The EEIC: EARLY

YEARS
ap In I la
voyage of EEIC traders to India. He
sailed into the port of Surat on 24
August 1608. He succeeded in obtaining
certain trade concessions from
emperor Jahangir and established a
trading post in 1609.
2. The EEIC set up its first trading post in
Surat in 1609.
3. Sir Thomas Roe arrived in India as the
English Ambassador to the court of
Jahangir. Captain Wil

4. Received a royal FARMAN to set up

more factories in 1619.

The EEIC: EARLY

YEARS 5. T us apartf
sh establi:
and bases at rx

12
Western l'
N D Broach(Bha
and Ahmeda

OCEAN
The EEIC: EARLY
YEARS 5.T usapart f
sh establi:
and bases at

Western It
Broach (Bha
and Ahmeda

OCEAN

The EEIC: EARLY

ational bases in Madras
(Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta
(Kolkata)

7. Bombay- a group islands was under the

control of the Portuguese.

8. May 1661, when the British prince Charles

Il married the Portuguese princess Catherine
of Braganza, he got Bombay as dowry from
her father, King John IV of Portugal.

9. Subsequently given to the EEIC on lease

British pri
for a sum of EIO per annum. princess
European trade
According to the theory of Mercantilism,
the prosperity of a country depends on its
capability to produce more than it
N PORTUGAL
consumes and export more than it
imports in order to maintain a positive
balance of trade.
In 1498, the Portuguese navigator and o
CAPE
explorer, Vasco da Gama discovered a new VERDE

sea route to India from Europe.

• Traditional land routes were disrupted by
Ottoman Empire in Turkey and West Asia.
A tklntic
• Portuguese were followed by the Dutch, Ocean
the French and English merchants who
came to trade especially in spices and
textiles.
— O Gam.•s

The European countries established tl

companies in the following chronolog)
1498- The Portuguese were the first group
of European traders to reach India.
Though landed in Calicut, their important
colonial settlements were located in Goa,
Daman and Diu.
Goa remained with them till 1961 and then
became a part of India.

The Dutch established their

trading centers at Surat,
Ahmedabad, Broach, Karaikal,
Pulicat, Balasore, Nagapattinam
and Masulipatanam.
They established their command
on pepper and spice trade in the
islands of Sumatra and Java.
THE STRUGGLE FOR
p a WER e trading companies resulted in fierce competition

• All wanted to earn maximum profits and monopoly over trade, which
was possible only when they were able to
Eliminate other rival companies
Control over political power of the countries with which they had trade
relations.

Struggle for greater colonial possessions started:

1. The Portuguese lost their monopolywhile the Dutch were defeatedand
turned towards the spice trade in Indonesian islands.
2. 18thcentury, the British and the French arose the major powers.
3. 17thand 18thcentury: England and France fought several wars when
their political and economic ambitions clashed.

Finally, by the middle of 18thcentury, the English were victorious having

driven out the other European powers from the Indian trade market.

Carnatic
FIRST CARNATIC WAR:
• Originated in Europe when a war broke
out between England and France in 1742.

• War in India started when the British

supported by the Nawab of Carnatic
captured some French ships.

• The French responded by capturing Fort

St. George in Madras.

The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle 1748 ended

the First Carnatic War whereby the French
got the Louisburg region in North America
-tKi_z
and the English got back Madras.
Carnatic
SECOND CARNATIC WAR:
• Started after the death of Carnatic and Hyderabad
rulers.
The British and French sided with the opposite groups in
Carnatic and Hyderabad.

• In Carnatic - Chanda Sahib (supported by the French)

vs. Muhammad Ali (supported by the British).
• In Hyderabad, the British supported Nasir Jung while
French sided Muzaffar Jung.
• Initially French succeeded in placing their supporters
on the two thrones in 1749.
• In 1751, British troops under Robert Clive captured
Arcot(Tamil Nadu).

The war ended with Treaty of Pondicherry signed in 1754.

