PAPER ABOUT TRANSMISSION LINE

Kelompok :1

Nama :1. Desi Aryanti

2. Harry Setiadi

3. Moch Arfah H

4. Moch. Raffy Soekarno

5. Reivie Putri R

POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG

JURUSAN TEKNIK KONVERSI ENERGI
TAHUN AKADEMIK 2018/2019
 So far, there is an understanding that what is meant by transmission is the process
of distributing electrical energy by using only high voltages. Some even understand that
transmission is the process of distributing electrical energy by using high voltage and
passing through the air duct (over headline). But in fact, the transmission is the process of
distributing electrical energy from one place to another, which amounts to Ultra High
Voltage (UHV), Extra High Voltage (EHV), High Voltage (HV), Medium Voltage
(MHV), and Low Voltage ( LV).

1. Definition of Transmission
Electric Power Transmission of electric power is the process of distributing
electricity from the power plant to the substation distribution so that it can be distributed to
consumers using electricity through a conductor.
 The image above shows the basic block diagram of an electric power transmission
and distribution system. Which consists of two generating stations (generating stations) G1
and G2, several substations, namely the interconnecting substation relationship and for the
commercial housing section (commercial residential), and industrial loads. The
transmission is in the thick shaded part. The function of the transmission substation section
provides services for changing the increase and decrease of the voltage in the transmitted
voltage line and includes voltage regulation. The standard international voltage range is
345 kV to 765 kV for Extra High voltage lines and 115 kV to 230 kV for High voltage
lines. The standardization of electricity transmission voltage in Indonesia is 500 kV for
extra high lines and 150 kV for high voltage lines

In the electric power system, the distance between the generator and the load is far
enough, it will cause a decrease in the quality of the voltage caused by losses in the
network. So that we need equipment to improve the quality of the voltage and put it on a
line that experiences a voltage drop. SVC (Static Var Compensator) functions as a
maintainer for the stability of steady-state conditions and voltage dynamics within
predetermined limits on remote and heavily loaded transmission networks. Synchronous
condenser, as a generator, supplying fault currents, and transformers with variable taps,
This is a special type of electric transformer which can increase or decrease the powered
windings of wire, thereby increasing or decreasing the magnetic field and output voltage of
the transformer. Distribution Substation, in this section converts the power supply voltage
from medium voltage to low voltage with a step-down transformer, which has an
automatic tap and can be a low voltage regulator. Low voltages cover the range from 120 /
240V single phase to 600V, 3 phase. This section serves residential, commercial, and
institutional as well as small industries. Interconnecting substation, in this section, to serve
transmission branch connections with different voltage power and to add stability to the
entire network. Each substation always has Circuit Breakers, Fuses, lightning arresters for
equipment safety. Among other things, with the addition of equipment control,
measurement, switching, on each part of the substation.
The electrical energy transmitted is designed for Extra-high Voltage (EHV), High Voltage
(HV), Medium Voltage (MV), and Low Voltage (LV). This voltage value classification is
made based on the voltage standardization scale shown in the table.

The electrical distribution system category is divided into 2, namely: 1.

Transmission System, where the line voltage is between 115kV to 800kV 2. Distribution
System, where the voltage range is between 120V to 69kV. This electricity distribution is
further divided into medium voltage (2.4kV to 69kV) and low voltage (120V to 600V).

2. Transmission Line
 The transmission line is the medium used to transmit electric power from the Generator
Station / Power Plant to the distribution station to the consumer who uses electricity.
Electric power is transmitted by a conductor that flows the type of Electric Transmission
Line. The distribution of electric power in the transmission uses alternating current (AC)
or direct current (DC). The use of alternating current is a three-phase or four-phase system.

Transmission lines using a three-phase alternating current system are a widely used
system, given the following advantages:

• Easy to generate

• Easy to change the voltage

• Can generate a rotating magnetic field

• With a three-phase system, the power supplied is greater and the instantaneous value is
constant

3. Category Transmission line

Based on the installation, the transmission line is divided into two categories, namely

a. Airlines (Overhead Lines), transmission lines that transmit electrical energy through
wires suspended from an insulator between transmission towers or poles.

