3.

Hardware
3.1 PCB Diagram
A PCB is a medium to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It
takes the form of a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers: the
conductive layer is designed with an artwork pattern of traces, planes and other features (similar
to wires on a flat surface)
etched from one sheet of copper. Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the
outer layers in the shape designed to accept the component's terminals, generally by means of
soldering, to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
we have designed our PCB to take power from two power supplies, one is 12 volt
and the other one is 5 volt.

the PCB consist of two short circuit protection circuits that we will talk about them
in details. Also it have fixed pins after short circuit protection circuits. this pins is
11 pins 12 volt, 11 pins 5 volt and 20 pins ground.

Another main part of the PCB is the control circuit which is consist a main
component that control everything which it is a Arduino mega board mounted on
our PCB board and we will talk about it in details later. also it has a auxillary
components like a lot of pin headers that helps us to mount the Arduino in our
board and connect wires to it so we can control things. also it has a 2 terminal
Blocks consists of 8 pins each to use them to connect with our relays modules to
control motors, fans, pumps ... etc.
3.2 protection Circuit
n this tutorial, we will see how to make a short circuit protection using Relay. Many times
accidentally terminals of batteries and other power supplies get short-circuited. Due to this, they
get hot and start degrading. In the case of lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries, they may
catch fire due to short-circuit or even get blast. So we need a protection circuit to protect our
batteries from damage due to the short circuit. Many power supplies don’t come with built-in
short circuit protection so there also we need protection against short circuits.

We can make a very simple battery short circuit protection using relay. This is a very cheap and
effective short circuit protection circuit. It will cost you a maximum of 50 rupees.

What are the components you need?

 5V or 12V Relay Module depending on battery voltage.

 One Green and one Red LED.
 Two 1k resistors.
 One push button normally opens the contact.
Circuit Connections:

The negative terminal of the battery/power supply is connected to the common terminal of the
relay. The positive terminal connects to one end of the relay coil, it is common for input and
output. Push-button is connected between the negative terminal and second terminal of the coil,
also this terminal is shorted with the normally open terminal of the relay. Red LED is between
the normally close terminal and negative terminal. Whereas Green LED connects between the
normally open and positive terminal of the battery.

Working of Short Circuit Protection Using Relay:

The working of this circuit is based on the principle that “Current always try to flow from the
path of least resistance”. The circuit is normally open and Red LED Glows when we connect a
power source to the input terminal of this circuit. Red LED indicates a short circuit and Green
LED indicates that output power is ON. When we press the push button coil of the relay becomes
active and it switches from normally close to normally open contact. You can see that even after
leaving the push button the relay stays in a latched condition. The current required to keep that
relay turned on is coming from a normally open terminal. This is how the circuit comes in on
state. We can connect any load to the output terminal the circuit will work.
 3.3 Components of the System
3.3.1 Arduino Mega 2560
It is a microcontroller board based on Atmega 2560 microcontroller. Arduino Boards have
revitalized the automation industry with their easy-to-use platform where everyone with little or
no technical background can get started with learning some basic skills to program and run the
board.
I have updated articles previously on Arduino Uno, Arduino Nano, and Arduino Pro Mini. All
these boards function similarly in one way or the other. There are some basic features like PCB
layout design, size, number of analog pins and breadboard friendly nature that make them
different from each other. In terms of coding, all these boards are programmed in Arduino IDE
software and you don't need to attach extra components or devices to put them in running
condition. Everything is already built in the board that makes this device readily available. Just
plug and play with the board as per your requirement. Here's the video presentation of Arduino
Mega 2560:

All the boards mentioned above work perfectly for a number of Arduino projects when you
require a simple task to be completed with fewer I/O pins and memory. However, when the
project goes complex, a board with less memory fails to complete the task. This is where
Arduino Mega 2560 comes in handy. This board comes with 54 pins and 16 analog pins with
more memory to store the code. Sounds crazy, isn't it? Thanks to technology that keep your
covered in every aspect and provides support in any way when it comes to fulfilling your
technical needs.

 Following figure shows the pinout of Arduino Mega 2560:

 Each pin comes with a specific function associated with it. All analog pins can be used as

digital I/O pins.

 Designing of a project using Arduino Mega gives you the flexibility of working with more

memory space and processing power that allows you to work with a number of sensors at once.

This board is physically larger than other Arduino boards.

Arduino Mega 2560 Pin Description

 5V & 3.3V. This pin is used to provide output regulated voltage around 5V. This regulated

power supply powers up the controller and other components on the board. It can be obtained

from Vin of the board or USB cable or another regulated 5V voltage supply. While another

voltage regulation is provided by 3.3V pin. Maximum power it can draw is 50mA.

 GND. There are 5 ground pins available on the board which makes it useful when more than

one ground pins are required for the project.

 Reset. This pin is used to reset the board. Setting this pin to LOW will reset the board.

