Multimeter Tutorial V1.2

Multimeter
Tutorial
1
Warning
Electricity is dangerous and can be fatal. You should be qualified and competent
to carry out any electrical work. Always ensure your work area is safe and you
have the correct tools for the task. Never work on live electrical equipment or
circuits. Ensure your work follows the laws and regulations applicable to the
work location as well as your local region, state and country.
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2
Contents
Warning: ............................................................................................................ 4
Choosing A Multimeter ...................................................................................... 5
DC Voltage ......................................................................................................... 8
AC Voltage ....................................................................................................... 12
Resistance ........................................................................................................ 21
DC Current ....................................................................................................... 26
AC Current ....................................................................................................... 31
Continuity ........................................................................................................ 39
Frequency ........................................................................................................ 43
Diodes and LED’s.............................................................................................. 51
Capacitors ........................................................................................................ 54
Transistors ....................................................................................................... 60
Temperature .................................................................................................... 65
Batteries .......................................................................................................... 67
Notes: .............................................................................................................. 70
3
Warning:
To avoid possible electric shock, pay attention to the following points
 Do not touch the tips of the probes, these will become electrified
 Ensure the insulation on your probe cables is in perfect condition. Never
use or try to repair a damaged cable, just replace it.
 Do not use the multimeter if it is damaged, cracked, parts of the case are
missing or removed.
 Do not use in wet conditions
 Wear electrically insulated boots and gloves to prevent the flow of
current through your body
 Do not let any part of your body come into contact with a grounded
surface while taking measurements
 Ensure the work area is safe to carry out the measurement
 Turn the power off while connecting to, and disconnecting from, the
circuit
 Connect to the neutral first, and remove the neutral last.
 Do not exceed the rated values of the multimeter
 Ensure the correct function is selected
 Ensure you are connecting to the circuit the correct way
 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions
 Follow your local laws and regulations
This warning is repeated throughout the tutorial to ensure safety
4
Choosing A Multimeter
There are many different multimeter designs. But, these fall into two categories:
Digital or Analogue types.
Digital Analogue
Analogue multimeters use a dial and typically only have a few basic functions.
These are less commonly used due to their limited functionality. Additionally,
the dial makes it difficult to take precise measurements as it wobbles and also
needs to be viewed head on, so that the thin metal needle aligns with the
numerical values on the face of the dial.
Digital multimeters use a digital display, they typically have more advanced
functions. Their digital display makes it quick and easy to take precise
measurements. These are the most commonly used type and I would personally
recommend purchasing this type also.
Digital multimeters are available in manual ranging or auto ranging functions.
The auto range is the simplest and fastest to use, although it is typically more
expensive. The auto range type will automatically select the appropriate range
depending on what it measures. The manual range requires the user to select
the appropriate range.
5
Manual ranging Auto ranging
For example, when taking a DC voltage measurement, on a manual range meter

the user will need to first locate the DC function and then select the appropriate
scale, (for example, 200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V or 1,000V) whereas the auto range
version makes the selection automatically, once the DC function is enabled.
Personally, if your budget allows, then I recommend the auto range type.
Additionally, I prefer brightly coloured tools because they are harder to lose.
You will need to decide what functions you need depending on what you will
use the multimeter for. If you are only going to check the lighting circuit in your
home, then you will mostly just use the AC voltage, AC current and continuity
functions. If you are repairing circuit boards then you will mostly use the DC
voltage, DC current, continuity, diodes, capacitor and resistance functions.
Top tier brand multimeters are usually very expensive. But, all multimeters have
the same basic functions, so you don’t necessarily need these. They do typically
have a higher accuracy and better customer support. If you are a professional,
you might need this. But, if you are just a hobbyist, then a cheaper brand will
suffice.
Personally, I use multiple multimeters for different applications. This also gives
me a backup in case of loss or damage of a device, and each multimeter has
different functions too.
Another important feature is the automatic power off. Budget multimeters
don’t always have this, and you find yourself searching for replacement batteries
because you accidently left it on overnight. Check that the meter has an auto
power off function to save yourself time and stress.
6
Most multimeters will come with just a pair of probes, but you can buy
alternatives separately, such as alligator clips which are very useful for
component testing.
Multimeter safety rating
Multimeters are rated for a certain voltage and current. Ensure this is sufficient
for your needs. They have a safety rating e.g. CAT I - CAT IV which ranges from a
working voltage of 150V to 1,000V. It should state the working voltage on the
multimeter near the V terminal. Personally, I use my CAT II 500V / CAT III 600V
multimeters the most, as these are sufficient for my needs.
Perfect Sine Wave Distorted Sine Wave
You can also purchase True RMS or Average RMS multimeters. This refers to how
the device processes the information it receives. True RMS is recommended as
it gives the most accurate result. Average RMS multimeters use a mathematical
formula to average the data. This is cheaper and easier to process but If the
electrical signal is distorted then an Average RMS multimeter can provide errors
of up to 40%.
7
DC Voltage
Direct Current (DC) is a type of electricity commonly used in electronic circuit

