ −1 { }
s s+1 (s + 1)2 (s + 1)3

1
∴ x = 1 − e−t − t. e−t − t 2 . e−t
2

note:
2
ℒ{ } = t 2 . e−t
(s + 1)3
1 1 2 1 2 −t
∴ ℒ{ } = ℒ { } = .t .e
(s + 1)3 2 (s + 1)3 2

ロンダン タムブン 14
Contoh 4
Tentukan alih bentuk Laplace invers f(t) dari fungsi :
10
F(s) =
(s + 4)(s + 2)3
Penyelesaian :
10 A B C D
= + + +
(s + 4)(s + 2)3 s + 4 s + 2 (s + 2)2 (s + 2)3

A(s + 2)3 + B(s + 4)(s + 2)2 + C(s + 4)(s + 2) + D(s + 4) = 10

A(s3 + 6s2 + 12s + 8) + B(s3 + 4s2 + 4s + 4s2 + 16s + 16) + Cs2

+ 6Cs + 8C + Ds + 4D = 10

A(s3 + 6s2 + 12s + 8) + B(s3 + 8s2 + 20s + 16) + Cs2 + 6Cs + 8C

+ Ds + 4D = 10

As3 + 6As2 + 12As + 8A + Bs3 + 8Bs2 + 20Bs + 16B + Cs2 + 6Cs

+ 8C + Ds + 4D = 10

A + B = 0 − −−→ A = −B
6A + 8B + C = 0 − −−→ 6A − 8A + C = 0 − −−→ C = 2A
12A + 20B + 6C + D = 0 −→ 12A − 20A + 12A + D = 0−→ D = −4A

8A + 16B + 8C + 4D = 0

ロンダン タムブン 15
 10 5
8A − 16A + 16A − 16A = 10 − −→ A = =
8 4
5 5
B = − − −→ C =
4 2
D = −5

10 5 5 5 5
∴ = − + −
(s + 4)(s + 2)3 4(s + 4) 4(s + 2) 2(s + 2)2 (s + 2)3

5 1 5 1 5 1 1
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } − 5ℒ −1 { }
4 s+4 4 s+2 2 (s + 2)2 (s + 2)3

5 −4t 5 5 5
= .e − . e−2t + t. e−2t − t 2 . e−2t
4 4 2 2

ロンダン タムブン 16
Buktikan :

1 1
1. ℒ −1 { } = (1 − e−2t )
s(s + 2) 2

2s − 1 3 1
2. ℒ −1 { 3 } = 1 − e−t + et
s −s 2 2

3s + 1
3. ℒ −1 { } = 2et − 2 cos t + 8 sin t
(s − 1)(s2 − 1)

−1
s2 + 9s + 19 11 −t 5 −2t 1 −4t
4. ℒ { }= e − e + e
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 4) 3 2 6

2
5. ℒ −1 { } = e3t sin 2t
(s − 3)2 + 22

s−1
6. ℒ −1 { 2
} = et cos t
(s − 1) + 1

ロンダン タムブン 17
Matlab :

>> syms t s
>> F = 1/(s+4);
>> ilaplace (F)
ans =
exp(-4*t)
>> simplify(F)
ans =
1/(s+4)

>> laplace (3*t)

ans =
3/s^2
>> ilaplace(ans)
ans =
3*t

ロンダン タムブン 18
 (s − 5)
F(s) =
s(s + 2)2

>> F = (s-5)/(s*(s+2)^2)
F=
(s-5)/s/(s+2)^2
>> ilaplace(F)
ans =
-5/4+7/2*t*exp(-2*t)+5/4*exp(-2*t)
>> laplace(ans)
ans =
-5/4/s+7/2/(s+2)^2+5/4/(s+2)

ロンダン タムブン 19