Numerical Methods Root Finding

NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT-I
Solution of equations and eigen values
PART-A
1. State the order of convergence and the criterion for the convergence in Newton’s
method. [M/J12,N/D14,N/D15, M/J16,A/M17,N/D17,A/M18]
The order of convergence of Newton Raphson method is 2 (quadratic) and
m
convergence condition is f ( x) f ( x)   f ( x) .
2
o
2. What is Newton’s algorithm to solve the equations x2 = 12 ? [N/D 10]
Given : x 2  12
.c
x 2 12  0
Let f x   x 2 12
Hence f x   2 x
By Newton Raphson method,
f xn  ul
pa
x n 1  x n 
f x n 
 xn 
x n 12
2

2 xn
jin
2 xn  xn  12 xn  12
2 2 2
 
2 xn 2 xn
3. Evaluate 15 using Newton-Raphson’s formula. [M/J14]
re
Let x  15
Hence x 2  15  0
Let f x   x 2  15 and f x   2 x
w.
Now f 3  32  15   6 = -ve

f 4  4 2  15  1 = + ve
ww
Therefore, the root lies between 3 and 4

By Newton Raphson method, we have
f xn 
x n 1  x n  Let x0  3.5
f x n 
f  x0  f 3.5
x 1  x0   3.5   3.89
f x0  f 3.5
f x1  f 3.89
x 2  x1   3.89   3.87
f x1  f 3.89
2 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

NUMERICAL METHODS
f x 2  f 3.87 
x 3  x2   3.87   3.87
f x2  f 3.87 
Therefore, the value of 15 is 3.87 .
4. Using Newton’s method, find the root between 0 and 1 of x3 = 6x – 4 [N/D11]
Given x 3  6 x  4
x3  6 x  4  0
Let f x   x 3  6 x  4
m
Hence f x   3 x 2  6
Let x0  0
f xn 
o
By Newton’s formula, x n 1  x n 
f x n 
.c
f x0  4 2
x1  x0   0   0.67
f x0   6 3
f x1 
ul
0.2807
x2  x1   0.67   0.7303
f x1   4.6533
f x2  0.0076
x3  x 2   0.7303   0.732
pa
f x2   4.3999
Hence the root is 0.73
5. Write the iterative formula for finding N where N is a real number, by Newton’s
jin
method. [N/D 06,A/M 08,A/M15,N/D16,N/D16]

Let x  N
Hence x 2  N  0
f x   x 2  N
re
Let
Hence f x   2 x
f xn  
xn  N
2
1  N
w.
By Newton method, x n 1  xn   xn    xn  
f x n  2 xn 2  xn 
6. Derive Newton’s algorithm for finding the p th root of a number N , where N  0 .
Let x p  N  0
ww
[N/D15]
Let f x   x p  N
Hence f x   p x p 1
By Newton method, x n 1  x n 
f xn  
x p N
 x n  n p 1 

p xn p  xn p  N
f x n  p xn p x n p 1
 p 1 xn p  N
 .
p x n p 1

NUMERICAL METHODS
7. Write Newton-Raphson formula to obtain the cube root of N. [N/D10]

1
Let x  N 3
Hence x 3  N  0
Let f x   x 3  N
Hence f x   3 x 2
f xn 
By Newton’s formula, x n 1  x n 
f x n 
m
xn 1  xn 
x n
3
N  
3xn  xn  N
3 3

2 xn  N
3
.
2 2 2
3 xn 3xn 3 xn
o
8. Find an iterative formula to find the reciprocal of a given number N. [M/J13]
1
.c
Let x 
N
1 1
Hence N  , N   0
ul
x x
1 1
Let f ( x )  N  and f ( x ) 
pa
x x2
1
f  xn  N 
xn  1  xn  hence xn  1  xn 
, xn  1  2 xn  N xn2 x
f   xn  1
jin
x2
9. Write down the order of convergence and the condition for convergence of fixed
point iteration method. [N/D12,A/M17]
What do you mean by the order of convergence of an iterative method for finding
re
the root of the equation f x   0 . [N/D13]

Order of convergence = 1
Given f x   0
w.
Write f x  as x   x  provided  x   1 for all x in I .

10. Write sufficient condition for convergence of an iterative method for f x  0 ;
written as x  g x . [A/M10,M/J16,N/D16]
ww
g x   1 ,  x I
11. Find the positive root of x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 using fixed point iteration starting with 0.6 as
first approximation. [N/D08]
Given : x  5 x  3
2
x x  5  3
3
x
x5

NUMERICAL METHODS
Let  x   where  x   1 ,  x 0 ,1 

3
x5
By fixed point formula, xn 1   xn 
Let x0  0.6
x 1   x0    0.6 
3
 0.5357
0.6  5
x2   x1    0.5357  
3
 0.5419
m
0.5357  5
x3   x2    0.5419 
3
 0.5413
0.5419  5
o
x4   x3    0.5413 
3
 0.5413
0.5413  5
.c
Hence the root is 0.5413 .
ul
11. Solve e x  3 x  0 by the method of iteration. [N/D11]
Let us consider,
f x   e x  3 x
pa
f ( 0 )   ve
f (1)   ve
Hence I = ( 0, 1)
jin
Given e x  3 x  0
1 x
Which implies , x  e
3
re
ex
Let  x   where  x   1 ,  x 0 ,1 
3
By fixed point formula, xn 1   xn 
w.
Let x0  1 ( After 10th iteration, α = 0.62 )

Hence the root is 0.62 .
12. Name the two methods to solve a system of linear simultaneous equations.
ww
[M/J 12,N/D15 , M/J16]

Direct method : (1) Gauss Elimination method and (2) Gauss Jordan method.
Indirect method : (1) Gauss Seidel method and (2) Gauss Jacobi method.
13. What are the advantages of iterative methods over direct methods for solving a
system of linear equations? [N/D12]
Direct method Iterative method
i) We get exact solution i) Approximate solution
ii) Simple, take less time ii) Time consuming laborious.

NUMERICAL METHODS
14. Using Gauss elimination method, solve x + y = 2, 2x + 3y = 5. [M/J09,A/M11]

1 1 2  1 1 2
The augmented matrix is [A,B] =     R2  R2  2 R1
2 3 5 0 1 1
By back substitution, x  y  2 ----(1)
y 1
(1) becomes, x 1  2
x 1
m
Hence x  1 and y  1 .
15. Solve the system of equations x – 2y = 0, 2x + y = 5 by Gauss elimination method.
[M/J06]
o
1  2 0 1  2 0
The augmented matrix is A , B     R2  R2  2 R1 1
2 1 5 0 5 5
.c
1  2 0 R
  R2  2
0 1 1 5
ul
By back substitution x  2 y  0 ……………(1)
y 1
Equation (1) becomes x  2  0
pa
x2
Hence, x  2 and y  1 .
16. Solve the system of equations 2x + 3y = 11, 4x – y = 1 by Gauss elimination
jin
method. [A/M11]
2 3 11 2 3 11 
The augmented matrix is [A,B] =    0  7  21 R2  R2  2 R1
4  1 1  
By back substitution, 2 x  3 y  11 ----(1)
re
 7 y   21  y  3
(1) becomes, 2 x  9  11
w.
2x  2  x 1
Hence x  1 and y  3 .
17. Using Gauss elimination method solve 5 x  4 y  15 , 3 x  7 y  12 . [M/J14]
ww
The augmented matrix is
A , B  
5 4 15

3 7 12
5 4 15
  R2  5 R2  3 R1
0 23 12
15
By back substitution, we have 5 x  4 y  15 and 23 y  15 implies y 
23
 15  60 285 57
5 x  4    15 implies 5 x  15   implies x 
 23  23 23 23

NUMERICAL METHODS
57 15
Hence x  and y  .
23 23
18. Solve the equations x  2 y  1 and 3 x  2 y  7 by Gauss Elimination method.
The augmented matrix is [N/D13]
A , B  
1 2 1

3  2 7
1 2 1
  R2  R2  3R1
0  8 4 
m
1
By back substitution, we have x  2 y  1 and  8 y  4 implies y  
2
o
 1
x  2     1 implies x  1  1 implies x  2
 2
.c
1
Hence x  2 and y   .
2
19. State the rate of convergence of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel method.[N/D17]
ul
The rate of convergence in Gauss-seidel method is roughly two times that of Gauss-
Jacobi method.
pa
20. Why Gauss-seidel method is better than Gauss-Jacobi method? [A/M18]
Since the current value of the unknowns at each stage of iteration are used in proceeding
to the next stage of iteration, the convergence in Gauss-seidel method will be more rapid
than in Gauss-Jacobi method.
jin
21. Write down the condition for the convergence of Gauss-Seidel iteration scheme.
[M/J 07,A/M 08]
The absolute value of the leading diagonal element is greater than the sum of the
absolute values of the other elements in that row, which is called diagonally
re
dominant.
22. Which of the iterative methods for solving linear system of equations converge
faster? Why? [A/M15,N/D16]
w.
In Gauss Seidel method the latest values of unknowns at each stage of iteration are
used in proceedings to the next stage of iteration. Hence the convergence in Gauss Seidel
method is faster than Gauss Jacobi method.
23. Write the procedure involved in Gauss Jordan method. [A/M15,N/D15]
ww
In Gauss Jordan, the co-efficient matrix is reduced to a diagonal matrix with row
operations and we get the solution without using the back substitution method.
24. Compare Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan methods in solving the linear
system[ A ] { X } = { B }. [N/D07]
Gauss Elimination Gauss Seidel
i.Direct method i.Indirect method
ii.Used to find inverse of ii. Used to solve system of
the matrix also. equations only
iii.Diagonally dominant condition iii. Diagonally dominant condition
is not insisted. is insisted.

NUMERICAL METHODS
1 3
25. Find the inverse of A    by Gauss-Jordan method. [N/D08,N/D14,M/J16]
2 7 
 A , I   
1 3 1 0

2 7 0 1 
1 3 1 0
   R2  R1  2 R2
0 1  2 1 
1 0 7  3
   R1  R1  3 R2 
 I , A 1 
m
0 1  2 1 
 7  3
Hence A 1    .
 2 1 
o
26. What is the use of Power method ? [M/J13]
.c
Power method is used to find the dominant eigen value.
27. Write down the procedure to find the numerically smallest Eigen value of a matrix
by power method. [A/M10]
ul
Procedure:
 Find A 1
 Find the largest eigen value  of A 1 and eigen vector v of A 1 using
pa
power method.
1
 Smallest eigen value of A  and the corresponding eigen vector = v .

28. Define Eigen value and Eigen vector. [N/D07]
jin
Let A be a square matrix of order n . We can find a column matrix X and a constant
 such that A X   X .
On expansion of A   I  0 , we get n th degree equation in  called the
re
characteristic equation. Its roots  i  i  1, 2 , ...... , n are called eigen values and the
corresponding to each eigen value,  A   I  X  0 will have a non-zero solution
w.
X  x1 x2 ........ xn  which is known as the eigen vector.

T
29. To what kind of a matrix, can the Jacobi’s method be applied to obtain the
Eigen values of a matrix? [N/D 10]
ww
Symmetric matrix.
PART-B
1. Solve for a positive root of the equation x 4  x 10  0 using Newton-Raphson method.
[A/M10]
2. Find the approximate root of x e  3 by Newton’s method correct to 3 decimal places.
x
[A/M11 , M/J16]

NUMERICAL METHODS
3. Find an iterative formula to find the reciprocal of a given number N and hence find the
1
value of . [N/D11]
19
4. Find the Newton’s iterative formula to calculate the reciprocal of N and hence find the
1
value of . [N/D12]
23
5. Using Newton’s method find the real root of x log 10 x  1.2 correct to five decimal
places. [A/M10,N/D13,A/M15,N/D16]
m
6. Find by Newton-Raphson method, the real root of e  2 x 1 0 correct to four decimal
x
places. [A/M11]
7. Using Newton’s method, find the root between 0 and 1 of x  6 x  4 correct to 2
3
o
decimals. [M/J12,A/M17]
.c
8. Find by Newton’s Raphson method a positive root of the equation 3 x  cos x 1  0 .
[N/D14 , M/J16]
9. Using Newton Raphson method find the real root of f x   3 x  sin x   e x  0 by
ul
choosing initial approximation x0  0.5 .
10. Find the smallest positive root of 3 x 
[A/M15]
1 sin x correct to three decimal places by
pa
iterative method. [N/D10]
11. Solve e x  3 x  0 by the method of fixed point iteration. [M/J12,N/D15]
12. Find a real root of the equation cos x  3 x 1 correct to three decimal places using fixed
jin
point iteration method. [A/M17]

3
13. Find the smallest positive root of x -2x-5=0 by the fixed point iteration method, correct
to three decimal places. [N/D17]
14. Find the root of 4 x  e x  0 that lies between 2 and 3 by Newton-Raphson method.
re
[N/D15]
4 1 2
 
15. By Gauss elimination method find the inverse of the given matrix A   2 3 1 .
w.
1  2 2 
 
[A/M10]
16. Using Gauss elimination method, solve x  2 y  z   5 , x  y  6 z   12 and
ww
3x y z  4. [N/D11]
17. Solve by Gauss elimination method 3 x  4 y  5 z  18 , 2 x  y  8 z  13 and
5 x  2 y  7 z  20 . [M/J12]
18. Solve the system of equations x  2 y  z  8 , 2 x  3 y  4 z  20 , 4 x  3 y  2 z  16
using Gauss elimination method. [N/D16]
19. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Elimination method,
x  2 y  5 z   9 , 3x  y  2 z  5 , 2 x 3 y  z  3. [A/M17]