boards as well as automotive vehicles etc. We can convert Alternating current
to Direct Current but otherwise we find DC supplied by sources such as batteries
and solar panels.
DC Voltage function symbol
Auto range multimeter

We can measure the voltage of a DC circuit or component by selecting the DC
voltage function.
Multimeter terminals
Insert the red lead into the “V” terminal and the black lead into the “COM”
terminal.
8
Probes connected to battery
Then connect the red probe to the positive and black probe to the negative
terminal of the battery.
DC Voltage reading
The multimeter will then display the result.
Correct polarity Incorrect polarity
If you see a negative value, then the leads are connected incorrectly to the
battery and you simply need to swap them over.
9
Manual range multimeter
Manual range meters are slightly more difficult to use.
We again insert the red lead into the “V” terminal and the black lead to the
“COM” terminal.
Manual range options
With manual range multimeters we need to select the correct scale. That is easy
to do, as long as we know the expected voltage of the source, circuit or
component we are connecting to. We just select the next value up from what
we are measuring.
Example,
o If we want to check a 12V battery, then we would select the 20V
option.
o If we want to measure a 1.5V battery, we would select the 2000mV
10
option (2000mV = 2V)

Probes connected to battery
Connect the red probe to the positive and black probe to the negative terminal
of the battery.
If you see a negative value, then the leads are connected incorrectly to the
battery and you simply need to swap them over.
If we select the wrong scale, it will show either a 1 or a value with less decimal
places.
Example, with a ~12V battery.

o If we select the 200V option, it will display perhaps “12.1V”
o if we select the 20V option, it will display perhaps “12.13V”
o if we select the 2V option, it will just display “1”.
If we do not know the voltage, then we start from the highest value of the scale,
and move down the scale options until the correct scale is reached. If it changes
to a “1” then you have gone too far and will need to move up to the next highest
scale option.
11
AC Voltage
AC Voltage function symbol
Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electricity, it is different from DC electricity,

which is supplied from a battery. We find AC electricity supplied from the
electrical outlets within our homes. This is a much higher voltage than we get
from a battery. Typically, 110V – 240V RMS in most residential circuits. A
common analogy of voltage is to think of it as water pressure, the wires are the
pipes and by measuring the voltage in a wire we are measuring the pressure in
a pipe.
Electrical outlet tester
If you are going to test an electrical outlet in your home, don’t use a multimeter.
Use an electrical outlet tester instead. These are much safer and offer better
diagnosis of problems. Some models will display the measured voltage too.
Remember: Electricity is dangerous and can be fatal. You

should be qualified and competent to carry out any electrical
work.
12
We will mostly focus on the auto range multimeter for this chapter. For
manual range multimeters we follow the same safety and connection
procedures as the auto range multimeters, but we must select the next highest
value on the scale.
AC Voltage scale – manual range
Example,
o With a 120V outlet, we select the 200V option
With a 230V outlet, we select the 700V option
o If we were measuring a 120V or 230V outlet and we selected the 20
option, the meter will display “1”.
o If we were measuring a 120V outlet and we selected the 700V
option, the meter will display “120V”
13
AC Voltage function symbol
First select the AC voltage function
terminal.
Tutorial continues after warning
14
Warning:
missing or removed.
circuit
 Follow the manufacturers instructions
15
North American outlets
Most outlets in north America will utilize an internal safety screen to prevent
children inserting objects into the terminals. We need to mimic a plug being
inserted to bypass this safety feature.
Ensure the power is off first.
Insert the black probe into the large slot and the red probe into the parallel
smaller slot.
Firmly push the probes and the safety screen will move, allowing the probes to
enter.
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the meter will display the result.
Turn the power off while disconnecting the probes.
16
British outlets
Most outlets in the UK will utilise an internal safety screen to prevent children
inserting objects into the terminals. We need to mimic a plug being inserted to
bypass this safety feature.
Ensure the power is off first
Insert the red probe into the earth terminal (top) and push down, and hold
down, to disable the safety screen.
Insert the black probe into the neutral terminal, on the left side.
Remove the red probe from the earth terminal and insert the red probe into the
live terminal, on the right.
17
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the meter will display the
result. Turn the power off while disconnecting the probes.
18
European outlets
Many outlets in Europe will utilise an internal safety screen to prevent children
Insert both probes into the terminals. With this type of outlet, it doesn’t matter
which probe enters which terminal. They are interchangeable.
Apply a little pressure and tilt the rear end of the probes downward to lift the
safety screen. Then fully insert the probes into the terminals.
19
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the multimeter will display
the result. Turn the power off while disconnecting the probes.
20
Resistance
Resistance function symbol
Resistance is the measurement of how easily electrons can flow through a

