SPEECH THERAPY

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  more topics
 more in-depth charts and
hierarchies
 parent-friendly explanations
and definitions
 the research behind the
handouts
 color and black and white
versions

www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Speech-Therapy-Development-Handouts-6554390

The graphics found in this free download are from my Instagram account @speech.allisonfors
I created the fuller version after many requests to expand this document!
 …
PHONOLOGY • DYSPHAGIA • PRAGMATICS • SYNTAX
ARTICULATION • EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE • LITERACY • APRAXIA
AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNCATION
DYSPRAXIA • VOICE • PHONETICS • WORD RETREVIAL
LIFE SKILLS • GRAMMAR • RESEARCH • HEARING LOSS
ORAL COMMUNICATION • WH QUESTIONS • STUTTERING
DATA COLLECTION • VOCABULARY • OBJECT FUNCTION
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY • INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PLAN
ASSOCIATIONS • MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE • VOCAL FOLDS
SEQUENCING • INFERENCES • CATEGORIES • BASIC CONCEPTS
AUDITORY COMPREHENSION • SEMANTICS
EARLY INTERVENTION • CLUTTERING • DEDUCTIVE REASONING
CRITICAL THINKING • SIGN LANGUAGE • RESONANCE
AUDITORY MEMORY • PROBLEM SOLVING • COGNITION
CLEFT PALATE • SOCIAL SKILLS • SWALLOWING DISORDERS
RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION • EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING

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“Speech” refers to “Language” refers to
how we produce the system of words
sounds and words and symbols (spoken,
with our articulators – written, signed) used
tongue, lips, jaw, to communicate
teeth, vocal folds, meaning.
as well as air flow. This encompasses both
This encompasses expressive language
articulation, voice, and receptive
and fluency. language.

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 articulation

language
apraxia
phonology

literacy
social skills dysphagia

AAC

fluency executive
voice
functioning

hearing loss
life skills
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 18
36
25%
75-100%
24

INTELLGIBILITY TO
50-75% UNFAMILAR LISTENERS

2 50%
3 75%
4 100%

ALLISONFORS.COM Bowen, C. (2011). Table1: Intelligibility. Retrieved from http://www.speech -language-therapy.com/

 /p, b, d, m, n, h, w/

/t, k, g, ŋ, f, j/

/v, s, z, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ, l/

/ð, ʒ, ɹ/

ALLISONFORS.COM
/θ/
Crowe, K., & McLeod, S. (2020). Children's English Consonant Acquisition in the United States: A Review. American Journal of Speech –Language Pathology.
 p, b, d, m, n, h, w

t, k, g, ng, f, y

v, s, z, sh, ch, j, l

th (voiced), zh, r

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th (voiceless)
Crowe, K., & McLeod, S. (2020). Children's English Consonant Acquisition in the United States: A Review. American Journal of Speech –Language Pathology.
 /p, t, m, k, j, ɲ, l, tʃ/

/ ŋ, ʒ, dʒ, g, n, b, d, f, x, ð, w, ɾ/

/r, s/

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/β/

McLeod, S., & Crowe, K. (2018). Children's consonant acquisition in 27 languages: A cross-linguistic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.
 p, t, m, k, y, ñ, l, ch

ng, zh, j, g, n, b, d, f, x, th, w, r

r (trilled), s

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v (bilabial approximation)

McLeod, S., & Crowe, K. (2018). Children's consonant acquisition in 27 languages: A cross-linguistic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.
 Place-Manner-Voice Chart: Consonants
PLACE
Labio- Post-
MANNER Bilabial dental Dental Alveolar
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal

VOICING VL V VL V VL V VL V VL V VL V VL V VL V

Stop p b t d k g ʔ

Fricative f v ɵ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricate ʧ ʤ

Nasal m n ŋ

Liquid l ɹ

Glide w j w

front of the mouth back of the mouth

paper, open, stop thin, birthday, bath shoe, horseshoe, shellfish

book, robot, tub the, other, breathe measure, decision, mirage
mom, camel, ham toad, doctor, boat chocolate chips, beach
water, web, wow dog, body, bird giraffe, pajamas, orange
fish, sofa, giraffe sun, princess, house railroad, racecar, door
van, vivid, cave zoo, zigzag, jazz yellow, yeah, yard
none, banana, man cake, donkey, kick
lion, lollipop, owl go, sugar, bag
ring, swing, singing
hi, horse, happy
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 PLACES OF ARTICULATION
ALVEOLAR POST-ALVEOLAR
/t, d, s, z, n, l/ /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ, ɹ/

INTERDENTAL
PALATAL
/ɵ, ð/
/j/

LABIODENTAL
/f, v/ VELAR
/k, g, ŋ/

GLOTTAL
BILABIAL
/h/
/p, b, m, w/

A L L I S O NFO R S. C OM
 AGE SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Noun + verb-ing (Boy sleeping.)