NUMERICAL METHODS
20. Apply Gauss – Jordan method to solve the following system of equations x  y  z  9 ,
2 x  3 y  4 z  13 , 3 x  4 y  5 z  40 . [A/M11]
21. Apply Gauss – Jordan method to find the solution of the following system
10 x  y  z  12 , 2 x 10 y  z  13 , x  y  5 z  7 . [N/D11, M/J16]
22. Solve the system of equations by Gauss-Jordan method; 5 x1  x2  9 ;
 x1  5 x2  x3  4 ;  x2  5 x3   6 . [M/J14]
23. Using Gauss-Jordan method to solve 2 x  y 3z  8,  x2 y z  4,
m
3x y4 z  0 . [N/D14,M/J16,N/D16]
0 1 2
 
24. Find the inverse of the matrix by Gauss – Jordan method  1 2 3  . [A/M10]
o
3 1 1
 
.c
0 1 1 
 
25. Find the inverse of the matrix A   1 2 0  using Gauss-Jordan method.
 3 1  4 
 
4 1

2
ul [N/D11]
pa
26. Find the inverse of A   2 3 1 by using Gauss-Jordan method.
1  2 2 
 
[N/D10,N/D15,N/D17]
1 3
jin
1

27. Using Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix  1 3  3 .
 2  4  4
[M/J12,A/M17]
re
1 2 6 
28. Using Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix 2 5 15  [N/D12]
6 15 46
w.
.
 3 1 1 
 
29. Find the inverse of the matrix   15 6  5  using Gauss-Jordan method. [N/D13]
 5  2 2 
ww

2 2 6
30. 
Using Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of 2 6  6 [M/J14,A/M15,N/D15]
4  8 8 
1 1 1 
31. Find the inverse of A  4 3 1 by Gauss-Jordan method. [N/D16]
3 5 3 

NUMERICAL METHODS
1 2 1
32. Using Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix A  4 1 0  . [A/M17]
2 1 3 
4 1 2
 
33. Consider the system of equations of the form AX=B, where A   2 3 1
1  2 2 
 
x  7 
m
X=  y  and B=  3 .Find by using Gauss-Jordan method, i)A-1 and ii) the numerical
 
 z  7 
o
solution of the given system. [A/M18]
.c
34. Using Gauss-Seidel iterative method to obtain the solution of the equations
9 x  y  2 z  9 , x 10 y  2 z  15 , 2 x  2 y 13 z  17 . [A/M10]
35. Solve by Gauss-Seidel method, the system of equations 20 x  y  2 z  17 ,
36. Solve the following

ul
3 x  20 y  z  18 , 2 x  3 y  20 z  25 [N/D10,M/J16,M/J16,N/D16,N/D16,A/M18]
system by Gauss-Seidel method, x  y  54 z  110 ,
pa
27 x  6 y  z  85 , 6 x 15 y  2 z  72 . [A/M11]
37. Solve by Gauss-Seidel method, the following system, 28 x  4 y  z  32 ,
x  3 y 10 z  24 , 2 x 17 y  4 z  35 . [N/D11,N/D15,N/D17]
38. Apply Gauss-Seidel method to solve the equations 20 x  y  2 z  17 ,
jin
3 x  20 y  z  18 , 2 x  3 y  20 z  25 . [M/J12,N/D14]
39. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method: 8 x  3 y  2 z  20 ;
4 x 11 y  z  33 ; 6 x  3 y 12 z  35 . [N/D10]
re
40. Solve the given system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 8 x  y  z  18 ;

2 x 5 y  2 z  3 ; x  y 3 z   6 . [A/M11]
41. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss-Seidel method 10 x  2 y  z  9 ,
w.
x 10 y  z   22 ,  2 x  3 y 10 z  22 . [N/D12,N/D13]

42. Using Gauss-Seidel method, solve the following system of linear equations
4 x  2 y  z  14 ; x  5 y  z  10 ; x  y  8 z  20 . [M/J14,A/M15,A/M17]
ww
43. Solve the following system of equations, starting with the initial vector of 0 , 0 , 0 using
Gauss-Seidel method 6 x1  2 x2  x3  11 ,  2 x1  7 x2  2 x3  5 , x1  2 x2  5 x3   1 .
[A/M15]
44. Solve the following system by Gauss-Seidel iterative procedure : 10 x  5 y  2 z  3 ,
4 x 10 y  3 z   3 , x  6 y 10 z   3 . [N/D15]
45. Find the solution of the system of following equations by Gauss-Seidal method (Upto 4
iterations). x  2 y  5 z  12 , 5 x  2 y  z  6 , 2 x  6 y  3 z  5 . [A/M17]
46. Find the dominant Eigen value and the corresponding Eigenvector of the matrix

NUMERICAL METHODS
1 6 1
 
A  1 2 0 [A/M10]
 0 0 3
 
47. Find by power method, the largest Eigen value and the corresponding Eigenvector of a
1 3 1
 
matrix A   3 2 4  with initial vector 1 1 1T . [N/D10,A/M18]
 1 
 4 10 
m
48. Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix
 1 3  1
 
 3 2 4  with 1 0 0 as the initial vector by power method.
T
[N/D13]
o
  1 4 10 
 
.c
1 6 1
 
49. Find the largest Eigen value and corresponding eigen vector of a matrix  1 2 0  by
 0 0 3
 
ul T
using Power method starting with initial vector (1 0 0) . [N/D 11,N/D15,N/D17]
pa
50. Determine the largest Eigen value and the corresponding Eigen vector of the matrix
 2 1 0 
1 2 1 . [M/J 12,A/M15]
 
 0 1 2 
jin
 25 1 2 
 
51. Find numerically largest eigen value of A   1 3 0  and the corresponding eigen
 2 0  4
 
re
vector. [N/D10,N/D11,M/J14,N/D14,M/J16]
1 2
52. Find the dominant eigen value of A    by power method and hence find the
w.
3 4
other eigenvalue also. [M/J12]
5 0 1 
53. Find all the eigen values of A  0  2 0 using power method.
ww
1 0 5
[A/M15,N/D15,N/D16,N/D16,A/M17]
54. Using power method find the dominant eigen value and the corresponding eigen
 15  4  3 
vector for the given matrix A    10 1 2  6  . [M/J16]
 20 4  2

NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT-II
Interpolation
PART-A
1. Define the terms interpolation and extrapolation. (OR) Distinguish between

interpolation and extrapolation. [M/J09,N/D17]
The process of computing the value of a function inside the given range is called
m
interpolation. The process of computing the value of a function outside the given range is
called extrapolation.
2. What do you understand by inverse interpolation? [N/D07]
o
It is the process of finding the values of x corresponding to a value of y, not present in
the table.
.c
 2  E ex
3. Evaluate   e x . 2 x . [N/D09]
E  e
ul
 ex  exh  ex

 e x  e x eh  e x  eh  1 e x 
pa

2 e x  e h  1 e x 
2
 2  x
     
  e  E 1 2 e x  E 1 e h 1 e x  e h 1 E 1 x  e h 1 e x  h
E
2 2 2
  
jin
 2  x E e x exh
2

  e . 2 x  e h 1 e x  h . 
e2 x
 ex .
 
E  e e 1 e
h 2 x
e x
 
re
4. Name two interpolation methods for unequal intervals. [M/J12]

(i) Newton’s divided difference method.
(ii) Lagrange’s method.
5. Find the polynomial which takes the following values [N/D06]
w.
x 0 1 2
y 1 2 1
ww
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0
0 1
1
1 2 -2
-1
2 1

NUMERICAL METHODS
Newton’s forward formula

u u 1 2 x  x0 x0
y  y 0  u y 0   y 0 where u   x
2! h 1
x x 1
y  1  x (1)   2   x 2  2 x 1 .
2
6. Write down Newton’s forward and backward difference formula. [N/D07,N/D16]
Newton’s forward interpolation formula :
u u 1 2 u u 1u  2 3 x  x0
y  y 0  u y 0   y0   y0  ....... where u 
m
2! 3! h
Newton’s backward interpolation formula :
u u 1 2 u u 1u  2 3 x  xn
y  y n  u y n   yn   y n  ....... where u 
o
.
2! 3! h
7. Write the Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula.
.c
[A/M08, N/D10,M/J13,N/D13,M/J16,M/J16,A/M17]
Newton’s forward interpolation formula :
u u 1 2 u u 1u  2 3 x  x0
ul
y  y 0  u y 0   y0   y0  ....... u
2! 3! where h
8. A third degree polynomial passes through ( 0, -1 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) and ( 3 , - 2 )
pa
Find its value at x = 4 ? [M/J09,N/D16]
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0 3 y 0
0 -1
jin
2
1 1 -2
0 -1
2 1 -3
re
-3
3 -2
u u 1 2 u u 1u  2 3
w.
Newton’s forward formula, y  y0  u y 0   y0   y0

2! 3!
x  x0 x0
where u   x
h 1
ww
x x 1
y   1  x (2)   2  x x 1x  2  1
2 6
1

y   x 3  3 x 2  16 x  6
6

Hence y 4 
581
.
3
9. Find the interpolating polynomial for the given data: [A/M10]
x -1 0 1 2
f 4 2 2 4

NUMERICAL METHODS
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0 3 y 0
-1 4
-2
0 2 2
0 0
1 2 2
m
2
2 4
o
u u 1 2 x  x0 x 1
y  y 0  u y 0   y 0 where u    x 1
.c
2! h 1
y  4  x  1 (2) 
x 1x  2
ul
2
y  x x2.
2
10. Fit a polynomial from the following data using Newton’s forward difference
pa
interpolation formula [A/M11]
x 0 2 4 6
f 2 4 14 32
jin
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0 3 y 0
re
0 2
2
2 4 8
w.
10 0
4 14 8
18
6 32
ww

u u 1 2 x  x0 x0 x
y  y 0  u y 0   y 0 where u   
2! h 2 2
 x  x  x  2  1 
y  2    (2)        8
2  2  2  2 
y  x2  x  2 .
11. Given y0  3 , y1  12 , y 2  81 , y3  200 , y 4  100 . Find 4 y 0 . [A/M15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0 3 y 0 4 y 0
0 3
9
1 12 60
69 -10
2 81 50 -21
119 -31
m
3 200 19
-
4 100 100
o
Hence the value of 4 y0   21.
.c
  f x 
12. Prove that  log  f  x   log  1 
f  x  
. [A/M11 ]

R.H .S  log 

 f x  h 
f x 
ul
 f x   f x  h   f x 


pa
 log    log f x  h  log f x    log f x   L.H .S
 f x  
13. Find a polynomial for the following data by Newton’s backward difference
jin
formula [M/J06]
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) -3 2 9 18
re
Difference table
0 -3
5
w.
1 2 2
7 0
2 9 2
ww
9
3 18
x y y n  2 yn  3 yn
Newton’s backward interpolation formula is

u u  1 2 x  xn x 3
y  y n  u y n   y n where u    x 3
2! h 1
y  18  x  39 
x  3x  2 2
2
y  x  4 x 3
2

NUMERICAL METHODS
14. State Newton’s backward difference formula. [N/D12,N/D14]

Newton’s backward interpolation formula :
u u 1 2 u u 1u  2 3 x  xn
y  y n  u y n   yn   y n  ....... where u  .
2! 3! h
15. When to use Newton’s forward interpolation and when to use Newton’s backward
interpolation? [N/D10,A/M18]
Newton forward formula is used for interpolating near x 0 (the beginning of the table)
and backward formula is used for interpolating near x n (end of the table).
m
16. Obtain the divided difference table for the following data [M/J06]
x 2 3 5
o
y 0 14 102
.c
Divided difference table
2 0
14  0
3 14
ul 3 2
 14
44 14
52
 10
pa
102 14
 44
5 102 53
17. Obtain the divided difference table for the following data [N/D06]
jin
x -1 0 2 3
f(x) -8 3 1 12
re
-1 -8
w.
38
 11
0 1
0 3 1 11
 4
ww
1 3 2 1
 1 44
20 2
2 1 11  1 3 1
4
12 1 3 0
 11
3 2
3 12
18. If f  x   , find f a , b and f a , b , c  by using divided differences.

1
x2
[M/J07]

NUMERICAL METHODS
a 1
a2

a  b 
a2 b2
b 1 ab  bc  ca 
b2

b  c  a2 b2 c2
b2 c2
m
c 1
c2
o
19. Obtain a divided difference table for the following data: [A/M08]
.c
x 5 7 11 13 17
y 150 392 1452 2366 5202
ulDivided difference table

pa
5 150
121
7 392 24
jin
265 1
11 1452 32 0
457 1
13 2366 42
re
709
17 5202
w.
20. Form the divided difference table for [N/D08]
x -1 1 2 4
y -1 5 23 119
ww

-1 -1
3
1 5 5
18 1
2 23 10
48
4 119

NUMERICAL METHODS
21. Find the divided differences of f x   x 3  x  2 for the arguments 1, 3, 6, 11.