material or component. For example, electrons can flow very easily through a
copper wire, but it’s much harder to flow through a resistor and it is extremely
difficult to flow through rubber, which is why we use copper wires to distribute
electricity and we use rubber insulation to keep our bodies separated from it.
If checking the resistance of a component on a circuit board, ensure the
component is not in parallel with other components. This will cause a false
reading, because in parallel circuits the resistance divides. Remove the
component from the board first.
To measure resistance, we need to place our black lead into the “COM” terminal
and the red lead into the terminal with the ohms symbol. If it doesn’t show an
ohms symbol, then use the “V” terminal. Then select the resistance function.
21
Place the probes across the component to take a measurement. It doesn’t
matter which side is connected to which side, they are interchangeable.
The multimeter will now display the result.
You can test many components, such as:
Speakers Resistors Potentiometers

22
Pay attention to the letters displayed on an auto range multimeter.
This measurement is showing just an Ohms symbol, meaning the value is 2.3
Ohms.
This measurement is showing “k” ohms, meaning thousand ohms. This is

therefore measuring 2,188 Ohms.
This measurement is showing “M” ohms, meaning million ohms. This is

therefore measuring 2,017,000 Ohms.
23
If using a manual range multimeter, we need to select the correct scale. We must
use the next highest value on the scale of our multimeter.
Resistance scale – manual range
Example
This is a 33Ω resistor, so we would need to use the 200Ω scale
This is a 3kΩ resistor, so we would need to use the 20kΩ scale
This is a100kΩ resistor, so we would need to use the 200kΩ scale
This is a 1MΩ resistor, so we would need to use the 2000k (2MΩ) option
This is a 5.6MΩ resistor. the multimeter in our example can only measure
up to 2000kΩ (2MΩ) which means we are unable to take a measurement
of this component.
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Be aware that resistance also changes with temperature.
Resistor tolerance
This is a 3kΩ resistor, with a tolerance of ±1%
The brown band tells us this is a 1% tolerance resistor. Which means although it
is rated for 3kΩ it could be 1% higher or 1% lower than this when measured. So,
it could be anywhere between 3,030 ohms and 2,970 ohms. When we measure
it, its 3,014 ohms, so this is within the stated tolerance.
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DC Current
DC Current function symbol
Current is the measurement of how many electrons are flowing through a

particular point, for example in a wire. DC means direct current, so the electrons
flow in one direction, which is different to how AC electricity works. We find DC
used in electronic circuit boards, batteries, solar panels etc. We measure
current in the unit of Amperes, which is often shortened to just Amps.
Total current Branch current
When making current measurements, we must connect our multimeter in series

with the load we want to measure. Either for the total current or the current in
a branch of a circuit.
Do not connect a multimeter in parallel across the load, for

current measurement. This can cause a large current to flow
through your device which can damage it.
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4 Terminals 3 Terminals
Your multimeter will either have 3 or 4 terminals. It should state a number near
the terminals, for example “10A” which means the device can handle a
maximum of 10 Amperes of current. The device on the left, in the above
example, has a “10A” terminal, but we see it also states “10sec 10A MAX”
meaning it can only handle a maximum of 10 Amperes for 10 seconds at a time.
It will need to be disconnected for a certain time after this, typically 15 minutes.
Check with the manufacturer. The reason for this, is the multimeters internal
circuits will overheat if you exceed this current limit and/or time frame. If you
are measuring a smaller current then you can usually extend this connection
time. Check with the device manufacturer.
Some terminals are fused, this adds a layer of over current protection to the
device. Overloading an unfused terminal can destroy the device. To learn how
to test the fuse, see the “AC Current” chapter in this guide.
Some multimeters have a terminal labelled “mA” meaning milliampere, and this
can be used for measurement of small loads. In the example above, the device
on the left shows it can handle a maximum of 200mA (0.2A) in the fused
terminal.
To take a measurement, select the DC current function
DC Current function symbol