Possessive noun’s (Boy’s pencil.)
24 - 36 months
Answers “what doing”, “where” and “who”
questions

The + noun + is + verb-ing

(The boy is sleeping.)

36 - 48 months Pronoun + is + verb-ing (He is sleeping.)

Possessive pronouns (His/Her pencil.)
Answers “why” questions

Noun/pronoun + is + verb-ing +
prepositional phrase
48 - 60 months (The boy is sleeping in the bedroom.)
Answers “when” questions
ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES
 AGE ASKING QUESTIONS

Begins to form questions starting with

1 - 2 years “what’s that?”
Uses rising intonation

Asks “where?”, “what?”,

2 - 3 years
and “what doing?” questions

Asks one-word “why” questions

Asks “what”, “when”, “where”, “how”, “who”,
3 - 4 years
and “whose” questions
Asks “is” questions

Asks early infinitive questions “Do you want to…?”

4 years
Asks can/may questions “Can you…?”
Asks future questions “Are we going to…?”
ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES
 AGE ANSWERING QUESTIONS
Looks to appropriate location when asked a simple question,
for example “Where is mama?”

1 - 2 years Answers “where” questions by pointing to the item in book

Answers “what’s this?” with familiar objects or pictures
Answers “yes/no” questions with head shake or nod

Points to objects when described, for example “What do you

comb your hair with?”
Answers “where?”, “what’s that?”, “who is?”,
2 - 3 years and “what doing?” questions
Answers or understands “can you?” questions
Answers critical thinking questions, for example “What do you do
when you are hungry?”

Answers more complex questions: “who”, “why”, “where”, & “how”

Answers “If…what” questions, for example “If you are hungry,
3 - 4 years what should you do?”
Answer object function questions, such as “What are shoes for?”

4 years Answers “when” and “how many” questions

ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES
 AGE PREPOSITIONS

Follows simple directions including in and on

1 - 2 years
Uses 2-3 prepositions, such as on, in, or under

Understands in, off, on, under, out of, together,

2 - 3 years
away from

Understands next to, beside, between

3 - 4 years
Uses prepositions behind, in front, around

4 - 5 years Understands different, nearest, through

Understands opposite concepts, such as

5 - 6 years over/under
Uses prepositions through, nearest, corner, middle
ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES
 I have found the most success in teaching past tense verbs by verb pattern.
This graphic explains the 3 types of regular past tense verb patterns.

/ɪd/
/d/ /t/ /əd/

When the final sound of
the present tense verb is
a voiced consonant,
the past tense form
ends in /d/.
When the final sound of the
present tense verb
is a voiceless consonant,
the past tense form
ends in /t/.
When the final sound of
the present tense verb
is /d/ or /t/,
the past tense form ends
in /ɪd/ or /əd/.

For example: For example: For example:

close  closed walk  walked wait  waited
/kloʊzd/ /wɔkt/ /weɪtɪd/

VOICED CONSONANTS: VOICELESS CONSONANTS:

/b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /ʤ/, /ʒ/, /p/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/
/ð/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /l/, /ŋ/

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 12 15 18
MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS

2-6 10 50
WORDS WORDS WORDS

24 30 36
MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS

200-300 450 1,000

WORDS WORDS WORDS

ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES

 12-26 27-30 31-34
MONTHS MONTHS
MONTHS
my, me, mine, your, she, he,
I, it
you yours, we

41-46 47+
35-40 MONTHS MONTHS
MONTHS
its, our, him, herself, himself,
they, us, hers, myself, yourself, itself, ourselves,
his, them, her ours, their, yourselves,
theirs themselves

ALLISONFORS.COM LINGUISYSTEMS GUIDE TO COMMUNCATION MILESTONES

 ways to target

CONVERGENT NAMING
naming the category

DIVERGENT NAMING
listing items in the category

WHAT GOES TOGETHER

WHAT DOESN’T BELONG

SORTING TASKS

COMPARING AND
CONTRASTING
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 PAUSE

INDIRECT NONVERBAL
PROMPT

INDIRECT VERBAL PROMPT

REQUEST A RESPONSE

GESTURAL CUE

PARITAL VERBAL PROMPT

MODEL

DIRECT MODEL

PHYSICAL ASSISTANCE

ALLISONFORS.COM Senner, J. E. (2010), YAACK (1999)

 COOPERATIVE PLAY

ASSOCIATIVE PLAY

PARALLEL PLAY

ONLOOKER PLAY

SOLITARY PLAY

UNOCCUPIED PLAY

ALLISONFORS.COM Parten, M (1932). “Social participation among preschool children”. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
 GENERALIZATION