The advantages of air transmission lines include:

1) Easy to repair

2) easy to maintain

3) easy to find out where the disturbance is

4) Cheaper

Disadvantages:
1) because it is in an open space, the weather greatly affects its reliability, in other words,
it is easy to cause external disturbances, such as short circuit interruptions, voltage
disturbances when struck by lightning, and other disturbances.

2) in terms of aesthetics/lack of beauty so that the transmission line is not an ideal choice
for transmission within the city.

b. Underground cable line,

a transmission line that transmits electrical energy through cables buried in the
ground. This channel category is a favorite for installation in the city because it is in the
ground so it does not interfere with the beauty of the city and is also not easy to disturb due
to weather conditions or natural conditions. However, it still has disadvantages, including
expensive installation and investment and difficulty in determining the point of disturbance
and repair.
a. Gas Insulated Line Gas Insulated Line (GIL) is a channel isolated with gas, for
example: SF6 gas, as shown. Because it is expensive and the risk to the environment
is very high, this channel is rarely used

1. Electrical Power Transmission Line Components

The electric power transmission line consists of conductors, insulators and

supporting pile infrastructure.

1. Conductor

Wire with conductor material for high voltage transmission lines is always
without wire insulation. This is just a copper or aluminum wire with a large
bare steel-reinforced aluminum cable (ACSR) stretched out to carry an electric
current. Types of conducting wire commonly used include:

1.Copper with 100% conductivity (cu 100%)

2.Copper with a conductivity of 97.5% (cu 97.5%)
3.Aluminum with a conductivity of 61% (Al 61%)
Copper wire has advantages compared to aluminum conducting wire,
because of its higher conductivity and tensile strength. However, it also has a
weakness, namely for the same amount of resistance, copper is heavier and
more expensive than aluminum. Therefore aluminum conductor wire has begun
to replace the copper wire. To increase the tensile strength of aluminum wire, a
mixture of aluminum (aluminum alloy) is used. For high voltage transmission
lines, where the distance between towers / poles is far apart, a higher tensile
strength is required, therefore an ACSR conductor wire is used.
Aluminum conducting wire, of various types, with the following symbols:
1. AAC (All-Aluminum Conductor), which is a conductor wire made entirely
of aluminum.
2. AAAC (All-Aluminum-Alloy Conductor), which is a conductor wire made
entirely of a mixture of aluminum.
 3. ACSR (Aluminum Conductor, Steel-Reinforced), which is an aluminum
conductor with steel wire cores.
4. ACAR (Aluminum Conductor, Alloy-Reinforced), namely aluminum
conductor wire reinforced with alloys.

2. Insulator
The isolator in the electric power transmission system serves to hold the
conductor against the ground. The insulator here is usually made of porcelain,
but glass and synthetic insulation materials are also often used here. The
insulating material must have a high resistance to protect against leakage
currents and be of sufficient thickness (according to standards) to prevent
breakdowns at high voltage electrical pressure as a defense of the insulation
function. The conditions must be strong against any shock and conductor loads.
The type of insulator that is often used on transmission lines is the type of
porcelain or glass. According to their use and construction, insulators are
classified into:
a. Peg type insulator
b. Post-channel type isolator
c. Hanging type isolator
 The post type insulator and the post-line insulator are used on transmission lines
with relatively low working voltages (less than 22-33kV), while the hanging type
insulators can be coupled into a series of insulators whose numbers can be adjusted
according to the needs. an example of its use is if one insulating plate for insulation is 15
kV, if the voltage used is 150 kV, then the number of insulating plates is 10 pieces.