27
200mA connection 10A connection
If we know the load we are testing is below the stated maximum mA value, then
we can use the mA terminal. Otherwise we must use the 10A terminal.
If your multimeter doesn’t have a “mA” terminal, then use the “A” terminal.
Be sure to insert the red probe into the “A” or “mA” terminals, and the black
probe in the “COM” terminal.
28
Connect the red probe to the electrical supply and the black probe to the load
to complete the circuit.
The multimeter will now display the measurement.

29
DC Current scale options
For manual range multimeters, we need to select the correct scale. In the
example above, we have 4 options. These are converted below.
 2000µ = 0.002A
 20m = 0.02A
 200m = 0.2A
 5 = 5.0A
(Note: “m” stands for milliampere and “μ” stands for microampere)
Example
 If we knew a load was roughly 0.012A then we would select the 20m
option.
 If we knew the load was approximately 1.2A, then we would use the
5 option.
 If we knew the load was 7A, then this exceeds our example
multimeters ability so we should not try to measure this load as it can
only measure a maximum of 5 amperes, for a short duration.
 If we didn’t know an estimate for the current of the load, then we

should select the highest option available and turn down the scale if
applicable.
30
AC Current
AC Current function symbol
AC stands for Alternating current and refers to the movement of electrons in the
circuit, because they constantly alternate direction by moving forward and
backwards repeatedly. Current refers to the measurement of how many
electrons are moving past a point in a circuit. The higher the current, the more
electrons are flowing. We measure current in the unit of Amperes, which is
represented by the letter “A”.
We find AC electricity supplied from the electrical outlets within our homes.
Energy monitor plug
If you want to measure the current demand of an appliance, then do not use a
multimeter. Instead you can use an energy monitoring plug. This is a fairly cheap
device that you simply plug your device into and it typically tells you the current,
voltage, power factor, energy consumption and running cost.
31
Clamp multimeter
If you need to measure the current flowing in a wire, then do not use a standard
multimeter, you can use a clamp multimeter instead which is much safer and
easier. Some standard multimeters have optional plug-in clamps you can
purchase, check with manufacturer.
Clamp meters must only be connected to one wire. If you tried to measure two
wires, the current is flowing in opposite directions in these wires so they will
cancel each other out and the reading will be “0”.
32
work.
Warning:
missing or removed.
circuit
 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions
33

If you absolutely must use a multimeter, then we have to connect the device in
series with the load. The device has a very low internal resistance of perhaps
just 0.2 ohms. Connecting in parallel will expose the meter to the full voltage,
instantly causing an enormous flow of current through your meter and
destroying it.
Example: 230V ÷ 0.2 Ohms = 1,150A
Do not connect a multimeter in parallel across the load, for

current measurement. This can cause a large current to flow
through your device which can damage it.
Multimeter only shows DC current Multimeter shows AC and DC

measurement function current measurement function
Check your multimeter has an AC current setting. If it doesn’t, then do not

attempt to use it for this purpose.
34
4 Terminals 3 Terminals
Check the terminal identification on your multimeter. Some will have a

dedicated terminal for measuring milliamps and it will state the maximum
current it can handle. For example, 200mA (0.2A).
If you know your circuit will exceed this milliampere value, or you do not know
the maximum current you are measuring, then we need to use the terminal
marked with an “A”. Typically, this will be labelled “10A” indicating a maximum
of 10 Amps can be connected. It usually states how long a load of 10A can be
connect. For example, a maximum of 10 amps for 10 seconds and you must then
disconnect it for 15 minutes to cool down. If you measure a lower current, you
might be able to extend this time. Check the manufacturers guide.
Checking the internal fuse