Given f x   x 3  x  2 [A/M10,A/M11,N/D16]
For x  1, 3 , 6 ,11 , f x   4 , 32 , 224 , 1344
1 4
14
3 32 10
m
64 1
6 224 20
224
o
11 1344
22. Write the Newton’s divided difference formula.
.c
[N/D10]
y  y0  x  x0  y0  x  x0 x  x1   y0  x  x0 x  x1 x  x2   y0  ..........
2 3
23. What is the nature of nth divided difference of a polynomial of nth degree?
ul
[N/D17]
The nth divided differences of a nth degree polynomial are constants.
24. Obtain the Newton’s divided difference table for the following data [A/M11]
pa
x 1 2 4 6
y -26 12 256 844
jin

1 -26
38
2 12 28
re
122 3
4 256 43
294
w.
6 844
25. Form the divided difference table for the data  0 , 1 , 1 , 4  ,  3 , 40  and
 4 , 85  .
ww
[A/M 10,N/D15]
0 1
3
1 4 5
18 1
3 40 9
45
4 85

NUMERICAL METHODS
26. Find the first and second divided differences with arguments a , b , c of the function
f x  .
1
[N/D10,M/J14,A/M18]
x
a 1
a 1

ab
b
m
1 1
b 1 abc

c bc
o
1
c
.c
3  1    1
27. Show that  . [A/M15,N/D15]
ul
bcd  a  abcd
Let f a  
1
pa
a
Then
 1   1   a  b 
  
f b   f a   b   a   a b  b  a    1
jin
f a , b     
ba ba ba a b b  a  ab
 1   1   a  c
      
f b , c   f a , b   b c   a b   abc 
re
f a , b , c    
ca ca ca

c  a   1
a b c c  a  a b c
w.
 1   1  a d
    
f b , c , d   f a , b , c   b c d   a b c   abcd 
f a , b , c , d    
d a d a d a
ww
 d  a  1
 
a b c d d  a  abcd
28. Construct the divided difference table for the following data [M/J12]
x 0 1 2 5
f(x ) 2 3 12 147

NUMERICAL METHODS

0 2
1
1 3 4
9 1
2 12 9
45
5 147
m
29. Find the divided differences of f x   x 3  x 2  3 x  8 for the arguments 0 , 1 , 4 , 5 .
[N/D13,M/J16]
o
For the arguments of x  0 , 1 , 4 , 5 , we have y  f x   8 , 11 , 68 , 123
.c
0 8
11  8
ul
3
1 0
1 11 19  3
4
68 11 40
pa
 19 94
4 1 1
4 68 50
55  19
9
123  68 5 1
 55
jin
54
5 123
30. Find the second degree polynomial through the point 0 , 2 , 2 ,1 , 1, 0 using
re
Lagrange’s formula. [N/D14]

By Lagrange’s formula,
x  x1 x  x2  x  x0 x  x2  x  x0 x  x1 
w.
y y0  y1  y
x0  x1 x0  x2  x1  x0 x1  x2  x2  x0 x2  x1  2
y
x  2x  1 2  x  0x  1 1  x  0x  2 0
0  20  1 2  02  1 1  01  2
ww

1 2
2

x  3x2 
1 2
2
 1
   1

x  x  x2 3 x  2  x2  x  2 x2  4 x  2
2 2
 
y  x  2 x 1
2
31. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the polynomial through  0 , 0 , 1 , 1  and

 2 , 2 . [M/J 07]
Lagrange’s formula :
x  x1 x  x2  x  x0 x  x2  x  x0 x  x1 
y y0  y1  y
x0  x1 x0  x2  x1  x0 x1  x2  x2  x0 x2  x1  2

NUMERICAL METHODS
x x  2
y0 1  x x 1 2  x.
1 1 21
32. Using Lagrange’s formula, find the polynomial to the given data. [M/J13]
X : 0 1 3
Y : 5 6 50
x  x1 x  x2  x  x0 x  x2  x  x0 x  x1 
y y0  y1  y
x0  x1 x0  x2  x1  x0 x1  x2  x2  x0 x2  x1  2
1
m
 47 x 2  41 x  30 
y
6
33. Given y  f  x  is the exact curve and y  Pn  x  is the interpolating polynomial
o
curve, write the error in polynomial interpolation for any x where x 0  x  x n and
x0  c  xn . [M/J12]
.c
u u 1u  2 .......... u  r  r  1 x  x0
Error 
r 1!
 y 
xc
where u 
h
ul
34. State Lagrange’s interpolation formula for unequal intervals. [N/D11]
( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n )
y  f ( x) 
pa
y0
( x 0  x1 )( x 0  x 2 )( x 0  x3 ).......( x 0  x n )
( x  x0 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n )
 y1
( x1  x 0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x3 ).......( x1  x n )
jin
+…………..…….+
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ).......( x  x n 1 )
 yn
( x n  x 0 )( x n  x1 )( x n  x 2 )( x n  x3 ).......( x n  x n 1 )
re
35. Distinguish between Newton’s divided difference interpolation and Lagrange’s

interpolation. [A/M15]
w.
Lagrange’s Interpolation formula can be used for equal and unequal intervals. But
Newton’s divided difference formula can be used only for unequal intervals. Lagrangian
method involves more arithmetic operations than does the divided difference method.
36. Define a cubic spline S  x  which is commonly used for interpolation.
ww
[A/M10,N/D12,M/J14]
   
xi  x 3 M i 1  x  xi 1 3 M i  xi  x  yi 1  h M i 1 
2
S x  
1
6h h  6 
x  xi  1  h2 
 i
y  Mi  .
h  6 
37. For cubic splines, what are the ( n – 1 ) conditions required to evaluate the
unknowns. [M/J12,N/D15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
6
yi 1  2 yi  yi 1 , where i 1, 2 , 3, .........., n 1 .
M i 1  4 M i  M i  1 
h2
38. What are the advantages of cubic spline fitting. [A/M15]
Cubic spline provide better approximation to the behaviour of functions that have
abrupt local changes. Further splines perform better than higher order polynomial
approximation.
PART-B
m
1. Given the following table, find the number of students whose weight is between 60 and
70 lbs: [A/M10]
o
Weight(in lbs) x 0-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
No. of students 250 120 100 70 50
.c
2. Find the value of tan 45 15 by using Newton’s forward difference interpolation
ul
formula for [N/D10,A/M18]
x 45 46 47 48 49 50

tan x 1.00000 1.03553 1.07237 1.11061 1.15037 1.19175
pa
3. The population of a town is as follows:
X year 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Y population in
jin
20 24 29 36 46 51
thousands
Estimate the population increase during the period 1946 to 1976. [N/D11]
re
4. Find the value of y when x  5 using Newton’s interpolation formula from the
following table: [N/D12,N/D17]
x 4 6 8 10
w.
y 1 3 8 16
5. The table gives the distance in nautical miles of the visible horizon for the given heights
ww
in feet above the earth’s surface [A/M15]

x=height 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
y=distance 10.63 13.03 15.04 16.81 18.42 19.9 21.27
Find the values of y when x  218 ft using Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
6. From the following table, estimate the number of students who obtained marks between
40 and 45 [A/M 10 ,N/D 11]
Marks 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of students 31 42 51 35 31

NUMERICAL METHODS
7. Find the value of y at x  21 and x  28 from the following data, using Newton’s
interpolation formula: [N/D 10,M/J 12,N/D16]
x 20 23 26 29
y 0.3420 0.3907 0.4384 0.4848
8. From the following data, find  at x  43 and x  84

x 40 50 60 70 80 90
 184 204 226 250 276 304
m
Also express  in terms of x . [A/M15]
9. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, find the cubic polynomial which takes
o
the following values: [N/D14,N/D15]
x 0 1 2 3
.c
f x  1 2 1 10
ul
10. Find a polynomial of degree two for the data by Newton’s forward difference formula.
[A/M17]
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pa
f x  1 2 4 7 11 16 22 29
11. From the following table find f x  and hence f 6 using Newton’s interpolation
formula [M/J12]
jin
x 1 2 7 8
f x  1 5 5 4
re
12. For the following data prepare the finite difference table and express y as a function of
x using Newton’s backward difference formula and hence find y when x  3.5 [A/M11]
x 0 1 2 3 4
w.
y 7 10 13 22 43
13. From the following data, find  at x  84

ww
x 40 50 60 70 80 90
 184 204 226 250 276 304
Also express  in terms of x . [M/J12,N/D15]
14. Estimate sin 38 from the data given below: [A/M15,M/J16]
x 0 10  20  30  40 
sin x 0 0.17365 0.34202 0.5 0.64279
15. Derive Newton’s backward difference formula by using operator method. [M/J12]

NUMERICAL METHODS
16. Given : sin 45  0.7071 , sin 50  0.7660 , sin 55  0.8192 , sin 60  0.8660 .
Find sin 52  by Newton’s interpolation formula. [N/D16]
th
17. The values of y are consecutive terms of a series of which 23.6 is the 6 term. Find the
first and tenth terms of the series: [N/D16]
x: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
y: 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2 52.8 73.9
18. The following table gives the values of density of saturated water for various
m
temperatures of saturated steam.
Temperature  C 100 150 200 250 300
Density hg/m 3 958 917 865 799 712
o
Find by interpolation, the density when the temperature is 275 . [N/D13,M/J16]
.c
19. Find the function f x  from the following table using Newton’s divided difference
formula [A/M10]
ul
x 0 1 2 4 5 7
f(x) 0 0 -12 0 600 7308
pa
20. Given the tables
x 5 7 11 13 17
f(x) 150 392 1452 2366 5202
Evaluate f 9 using Newton’s divided difference formula.

jin
[A/M11,N/D16,N/D16]
21. Determine f x  as a polynomial in x for the following data, using Newton’s divided
difference formulae. Also find f 2 .
re
[N/D11]
Find f 1 by using divided difference interpolation from the following data: [A/M17]
w.
x -4 -1 0 2 5
f(x) 1245 33 5 9 1335
22. Using Newton’s divided difference formula, find f x  from the following data and
ww
hence find f 4 . [N/D12,M/J16,N/D16]

x 0 1 2 5
f(x) 2 3 12 147
23. Find f 8 by using Newton’s divided difference formula [A/M10,N/D14,A/M17]

x 4 5 7 10 11 13
f(x) 48 100 294 900 1210 2028

NUMERICAL METHODS
24. Find the value of f 6 for the data f 1  1 , f 2  5 , f 7   5 and f 8  4 by using
Newton’s divided difference formula. [N/D11]
25. Find f 3 by Newton’s divided difference formula for the following data: [M/J14]
x -4 -1 0 2 5
y 1245 33 5 9 1335
26. Using Newton’s divided difference formula find f 3 from the data: [N/D15]
m
x 0 1 2 4 5
f x  1 14 15 5 6
27. Use Lagrange’s formula to find a polynomial which takes the values f 0  12 ,
o
f 1  0 , f 3  6 and f 4  12 . Hence find f 2 . [A/M10]
28. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial to the given data f 1   8 ,
.c
f 0  3 , f 2  1and f 3  2 . Hence find the value of f 1 . [N/D10,A/M18]
29. Find the expression of f x  using Lagrange’s formula for the following data : [A/M11]
x
f(x)
0
4
ul 1
3
4
24
5
39
pa
30. Find the value of x when y  20 using Lagrange’s formula from the following table
[A/M11]
x 1 2 3 4
jin
y=f(x) 1 8 27 64
31. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, calculate the profit in the year 2000 from the following
re
data: [M/J12,N/D15]
year 1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in lakhs of
43 65 159 248
w.
Rs.
32. Use Lagrange’s method to find log 10 656 , given that log 10 654  2.8156 ,
log 10 658  2.8182 , log 10 659  2.8189 and log 10 661  2.8202 . [N/D12]
ww
33. Using Lagrange’s formula for interpolation find y9.5 given: [N/D10,M/J12]
x 7 8 9 10
y 3 1 1 9
34. Find Lagrangian interpolating polynomial for the following data:

x 1 2 3 5
f(x) 0 7 26 124

NUMERICAL METHODS
Hence find f 4 . [A/M11]

35. Find the polynomial f x  by using Lagrange’s formula and hence find f 3 for the
following values of x and y : [N/D11,N/D14,N/D17]
x 0 1 2 5
f(x) 2 3 12 147
36. Apply Lagrange’s formula to find y ( 27 ) to the data given below .

x : 14 17 31 35
m
y : 68.8 64 44 39.1 [ M / J 13 ]
37. Use Lagrange’s formula to find the value of y at x  26 from the following data:
o
x: 3 7 9 10
y : 168 120 72 63 [N/D13,M/J16]
38. Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula, find y2 from the following data:
.c
y0  0 ; y1 1 ; y3  81; y4  256 ; y5  625 [M/J14]
39. Using Lagrange’s interpolation find the interpolated value for x  3 of the table.
x
f x  ul
3.2 2.7 1.0 4.8
[A/M15]
pa
22.0 17.8 14.2 38.3
40. Fit a Lagrange polynomial to the data:

x 1 2 3 5
jin
y 0 1 26 124
and hence find y when x  3.5 [A/M15]

41. Find the Lagrange polynomial f x  satisfying the following data :
re
x : 1 3 5 7
y  f x  : 24 120 336 720
and hence find f 4 . [N/D15]
w.
42. Using Lagrange’s formula find the value of log 10 323.5 for the given data: [M/J16]
x : 321.0 322.8 324.2 325.0
log 10 x : 2.50651 2.50893 2.51081 2.51188
ww
43. If f 0  1 , f 1  2 , f 2  33 and f 3  244 , find a cubic spline approximation,
assuming M 0  M 3  0 . Also find f 2.5 . [A/M10]
44. Using Lagrange’s formula find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values.
x : 1 3 4 6
f(x) : 0 22 57 205 [A/M17]
45. Find the natural cubic spline to fit the data : [M/J16,N/D13]
x : 0 1 2
f x  : -1 3 29
Hence find f 0.5 and f 1.5 .