CONVERSATION

STORIES

SENTENCES

WORDS
SYLLABLES
ISOLATION

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 • figurative
language
• humor
MULTIPLE MEANINGS
• inferences
• analogies
DIFFERENCES

SIMILARITIES

concepts
adjectives CATEGORIZATION antonyms
synonyms

ASSOCIATIONS

FUNCTIONS

LABELING

ALLISONFORS.COM Richard, G. J. (2017). The Source® Processing Disorders (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO-ED.
 SOCIAL INTERACTION SOCIAL COGNITION

• Social reasoning • Conflict

• Theory of Mind • Inference
• Social tasks resolution
• Emotional • Presupposition
• Peer-related • Code switching
competence • Executive
social • Cultural
• Joint attention functioning
competence influences

PRAGMATICS LANGUAGE PROCESSING

• Body language • Communicative • Spoken and • Morphology

intentions written • Syntax
• Facial
language
expressions, • Discourse – topic • Semantics
comprehension
gestures, eye maintenance, • Phonological
and expression
contact, gaze scripts, etc. skills

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 ARTICULATION

RESONANCE HEARING LOSS

Velopharyngeal
Dysfunction
FREQUENT EAR
Nasal air emission
INFECTIONS
Hypernasality
FEEDING
AND
SWALLOWING
DENTAL
VOICE DEVIATIONS
Vocal Hyperfunction AND
MALOCCLUSIONS

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 wait time expand their language

sit face-to-face
give
choices

read
follow
their lead

communication
narrate temptations
your day

verbal
routines limit
questions
sing parallel talk
https://allisonfors.com/elicit -language-development/ ALLISONFORS.COM
 espera expandir su lenguaje

sentarse
cara a cara
dar
opciones

leer
seguir su
iniciativa

tentaciones de
narrar tu comunicación
día

rutinas
verbales limitar
preguntas
cantar narrar lo que hacen
https://allisonfors.com/elicit -language-development/ ALLISONFORS.COM
 HYPERSENSITIVITY HYPOSENSITIVITY
over-stimulated under-stimulated

decrease stimulation MIX increase stimulation

and use calming and create a sensory-
strategies such as rich environment,
squeezing, rocking, for example
white noise swinging, jumping,
crashing

ALLISONFORS.COM LEARN MORE: allisonfors.com/sensory-processing-disorder-speech-therapy/

• Behavioral • Neurological
• Seeking attention • Not trying to gain
• Looking for a attention
reaction and to • Unaware of
manipulate others surroundings
• Communicates • Dysregulated
wants • Persists even after
• Able to calm down issue resolved
• Won’t hurt • May hurt
themselves themselves

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 stretch talk to a friend use putty bounce on a ball listen to music

take a deep do a puzzle find a quiet place write in your hum a song
breath journal

imagine your
read a book hug yourself rest quietly take a walk
favorite place

get a drink color count to 10 meditate bounce a ball

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ALLISONFORS.COM
 WATER BEADS • GLITTER • STRAWS • SHELLS • BEADS
MAGNETS • SAND • FEATHERS • CONFETTI • LEGOS
• MINI ERASERS • GOOGLY EYES
BUTTONS • MARBLES • PLASTIC ANIMALS
• PIPE CLEANERS • • SEQUINS •
BINGO CHIPS • POM POMS BALLS •
DRY PASTA • RICE • SMALL TOYS •
BEANS • DRY CANDY PLASTIC FLOWERS •
• SHREDDED PAPER • GEMS • DISH SOAP
HOLIDAY THEMED • FOOD COLORING •
TRINKETS • LETTERS GLITTER GLUE
GLUE • HAIR GEL • CORN SYRUP
WATER • BABY OIL • HAIR GEL • LIQUID SOAP •
SHAMPOO • MINERAL WATER • COOKING OIL
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 STRAWS • FOAM LETTERS • CRUMPLED PAPER
PLASTIC GRASS • BOTTLE CAPS • PUZZLE PIECES
CUT POOL NOODLES • FABRIC RIBBONS • FEATHERS
SPONGES • LARGE BEADS • FOAM BLOCKS • BUBBLE WRAP
ROCKS TOY FOOD
PINE CONES EASTER EGGS
MARBLES POM POMS
MAGNETS BALLS
DRY PASTA ALLISONFORS.COM TWIGS
BUTTONS STRAW
SHELLS PLASTIC COINS HAIR TIES
YARN PACKING PEANUTS TOY CARS
LEGOS CARDBOARD TUBES GEMS
FAKE FLOWERS • CELLOPHANE • STREAMERS • MARBLES
SHREDDRED PAPER • PAPER CLIPS • COTTON BALLS
FOIL BALLS • BINGO CHIPS • PLASTIC LEAVES