3. Column Construction
The transmission line can be in the form of an overhead line and an
underground channel, but in general it is an overhead line. Electrical energy
transmitted through air transmission lines generally uses bare wire so it relies
on air as the insulation medium between the conducting wires. And to stretch /
stretch the conducting wires with a safe height and distance for humans and the
surrounding environment, the conductive wires are installed in a sturdy
building construction, which is commonly called a tower. Between menra /
electric towers and the conducting wire is insulated by an insulator.
Steel tower construction is a type of construction of high voltage
transmission lines (SUTT) or extra high voltage transmission lines (SUTETs
that are most widely used in the PLN network, because they are easy to
assemble, especially for installation in mountainous areas and far from roads,
the price is relatively cheaper than with the use of underground channels and
easy maintenance. However, intensive supervision is needed, because the iron
is prone to theft, where the stealing of steel in electric towers / towers causes
the electric towers to collapse so that the distribution of electricity to
consumers is disrupted. .
An electric tower / tower must be strong against the working load, among
others
- The gravity of the tower and the conducting wire (compressive force)
- The tensile force due to the stretching of the wire
- The wind force due to wind exposure to the wire or tower body.
 So far, there is an understanding that what is meant by transmission is the
process of distributing electrical energy using only high voltages. Some even
understand that transmission is the process of distributing electrical energy by
using high voltage and through the air line (over head line). But in fact,
transmission is the process of distributing electrical energy from one place to
another, the amount of which is Ultra High Voltage (UHV), Extra High Voltage
(EHV), High Voltage (HV), Medium Voltage (MHV), and Low Voltage ( LV).

While High Voltage Transmission, are:

 Function of channeling electrical energy from one substation to another.     

 Consists of conductors that are stretched between the poles (towers) through
insulators, with a high-voltage system.     
 The high voltage standards that apply in Indonesia are: 30 KV, 70 KV and 150 KV.     

A few things to know:

 Transmissions of 30 KV and 70 KV in Indonesia, are gradually being eliminated

(not in use).     
 70 KV and 150 KV transmissions are on the island of Java and other islands in
Indonesia. Meanwhile the 275 KV transmission was developed in Sumatra.     
 500 KV transmissions are on the island of Java.     

In Indonesia, transmission construction consists of:

 Using aerial cables and ground cables, for low voltage, medium voltage and high
voltage.     
 Using aerial cables for high voltages and extra high voltages.     

The following is a discussion of transmission in terms of voltage classification:

1. EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE AIR CHANNEL (SUTET) 200 KV - 500 KV

 Generally used in power plants with a capacity above 500 MW.

 The goal is to reduce the maximum voltage drop and wire cross-section, so
that an effective and efficient operation can be obtained.
 The basic problems in SUTET development are: construction of towers
which are large and high, requires a large land footprint, requires a lot of
insulators, so that construction requires a large amount of money.
 Other problems that arise in the construction of SUTET are social
problems, which ultimately have an impact on financing problems, including:
The emergence of protests from the community against the construction of the
SUTET, the request for land compensation for the tower site is too high, the
demand for compensation along the SUTET route and so on.
 The construction of this transmission is quite effective for a distance of 100
km to 500 km.

2. HIGH VOLTAGE AIR CHANNEL (SUTT) 30 KV - 150 KV

  Operating voltage between 30 KV to 150 KV.
 Network configurations are generally single or double circuit, where 1
circuit consists of 3 phases with 3 or 4 wires. Usually only 3 wires and the
neutral conductor is replaced by ground as a return channel .
 If the power capacity distributed is large, the conductor in each phase
consists of two or four wires (Double or Qudrapole) and the conductor beam
is called a Bundle Conductor.
 If this transmission operates partially, the most effective farthest distance is
100 km.
 If the transmission distance is more than 100 km, the voltage drop (voltaje)
is too large, so the voltage at the end of the transmission is low.
 To overcome this, the transmission system is connected in a ring system or
interconnection system. This has been implemented in Java Island and will be
developed in other major islands in Indonesia.

3. HIGH VOLTAGE CABLE (SKTT) 30 KV - 150 KV

SKTT is installed in big cities in Indonesia (especially in Java Island), with

several considerations:

 In the middle of a big city it is not possible to install SUTT, because

it is very difficult to get land for the tower site.
 Free space is also very difficult and protests will inevitably arise
from the community, because of the density of buildings and many tall
buildings.
 Safety and aesthetic considerations.
 There is a very high demand and load growth.