NUMERICAL METHODS
46. Find the natural cubic spline approximation for the function f x  defined by the
following data: [N/D10,N/D17A/M18]
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1 2 33 244
Hence find the value of f 2.5 and f 2.5 .
47. Find the cubic spline approximation for the function y  f x  from the following data,
 
given that y0  y3  0 . Hence find y 0.5
m
[A/M11,N/D12]
Hence find y 0.5 , y 0.5 and y 1.5 [A/M17]
x -1 0 1 2
o
f(x) -1 1 3 35
.c
48. Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values: [M/J12]
x 0 1 2 3
ul
f(x) 1 2 1 10
49. The following values of x and y are given in table :

pa
x 1 2 3 4
y 1 2 5 11
Find the cubic splines and evaluate y 1.5 and y 3 . [M/J12,A/M15,N/D15,A/M17]
jin
50. Fit the cubic spline for the following table of values: [N/D11,M/J16]
x 1 2 3
re
- -
f(x) 16
6 1
Hence evaluate y1.5 and y 2
w.
51. Fit the cubic splines for the following data: [M/J14]
x: 1 2 3 4 5
y: 1 0 1 0 1
ww
52. From the following table :

x : 1 2 3
y : -8 -1 18
Compute y1.5 and y 1 , using cubic spline. [N/D15,N/D16]
53. Fit a cubic spline curve that passes through 0 ,1 , 1, 4 , 2 , 0 and 3 , 2 with the
natural end boundary conditions s  0  0 , s  3  0 . [N/D16]

NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT-III
Numerical Differentiation and integration
PART-A
dy d2y
1. Write down the expressions for and at x  x 0 by Newton’s forward
dx dx 2
difference formula. [M/J06,M/J16,N/D17]
 dy  1  1 1 1 
  y 0  2 y 0  3 y 0  4 y 0  ............
m
 
 dx  x  x0 h  2 3 4 
d2y 1  11 4 
 2   2 2 y 0  3 y 0   y 0  ...............
o
 dx  x  x0 h  12 
dy d2y
.c
2. Write down the expressions for and at x  x n by Newton’s backward
dx dx 2
difference formula. [N/D06,N/D10,A/M11,M/J14,M/J16]
ul
 dy  1  1 1 1 
    y n   2 y n   3 y n   4 y n  ............
 dx  x  xn h  2 3 4 
d2y 1  
pa
11 4
 2   2  2 y n   3 y n   y n  ...............
 dx  x  xn h  12 
3. Write the formula for y'(x) and y''(x) using Newton’s backward differences.
jin
[A/M18]
 dy  1  2v  1 2 3v  6v  2 3
2
4v  18v  22v  6 4 3 2

    y n   yn   yn   y n  ............
 dx  h  2 6 24 
re
d y
2
1  6v  8v  11 4
2

 2   2  2 y n  (v  1) 3 y n   y n  ...............
 dx  h  12 
w.
4. What is the order of the error in trapezoidal rule? [M/J08]

The order of the error in Trapezoidal rule is h 2 .
rd
1
5. State the local error term in Simpson’s rule. [N/D14]
ww
The local error term in Simpson’s

1
rd
rule is E 
b  a  h 4 M where M is in the
3 180
interval a , b  .
6. Write the errors in Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules of numerical integration?
[A/M15]
The error in Trapezoidal rule is E 

b  a  h M where M is in the interval a , b .
2
12
The error in Simpson’s

1
rd
rule is E 
b  a  h 4 M where M is in the interval a , b  .
3 180

NUMERICAL METHODS

7. Evaluate  sin x dx by Trapezoidal rule by dividing ten equal parts. [M/J13]
0
ba  0 
Here n  10 , y  f x   sin x and h   
n 10 10
  3 2  3 7 4 9
x 
0 10 5 10 5 2 5 10 5 10
m
y
0 0.309 0.5878 0.809 0.9511 1 0.9511 0.809 0.5878 0.309 0
o
By Trapezoidal rule,

.c
 sin x dx  2  y  y10   2  y1  y 2  y3  y 4  y5  y 6  y 7  y8  y9 
h
0
0
 
ul
 
   0  0  2 0.309  0.5878  0.809  0.9511  1  0.9511  0.809  0.5878  0.309
10
2
pa

 sin x dx  1.9835
0
2
dx
8. Taking h  0.5 , evaluate  1 x 2
using Trapezoidal rule. [M/J14,M/J16]
jin
Given h  0.5 , y  f x  
1
1 x 2
x 1 1.5 2
re
1
y 0.5 0.3077 0.2
1 x2
w.
By Trapezoidal rule, we have

2
 1 x
dx
2

h
 y0  y 2   2 y1   0.5 0.5  0.2  2 0.3077  0.32885 .
2 2
ww
1
6
dx
9. Evaluate  1 x
0
2
using Trapezoidal rule. [N/D13]
ba 6 0
 1 , y  f x  
1
Let n  6 , then h  
n 6 1 x 2
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
y 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0588 0.0385 0.027
1 x2

NUMERICAL METHODS
By Trapezoidal rule, we have

2
 1 x
dx
2

h
 y0  y6   2  y1  y 2  y3  y 4  y5 
1
2
2
dx
 1 x 2

1
1 0.027  2 0.5  0.2  0.1 0.0588  0.0385  1.4108 .
1
2
1
dx
0
m
ba 1
Let n  4 h    0.25
n 4
x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
o
1
y 1 0.8 0.66 0.57 0.5
1 x
.c
By Trapezoidal rule
I   y 0  y 4   2  y1  y 2  y3 
ul
h
2
I 
0.25 1 0.5  2 0.8  0.66  0.57  0.695 .
pa
2
11. Write down the Newton-cote’s formula for equidistant ordinates. [A/M11,M/J16]
xn
 n2 1  n3 n 2  2 1  n4  
 f x  dx  h  n y 0   y 0      y 0    n 3  n 2  3 y 0  ...............
 2 2  3 2  6 4  
jin
x0
1
dx
0
2
ba 1
re
Let n  4 h    0.25
n 4
w.
x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

1
y 1 0.94 0.8 0.64 0.5
1 x 2
ww
By Trapezoidal rule
I   y 0  y 4   2  y1  y 2  y3 
h
2
I 
0.25 1 0.5  2 0.94  0.8  0.64  0.7825 .
2
1
1
13. Evaluate  x dx by Trapezoidal rule, dividing the range into 4 equal parts.
1
2
[N/D15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
1
1  
ba  2   0.125
Let n  4 h  
n 4
x 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1

1
y 2 1.6 1.3333 1.1429 1
x
m
By Trapezoidal rule,
I   y 0  y 4   2  y1  y 2  y3 
h
2
o
I 
0.125 2 1  2 1.6 1.3333  1.1429  0.697 .
2
.c
14. Compare Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3 rule for evaluating numerical
integration. [N/D07,N/D16]
i) In Newton Cotes Quadrature formula, if we put n = 1 we get Trapezoidal rule
ul
whereas if we put n = 2, we get Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
ii) In Trapezoidal rule, the interpolating polynomial is linear whereas in Simpson’s
1/3rd rule, the interpolating polynomial is of degree 2.
pa
iii) In Trapezoidal rule, there is no restriction on the number of intervals whereas in
Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, the number of intervals should be even.
15. What approximation is used in deriving Simpson’s rule of integration? [N/D10]
jin
h 4 is the approximation used in deriving Simpson’s rule of integration.

16. Give the order of error in the Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule. [M/J12]
The order of error in the Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule is h .4
17. When do you apply Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule, and what is the order of the error in
re
Simpson’s 1/3 rule. [A/M11]

4
The number of subintervals n should be even and order of error is h .
18. State Simpson’s one-third rule. [N/D11,M/J13,A/M17]
w.
Simpson’s one-third rule is given by

x x0 x1 x2 ……………………….. xn
y y0 y1 y2 ……………………….. yn
ww
I 
h
 y0  y n   2  y0  y2  .......  4  y1  y3  .........
3
4
19. Evaluate  f  x  dx
1
from the table by Simpson’s 3/8 rule [M/J06]
x 1 2 3 4
f(x ) 1 8 27 64

NUMERICAL METHODS
Here n  3
I 
3h
 y0  y3   2 0  3  y1  y 2 
8
I  1  64  3 8  27  
3 255
 63.75 .
8 4
20. State the formula of Simpson’s 3/8 th rule. [M/J07]
Simpson’s 3/8 th rule is given by
x x0 x1 x2 ……………………….. xn
m
y y0 y1 y2 ……………………….. yn
o
3h
I   y0  yn   2  y3  y6  .......  3  y1  y 2  y4  y5  .........
8
.c
21. Write Simpson’s 1/3 rd and 3/8 th formulae. [N/D09]
Simpson’s one-third rule is given by
x x0 x1 x2 ……………………….. xn
y y0 y1
ul y2 ……………………….. yn
pa
h
I   y0  yn   2  y0  y2  .......  4  y1  y3  .........
3
Simpson’s 3/8 th rule is given by
x x0 x1 x2 ……………………….. xn
jin
y y0 y1 y2 ……………………….. yn
3h
I   y0  yn   2  y3  y6  .......  3  y1  y 2  y4  y5  .........
re
8
22. Under what condition , Simpson’s 3/8 rule can be applied and state the formula.
[M/J12,N/D15]
w.
The number of subintervals n should be a multiple of 3 .
23. State the Romberg’s integration formula with h1 and h2 . Further, obtain the
ww
h
formula when h1  h and h2  . [A/M10]
2
 I h  Ih 
 h  
I  h ,   Ih   2 
 2 2  3 
 
1
dx
24. Use two-point Gaussian quadrature formula to solve  1 x
1
2
.
[A/M10,M/J12,A/M17,A/M17,A/M18]

NUMERICAL METHODS
 1   1 
1 1
dx dt
11 x 2  11 t 2  f  3   f   3  where f t   1 t 2
1
 0.75  0.75  1.5

2
e
 x2
25. Evaluate dx by two point Gaussian quadrature formula. [N/D10,N/D15]
0
 a b   ba  ba 
Let x    t , dx    dt
 2   2   2 
m
x  1 t , dx  dt
1
I   e  1  t  dt
2
o
1
Let f t   e  1  t 
2
.c
Gaussian two point quadrature formula is given by
 1   1 
I  f 
 3
  f  

  0.0831  0.8364  0.9195
3
ul  1
 t   
pa
4 
26. Using two point Gaussian quadrature formula evaluate I  sin   dt .
1
4 
[A/M15]

Here f t   sin
t 1
jin
4
By two point Gaussian quadrature formula, we have
 1
 t       1   1 
4 
I  sin   dt   f     f  
4  4   3  3 
re
1
  1   1 
 sin    1  sin   1
4 4 3  4  3 
w.

I  0.9454  0.3259  0.9985 .
4
2 x

27. Evaluate e 2
dx by Gauss two point formula. [N/D13]
ww
2
Here a   2 and b  2
 ab   b  a  b  a
Let x    t dx    dt
 2   2   2 
x  2 t and dx  2 dt
2 x 1 1

e
2
2
dx   e  t 2 dt  2  e  t dt
1 1
Here f t   e t

NUMERICAL METHODS
By Gaussian two point formula, we have

2

x 1
  1   1 
e
2
2
dx  2  e  t dt  2  f  
1  
  f 
3

 3 
  1 1

 2 e 3
e 3
  2 0.5614  1.7813  4.6854
 
28. Write down two point Gaussian quadrature formula. For what class of
functions f(x) does it give exact answer. [A/M 11,N/D17]
m
 a b   ba 
Change the interval  a , b  into  1 , 1  by using x    t ,
 2   2 
ba 
o
dx    dt Gaussian two point quadrature formula is
 2  .
.c
 1   1 
1
I   f t  dt 
1
f  

  f 
3  3
 . It is exact for polynomials up to degree 3.
ul
1
29. Write down the three point Gaussian quadrature formula to evaluate  f  x  dx .
1
[N/D12,A/M15]
pa
b 1
 f x  dx   f t  dt where the interval a , b is changed into  1 , 1 by the

a 1
 a b   ba 
transformation x    t
jin
 2   2 
1
Then  f t  dt  A f t   A f t   A f t 
1
1 1 2 2 3 3 where A1  A3  0.5555 , A2  0.8888
re
and t1   0.7745 , t 2  0 , t 3  0.7745

1
30. State two point Gaussian quadrature formula to evaluate  f  x  dx .
w.
1
[N/D06,N/D07,N/D15]
 1   1 
ww
Gaussian two point quadrature formula is I  f     f   .