As per the treaty French had to return all the territories
captured by them. Thus British became the supreme power
in the South

Carnatic
Wars Carnatic wars

First Second Thi:

Carnatic war Carnati
1756 -
The outbreak of Seven Years' War (1756 - 1763) in Europe resulted in renewe
British forces in India.
British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore in 1757.
The British commander Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French under Cor
Wandiwash in 1760.
The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
I. As per the treaty, Chandernagore and Pondicherry were returned to Fra
2. The French were allowed to have factories in India but they were stoppet
The French agreed to accept British protection in India.
The treaty ended the French ambition of building an Indian empire and mad
power in India.
Bengal
• By the middle of the 18thcentury, the Mughal empire
disintegrated into numerous independent kingdoms
across the Indian Subcontinent.
• They were blinded by opportunity rather planning
and tended to promote their own interests.
• The European colonial powers took advantage of
their internal conflicts and established their territorial
rule.
• Bengal was one of the richest provinces on the Indian
subcontinent.
• In 1717, the Mughal emperor allowed the EEIC duty
free trade which was misused for personal trade.
• Company made huge profits by buying cheap goods
and selling them at higher prices eliminating
competitors.
• The state under Nawab Alivardi Khan faced huge
revenue losses.

Bengal
• Nawab Alivardi Khan was succeeded by grandson
Siraj-ud-DauIah.
• British began to fortify Fort William in Calcutta
• Siraj-ud-DauIah asked them to stop immediately and
pay revenue.
• He wanted to check the gross misuse of free passes
or dastaks that exempted Company's goods from
taxes.
• Refused to give further trade concessions and
privileges demanded by EEIC.
• Siraj-ud-DauIah marched with 30,000 soldiers to
Calcutta captured the Company's soldiers, disarmed
its soldiers and blocked its ships.
• He then placed Calcutta under the charge of Manik
Chandand and returned to Murshidabad.
Sirai-ud-
Dual
Governmentor dyarchy in Bengal. Underthis
system:
Warren Hastins
The Nawab had powers of military and criminal
jurisdiction,while the Companyexercised Id Gov«nor
control over revenue.
of Ma 1773-1785
The Company had all power but no responsibility,
while the Nawab had all responsibilities but no
administratve power or resources.

Under this system, Bengal suffered

Dual o
tremendously. Finally, Warren Hastings ended
the Dual Government in 1772 and brought
Bengal under the direct control of the company's hadtbepc
administration wet

EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH

EMPIRE• After control over Bengal, the EEIC began upon a poli
ia h n c

Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Marquess Wellesley,

Governor —General of India, from 1798 to 1805. Its
purpose was to gain control over large tracts of India,
without direct wars or spending money on maintaining
troops. Its main principles were:
I. Indian rulers accepting Subsidiary Alliance had to
disband their army and keep British forces.
2. Maintenance of the troops and forces to be paid for
protection from external and internal dangers.
3. Failure in payment would led to whole or part of their
territory given to British as penalty.
4. Forced to keep British offcials at their court.
5. Had to expel all non-English foreigners from their
states.
6. Surrender control Of foreign affairs to the British and
abide by the decisionsof the EEIC.
Subsidiary Alliance: RYAN

I. Very beneficial for the British I. The Indian rulerswere now deprived of the
opportunity to join hands against the Company.

2. Company could maintain a large standing army at 2. They lost their right of decision making as they
the expense of the Indian princes had to face the interferenceof the British residents
in their everyday affairs.

3. It gave companya chance to expand its territories 3. They lost their administrative as well as financial
independence.
CONFRONTATION- • included a series of wars- Anglo- Mysore, Anglo-
Maratha, Anglo- Sikh and Anglo- Afghan wars

WAR/BATTLE y_EAB WHO VIS

First Anglo- 1767- 1769 Hyder Ali and Mysore controlled the trade on Malabar Treaty of Madras
Mysore War EEIC coast. (1769)
Spice trade was lucrative to EEIC so Both agreed to help
formed alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad, each other in case of
Marathas and nawab of Carnatic to attack attach from third party.
Mysore.
Hyder Ali brought the Nizam and
Marathas to his side promising territorial
gains.
Attached Arcot and reached Madras

Second Anglo- 1780- 1784 Hyder Ali, Tipu British violated the treaty of 1769 and did Treaty of Mangalore
Mysore War Sultan and not help when Marathas attacked Mysore (1784)
Warren Hastings in 1771. British and Mysore
• Also attempted to capture Mahe, under agreeing to respect
Ryder's jurisdiction. each other's territories.
Hyder died but son Tipu continued
WAR/BATTLE WHO V/S WHO REASON
YAN
Third Anglo- 1789- Tipu Sultan and • Under Tipu, Mysore controlled Treaty of
Mysore War 1792 Lord Cornwallis profitable trade of the Malabar coast Seringapatam (1792)
where the company purchased pepper Tipu was defeated and
and cardamon. had to give a large
• In 1785, Tipu stopped the export of part of his kingdom.
sandalwood, pepper and cardamon, Also had to pay huge
and disallowed local merchants to fine and send two
trade with the Company. sons as hostages to
• He established close relationship with British
the French