Most multimeters come with a fuse to protect the device. This heats up and
breaks the circuit if you exceed 10 Amps or connect the multimeter to a 10A
current for more than the stated time limit.
35
Testing the internal fuse
You can check the fuse by selecting the resistance function and then inserting
the red lead to the “V” terminal and the probe into the fused terminal. If it
displays a value of less than 0.5 it should be ok, if it states “O.L” then it is broken.
You can remove the back cover to replace the fuse.
10A and mA terminals A terminal
To measure AC current, place your red probe into the “10A” terminal, the black
lead into the “COM” terminal and select the alternating current function).
36
Ensure the power is disconnected from the circuit. Connect the black probe to
the load side and the red probe to the supply side. Ensure your multimeter is
connected in series. When it is safe, turn the power back on. You will then see
the results displayed on the multimeter.
10A and mA terminals A terminal
With the manual range multimeter we again insert the red lead into the “A”
terminal. If the multimeter has a “mA” terminal, we can use this also but only if
we know the current is within the multimeters milliampere limitations. These
are usually stated on the device. We then insert the black lead into the “COM”
terminal.
37
AC current function scale options
We now need to locate the AC current function and select the next highest value
scale. In the example above, we have 4 options. These are converted below.
 2m = 0.002 Ampere
 20m = 0.02 Ampere
 200m = 0.2 Ampere
 10 = 10 Ampere
Examples:
If we know the current is approximately 0.014A, we use the 20m option.
If we know the current is approximately 0.08A then we use the 200m option.
If we do not know the current, then we use the 10 option and we turn the
scale down until the appropriate option is selected. If a “1” appears, then
we need to move back up to the next highest scale option. 38
Continuity
Continuity function symbol
We use the continuity function to test if two points in a circuit are connected, if
so then it means electricity can flow. We can use this function to test for a break
in a circuit or wire. We can test that switches are working correctly. We can
check fuses and electrical components.
Testing wires over long distances
We can test wires over very long distances by connecting two ends together and
then attaching the multimeter to the other end.
Do not test continuity on electrified wires and circuits.

Always turn power off and ensure it is safe to test
39
Using continuity function
Connect the black lead into the COM terminal and the red lead into the terminal
with the continuity symbol. If it doesn’t show this, but does have the continuity
function, then use the “V” terminal.
The screen will default to “OL” meaning open loop, indicating there isn’t a
complete circuit. However, if you tap the probes together, the multimeter
should beep to indicate continuity has been detected. Some multimeters will
display a light. It will also display the resistance on screen. Typically, if we test a
wire we should see a low value such as 0.1 ohms or even less.
Simply place the probes across two points of a circuit to test if there is a
connection between them.
False reading
40
We can get false readings though. We need to consider how the circuit is
connected. We can test between two points which seem to be broken, however,
if a connection is possible via another route, we can still get a continuity
indication.
Additionally, continuity tests do not work with high resistance circuits. For
example,
This wire is 0Ω and the multimeter indicates continuity
This resistor measures 5Ω and the multimeter indicates continuity

41
This resistor is 1MΩ and the multimeter doesn’t indicate continuity. The
resistance is too high for this function to test correctly.
42
Frequency
Frequency function symbol
Frequency refers to how many times a pattern of an electrical signal repeats per
second. We measure this in Hertz which uses the symbol “Hz”.
AC Sine wave
Homes in north America use 60Hz, meaning the sine wave repeats 60 times per
second. Homes in Europe use 50Hz, meaning the sine wave repeats 50 times per
second. This is all to do with the speed of the electrical generator.
The frequency will not always be exactly 50Hz or 60Hz, the value will slightly
increase and decrease throughout the day, but it will be very close.
Example
60Hz = 60 times per second. There are 60 seconds per minute. So 60 cycles
x 60 seconds = 3,600 RPM. So, the generator is rotating 3,600 times per
minute.
43
Energy monitor plug
If you want to test the frequency of an electrical outlet, then I recommend you
do not use a multimeter. Instead you can use an energy monitoring plug which
you can plug into the outlet and it will tell you the voltage and frequency. It will
also tell you the current, power factor and energy consumption of any appliance
you plug into it.
However, if you must use a multimeter, then you can find the tutorial on the
following pages, after the safety warning.
terminal. Then select the frequency function.
Some multimeters, like the one on

the left, will default to AC voltage.
We need to press the yellow button
to view the frequency.
44
Warning:

work.
missing or removed.
circuit
 Follow the manufacturers instructions
45

North American outlets
Most outlets in north America will utilize an internal safety screen to prevent
children inserting objects into the terminals. We need to mimic a plug being
inserted to bypass this safety feature.
Ensure the power is off first.
Insert the black probe into the large slot and the red probe into the parallel
smaller slot.
Firmly push the probes and the safety screen will move, allowing the probes to
enter.
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the multimeter will display the
46
British outlets
Most outlets in the UK will utilise an internal safety screen to prevent children
Insert the red probe into the earth terminal (top) and push down, and hold
down, to disable the safety screen.
Insert the black probe into the neutral terminal, on the left side.
Remove the red probe from the earth terminal and insert the red probe into the
live terminal, on the right.
47
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the multimeter will display
the result. Turn the power off while disconnecting the probes.
48
European outlets
Many outlets in Europe will utilise an internal safety screen to prevent children
Insert both probes into the terminals. With this type of outlet, it doesn’t matter
which probe enters which terminal. They are interchangeable.
Apply a little pressure and tilt the rear end of the probes downward to lift the
safety screen. Then fully insert the probes into the terminals.
49
When safe to do so, turn the power back on and the multimeter will display the
50
Diodes and LED’s
Diode Diode function symbol
Diodes are a type of electronic component. They only allow current to flow in
one direction and block current from flowing in the opposite direction.
Testing a diode
To test them, turn the dial to the diode setting. Connect the red lead to the diode
terminal, and the black lead to the “COM” terminal. If the multimeter doesn’t
show the diode symbol near the terminals but it does have the function, then
use the “V” terminal.
51
Reverse polarity connection
If we connect the probes so the red probe is connected to the end with the
stripe. Then we should read “OL” on the multimeter which means “open loop”
and indicates that the multimeter isn’t able to detect a connection between the
two point. That’s because the diode is blocking the current of the multimeter so
it is working correctly.
Forward polarity connection
If we connect the probes so that the black probe is connected to the end with
the stripe, then we should read a value on the screen. Typically, this should be
between 0.5 and 0.8.
If “OL” appears in both directions, then the diode is faulty.
If 0.4 or less appears in either direction, then the diode is likely faulty.
52
Resistance
Testing resistance
We can also check diodes with the resistance mode. (See the resistance chapter
for setup instructions). We should see a value between 1 kilo Ohm to 10 mega
Ohm in the forward polarity setup, and reversing the connections we should see
“OL”.
Testing LED’s
Forward polarity Reverse polarity
LED’s are also diodes, they just emit light. We can use the diode function to test
these also, although higher voltage LED’s will not show a value. LED’s should
produce a very dim light when tested. LED’s only light in one direction and block
the reverse direction.
53
Capacitors
Capacitor Capacitor function symbol
Capacitors store and discharge electrons within a circuit. They are used, for
example, to smooth out interruptions in the electrical supply. We measure
capacity in the units of Farads. Most capacitors in electronics will use microfarad
(μF) or Nanofarad (nF).
Electrolytic capacitor
On the side of electrolytic capacitors, it should state the rated capacity, the
maximum voltage and also the negative terminal. Some types don’t display this,
ceramic capacitors typically do not, so we would need to find the information
on the manufacturer’s datasheet.
Capacitors can store high voltage for a long time after being
disconnected. Do no touch the leads of the capacitor as it
will discharge through you
54
Capacitor voltage test
We can test the voltage of the capacitor by selecting the DC voltage setting,
insert the black wire into the “COM” terminal and the red lead into the “V”
terminal.
Capacitor connection
Carefully connect the probes to the capacitor, with the black probe touching the
negative terminal of a polarised capacitor. Not all capacitors are polarised. The
meter will now display the stored voltage.
In the above example I have used alligator clips to make it easier, but you can
use standard probes.
If we see a reading of several volts or more, then we should place an
appropriately sized resistor, across the terminals.
55
Place resistor across capacitor leads
In the example above, a 2kΩ 0.25W resistor is placed across the leads of the
capacitor to discharge it. The multimeter will display the voltage and we will see
this then decrease to a safe level after a short duration of time.
Capacitance test – Auto range multimeter
Capacitor function symbol
Now select the capacitor function. The particular model show in the above
image, defaults to diodes and indicates we need to press the yellow button to
switch to the capacitor setting.
56
Insert the black lead in the “COM” terminal and the red lead in the capacitor
symbol terminal. If the multimeter doesn’t display a capacitor symbol near the
terminal but it does have the function, then we use the “V” terminal.
Connect the black probe to the negative side, if polarised, and connect the red
probe to the positive side.
Result of capacitor test
It will then display the result. Notice the symbols in top right of screen. See the
manual range section for explanation.
Note: With non-polarised types we can use the probes on either side.
57
Capacitance test – Manual range multimeter
Manual range multimeter capacitor function scale
With a manual range multimeter we need to choose the appropriate scale. The
capacity value is usually stated on the side of an electrolytic capacitor so we can
select the next highest value from this on the multimeter scale. If you do not
know the value, then start high and reduce until you see the result.
In the example scale, we have 5 options. These have been converted below.
 20n = 0.02μF = 0.00000002F
 200n = 0.2μF = 0.0000002F
 2μ = 2μF = 0.000002F
 20μ = 20μF = 0.00002F
 200μ = 200μF = 0.0002F
Example
An electrolytic capacitor shows 0.16μF on the side, so we use the 200n scale.
A ceramic capacitors datasheet shows 0.01μF so we use the 20n scale.
An electrolytic capacitor shows 1000μF on the side, this is above the range
on our multimeter scale so we shouldn’t connect it to our multimeter.
Results
58
1000μF capacitor 956μF result
33μF capacitor 36.6μF result
The result will probably not match the rated value. Some will be higher, some
will be lower. The value will impact the function of the circuit so consider
replacing if needed.
59
Transistors
Transistor Transistor symbol
Transistors are an electronic component that acts like a switch. We have NPN
and PNP type transistors. With the NPN type, it receives an electrical signal from
another component, or circuit, into its “Base” pin. If the voltage and current are
sufficient then it will allow current to flow between the “Emitter” and
“Collector” pins. Otherwise this will be blocked. It also amplifies electrical signals
and the gain (hFE) can be measured with the multimeter. Otherwise this can be
manually calculated through measuring current.
Test area Test area Adapter
Locate the transistor test area on the meter.