 3  3
1
1
1
4
dx using Gaussian quadrature with two points. [N/D08]
Let f x  
1
1 x 4
 1   1 
Gaussian two point formula is I  f     f    0.9  0.9  1.8 .
 3  3

NUMERICAL METHODS
PART-B
1. From the following table of values of x and y , obtain y x  and y x  for x 16
[N/D10,A/M18]
x 15 17 19 21 23 25
y 3.873 4.123 4.359 4.583 4.796 5
2. Find the first two derivatives of  x  3 at x  50 and x  56 , for the given table: [N/D11]
1
m
x 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
o
y  x  3.68 3.70 3.73 3.75 3.779 3.80 3.82
40 84 25 63 8 30 59
.c
3. A slider in a machine moves along a fixed straight rod. Its distance x cm along the rod is
ul
given below for various values of the time 't ' seconds. Find the velocity of the slider
when t 1.1 second. [M/J12]
1.
pa
t 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6
3
9.
7.98 8.40 8.78 9.45 9.75 10.0
x 12
9 3 1 1 0 31
9
jin
4. Find f x  at x 1.5 and x  4.0 from the following data using Newton’s formulae for
differentiation. [N/D12,M/J16]
re
[OR] Find the first and second derivatives of the function tabulated below at x  1.5
[N/D13,M/J16]
w.
x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y=f(x) 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0
ww
5. Find the value of sec 31 from the following data [N/D11,A/M15]
 31 32 33 34
tan  0.6008 0.6249 0.6494 0.6745
6. The population of a certain town is given below. Find the rate of growth of the population
in the year 1931 and 1945 [M/J12,N/D16]
Year x 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971
Population in thousand y 40.6 60.8 79.9 103.6 132.7
7. For the given data, find the first two derivatives at x  1.1 [M/J14,A/M15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

y 7.989 8.403 8.781 9.129 9.451 9.750 10.031
d2y
8. From the following table, obtain the value of at x  0.96 [N/D16]
dx 2
x 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04
y 0.7825 0.7739 0.7651 0.7563 0.7473
m
9. Using backward difference, find y 2.2 and y 2.2 from the following table: [A/M17]
x 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
o
y 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
10. Given the following data, find y 6 and the maximum value of y (if it exists)
.c
[A/M10]
x 0 2 3 4 7 9
ul
y 4 26 58 112 466 922
11. Find the first derivative of f x  at x  2 for the data f 1   21, f 1 15 , f 2 12
pa
and f 3  3 using Newton’s divided difference formula. [N/D10,A/M18]
12. Find f 10 from the following data [A/M11,N/D15]
x 3 5 11 27 34
jin
-
f(x) 23 899 17315 35606
13
13. Find the first and second derivatives of y with respect to x at x=10 from the following
data: x :
re
3 5 7 9 11 [N/D17]
y: 31 43 57 41 27
14. Find the values f 8 and f 9 from the following table, using divided difference
w.
interpolation formula: [A/M11]

x 4 5 7 10 11
f(x) 48 100 294 900 1210
ww
15. Find f 3 and f 3 for the following data : [N/D15]
x : 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
f x  : - 14 -10.032 -5.296 - 0.256 6.672 14
1
dx 1 1 1
16. Find the approximate value of I   1 x
0
using Trapezoidal rule with h  , ,
2 4 8
and then by Romberg’s method. [A/M11]
6
1
17. Evaluate I   1 x dx using Trapezoidal rule and check by direct integration. [M/J12]
0

NUMERICAL METHODS

18. By dividing the range into ten equal parts evaluate  sin x dx
0
by Trapezoidal and
Simpson’s one-third rule. [N/D10]

6
ex
19. Evaluate I  0 1 x dx using Simpson’s 1/3 rule with h 1.
rd
[N/D11]
1 1
x2 1
20. Find the value of log 2 3 from 0 1 x 3 dx using Simpson’s 3 rule with h  0.25 .
m
[M/J16]
21. The velocity v (km/min) of a moped which starts from rest, is given at fixed intervals of
time t (min) as follows:
o
x : 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y : 0 10 18 25 29 32 20
.c
 Estimate approximately the distance covered in 12 minutes, by Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
 Estimate the acceleration at t  2 seconds. [ A/M15]
below:
ul
22. The velocities of a car running on a straight road at intervals of 2 minutes are given
[N/D13]
pa
Time (min) : 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Velocity (km/hr) : 0 22 30 27 18 7 0
1
Using Simpson’s - rd rule find the distance covered by the car.
3
jin
23. The velocity v of a particle at a distance s from a point on its path is given by the table
below:
s(ft) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v(ft/sec) 47 58 64 65 61 52 38
re
Estimate the time taken to travel 60 feet by Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule and Simpson’s 3/8 th
rule. [A/M10,N/D14,N/D16]
w.
24. The following data gives the corresponding values for pressure (p) and specific
volume(v) of a superheated steam. Find the rate of change of pressure with respect to
volume when v =2:
ww
v: 2 4 6 8 10
p: 105 42.7 25.3 16.7 13 [N/D17]
0.6
 e dx correct to three decimal places by

x
25. Using Simpson’s one-third rule, evaluate
2
step-size=0.1. [N/D17]
6
1
26. Evaluate I   1 x dx by
0
using (i) direct integration (ii) Trapezoidal rule (iii)
Simpson’s one-third rule (iv) Simpson’s three-eighth rule. [N/D11,A/M17]

NUMERICAL METHODS

2
27. Compute  sin x dx using Simpson’s 3/8 rule. [N/D12,M/J16]
0
1.3
28. Taking h  0.05 , evaluate 
1
x dx using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s three-eighth
rule. [M/J14]
1
1
29. Use Romberg’s integration to evaluate  1 x 2
dx . [A/M10,A/M11]
m
0
1
1
30. Using Romberg’s rule evaluate  1 x dx correct to three decimal places by taking
o
0
h  0.5 , 0.25 and 0.125 . [N/D10,A/M15,A/M18]
.c
1
2
x
31. Evaluate  sin x dx correct to three decimal places using Romberg’s method.
0
[M/J14]
ul
1
dx
0
and correct to 3 decimal places using Romberg’s method and hence
pa
find the value of log e 2 . [N/D14,N/D15,N/D16,N/D16,A/M17]
1
33. The following table gives the value of y  . Take h  0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and use
1  x2
1
1
1  x
jin
Romberg’s method to compute 2

dx . Hence deduce an approximate value of  .
0
[A/M17]
x 0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.675 0.75 0.875 1
re
y 1 0.9846 0.9412 0.8767 0.8 0.7191 0.64 0.5664 0.5
34. Use the Romberg’s method to get an improved estimate of the integral from x  1.8 to
w.
x  3.4 from the data in table with h  0.4 [A/M15]

x : 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
f x  : 4.953 6.050 7.389 9.025 11.023 13.464
ww
x : 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

f x  : 16.445 20.056 24.533 29.964 36.598 44.701
2
1
1
3
dx using Gauss three point formula. [A/M11,N/D14,M/J16]
x2  2 x 1
2
36. Evaluate 
0 1   x 1 
2
dx by Gaussian three point formula. [M/J13,N/D15]
1
1
37. Evaluate I 
1
 1 t 2
dt by one-point, two-point and three-point Gaussian formula and
compare with the exact value. [A/M10]

NUMERICAL METHODS
3
dt
38. Apply Gaussian three point formula to evaluate  1 t .
2
[N/D10,A/M17]
 3 x 
1
39. Using Gaussian three-point formula evaluate 2
 5 x 4 dx . [M/J12]
1
1
sin x
40. Apply three point Gaussian quadrature formula to evaluate 
0
x
dx [N/D13]
1.5
e
m
 x2
41. Evaluate dx using three point Gaussian quadrature formula. [A/M15]
0.2
1
1
42. Evaluate  1  x 2 dx using Gauss three point formula. [N/D16]
o
0
.c
5
43. Evaluate  log 1  x  dx by three points Gauss quadrature formula.
0
10 [A/M17]
1
1
ul  1 x
44. Use Romberg’s method to compute 2
dx correct to 4 decimal places. Also
0
evaluate the same integral using three-point Gaussian quadrature formula. Comment on
pa
the obtained values by comparing with the exact value of the integral which is equal to

. [M/J12,N/D15]
4
1.2 1.4
dx dy
  x y by trapezoidal formula by taking h  k  0.1 .
jin
45. Evaluate [A/M10]

1 1
4 1
5

46. Evaluate    dx  dy by trapezoidal rule in x -direction with h 1 and Simpson’s
1 1
x y 
re
one-third rule in y -direction with k 1 . [N/D10]

1 1
1
47. Evaluate   x  y 1 dx dy by using Trapezoidal rule taking h  0.5 and k  0.25 .
w.
0 0
[A/M11,N/D14,N/D15]
2 2
dx dy
48. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate  x  y2
numerically with h  0.2 along x -
ww
2
1 1
direction and k  0.25 along y -direction. [M/J12,A/M15]

2 4
1
49. Evaluate   x  y 
1 3
2
dx dy by taking h  k  0.5 using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule.
[N/D10,N/D15]
3 2
 e
x2 y
50. Evaluate dx dy by Trapezoidal rule with  x  0.5 and Simpson’s one-third
1 0
rule with  y  0.5 . [N/D11]

NUMERICAL METHODS
2.4 4.4
51. Evaluate   x y dx dy
2 4
by Trapezoidal rule taking h  k  0.1 [N/D13]

2 

52. Evaluate   cos x  y  dx dy by using Trapezoidal rule by taking h  k  4 .
0
[M/J16]
2
1.4 2.4
1
53. Evaluate   xy
dx dy using Trapezoidal rule by taking h  k  0.1 and verify with
m
1 2
actual integration. [N/D16]
 /2 /2
54. Evaluate   sin x  y  dx dy by using Trapezoidal rule. [N/D16]
o
0 0
2 2
.c
55. Evaluate 
0 0
f ( x, y ) dx dy by Trapezoidal rule for the following data, correct to three
decimal places:
ul
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y
0 2 3 4 5 6
pa
1 3 4 6 9 11
2 4 6 8 11 14
2.6 4.4
1
56. Apply Simpson’s rule to evaluate the integral I   xy dx dy . [A/M10,A/M18]
jin
2 4
1 1
dx dy
57. Numerically evaluate   1 x 2  y 2 by taking  x   y  0.25 using Simpson’s 1/3rd
0 0
re
rule. [A/M11]
2 1
1 1
58. Evaluate   4 x y dx dy using Simpson’s rule by taking h  4 and k  .
2
w.
0 0
[N/D12,M/J16]
1 1
1 2 2
sin x y 
59. Taking h  k  , evaluate  1 x y
dx dy using Simpson’s rule. [M/J14]
ww
4 0 0

22

60. Evaluate   sin x  y  dx dy by Simpson’s rule taking h  k 
4
. Compare with the
00
actual value. [A/M17]
1 1
1 dx dy
61. Using Simpson’s
3
rule, evaluate   1 x y
0 0
with h  k  0.25 . [A/M17]

NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT-IV
Initial value problems
PART-A
1. Find y  0 from the following table [A/M15]
x : 0 1 2 3 4 5
y : 4 8 15 7 6 2
m
Difference table
x y y 0 2 y 0 3 y 0 4 y 0 5 y 0
o
0 4
4
.c
1 8 3
7 -18
2 15 -15 40
ul
-8 22 -72
3 7 7 -32
-1 -10
4 6 -3
pa
-4
5 2
By Newton’s forward formula, we have

jin
1  
y 0  y0  2 y 0  3 y 0  4 y 0  5 y 0 
1 1 1 1
h  2 3 4 5 
 
y 0 
4  2 3  3  18  4 40  5  72   27.9 .
11 1 1 1
re
1
2. By Taylor’s series method, find y 1.1 given y   x  y , y  1  0 .
[N/D 06,M/J 09, A/M 10, A/M 11,M/J13,N/D16]
w.
Given x0  1 , y 0  0 , h  0.1
y  x  y y 0  1
y   1 y  y 0  2
ww
y   y  y 0  2
h2
y1  y 0  h y 0 

y0 
h3
y0  0  0.11 
0.1 2  0.1 2  0.1103 .
2 3
2! 3! 2 6
3. Write Taylor’s series formula to solve y   f  x , y  with y x 0   y 0 . [M/J07]
h2 h3
y n  1  y n  h y n  y n  y n  .................... .
2! 3!
 y 2  x , y0 1 .
dy
4. Find by Taylor’s series method, the value of y at x  0.1 from
dx
[A/M15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
Here x0  0 , y0  1 , h  0.1

Also given y   y 2  x y 0  y 0  x0  1  0  1
2
 
y   2 y y   1 y0  2 y0 y0 1  211 1  3
y   2 y y   2 y  2
 2
y0  2 y0 y0  2 y0  213  21  6  2  8
2
By Taylor’s series method, we have
m
 h  h 
2 3
y0.1  y0  h y 0  y0  y 0  ..............
2! 3!
0.12 3  0.13 8  ......  1 0.1 0.005  0.0013  1.1063 .
o
 1  0.11 
2! 6
5. Find the Taylor series upto x term satisfying 2 y   y  x  1 , y0  1 . [N/D08]
.c
3
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 and let h  0.1

1
x  y 1
ul
y  y 0  0
2
y   1  y 
1
y 0  0.5
pa
2
y 
y    y0   0.25
2
h2
y1  y 0  h y 0  
y0 
h3
y0  1  0.10 
0.1 0.5  0.1  0.25  1.0024 .
2 3
jin
2! 3! 2 6
6. State the merits and demerits of Taylor’s series method of solution.
[A/M10,M/J14,N/D15]
Merits: (i) It is easily derived for any order according to own interest.
re
(ii) The values of y for any x are easily obtained.

