INTERPOLATION

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Different methods for solving systems of equations?
1. Cramer’s Rule
2. Gauss Elimination Method (To reduce the augmented matrix [A, B] to upper triangular matrix. Then, using
Back Substitution method we’ve to find the unknowns.)
3. Gauss-Jordan Method (To reduce the augmented matrix [A, B] to diagonal matrix. Finally this system of
equation each has only one unknown and then we’ve to find the unknowns directly, without back
substitution.)
4. Jacobi Method (also called as simultaneous displacement method, as all x1, x2 and x2 are together shifted to
next improved versions)
5. Gauss-Seidel Method
6. Relaxation Method
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Difference between upper triangular matrix and lower triangular matrix

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What is the difference between Direct and Iterative Methods for solving systems of equations?
Direct Method: After applying the method, you get a one and the final answer, and there are no further improvement
steps.

Iterative Method: You start from some guessed solution, and then improve it by repeating certain combination of
steps
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No. of steps needed to get solution in Direct methods and in Iterative methods?
Direct Methods: need 2/3 n3 steps
Iterative Methods: need smaller number of steps, namely, n2 steps
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Which out of the following methods for solving systems of equations are direct and which are Iterative?
1. Cramer’s Rule
2. Gauss-Jordan Method (Gauss Elimination Method (Echelon))
3. Jacobi Method
4. Gauss-Seidel Method
5. Relaxation Method

Cramer’s Rule and Gauss-Jordan are direct, while Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel and Relaxation method are Iterative methods.
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Which is more efficient? Jacobi or Guass-Seidel Method?
GSM is more efficient as it needs less steps to get divergent solution
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Comparison of Gauss-Elimination Method and Gauss-Jordan Method (direct/iteration, reduction of coefficient
matrix, back substitution)

Gauss Elimination Method Gauss Jordan Method

1. Direct Method
2. Coefficient matrix is transformed
into upper triangular matrix.
3. We obtain the solution by back
substitution method.
1. Direct Method
2. Coefficient matrix is transformed into diagonal
matrix.
3. No need of back substitution method. Since finally
this system of equation each has only one unknown.

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Compare Gauss Elimination Method and Gauss Seidel Method.

Gauss Elimination Method Gauss Seidel Method

1. Direct Method 1. Indirect/Iterative Method
 2. It converges only for diagonally
2. It has the advantage that it is finite and works in dominant.
theory for any non-singular set of equation. 3. Approximate value which is self
3. We obtain exact value. correct method.
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Compare Gauss Jacobi Method and Gauss Seidel Method

Gauss Jacobi Method Gauss Seidel Method

1. Indirect/Iterative Method
1. Indirect/Iterative Method 2. The rate of convergence of this method is
2. Convergence rate is slow. roughly twice that of Jacobi.
3. Condition for convergence is 3. Condition for convergence is diagonally
diagonally dominant. dominant.
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Why Gauss Seidel method is better method than Jacobi’s method?
Ans: Since the current value of the unknowns at each stage of iteration are used in proceeding to the next stage of
iteration, the convergence in Gauss Seidel method will be more rapid than in Gauss Jacobi method.
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How many types of methods are there to solve simultaneous algebraic equations?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: There are two types of methods to solve simultaneous algebraic equations, namely, direct and iterative
methods.
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Direct methods are preferred over iterative methods as they provide solution faster.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Iterative methods are preferred over direct methods as they provide solution faster. And, amount of
accuracy depends upon accuracy desired which is achieved by iterative methods.
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What are the advantages of direct methods for solving the simultaneous algebraic equations?
a) Rounding of errors get propagated
b) Quite time consuming
c) Requires more recording of data
d) Yield a solution after a finite number of steps for any non-singular set of equations
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The only advantage of direct method is that we can yield a solution after a finite number of steps for any
non-singular set of equations.
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How many types of instabilities occur while solving a linear system of equations?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: There are two types of instabilities which occur while solving a linear system of equations, namely,
induced and inherent stability.
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What is induced instability?
a) Instability due to reduction in problem
b) Instability due to number of computations
c) Instability due to errors in programming
d) Instability due to incorrect choice of method for solving equations
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Induced instability is the Instability due to incorrect choice of method for solving equations. As different
methods have different accuracy level.
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What is inherent instability?
a) Instability due to convergence of solution
b) Instability due to ill conditioned set of equations
c) Instability due to propagation of rounding of errors
d) Instability due to incorrect choice of method of solution
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Inherent instability is the Instability due to ill conditioned set of equations. The linear system is called ill
conditioned, if small changes in the coefficients of equations result in XXsmallXX LARGE changes in the values of the
unknowns.
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When the linear system is called ill conditioned?
a) If small changes in the coefficients of equations result in large changes in the values of the unknowns
b) If reduction is done in the problem
c) If the programming of linear system is expensive
d) If small changes in the coefficients of equations result in small changes in the values of the unknowns
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The linear system is called ill conditioned, if small changes in the coefficients of equations result in large
changes in the values of the unknowns.
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How can we avoid instability?
a) Reformulation of problem suitably
b) Making small changes in the coefficients of equations
c) Choosing the method involving higher computations
d) Rounding off the errors
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: We can only avoid instability by reformulating the problem suitably. Making small changes in the
coefficients would be a hit and trial process. Rounding off and choosing the method involving higher computations are
completely unpredictable process.
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How iterative method is defined?