Fourth Anglo- 1798- Tipu Sultan and Tipu was asked to accept the • British annexed
Mysore War 1799 Lord Wellesley Subsidiary Alliance when he refused, most of his
(British war was declared in 1798.He died conquests and
Governor- fighting in Seringapatam, handed to Nizam
General) of Hyderabad.
Remining kingdom
given to old ruling
family, Wodeyars
who accepted the
Subsidiary Alliance
 RYAN
The First Anglo-Maratha War
FIS
• After the death of the fifth Peshwa, his uncle
Raghunath Rao wanted to ascend the throne.
• He joined hands with the English. This was
opposed by the Marathas.

• A war took place, ending with the Treaty of

Salbai (1782).

• They mutually gave back each others

territories.

• Raghunath Rao was installed as Peshwa.

 RYAN
The Second Anglo-Maratha War
• Peshwa Baji Rao Il, the son of RaghunathRao, lived
under the shadow of his father.
Hated by the Maratha Chief and regarded as traitor.
• October 1802 Battle of Poona, was defeated by
Yashwant Rao Holkar, the Maratharuler of Indore.
• Peshwa fled to British for protection and signed the
Treaty of Bassein- ceded territory for the
maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreed to
cooperate with no other power.
• The Scindias and Bhonsleswere defeated by British.
• In 1803, Ragholi Bhonsle Il of Nagpur and Daulat
Rao Scindias of Gwalior signed a treaty with the
British.
• British became masters of Cuttack, the Ganga-
Yamuna doab, Delhi —Agraregion and parts of
Bundelkhand.
 RYAN
The Third Anglo-Maratha War
• Started in 1817 with the invasion of Maratha
territory by British troops. Purpose- to take action PESHVIA FAMILY TREE
against the Pindaris, a band of robbers from central THELIONSOF THE THIROBATTLEOF PANIPAT
India and supported by Marathas.

• peshwa with the Bhonsle and Holkar rulers rose up

n.A01
against the British. Series of defeat broke the
Maratha Empire and ended Maratha independence.

• Peshwa defeated and forced to flee. On capture SAD

placed on a small estate with pension and most of
his territory annexed to the Bombay presidency

• The Holkars of Indore, the Scindias of Gwalior, the

Bhonsles of Nagpur were subjugated
 RYAN
The Third Anglo-Maratha War
• The Maratha kingdom Of Nagpur and Indore
became a part of the British Empire.

• After the end Of the third Anglo- Maratha war

(1819), Maratha power ended and the Company
controlled the entire area south of the Vindhyas.

• Poona was no longer the seat of power of the

Peshwa.

Title of Peshwa- traditional head Of the Marathas

was abolished.

• Peshwa Baji Rads territories were annexed to the

British Empire.

• Other Maratha chief had to sign the Subsidiary

 RYAN
Marathas
From the 18th century, the Company tried
to curb the power of the Marathas.

Recoveringfrom the Third Battle of

Panipat (1761) Marathas emerged as a
possible alternative to the Mughals in
North India.

The five Maratha chiefs —The Peshwas,

the Gaekwads, the Holkars, the Bhonsles
and the Scindias had internal differences.
British took advantage of this to interfere
in their internalAffairswhich laid to three Battleground of Anglo Maratha War
Anglo- Maratha Wars ( 1775 —1819)
The Anglo- Sikh Wars: RYAN
• The death Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Of Punjab(1839)
followedby period of instability, of which British
took advantage.

• The first Anglo-Sikh War broke out when the Sikh

army tried to cross the Satlej to occupy Lahore, the
British defeated them.

Treaty of Lahore was signed making Duleep Singh,

Du Sir•
the son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, as the ruler, and
his mother. Rani Jindan, as Regent.

• Sikh had to pay huge war indemnity and give away

parts of his territories. When the British accused Ra n•
Rani Jindan Of anti-British activities and removed her
from power, the entire Sikh state revolted.

Lord Dalhousie declared war on the Sikhs. In 1849,

they were defeated and the British annexed Punjab.
Lord
Sind and Afghanistan: RYAN

• In 1809, a treaty was signed with the

Amirs (rulers) of Sind, who promised not
to let the French pass through their
territories, if the British promised to
transport arms through Sind

• In 1839, the first Anglo —Afghan war,

British armed forces moved to
Afghanistan via Sind

• In 1843, Sind was annexed.