Demerits: This method suffers from the time consumed in calculating the
higher derivatives.
w.
7. What is the major drawback of Taylor series method? [M/J12]

If it is possible to find the successive derivatives in easy manner then only Taylor
series method is powerful.
ww
8. State Euler’s Formula [M/J13]

Given y’ = f ( x ) , y ( x0 ) = y0
Formula: yn + 1 = yn + h f ( xn , yn )
9. Find y 0.1 if  1  y , y 0  1 using Taylor series method.

dy
[N/D12,M/J16]
dx
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.1
y   1 y y 0  2
y   y  y 0  2
y   y  y 0  2

NUMERICAL METHODS
h2
y1  y 0  h y 0  y 0 
h3
y0  1  0.12 
0.1 2  0.1 2  1.1103 .
2 3
2! 3! 2 6
10. Find y 1.1 , given  x  y , y 1  2 by Euler’s method.
dy
[M/J06,M/J13]
dx
Given x0  1 , y 0  2 , h  0.1 , y’ = x+y
Let f x , y   x  y , Hence f x0 , y0   x0  y0  3
Euler’s formula is y1  y0  h f x0 , y0 
y1  2  0.1 f 1, 2  2  0.1 3  2.3 .
m
11. Find y 1.1 , using Euler’s method from  x 2  y 2 , y 1  1 .
dy
[A/M08]
dx
o
Given x0  1 , y 0  1 , h  0.1 , y   x 2  y 2
Let f x , y   x 2  y 2
.c
f  x0 , y 0   x0  y 0  2
2 2
ul
y1  1 0.12  1.2 .
12. Write down the modified Euler’s formula for ODE? [M/J09]
pa
The modified Euler’s formula is
 
y n  1  y n  h f  xn  , y n  f xn , y n  .
h h
 2 2 
13. Find y 0.2 when y    2 x y 2 , y0  1 and h  0.2 , by Euler’s method. [N/D09]
jin
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.2 , y    2 x y 2
Let f x , y    2 x y 2
f  x0 , y 0    2 x0 y 0  0
re

y1  1 0.20  1 .
w.
14. Using Euler’s method find y 0.2 given y   x  y , y 0  1 . [A/M10,N/D16]

Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.2 , y   x  y
Let f x , y   x  y
ww
f  x0 , y 0   x0  y 0  1
y1  1 0.21  1.2 .
15. Given y   x 2  y , y0  1by using Euler’s method find y 0.1 . [A/M11]
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.1 , y   x 2  y
Let f x , y   x 2  y
f  x0 , y 0   x0  y 0  1
2

NUMERICAL METHODS
y1  1 0.11  1.1 .
 1  y , y 0  0 using Euler’s method for x  0.1 with h  0.1 .

dy
16. Solve
dx
Given x0  0 , y 0  0 , h  0.1 , y   1  y [N/D11,A/M17]
Let f x , y   1  y
f  x0 , y 0   1  y 0  1
m
y1  0  0.11  0.1 .
 f  x , y  with initial
dy
17. Give the modified Euler’s method to find y(x1) for solving
dx
o
condition y x 0   y 0 . [M/J12]
Given y   f x , y  , yx0   y0
.c
Modified Euler’s formula is
 
y1  y 0  h f  x0  , y 0  f x0 , y 0  .
h h
 2 2
ul 
18. Use Euler’s method to find y 0.2 and y 0.4 given

dy
 x  y , y 0  1 .
pa
dx
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.2 , y   x  y [A/M 10,A/M15]
Let f x , y   x  y
f  x0 , y 0   x0  y 0  1
jin

y1  1 0.21  1.2 .
Hence x1  0.2 , y1  1.2
re
f x1 , y1   x1  y1  1.4
y2  y1  h f x1 , y1   1.2  0.21.4  1.48
w.
19. Find y 0.1 by using Euler’s method given that  x  y , y 0  1 .

dy
dx
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.1 , y   x  y [N/D10,N/D14,N/D15,N/D15]
Let f x , y   x  y
ww
f  x0 , y 0   x0  y 0  1
y1  1 0.11  1.1 .
20. Find y 0.2 for the equation y   y  e x , given that y0  1 by using Euler’s
method. [A/M11]
Given x0  0 , y 0  1 , h  0.2 , y   y  e x
Let f x , y   y  e x
f x0 , y0   y0  e x0  2

NUMERICAL METHODS

y1  1 0.22  1.4 .
 f  x , y  with y x 0   y 0 .
dy
21. State Euler’s method to solve [N/D11]
dx
Given y   f x , y  , y  x0   y 0
y n  1  y n  h f xn , y n  .
22. Using Euler’s method find the solution of the initial value problem y   y  x 2  1 ,
m
y0  0.5 at x  0.2 taking h  0.2 . [N/D13]
Here h  0.2 , x0  0 , y 0  0.5
y   f x , y   y  x 2  1
o
By Euler’s formula, we have
 
.c
y1  yx1   y0.2  y0  h f x0 , y0   y0  h y0  x0 1
2
 
 0.5  0.2 0.5  0 2 1  0.8 .
ul
23. Using Euler’s method, find the solution of the initial value problem
 log x  y  , y0  2 at x  0.2 by assuming h  0.2 .

dy
[M/J12]
dx
pa
Given x0  0 , y 0  2 , h  0.2 , y   log x  y 
Let f x , y   log x  y 
f x0 , y0   log x0  y0   log 2  0.3010
jin
y1  2  0.20.3010  2.0602 .
24. State the advantages of RK-method over Taylor’s series method. [A/M15].
re
The RK-methods are designed to give greater accuracy and they possess the
advantage of requiring only the function values at some selected points on the sub
interval.
w.
 f  x , y  with y x 0   y 0 .
dy
25. Write Runge-Kutta’s 4th order formula to solve
dx
Given y   f x , y  , yx0   y0 [M/J07,N/D12,M/J16]
Runge-Kutta’s 4th order formula is given by
ww
k1  h f x0 , y0 
 h k 
k 2  h f  x0  , y 0  1 
 2 2
 h k 
k 3  h f  x0  , y 0  2 
 2 2
k 4  h f  x0  h , y 0  k 3 
Let  y 
1
k1  2 k 2  2 k3  k 4 
6

NUMERICAL METHODS
y1  y0   y0 .
26. What is Predictor – Corrector method? [N/D07]
Predictor – corrector methods are methods which require the values of y at
xn , xn 1, xn  2 ,.......... for computing the values of y at x n 1 . We first use a formula to
find the value of y at x n 1 and this is known as a predictor formula. The value of y so
got is improved or corrected by another formula is known as corrector formula.
27. Mention the multistep methods available for solving ordinary differential equation.
m
[N/D07]
The multistep methods available for solving ordinary differential equation are
 Milne’s predictor-corrector method
o
 Adam-Bashforth predictor-corrector method.
28. What are multi-step methods? How are they better than single step method?
.c
[A/M18]
The multistep methods available for solving ordinary differential equation are
 Milne’s predictor-corrector method

ul
Adam-Bashforth predictor-corrector method.
Multi step methods are better than single step methods since it use information about
pa
the solution at more than one point.
29. Write down the Milne’s predictor – corrector formula.
yn 1 , p  yn  3  4h
3

2 y n  2  y n 1  2 y n [N/D10,M/J14,N/D14,N/D16,A/M17]
jin
y n  1 , c  y n 1  
h
3

y n 1  4 y n  y n  1
30. Define single step and multi step methods for the solution of the differential
 f  x , y  , y x 0   y 0 .
dy
re
equation [N/D11]
dx
In solving the differential equation y   f x , y  , if only one initial value yx0   y0 is
given then it is called single step method.
w.
If there are four initial values y0 , y1 , y 2 , y3 then it is called multi step meyhod.
31. Give the error for Milne’s predictor formula. [M/J12]
5
14h 5
ww
The truncation error in Milne’s predictor formula is y ( )

45
 h5 5
The truncation error in Milne’s corrector formula is y ( )
90
32. How many prior values are required in predictor-corrector formulae?

4 prior values are needed. [N/D17]
33. How many values are needed to use Milne’s predictor-corrector formula prior to
the required value? [M/J16]

NUMERICAL METHODS
Four values are needed to use Milne’s predictor-corrector formula prior to the required
value.
34. State Adams – Bashforth predictor and corrector formula.
[M/J 06,N/D 06,A/M 08,N/D 08,N/D 09,A/M 11,N/D13,N/D15,A/M17,A/M18]
yn 1 , p  yn 
h
24
 
55 y n  59 y n 1  37 y n  2  9 y n  3
yn 1 , c  yn 
h
24
 
9 y n  1  19 y n  5 y n 1  y n  2
m
35. Distinguish between single step methods and multi step methods. [A/M15,N/D16]
In solving difference equation y   f x , y  , if only one initial value yx0   y0 is
given then it is called single step method. If there are four initial values y0 , y1 , y 2 , y3 ,
o
then it is called multistep method.
.c
PART-B
1. Use Taylor series method to find y 0.1 and y 0.2 given that  3 e x  2 y , y0  0 ,
dy
correct to 4 decimal accuracy.

ul dx
[A/M10]
pa
 x 2 y 1 , y0 1 , by Taylor’s series
dy
2. Find the value of y at x  0.1 , 0.2 given
dx
method up to four terms. [N/D10,N/D16,A/M17]
 x 2 y  1 , y0 1 . [N/D14]
dy
3. Using Taylor’s series method, find y at x  0 if
jin
dx
 x  y given y1 1 , and find y 1.1 and y 1.2 by Taylor’s series method.
dy
4. Solve
dx
re
[N/D10]
5. Using Taylor’s series method, compute y 0.2 correct to 4 decimal places given
 1  x y and y0  0 .
dy
[A/M11]
w.
dx
1
6. Using Taylor series method, find y 1.1 correct to four decimal places given
dy
 x y3
dx
and y1 1 . [M/J12]
ww
7. Obtain y by Taylor’s series method, given that y   x y 1 , y0 1 , for x  0.1 and 0.2
correct to four decimal places. [N/D13]
dy
8. Using Taylor’s series method, find y at x 1.1 by solving the equation  x2  y2 ;
dx
y1  2 . Carryout the computations upto fourth order derivative. [M/J14,M/J16]
9. Solve y   x  y ; y0 1 by Taylor’s series method. Find the values of y at x  0.1 and
x  0.2 . [A/M15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
 1  x y with y0  2 . Find y0.1 , y0.2 and

dy
10. Using Taylor series method solve
dx
y0.3 . [N/D15]
11. Using Taylor’s series method, compute the value of y0.2 correct to 3 decimal places
 1 2 x y given that y0  0 .

dx
from [M/J16]
dy
dy
12. Find the values of y at x=0.1 given that  x 2  y , y(0)=1 by Taylor’s method.
m
dx
[N/D17,A/M18]
13. Given y    y and y0 1 , determine the values of y at x  0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03 by
o
Euler’s method. [M/J12]
14. Using Modified Euler’s method find y 0.1 and y 0.2 given  x 2  y 2 , y0 1 .
dy
.c
dx
[N/D10,M/J16]
, y0 1 by modified Euler’s method to find y 0.1 with h  0.1 .

dy 2x
 y
ul
15. Solve
dx y
[N/D11]
pa
yx
16. Solve y '  , y  0   1 at x = 0.1 by taking h = 0.02 by using Euler’s method.
yx
[ M/J 13 ]
17. Using Modified Euler’s method, find y 4.1 and y 4.2 if 5 x
 y 2  2  0 ; y4 1
dy
jin
dx
[N/D12]
18. Apply modified Euler’s method to find y0.2 and y0.4 given y   x  y , y0 1
2 2
re
by taking h  0.2 . [N/D14]
19. Solve 1  x    y 2 , y0  1 by Modified Euler’s method by choosing h  0.1 , find

dy
dx
y0.1 and y0.2 .
w.
[N/D16]
 y  x 2  1 , y0  0.5 . Find y0.2 by modified Euler’s method. [A/M17]

dy
20. Given
dx
ww
dy
21. Find the values of y at x=0.1 given that  x 2  y , y(0)=1 by modified Euler’s
dx
method. [A/M18]
dy y 2  x 2
22. Use Runge - Kutta method of fourth order to find y 0.2 , given  , y0 1 ,
dx y 2  x 2
taking h  0.2 . [A/M10]
dy y 2  x 2
23. Using R-K method of fourth order solve  2 with y0  1 at x  0.2 .
dx y  x2
[A/M15,N/D16]

NUMERICAL METHODS
24. Find y 0.8 correct to 4 decimal places by using Runge-Kutta method of 4th order if
y   y  x 2 , y0.6 1.7379 . [A/M10]
25. Find the value of y1.1 using Runge-Kutta method of 4 th
order for the given equation
 y 2  x y ; y1 1 .
dy
[M/J16]
dx
26. Apply the fourth order Runge-Kutta method to find y 0.2 given that y   x 3  y ,
y0  2 . [A/M11]
m
27. Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order,find the value of y at x  0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 given
 x 3  y , y0  2 . Also find the value of y at x  0.8 using Milne’s predictor

dy
that
dx
o
and corrector method. [M.J14,M/J16]
y 0.3 , using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order, given that
2x y
.c
dy
28. Find  1 ,
dx 1 x 2
y0  0 , y0.1  0.1006 , y0.2  0.2052 and then find the value of y 0.4 using Milne
predictor-corrector method.
29. Solve
2
d y
2
x
dy
ul
 y  0 , given y 1 ,
dy
[A/M11]
 0 at x  0 by the fourth order Runge-

pa
dx dx dx
Kutta method to find y 0.1 with step size  0.1 . [N/D11]
30. Using Runge-Kutta method of fourth order, find y 0.7  correct to 3 decimal places if
y   y  x 2 , y0.6 1.7379 . [M/J12]
jin
31. Find the value of y 0.1 by Runge-kutta method of fourth order given y   x y   y  0 ,
y0 1 and y 0  0 . [N/D10,N/D11,N/D14,A/M17]
32. Consider the second order initial value problem y   2 y   2 y  e 2 t sin t with
re
y0   0.4 and y 0   0.6 using fourth order Runge kutta algorithm, find y 0.2 .
[M/J12]
w.
33. Solve y   x y   y 2  0 using Runge-Kutta method for x  0.2 correct to 4 decimal

places. The given conditions are y0  1 ; y 0  0 . [N/D16]
34. Using Runge-Kutta method of order four, find y when x 1.2 in steps of 0.1 given that
ww
y   x 2  y 2 and y1 1.5 [N/D13]