Types of cables used:

 Cable that is insulated (made from) Poly Etheline or cable type

Cross Link Poly Etheline (XLPE).
 Cable with insulation made of paper reinforced with oil (oil paper
impregnated).

Cable core and selection considerations:

 Single core with a cross section of 240 mm2 - 300 mm2 per core.
 Three cores with a cross section of 240 mm2 - 800 mm2 per core.
 Fabrication considerations.
 Field installation considerations.

SKTT's Weaknesses :

 Requires a greater cost when compared to SUTT.

 During the development process, it requires complex coordination and
handling, because it involves many parties, for example: city
 government (Pemkot) to the lowest ranks, PDAM, Telkom, Perum
Gas, Department of Transportation, Police, and others.

SKTT length on each haspel (cable drum), maximum 300 meters. For

special designs and orders, for example for submarine cables, it can be
made without a connection as needed.

At this time in Indonesia has installed SKTT under the sea (Sub Marine
Cable) with an operating voltage of 150 KV, namely:

 Sub marine cable 150 KV Gresik - Tajungan (Java - Madura).

 Sub marine cable 150 KV Ketapang - Gilimanuk (Java - Bali).

A few things to know:

 This sub marine cable is prone to disturbances.

 It is planned that the Java - Sumatra sub marine cable will be built.
 For Java - Madura, currently a 150 KV SKTT is being built which is
installed (placed) on the Suramadu Bridge.

4. MEDIUM VOLTAGE AIR CHANNEL (SUTM) 6 KV - 30 KV

 In Indonesia, the operating voltage of SUTM is generally 6 KV and 20

KV. However, gradually the operating voltage of 6 KV was eliminated and
today almost all of them use an operating voltage of 20 KV.
 SUTM transmission is used on the third level network, namely the
distribution network that connects from the substation, feeder, SUTM,
distribution substation, to the utilization installation (customer / consumer).
 Based on the grounding system of the transformer neutral point, its
distribution effectiveness is only at a distance (length) between 15 km to 20
km. If the transmission is more than this distance, its effectiveness decreases,
because the safety relay cannot work selectively.
 Taking into account various existing conditions (liquidity or financial
capacity, geographic conditions, etc.) SUTM transmission in Indonesia
exceeds the above ideal conditions.

5. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE (SKTM) 6 KV - 20 KV

In terms of function, the SKTM transmission has the same function as the
SUTM transmission. The basic difference is, SKTM is planted in the ground.
Some of the considerations for the SKTM transmission development are:
 Local conditions made it impossible to build SUTM.
 Difficulty getting free space (ROW), because it is in the middle of a city
and dense settlement.
 Aesthetic considerations .

A few things to know:

  The construction of the SKTM transmission is more expensive and more
complicated, because the price of the cable is much higher than that of an air
carrier and in the implementation of the construction must involve and
coordinate with many parties.
 During the implementation of the construction of the SKTM transmission,
it often causes problems, especially traffic jams.
 If there is a disruption, handling (repair) of SKTM transmission is relatively
difficult and takes a longer time when compared to SUTM.
 Almost all (most) SKTM transmissions have been installed in the PT. PLN
(Persero) Distribution DKI Jakarta & Tangerang.

6. LOW VOLTAGE AIR CHANNEL (SUTR) 40 VOLT - 1000 VOLT

The SUTR transmission is the downstream part of the electric power system at a
distribution voltage below 1000 Volts, which directly supplies low-voltage
electricity to consumers. In Indonesia, the current SUTR transmission operating
voltage is 220/380 Volt.
The operating radius of the low voltage distribution network is limited by:
 Required stress reduction.
 Network delivery area.
 Distribution of customers along the distribution network lines.
 The nature of the service area (village, city, etc.).
 The allowable stress measurements are + 5% and - 10%, with a service
radius of about 350 meters.

Currently SUTR transmissions generally use Low Voltage Twisted Cable (LVTC)
carriers.