••• •••
 SELF-REGULATION • FLEXIBILITY • PROBLEM
SOLVING • FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
PRETEND PLAY • REINFORCER • JOINT ATTENTION
IMITATING ACTIONS • TURN TAKING • CAUSE AND
EFFECT • REQUESTING • ARTICULATION SOUNDS

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IN SPEECH THERAPY

VOCABULARY • RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION

WH QUESTIONS • VERBS AND VERB TENSES
MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE • MAKING INFERENCES
PREPOSITIONS • FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
CATEGORIES • SEQUENCING • DESCRIPTORS
PRETEND PLAY • JOINT ATTENTION • VOCABULARY
REINFORCERS • MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE
DESCRIPTORS • POSSESSIVES • WH QUESTIONS
PREPOSITIONS • REQUESTING • SEQUENCING

IN SPEECH THERAPY

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PLURALS • PROBLEM SOLVING • BASIC CONCEPTS

RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION • TURN TAKING
PREDICTING • CAUSE AND EFFECT • FOLLOWING
DIRECTIONS • ACTION WORDS • VERB TENSES
 PRETEND PLAY • PREPOSITIONS • VOCABULARY
DESCRIPTORS • POSSESSIVES • SPEECH SOUNDS
WH QUESTIONS • CATEGORIES • ASSOCIATIONS
OBJECT FUNCTION • ACTION WORDS • VERB TENSES

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IN SPEECH THERAPY

OPPOSITES • TURN TAKING • BASIC CONCEPTS

RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION • SAFETY LIFE SKILLS
SEQUENCING • MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE
CAUSE AND EFFECT • FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
PRETEND PLAY • SOCIAL ROUTINES • PRONOUNS
VOCABULARY • PREPOSITIONS • TURN TAKING
WH QUESTIONS • CATEGORIES • OBJECT FUNCTION
REQUESTING • RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION

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IN SPEECH THERAPY

PLURALS • FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS • NOUNS

ASSOCIATIONS • VERB TENSES • POSSESSIVES
MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE • CAUSE AND EFFECT
AUDITORY COMPREHENSION • SEQUENCING
VOCABULARY • BASIC CONCEPTS • PREPOSITIONS
FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS • CATEGORIES
SEQUENCING • SPEECH SOUNDS • ACTION WORDS
REQUESTING • CAUSE AND EFFECT • DESCRIPTORS

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IN SPEECH THERAPY

WH QUESTIONS • OBJECT FUNCTION • VERB TENSES

ASSOCIATIONS • MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE
JOINT ATTENTION • RECEPTIVE IDENTIFICATION
TURN TAKING • PRETEND PLAY • NOUNS
TURN TAKING • BASIC CONCEPTS • VOCABULARY
FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS • SEQUENCING
ARTICULATION CARRYOVER • REQUESTING
DESCRIPTORS • JOINT ATTENTION

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IN SPEECH THERAPY

MAKING INFERENCES • SELF-REGULATION

ASKING & ANSWERING WH QUESTIONS
PROBLEM SOLVING • MAKING PREDICTIONS
SOCIAL ROUTINES • BODY LANGUAGE • FLEXIBILITY
 PRETEND PLAY • VOCABULARY • REQUESTING
CAUSE AND EFFECT • JOINT ATTENTION • TURN
TAKING • PREPOSITIONS • FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
VERB TENSES • DESCRIPTORS • WH QUESTIONS

IN SPEECH THERAPY

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BUILDING RAPPORT • EMOTIONAL REGULATION

COMMUNICATE WITH SHY/SELECTIVE MUTISM VIA
TOY • CALMING STRATEGY • MODEL APPROPRIATE
SPEECH SOUNDS, LANGUAGE, FLUENCY, PRAGMATICS
 hard palate

nasopharynx

tongue

soft palate

oropharynx

epiglottis

esophagus

trachea

epiglottis
true vocal fold

false vocal fold

trachea

esophagus

A L L I S O NFO R S. C OM
 semicircular
canals

malleus
incus
stapes vestibular nerve

tympanic
membrane

cochlear
nerve

cochlea

ear canal
Eustachian tube

A L L I S O NFO R S. C OM
 HEARING AID

ear hook

microphone

tubing
program button

volume controls

ear mold battery compartment

ON/OFF switch

COCHLEAR IMPLANT (INTERNAL & EXTERNAL)

control button
magnet
microphone antenna

sound coil
processing unit

magnet
cable
stimulator
ear hook

FM receiver
battery
compartment electrode

A L L I S O NFO R S. C OM