35. Employ the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta method to integrate y   4 e 0.8 t  0.5 y
from t  0 to t  1 using a stepsize of 1 with y0  2 . [A/M15]
36. Find y0.8 given that y   y  x 2 , y0.6  1.7379 by using Runge-Kutta method of
order four. Take h  0.1 . [N/D15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
37. Solve for y 0.1 and z 0.1 from the simultaneous differential equations
dy
 2 yz;
dx
 y  3 z ; y0  0 , z 0  0.5 using Runge-kutta method of the fourth order. [N/D12]
dz
dx
38. Use Milne’s predictor-corrector formula to find y 0.4 , given

dy

 
1 x 2 y 2
, y0 1 ,
dx 2
y0.1 1.06 , y0.2 1.12 and y0.3 1.21 . [A/M10]
 x y  y 2 , y0 1 , y0.1 1.1169 and y0.2 1.2774 , find (i) y 0.3 by

dy
m
39. Given
dx
Runge-kutta method of fourth order and (ii) y 0.4 by Milne’s method.
o
[N/D10,N/D17,A/M18]
40. Using Runge-kutta method of fourth order, find y for x  0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 given that
y   x y  y 2 , y0 1 . Continue the solution at x  0.4 using Milne’s method. [A/M11]
.c
41. Given that
dy 1
dx 2
 
 1  x 2 y 2 ; y0 1 , y0.1 1.06 , y0.2 1.12 and y0.3 1.21 ,
ul
evaluate y 0.4 and y 0.5 by Milne’s predictor – corrector method. [N/D11]
42. Given that y   x y   y  0 , y0 1 , y 0  0 . Obtain y for x  0.1 , 0.2 and 0.3 by
Taylor’s series method and find the solution for y 0.4 by Milne’s method. [M/J12]
pa
 1  y 2 ; y0.6  0.6841, y0.4  0.4228 , y0.2  0.2027 , y0  0 , find
dy
43. Given that
dx
y  0.2 using Milne’s method. [N/D12]
jin
44. Determine the value of y 0.4 using Milne’s method given y   x y  y 2 , y0 1 . Use
Taylor’s series method to get the values of y 0.1 , y 0.2 and y 0.3 .
[A/M10,N/D15,N/D16,A/M17]
re
45. Using Milne’s method to find y 4.4 given 5 x  y 2  2  0 , with y4 1 ,

dy
dx
y4.1 1.0049 , y4.2 1.0097 , y4.3 1.0143 . [N/D10,N/D14,A/M15,N/D15]
w.
46. Using Milne’s predictor-corrector method, find y 4.5 given 5 x y   y 2  2  0 , y4 1 ,

y4.1 1.0049 , y4.2 1.0097 , y4.3 1.0143 and y4.4 1.0187 . [N/D11]
47. Use Milne’s method to find y0.8 , given y   , y0  2 , y0.2  2.0933 ,
1
ww
x y
y0.4  2.1755 , y0.6  2.2493 . [N/D13]
 x y  y 2 and y0 1 , y0.1 1.1169 , y0.2 1.2773 , y0.3  0.2267 ,

dy
48. Given
dx
evaluate y0.4 by Milne’s predictor corrector method. [A/M15]
 x  y 2 , y0  1 , y0.2  0.02 , y0.4  0.0795 and y0.6  0.0.1762 .

dy
49. Given
dx
Compute y0.8 using Milne’s method. [N/D16]

NUMERICAL METHODS
 x y  y 2 , y0 1 , y0.1 1.1169 , y0.2 1.2774 and y0.3 1.5041 . Use

dy
50. Given
dx
Adam’s method to estimate y 0.4 . [A/M10]
51. Solve y   x  y 2 , y0 1 to find y 0.4 by Adam’s method. Starting solutions required
are to be obtained using Taylor’s method using the value h  0.1 . [A/M11]
 x  y 2 , y0 1 to find y0.4 by Adam’s

dy
52. Solve the initial value problem
dx
m
Bashforth predictor corrector method and for starting solutions, use the information
below y0.1  0.9117 , y0.2  0.8494 . Compute y0.3 using Runge Kutta
method of fourth order. [A/M15]
53. Obtain y 0.8 given y   x  y , y0 1 with h  0.2 by Adam’s method.
o
[A/M10]
54. Using Adam’s Bashforth method, find y4.4 given that 5 x y   y 2  2 , y4 1 ,
.c
y4.1 1.0049 , y4.2 1.0097 , y4.3 1.0143 . [M/J14,M/J16]
55. Using Adam-Basforth predictor-corrector method, find y 4.5 given 5 x y   y 2  2  0 ,
56. Find y 0.4 given

dy 1
ul
y4 1, y4.1 1.0049 , y4.2 1.0097 , y4.3 1.0143 and y4.4 1.0187 . [N/D11]
  x y  , y0 1 , y0.1 1.01 , y0.2 1.022 , y0.3 1.023

pa
dx 2
by Adam’s method. [M/J12,M/J16,N/D17]
 x 2 1  y  , y1  1 , y1.1  1.233 , y1.2  1.548 , y1.3  1.979 ,
dy
57. Given
dx
evaluate y1.4 by Adam’s-Bashforth method.
jin
[A/M15,N/D15]
58. Find y0.1 , y0.2 and y0.3 from y   x  y 2 , y0  1 by using Runge-Kutta method
of Fourth order and then find y0.4 by Adam’s method. [N/D15]
re
UNIT-V
Boundary value problems
w.
PART-A
1. Define Boundary value problem. [N/D10]

ww
If the conditions are prescribed at two or more points, then the problem is called as
boundary value problem.
2. Classify the partial differential equation u xx  2 u xy  4u yy  0 ; x , y  0 .
[A/M11N/D16]
Given A  1 , B  2 , C  4
B 2  4 A C  4  4 4  12  0
Therefore, the given pde is elliptic.
3. Classify the partial differential equation u xx  x u yy  0 . [N/D11]
Given A  1 , B  0 , C   x

NUMERICAL METHODS
B 2  4 AC  0  4 x  4 x
B 2  4 A C  0 when x  0 , implies parabolic.
B 2  4 A C  0 when x  0 , implies elliptic.
B 2  4 A C  0 when x  0 ,implies hyperbolic.
4. Classify the differential equation f xx  2 f xy  f yy  0 . [A/M10,M/J16]
Given A  1 , B   2 , C  1
B 2  4 AC  4  4  0
m
Therefore, the given pde is parabolic.
 2u  2u  2 u u u
5. Classify the following equation 4 4 2  2  0.
o
x 2
x y y x y
Here A  1 , B  4 , C  4 [A/M15,N/D16]
.c
B 2  4 AC  4  4 14  16 16  0
2
Hence, the given equation is a parabolic equation.
ul
6. Write down the standard five point formula to find the numerical solution of
Laplace equation. [A/M 10,N/D14,A/M15,N/D16,A/M17]
Standard five point formula is
pa
1
 
u i , j  u i 1, j  u i  1, j  u i , j  1  u i , j  1 .
4
7. Solve  2 U  0 numerically for the following square mesh with boundary values as
shown in figure [A/M11]
jin
re
w.
Initially we assume a = 1, b = 3. Using Standard five point formula, we get

ww
The value of a  1 and b2

NUMERICAL METHODS
8. State the diagonal five-point formula for solving Laplace equation.

[M/J12,N/D13,M/J16,N/D17]
Diagonal five point formula is
1
 
u i , j  u i 1, j  1  u i  1, j 1  u i 1, j 1  u i 1, j  1 .
4
9. What is the error for solving Laplace and Poisson’s equations by finite difference
method? [N/D10,A/M18]
2
Error for solving Laplace and Poisson equations is the order of h .
10. Write the difference scheme for solving the Poisson equation  2 u  f  x , y  .[M/J12]
m
u i  1, j  u i  1, j  u i , j  1  4 u i , j  h 2 f  i h , j h 
11. Write down the explicit finite difference method for solving one dimensional wave
o
equation. [A/M10,N/D15,N/D16]
 
u i , j 1  2 1 2 a 2 u i , j  2 a 2  u i 1, j  u i 1, j   u i , j 1
.c
1
To get the simplest form, choose  
a
ul
u i , j  1  u i  1, j  u i  1, j  u i , j  1 .
12. Write down one dimensional wave equation and its boundary conditions. [M/J07]
pa
One dimensional wave equation is  2 u x x  ut t
Boundary conditions are :
 u t  x , 0  0
 u  x , 0  f 1
jin
 u 0 , t   f 2
 u c , t   f 3
13. Write down Bender-Schmidt’s difference scheme in general form and using suitable
re
value of  , write the scheme in simplified form. [N/D12]

u i , j 1   u i 1, j  1 2  ui , j   u i 1, j
w.
k k
where   2
 2 ( since a  1 )
ah h
1
To get the simplest form, choose   . Then
2
ww
1
u i , j 1 
2

u i  1, j  u i 1, j 
14. State the implicit finite difference scheme for one dimensional heat equation.
[M/J06]
State Crank-Nicholson difference scheme for solving one dimensional heat
equation. [N/D10,N/D12,N/D15,A/M18]
 u i 1, j 1  u i 1, j 1   2  1u i , j 1  2  1u i , j   u i 1, j  u i 1, j 

To get the simplest form, choose   1

NUMERICAL METHODS
1
u i , j 1 
4

u i  1, j  1  u i 1, j  1  u i  1, j  u i 1, j 
15. State whether the Crank Nicholson’s scheme is an explicit or implicit scheme. Justify.
[M/J14]
The solution value at any point i , j 1 on the  j 1th level is dependent on the
 j 1th level and j th level values. Hence it is an implicit method.
16. Write down the explicit formula to solve the hyperbolic equation utt  9u xx
m
1 1 1 1
when Δx=0.25 and t  .Given a2=9, x  h  , t  k  ,therefore   .
16 4 16 4
 9
ui , j  1  2 1   ui , j 
9
 
u i  1, j  u i  1, j  u i , j 1
o
 16  16
 2u 2  u
2
17. Express 2  c
.c
in terms of difference approximation. [A/M15]
t x 2
Given c 2 u xx  utt  0 ...............1
ul
u i 1 , j  2 u i , j  u i  1, j ui , j 1  2 u i , j  u i , j 1
Substituting u xx  and u tt  in 1 , we
h2 k2
have
pa
 u i 1, j  2 u i , j  u i  1, j   u i , j 1  2 u i , j  u i , j  1 
c2   0
 h2   k2 
k c u i 1, j  2 k c u i , j  k c u i  1, j  h u i , j  1  2 h 2 u i , j  h 2 u i , j  1  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
jin
2 2 2
k 2 k 2 k 2
  c u i 1, j  2   c u i , j    c u i  1, j  u i , j 1  2 u i , j  u i , j  1  0
h h h
2 ui , j  2 2 c 2 ui , j  2 c 2 ui 1, j  ui 1, j   u i , j 1  ui , j 1
re
 
ui , j 1  2 1  2 c 2 ui , j  2 c 2 ui 1, j  ui 1, j   ui , j 1 where  
k
h
.
18. Write the finite difference approximations of y  x  and y  x  . [A/M15,N/D15]

w.
The finite difference approximation of y  x  and y  x  is given by

 yi  1  yi  1  yi  1  2 yi  yi 1
yi x   and yi x   , i  1, 2 , 3 , ........n  1.
2h h2
ww
19. Using finite difference solve y   y  0 given y0  0 , y1 1 , n  2 . [N/D13]

1
Given y   y  0 , y 0  0 , y 2  1 , n h 1 implies 2 h 1 implies h 
2
Let yi  yi  0 ...........1
 yi 1  2 yi  yi  1
and h  in 1 , we have
1
Substituting yi  2
h 2
yi 1  2 yi  yi  1
2
 yi  0
1
 
2
NUMERICAL METHODS
4 yi 1  8 yi  4 yi  1  yi  0
4 yi 1  9 yi  4 yi 1  0 ..................... 2
Substituting i  1 in 2  , we have
4 y0  9 y1  4 y 2  0
Given y 0  0 , y 2  1 , we have 4 0  9 y1  4 1  0 implies
 9 y1   4 implies
4
m
y1  .
9
1
x 0 1
o
2
.c
y 0 1
9
d2y
2
3
dy
 2.
ul
20. Write down the finite difference scheme for the differential equation
[M/J06]
pa
dx dx
Given y n  3 y n  2
 y n 1  2 y n  y n  1   y n  1  y n 1 
 2 3 2
 h   2h 
jin
 
2  y n  1  2 y n  y n  1  3 h y n  1  3 h y n  1  2 2 h 2
2  3 h yn 1  2 yn  2  3 h yn 1  4 h 2 .
re
d2y
21. Obtain the finite difference scheme for the differential equation 2  y  5.
dx 2
Given 2 y n  y n  5 [N/D06,N/D07,M/J13,M/J16]
w.
 y n 1  2 y n  y n  1 
2   yn  5
 h2 
 
2 y n 1  2 y n  y n  1  h 2 y n  5
ww
 
2 y n 1  h 2  2 y n  2 y n 1  5h 2
d2y
22. State finite difference approximation for and state the order of truncation
dx 2
error. [A/M08]
y n 1  2 y n  y n  1
y n 
h2
23. Write the finite difference scheme for the second order differential equation
1
y   f , h  . [N/D09]
n

NUMERICAL METHODS
y n 1  2 y n  y n  1
y n 
h2
Given y   f x , y  hence y n  f xn , y n  and h 
1
n