7. LOW VOLTAGE CABLE (SKTR) 40 VOLT - 1000 VOLT

In terms of function, the SKTR transmission has the same function as the SUTR
transmission. The basic difference is that SKTR is planted in the soil. If you use the
actual SUTR in terms of safe distance / free space (ROW) there is no problem,
because SUTR uses insulated conductors.
 
The use of SKTR because it considers:
 The existing medium voltage transmission system, for example, uses the
SKTM transmission.
 Aesthetic factors.
By thus transmitting sktr on generally installed in the area of
urban , especially in the middle of the city that
is dense buildings and require aspects of aesthetics .

Comparedto transmission SUTR, transmission sktr has several weaknesses , among 
others:
  The cost of the investment is expensive.

 At the time of development often lead to problems .

 If there is a problem , repair is more difficult and requires a relatively long

time to repair .

An instrument used to measure electricity with a voltage

transmission of 500kV

Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) or Capacitive Voltage Transformer

is equipment in the electric power system in the form of a transformer single phase
step down coupled with a divider capacitive stress that transforms stress on a high-
voltage network to a system decent low voltage fixtures indicators, measuring
instruments, relays, and synchronization tools. CVT chosen because it is more
economical to make a divider capacitive voltage rather than making a transformer
with high voltage winding. With the CVT,
then an extra high voltage of 500 kV is
transformed to a low voltage of 110 V so
that it can be reached voltmeter
range. While the voltmeter reading scale
changed to the measured extra-high voltage
scale. CVT has a reading accuracy level, so
it is large deviation of the voltage
measurement due to CVT = 0.518 kV,
average voltage = 499.482 kV, the average
deviation = 0.836 kV and standard deviation
= 1.254 kV for measurement phase to phase
voltage for a week, of deviation On average,
it can be seen that CVT is still precise.

An instrument used to measure electricity with a voltage transmission

of 20kV
1. Potential Transformers

This instrument is used to measure the voltage at the level

voltage 20 kV. This tool is usually found in industrial areas.
Usually placed on a large transformer with construction
CG313.

Current Transformer
As the name implies, this transformer is used to measure
current electricity at a voltage level of 20 kV. This tool is
usually found in the region industry. Usually placed on a
transformer with CG313 contruction.

System transmission power of electricity is the process of distribution

of power electricity from the generator to the system of distribution so
as to at consumer users of electricity . Channel transmission brings the power of
electricity from the centers of generation to the centers of the load through
the channel teangan high of 150 kV or extra high 500 kV.
it is aims to reduce losses that can occur during the electric power transmission pro
cess .
Then distribution
of power electricity in transmission using current alternating (AC) or with current u
nidirectional (DC). The use of flow back and forth , namely the system of three-
phase . Channel transmission by using a system of currents alternating three-
phase is a system that is much used , considering the advantages as follows :

1. Easy generation ,       
2. Easy to change the voltage ,       
3. Can produce a rotating magnetic field ,       
4. With a system of three-phase , power that is distributed over large and the value
of instantaneous constant .       
 

1. Transmission Line Representation
 The transmission line representation is done to make it easier to calculate
the parameters contained in the transmission line . To represent the
channel transmission to the circuit equivalent , depending on the length of the
channel of transmission of the . The design of the transmission line is based on the
amount of power that must be transferred from the power plant to the load center,
the distance and type of terrain that must be traversed, available costs and future
load growth. Increasing the voltage on the transmission line has the following
advantages:
 For the same power distribution, the current flow is reduced so that the
voltage drop becomes small and of course the transmission losses can be
minimized.
 The use of conductors on wires will be reduced by bertamba h is high-
voltage transmission.
 The conductor cross-sectional area is reduced so that the conductor support
structure becomes smaller.
However, with the increase in the high transmission voltage, it means that
the distance between the phases of the conducting wire must be greater and the
length of the insulator coupling must be greater. A transmission line is basically an
electrical circuit that has constants or parameters that are divided along the line,
consisting of resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance. These
parameters are not located concentrated in one place, but are evenly distributed
along the line. The performance of the transmission line depends on the number of
these parameters .