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hFE transistor tester
Select the “hFE” setting to test a transistor gain.
Identification number BC547
You will need to know whether the transistor is an NPN or PNP type. There will
be an identification number printed onto the face of the component e.g. BC547.
Just search for this ID number online and you will find the information.
You should also find the manufacturers datasheet online too. This will tell you
lots of information about the expected performance of the component and its
limitations.
Example, with the BC547 we can quickly identify that this in an NPN
transistor and the hFE value measured should be between 110 – 800.
61
Insert the transistor into the test area
You will need to identify which of the pins is the Base, Emitter and Collector and
then align these with the B, E and C terminals of the NPN or PNP test area. The
manufacturers datasheet will tell you which pin is which. The pin order does vary
so ensure you check with the datasheet.
Results of hFE test
The multimeter will now display the measured hFE value on screen. If the value
displayed is outside of the range stated in the manufacturer’s datasheet, or it
just states “1”, then the transistor is likely faulty.
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Diode test of transistor
Diode function symbol
We can also test the operation of a transistor by using the diode setting. This
will help identify the legs of the transistor as well as if the transistor is operating
correctly.
Insert the red lead into the diode or “V” terminal and the black lead into the
“COM” terminal.
Transistor in breadboard
63
Insert the transistor into a breadboard to make the test easier.

We can then begin the test.
NPN transistor (BJT)
Place the red probe on the base pin. We should then see a value of around 0.6-
0.7 when we connect the black probe to either the emitter or collector.
The values measured will not be the same between the base to emitter and the
base to collector pins. The base to emitted reading will be slightly larger.
If we place the red and black probe onto the emitter and collector pins
simultaneously, we shouldn’t have a connection because the transistor should
be blocking the circuit and so the multimeter should read “OL” for open loop.
PNP transistor (BJT)
With PNP transistors, we place the black probe on the base pin. We should then
see a value of around 0.6-0.7 when we then place the red probe onto either the
emitter or collector. We shouldn’t see a value if we place the red probe on the
base pin and connect the black probe on either the emitter or collector.
The values measured will not be the same between the base to emitter and the
base to collector pins. The base to emitted reading will be slightly larger.
If we place the red and black probe onto the emitter and collector pins
simultaneously, we again shouldn’t see a result and the multimeter reads “OL”
for open loop.
If you don’t know which pin is which, then either search for the components
datasheet online or move your probes between the different pins, follow the
instructions above, and note the results.
64
Temperature
Temperature function Thermocouple
Not all multimeters have a temperature function. Your multimeter will come
with a thermocouple lead and it should state the temperature function symbol
if it’s able to take temperature readings.
Terminals Leads inserted
Insert the leads into the terminals with the correct polarity. The black lead in the
“COM” terminal and the red lead into the terminal with the temperature
symbol, if it doesn’t have a temperature symbol then use the “V” or “Input”
terminal.
65
Temperature result
Select the temperature function and the multimeter will then display the results.
Note the unit displayed in the top right corner. You can usually switch between
˚C and ˚F.
Thermocouple leads are only used for air or surface temperature readings. Do
not submerge into liquid.
66
Batteries
We need to perform two tests on a battery, to determine if it is useable.