Therefore, f xn , y n   n 2 y n 1  2 y n  y n 1 
dy d2y
24. State central finite difference expression for and . [A/M11,N/D14, N/D15]
dx dx 2
y n 1  y n 1 y n 1  2 y n  y n  1
m
y n  y n 
2h h2
25. Write down the difference equation to solve y   4 y   4 y  0 , y0  0 , y1  1 .
o
Given y n  4 y n  4 y n  0 [N/D11]
 y n 1  2 y n  y n  1   y n  1  y n 1 
.c
   4    4 yn  0
 h2   2h 
ba 1
ul
h 
n 4
Hence 2 y n 1  7 y n  6 y n 1  0 for n  1, 2 , 3 ,........
pa
PART-B
1. Deduce the standard five point formula  2 u  0 . Hence solve it over the square region
jin
by the boundary conditions as in the figure below: [A/M10,N/D15]

re
w.
2. Solve the elliptic equation u xx  u yy  0 for the following square mesh with boundary
ww
values as shown: [M/J12,N/D15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
 2u  2u
3. Solve the Laplace’s equation   0 at the interior points of the square region
x 2 y 2
given as below: [M/J16]
0 11.1 17.0 19.7 18.6
u1 u2 u3
0 21.9
m
u4 u5 u6
0 21.0
o
0 u7 u8 u9 17.0
.c
0 8.7 12.1 12.8 9.0
Solve u x x  u y y  0 , for the following square mesh with boundary condition as shown
ul
4.
below. Iterate until the maximum difference between successive values at any grid point
is less than 0.001 . [A/M15]
pa
1 2
A B
uuuuuuu u1
jin
1 2
re
2 1
w.
C D
2 1
5. Solve u xx  u yy  0 over the square mesh of side 4 units satisfying the following
ww
boundary conditions [A/M 10,N/D 11,M/J 12,N/D14,N/D16 ,A/M18]

(i) u0 , y   0 for 0  y  4
(ii) u4 , y   12  y for 0  y  4
(iii) ux , 0  3 x for 0  x  4
(iv) ux , 4  x 2 for 0  x  4
6. Given the values of u  x , y  on the boundary of the square in fig. evaluate the function
u  x , y  satisfying the Laplace equation  2 u  0 at the pivotal points of this fig. by
Gauss Seidel method. [A/M15]
NUMERICAL METHODS
1000 1000 1000 1000
u1 u2
2000 500
u3 u4
m
2000 0
o
.c
1000 500 0 0
7. Solve  u  8 x y in the square region  2  x , y  2 with u  0 on the boundaries
2 2 2
after dividing the region into 16 subintervals of length 1 unit. [N/D10,M/J13,M/J16]
ul
 
8. Solve the equation  2 u  10 x 2  y 2 10 over the square mesh with sides x  0 ,
y  0 , x  3 , y  3 with u  0 on the boundary with mesh length 1unit.
pa
[A/M11,N/D12,M/J14,N/D16,N/D17]
9. Solve  u  8 x y for square mesh given u  0 on the four boundaries dividing the
2 2 2
square into 16 sub squares of length 1 unit. [N/D11]

10. Solve the Poisson equation u xx  u yy   81 x y , 0  x 1; 0  y 1 u0 , y   0 ,
jin
u1, y   100 , ux , 0  0 , ux ,1  100 and h 

1
. [A/M17]
3
11. Solve the Poisson’s equation  2 u  8 x 2 y 2 for the square mesh of fig. with
re
ux , y   0 on the boundary and mesh length 1 . [A/M15]

Y
w.
u1 u2 u1
ww
u2 u3 u2
u1 u2 u1
12. By iteration method solve the elliptic equation u x x  u y y  0 over the square region of
side 4 , satisfying the boundary conditions. [N/D13]
i  u 0 , y   0 , 0  y  4
NUMERICAL METHODS
ii  u 4 , y   8  2 y , 0  y  4
x2
iii  u x , 0  , 0  x  4
4
iv  u x , 4  x 2 , 0  x  4
Compute the values at the interior points correct to one decimal with h  k 1 .
13. Solve numerically 4 u xx  utt with the boundary conditions u0 , t   0 , u4 , t   0 and
the initial conditions ut x , 0   0 and ux , 0  x 4  x  , taking h 1 (for 4 time steps)
m
[N/D10,N/D15,M/J16,A/M17,A/M17]
14. Solve 25 u xx  utt  0 for u at the pivotal points, given u0 , t   u5 , t   0 , ut x , 0   0
and ux , 0  x 5  x  for one half period of vibration (taking h 1 ).
o
[A/M11]
 2u  2u u
15. Solve  2 , 0  x 1 , t  0 given ux , 0  0 , x , 0  0 , u0 , t   0 and
.c
t 2
x t
u1, t  100 sin  t . Compute ux , t  for four times steps with h  0.25 .[N/D10,A/M18]
 2u  2u
 2 , 0  x 1 , t  0 satisfying the conditions ux , 0  0 ,
ul
16. Solve the equation
x 2 t
u
x , 0  0 , u0 , t   0 and u1, t   1 sin  t . Compute ux , t  for 4 time- steps by
pa
t 2
1
taking h  . [N/D12]
4
2 u 2 u
17. Solve the wave equation  , 0  x 1 , t  0 , u 0 , t   u 1, t   0 , t  0 ,
jin
 x2 t2
 1 , 0  x  0.5 u
u x , 0   and x , 0  0 , using h  k  0.1 , find u for three time
1 , 0.5  x 1 t
re
steps. [M/J14]
18. Evaluate the Pivotal values of the equation ut t  16 u x x taking  x  1 upto t  1.25 .
The boundary conditions are u0 , t   u 5 , t   ut x , 0  0 and ux , 0  x 2 5  x  .
w.
[A/M15,N/D16]
19. Solve yt t  y x x upto t  0.5 with a spacing of 0.1 subject to y0 , t   0  y 1, t  ,
yt x , 0  0 and yx , 0  10  x 1  x  .
ww
[A/M15]

20. Solve ut t  u x x , 0  x  2 , t  0 subject to u x , 0  0 , ut x , 0  100 2 x  x 2 ,
u 0 , t   0 , u 2 , t   0 , choosing h 
1
compute u for four time steps. [N/D13]
2
2 f f
21. Given 
t
 
, f 0 , t   0  f 5 , t  , f x , 0  x 2 25  x 2 , find f in the range
x 2
taking h  1 and upto 5 seconds. [A/M15]

NUMERICAL METHODS
 
22. Solve ut  u xx in 0  x  5 , t  0 given that u0 , t   0 , u5 , t   0 , ux , 0  x 2 25  x 2 .
Compute u up to t  2 with  x 1 , by using Bender-Schmidt formula. [N/D10]
 u u
, given u0 , t   0 , u5 , t   0 , ux , 0  x 2 25  x 2 , find u in the range
2
23. Solve 
x 2
t
taking h 1 up to 3 seconds using Bender-Schmidt recurrence equation. [A/M11]
 2 u u
24. Sol  , subject to u0 , t   u 1, t   0 , ux , 0  sin  x , 0  x 1 using
ve x
2
t
m
Bender-Schmidt method. [M/J12,N/D15]
2 u u
25. Using Bender-Schmidt’s method solve  given u 0 , t   0 , u 1, t   0 ,
 x2 t
o
u x , 0  sin  x , 0  x 1 and h  0.2 . Find the value of u upto t  0.1 . [M/J14,N/D16]
 2 u u
.c
26. Solve  given u0 , t   0 , u4 , t   0 , ux , 0  x 4  x  assuming h  k 1 . Find
x 2 t
the value of u upto t=4 with Δx=Δt=1. [A/M11,N/D17]
ul
27. Solve u xx  32 ut , h  0.25 for t  0 , 0  x 1 , u0 , t   0 , ux , 0  0 , u1, t   t . [M/J16]
k c2
28. Obtain the Crank-Nicholson finite difference method by taking    1 . Hence
pa
h2
 2 u u
find ux , t  in the rod for two times steps for the heat equation  , given
x 2 t
ux , 0  sin  x  , u0 , t   0 , u1, t   0 . Take h  0.2 . [A/M10]
jin
 u  2u
29. Solve the equation  subject to the condition ux , 0  sin  x , 0  x  1 ;
t  x2
u0 , t   u1, t   0 using Crank-Nicholson method. [A/M15]
re
u  2 u
Using Crank-Nicholson method, solve  2 subject to ux , 0  0 , u0 , t   0 and
t x
u1, t   t (i) taking h  0.5 and k  and (ii) taking h  and k  . [A/M10,N/D16]
1 1 1
w.
8 4 8
 2 u u
30. Use Crank-Nicholson method to solve the equation  , satisfying the conditions
x 2 t
ux , 0  0 , u0 , t   0 and u1, t   200 t . Compute u for one time step, taking  x  0.25
ww
and t  0.125 . [A/M11]

u  2 u
31. Solve  2 in 0  x  5 , t  0 given that ux , 0  20 , u0 , t   0 and u5 , t  100 .
t x
Compute u for one time step with h 1 by Crank-Nicholson method. [N/D11]
32. Using Crank-Nicholson implicit scheme, solve the heat equation
u xx  ut , t  0 , 0  x 1 subject to the conditions ux , 0  0 , u0 , t   0 and u1, t   t for
two time steps. [M/J12]

NUMERICAL METHODS
u 2 u
33. Using Crank-Nicolson’s scheme, solve 16  , 0  x 1 , t  0 subject to
t  x2
u x , 0  0 , u 0 , t   0 , u 1, t  100 t . Compute u for one step in t direction taking
1
h . [N/D13,A/M17]
4
 2u  u
34. Solve by Crank-Nicholson’s method  for 0  x  1 , t  0 given that
 x2 t
u0 , t   0 , u1, t   0 and ux , 0  100 x 1 x  . Compute u for one time step with
m
1 1
h and k  . [N/D14,A/M17]
4 64
o
35. Find the values of the function ux , t  satisfying the differential equation ut  4 u xx and
x2
.c
the boundary condition u0 , t   0  u8 , t  and u x , 0  4 x  at the point x  i ,
2
1
i  0 ,1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , t  j , j  0 ,1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . [N/D15]
ul
8
 u  2u
, u 0 , t   0 , u4 , t   0 and u x , 0  16  x 2 . Find
x
36. Given that 
t x 2
3
pa
ui j ; i 1, 2, 3, 4 and j  1, 2 by using Crank-Nicholson method. [M/J16]
37. Solve the boundary value problem y   x y subject to the conditions y0  y 0 1 ,
y1 1 taking h  , by finite difference method.

1
jin
[N/D10,A/M18]
3
38. Using the finite difference method, compute y0.5 , given y   64 y 10  0 ,
x  0 , 1 , y0  y1  0 , subdividing the interval into (i) 4 equal parts (ii) 2 equal
re
parts. [N/D11]
39. Solve the equation y   x  y with the boundary conditions y0  y1  0 .
[M/J12,N/D15]
w.
40. Solve y   y  0 with the boundary conditions y0  0 and y1 1 . [N/D12]
41. Solve y   y  0 , with y0  0 , y1 1 using finite difference method with h  0.2 .
[A/M15,N/D15]
42. Solve y   y  x , x 0 ,1 given y0  y1  0 using finite differences by dividing the
ww
interval into four equal parts. [M/J14,A/M17]

43. Write Liebmann’s iteration process. [M/J16]
44. Solve x y   y  0 , y1 1, y2  2 with h  0.25 using finite difference method.
[A/M17,N/D17]

Numerical Methods Root Finding

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Numerical Methods Root Finding

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NUMERICAL METHODS

The order of convergence of Newton Raphson method is 2 (quadratic) and

Now f 3  32  15   6 = -ve

Therefore, the root lies between 3 and 4

2 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

method. [N/D 06,A/M 08,A/M15,N/D16,N/D16]

3 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

7. Write Newton-Raphson formula to obtain the cube root of N. [N/D10]

the root of the equation f x   0 . [N/D13]

Write f x  as x   x  provided  x   1 for all x in I .

4 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Let  x   where  x   1 ,  x 0 ,1 

Let x0  1 ( After 10th iteration, α = 0.62 )

[M/J 12,N/D15 , M/J16]

5 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

14. Using Gauss elimination method, solve x + y = 2, 2x + 3y = 5. [M/J09,A/M11]

The augmented matrix is

6 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

7 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

X  x1 x2 ........ xn  which is known as the eigen vector.

8 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

point iteration method. [A/M17]

9 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

10 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

36. Solve the following

40. Solve the given system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 8 x  y  z  18 ;

x 10 y  z   22 ,  2 x  3 y 10 z  22 . [N/D12,N/D13]

11 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

12 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

1. Define the terms interpolation and extrapolation. (OR) Distinguish between

4. Name two interpolation methods for unequal intervals. [M/J12]

13 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Newton’s forward formula

Newton’s forward formula, y  y0  u y 0   y0   y0

14 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Newton’s forward formula

11. Given y0  3 , y1  12 , y 2  81 , y3  200 , y 4  100 . Find 4 y 0 . [A/M15]

15 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Newton’s backward interpolation formula is

16 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

14. State Newton’s backward difference formula. [N/D12,N/D14]

Divided difference table

18. If f  x   , find f a , b and f a , b , c  by using divided differences.

17 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Divided difference table

ulDivided difference table

20. Form the divided difference table for [N/D08]

Divided difference table

18 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

21. Find the divided differences of f x   x 3  x  2 for the arguments 1, 3, 6, 11.

22. Write the Newton’s divided difference formula.

Divided difference table

19 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

20 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

Divided difference table

Lagrange’s formula. [N/D14]

31. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the polynomial through  0 , 0 , 1 , 1  and

21 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

35. Distinguish between Newton’s divided difference interpolation and Lagrange’s

22 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC

in feet above the earth’s surface [A/M15]

23 II YEAR EIE QUESTION BANK PEC