Iterative Method:

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What is the condition for convergence of an iterative method?

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What is the order of convergence of iterative methods?

Order of convergence of iterative method is linear (i.e.) 1.

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Why Gauss-Seidel method is also called as method of successive corrections?
Because we replace approximations by corresponding new ones as soon the latter have been computed
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Do always Jacobi Method and Gauss-Seidel Method converge? If not, then how can they be made convergent?
Usually they converge, but not always.
They will necessarily be convergent if the coefficient matrix is a Strictly diagonally dominant matrix irrespective of the
he initial guess.
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Is it possible that Jacobi method diverges but Gauss-Seidel method converges for a given set of equations?

No, they either both converge, or both diverge at the same time.
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What if the coefficient matrix is not strictly diagonally dominant matrix?

In such cases, it can be made so by interchanging rows.
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Diagonally dominant Matrix
In mathematics, a square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if, for every row of the matrix, the magnitude of the
diagonal entry in a row is larger than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of all the other (non-diagonal) entries in
that row
EXAMPLE:

Strictly diagonally dominant matrix

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The time taken to solve a system of equations using direct method is more than the time taken by iterative
methods.
a) True
b)False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The time taken to solve a system of equations using direct method is less than the time taken by iterative
methods because direct methods involve less computations than iterative methods.

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The process of constructing a sequence of vectors and obtaining the solution of a system using specified accuracy is
called _________
a) Elimination
b) Reduction
c) Iteration
d) Raphson method
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The process of constructing a sequence of vectors and obtaining the solution of a system using specified
accuracy is called iteration. Elimination and reduction are not sequential processes. Raphson method is a method
which is employed for finding the roots of an equation through some different procedure.

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Numerical techniques more commonly involve _______
a) Iterative method
b) Direct method
c) Elimination method
d) Reduction method
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Numerical techniques more commonly involve an iteration method due to the degree of accuracy
involved. This is because, iterations reduce the approximation errors which may occur in numerical problems. They
perform sequential operations which in turn increases the accuracy.

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What is the primary drawback of using direct methods of solution?
a) They yield solution after a certain amount of fixed computation
b) They have large calculations involved
c) They make use of back substitution
d) They do not achieve the desirable accuracy
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The drawback of using direct methods of solution is that these methods yield solution after a certain
amount of fixed computation (we cannot get solution before that amount of computation). There are no calculations
and back substitution in direct methods. Their accuracy is less than that of iterative methods, but that is not the
primary drawback.
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In an iterative method, the amount of computation depends on the _________
a) Number of variables
b) Degree of accuracy
c) Rounding of errors
d) Ease of using the operators
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: In an iterative method, the amount of computation depends on the degree of accuracy required. More is
the accuracy required, more will be the number of computations involved.

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Iteration is also called as ________
a) Accurate process
b) Self-correcting process
c) Approximate process
d) Rounding off process
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Iteration is also called as self-correcting process as with the sequence of operations, accuracy increases
accompanied by corrections in the process. Any error made at any stage of computation gets automatically corrected
in the subsequent steps.
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Which of the following is an iterative method?
a) Gauss Jordan
b) Gauss Elimination
c) Gauss seidal
d) Factorization
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Gauss seidal method is an iterative method. Gauss elimination is based upon elimination of unknowns.
Gauss Jordan is based on back substitution as well as elimination. Factorization is based upon formation of two
triangular matrices with a matrix.
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Why iterative methods are called as self correcting?
a) Iterations involve repetition
b) Checks occurring during the process ensure that the errors are reduced
c) Any error made at any stage of computation gets automatically corrected in the subsequent steps
d) After each step, validity of the method is checked.
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Any error made at any stage of computation gets automatically corrected in the subsequent steps that’s
why iterative methods are called self-correcting.

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Which of the following is not an iterative method?
a) Jacobi’s method
b) Gauss Seidal method
c) Relaxation method
d) Gauss Jordan method
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Jacobi’s method, Gauss Seidal method and Relaxation method are the iterative methods and Gauss
Jordan method is not as it does not involves repetition of a particular set of steps followed by some sequence which is
known as iteration.

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Number of iteration depends on the _________
a) Initial value taken to start the iteration
b) Type of linear equations
c) Number of unknowns
d) Approximations to be done
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Number of iteration depends on the initial value taken to start the iteration. The initial value shows the
amount of accuracy that has to be achieved. And we know that, more is the accuracy required, more will be the
number iteration
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Difference between Gaussian elimination and Gauss jordan

elimination
Gauss Elimination: row echelon form (upper triangular matrix)
Gauss-Jordon Method: row reduced echelon form

The difference between Gaussian elimination and the Gaussian Jordan elimination is that one produces a
matrix in row echelon form while the other produces a matrix in row reduced echelon form. A row echelon
form matrix has an upper triangular composition where any zero rows are at the bottom and leading terms
are all to the right of the leading term from the row above. Reduced echelon form goes beyond by
simplifying much more (sometimes even reaching the shape of an identity matrix).

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Sentinel and Counter Controlled Loop
Counter controlled loop: we know no. of iterations before the looping starts (Example: while loop)
Sential loop: we don’t know (Example: do while loop)

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Which error is hardest to find out?

Logical error
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