• In early 1840s, the EEIC fought a

prolonged war with Afghanistan and
established indirect rule there.

—Afgh•n w"
EXPANSIONTHROUGH THE DOCTRINE OF RYAN

• Dalhousie also abolished titles and

pensions of the heirs of childless
Indian rulers, and annexed their
territories.

• Tanjoreand the Carnatic were

annexed in this manner.

• When Peshwa Baji Rao Il died,

pension was denied to his
adopted son, Nana Saheb.

• The imperial title of the Mughal

Emperor was abolished.
 RYAN
EXPANSION THROUGH THE
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
The Doctrine Of Lapse was an annexation policy devised by
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor- General of India between 1848
and1856.
According to this Doctrine:
1. Rulers of Indian princely states, territories under
Subsidiary Alliance with the British and those without a
natural heir to the throne. had to take permission from
the British to adopt an heir
2. British had a right to sanction, or refuse to recognise, such
an adoption.
3, Territories Of rulers, without a male heir, were annexed if
the adoption was not sanctioned.
4. This took away the long-established right of an Indian
ruler, without an heir, to choose or adopt a successor.

The company annexed the princely States Of Satara (1848).

Jaitpur, Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur, Jhansi (1854)and Awadh
(Oudh) (1856) using this doctrine
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE UNDER THE RYAN
BRITISH
territories, the British evolved an efficient
system of administration.
Administrative Structure
• The Britishterritorieswere divided into three
Presidencies —Bombay, Bengal and Madras.
Under The British

• The Governor-General was to be the supreme

head of administration.

• The British Parliament passed various Army

administrative Acts such as the Regulating Act iviladministration
of 1773, the Pitt's India Act (1784) and a series
of Charter Acts, to set up their administrative
machinery. Judicial administration
Civil Administration: RYAN
The need to set up a civil administration arose when the
EEIC started acquiring vast territories in India. Lord
Cornwallis, regarded as the father of Indian Civil
administration. set up an independent civil service.
• He stopped the practice Of private trade, replaced
corrupt officialswith well- educated, loyal civil servants,
whose salaries he raised.
• In 1800, in Calcutta, Wellesley established Fort William
Did you know
College to train civil servants in local languages and
customs. In 1806, a similar college, the Haileybury Satyendranath
College, was established in England. Tagorewas the
• From 1853. all recruits had to pass a competitive exam
in order to qualify for civil services. The ICS Act Of 1861
first Indian
established the Indian Civil service. Civil Services
officer. He wrot
For administrative convenience, British India was divided the exams in
into districts. In each district, there was a Collector to
collect revenue, a Magistrate to maintain law and order,
1863 and joined
and a Judge to administer jussce. the services in
1864.
The Judicial System: RYAN
Prior to British rule, the administration of justice was based on a
traditional System of law. In the case Of Hindus, the Shastras. and
in the case of Muslims, the Shariat, Wasthe basis of justice. Warren
Hastings and Cornwallis took steps to set up a new judicial
structure.

By 1772, each district was to have two courts, a civil court,

presided over by EEIC Collectors and a criminal court. in the
hands Of the Qazi and Mufti, who worked under the Collectors.

• Under the Regulating Act Of 1773, the Supreme Court was

established in Calcutta with Elijah Impey as its Chief Justice.
Lord
• By the Act Of 1781 it was decided that the English law would be
strictly applied only in the cases involving British cifizens. while
the Indians would be tried under their traditional law.

• In 1793, the famous Cornwallis Code was compiled for the

guidance of the officers of the new judicial service.
The Judicial System: RYAN

• In 1833, a graded structure of courts came into being. In

1865, high courts were established at Calcutta, Madras and
Bombay.

• The codification of laws was meant to establish judicial

equality in the laws which applied to both the rulers and
the ruled. This was the principle of the Rule of Law.

• However, even though the judicial system equality before

law, the Europeans were tried in special courts by British
judges.

Independenceof judiciary was anotherimportantaspect

which the colonial rule introduced in India. This meant that
the judiciary was free from the influence of the political and
civil administra60n.
 RYAN
lhe Army
• The bulk of the Company's army consisted of
Indian soldiers or sepoys, while its officers
were exclusively British.

• The highest position held by an Indian soldier

was that of a Subedar.

• In the early 19th century, the British

developeda uniform military culture.

• All soldiers were subjected to a European style

of training irrespective of caste and
community.
 PAN
East · Company

right British 0 , ·

F"•tAngloMy•ore V•U0••Sepoy

E d Comp—vy