There isn’t a dedicated battery test function on most multimeters. However, we
can buy battery tester devices which are much simpler and faster to use, if you
are going to test batteries regularly then consider purchasing one of these,
otherwise a multimeter will be fine.
terminal.
Then select the DC voltage function.
See the “DC Voltage” chapter for detailed instructions on using the DC Voltage
function, along with instructions for using a manual range multimeter.
Test 1 – non-load voltage
Correct polarity Incorrect polarity
Connect the red probe to the positive end and the black probe to the negative
end of the battery.
67
The multimeter will now display the result. When a battery is new, it usually
measures a slightly higher voltage than the rated battery voltage.
Example
A new AA type battery is rated for 1.5V, but when measured it is 1.593V.
This is fine, the battery is fully charged and it will reduce as we begin to use
it.
If the battery shows a value significantly less than it’s rated value, then it is likely
no longer able to hold sufficient charge and needs to be replace.
Example
An old AA type battery is rated for 1.5V, but when measured it is 1.07V. This
battery is no longer able to hold a sufficient charge and will need to be
replaced.
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Test 2 – load voltage
The second test requires a resistor of around 100 ohms. It can be higher, but 100
Ohms is a good test.
Resistor across probes
Connect the resistor across the probes. You can use alligator clips to make this
easier. Then connect the probe ends to the positive and negative terminals of
the battery.
The multimeter will now display the results. The battery should display a value
close to its rated value.
Example
An AA type battery is rated for 1.5V and when tested with a 100 resistor, the
voltage reads 1.49V, this is fine.
Another 1.5V rated battery is tested and the voltage reads 0.86V, this
battery is no longer useable and should be replaced.
69
Notes:
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Multimeter

Limited Warranties and Terms of Use

For example, when taking a DC voltage measurement, on a manual range meter

Multimeter safety rating

Perfect Sine Wave Distorted Sine Wave

Direct Current (DC) is a type of electricity commonly used in electronic circuit

DC Voltage function symbol

Auto range multimeter

The multimeter will then display the result.

Correct polarity Incorrect polarity

Manual range options

option (2000mV = 2V)

Example, with a ~12V battery.

AC Voltage function symbol

Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electricity, it is different from DC electricity,

Electrical outlet tester

Remember: Electricity is dangerous and can be fatal. You

AC Voltage scale – manual range

AC Voltage function symbol

First select the AC voltage function

Resistance function symbol

Resistance is the measurement of how easily electrons can flow through a

The multimeter will now display the result.

You can test many components, such as:

Speakers Resistors Potentiometers

This measurement is showing “k” ohms, meaning thousand ohms. This is

This measurement is showing “M” ohms, meaning million ohms. This is

Resistance scale – manual range

This is a 33Ω resistor, so we would need to use the 200Ω scale

This is a 3kΩ resistor, so we would need to use the 20kΩ scale

This is a100kΩ resistor, so we would need to use the 200kΩ scale

This is a 3kΩ resistor, with a tolerance of ±1%

DC Current function symbol

Current is the measurement of how many electrons are flowing through a

Total current Branch current

When making current measurements, we must connect our multimeter in series

Do not connect a multimeter in parallel across the load, for

DC Current function symbol

The multimeter will now display the measurement.

DC Current scale options

 If we didn’t know an estimate for the current of the load, then we

AC Current function symbol

Energy monitor plug

 Follow your local laws and regulations

Example: 230V ÷ 0.2 Ohms = 1,150A

Do not connect a multimeter in parallel across the load, for

Multimeter only shows DC current Multimeter shows AC and DC

Check your multimeter has an AC current setting. If it doesn’t, then do not

Check the terminal identification on your multimeter. Some will have a

Checking the internal fuse

Auto range multimeter

10A and mA terminals A terminal

Manual range multimeter

10A and mA terminals A terminal

If we know the current is approximately 0.014A, we use the 20m option.

Continuity function symbol

Testing wires over long distances

Do not test continuity on electrified wires and circuits.

This wire is 0Ω and the multimeter indicates continuity

This resistor measures 5Ω and the multimeter indicates continuity

Frequency function symbol

Some multimeters, like the one on

Remember: Electricity is dangerous and can be fatal. You

To avoid possible electric shock, pay attention to the following points