 Vin. It is the input voltage supplied to the board which ranges from 7V to 20V. The voltage

provided by the power jack can be accessed through this pin. However, the output voltage

through this pin to the board will be automatically set up to 5V.

 Serial Communication. RXD and TXD are the serial pins used to transmit and receive serial

data i.e. Rx represents the transmission of data while Tx used to receive data. There are four

combinations of these serial pins are used where Serail 0 contains RX(0) and TX(1), Serial 1

contains TX(18) and RX(19), Serial 2 contains TX(16) and RX(17), and Serial 3 contains

TX(14) and RX(15).

 External Interrupts. Six pins are used for creating external interrupts i.e interrupt 0(0),

interrupt 1(3), interrupt 2(21), interrupt 3(20), interrupt 4(19), interrupt 5(18). These pins

produce interrupts by a number of ways i.e. providing LOW value, rising or falling edge or

changing value to the interrupt pins.

 LED. This board comes with built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. HIGH value at this pin

will turn the LED on and LOW value will turn it off. This gives you the change of nursing your

programming skills in real time.

 AREF. AREF stands for Analog Reference Voltage which is a reference voltage for analog

inputs.

 Analog Pins. There are 16 analog pins incorporated on the board labeled as A0 to A15. It is

important to note that all these analog pins can be used as digital I/O pins. Each analog pin

comes with 10-bit resolution. These pins can measure from ground to 5V. However, the

upper value can be changed using AREF and analogReference() function.

 I2C. Two pins 20 and 21 support I2C communication where 20 represents SDA (Serial Data

Line mainly used for holding the data) and 21 represents SCL(Serial Clock Line mainly used

for providing data synchronization between the devices)

 SPI Communication. SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface used for the transmission of data

between the controller and other peripherals components. Four pins i.e. 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI),

52 (SCK), 53 (SS) are used for SPI communication.Dime

3.3.2 screen
UART LCD 7", 800×480, Consuming LCD Module – Closed Frame

Description
 LCD Type: TFT
 Resolution: 800×480. 90°rotation by configuration file (480×800)
 Color: 65K(65536)colors, 16 bit color 5R6G5B
 Active Area(A.A.): 154.1mm(W)×85.9mm(H)
 Touchscreen Type: 4-wire resistance touchscreen
 Touchscreen Inaccuracy: +/- 0.5%, Calibrate on running.
 Backlight Type: LED. The half brightness life will not less than 30000hrs.
 Brightness: 300nit, 64 levels adjustment;Touchscreen control brightness and light time.
 SD Slot: SD/SDHC, FAT32 file format; Download and upgrade pictures, fonts and
configuration files.
 RTC Accuracy: 1 sec/24hours, 25oC.
 Other Hardware: Buzzer, Software controls tweet; Automatically sound prompts when
effective touch button is clicked.
Application
 DWIN LCM are widely used in industrial and medical field, such as Digital Protection
Equipment, Laser Beauty Instrument, Microwave Scalpel etc.

Other Information
 Working Temperature: 60%RH at 12V voltage. Min. -20, Typical 25, Max. 70 oC.
 Storage Temperature: Min. -30, Typical 25, Max. 85 o C
 Working Humidity:25 oC. Min. 10%, Typical 60%, Max. 90%RH.
 Aging Test:24H
 ESD Protection Grade: IEC Class 4 (Contact and In-Air)
 Protection grade:IP65 (Front)
 Other certification:CE RoHS
 Power Voltage DC 6.0V-42.0V,with Reverse Polarity Protection
 Power Consumption: 4.8W (12V 400mA)
 Interface Model: N81
 Interface Protocol: RS485 & RS232
 Socket: 6Pin_3.81mm

3.3.3 Coin Acceptor

Coin-operated machines have a longer history than you might think. Ancient
temples used them to dispense, for example, holy water to the faithful in return for
their coins. Old payphones rang a bell when you inserted a coin so the operator
knew you paid. Old pinball machines had a wire to catch things with holes in the
middle so you couldn’t play with washers. But like everything else, coin acceptors
have advanced quite a bit. [Electronoobs] show a unit that can accept coins from
different countries and it is surprisingly complex inside. He used what he learned
from the teardown to build his own Arduino-based version.
For scale, there is the obligatory banana. Inside the box there are several induction
coils and some photo electronics. In particular, there are two optical sensors that
watch the coin roll down a ramp. This produces two pulses. The width of the pulse
indicates the diameter of the coin, and the time between the pulses tells its speed.
Product < Multi-currency coin slot >
Size < W63*D111*H123mm >

Weight < 0.5kg >

Interface Type < 4PIN line >

Scope of application < vending machines , Massager chairs , etc >
The size of the coins can be used diameter:12mm-29mm, thickness : 1mm-3mm
the coins can accept
Renminbi, Thai baht, Ukrainian currency, Euro, U.S. dollar, British pound, Taiwan dollar,
Malaysian currency and other foreign

Currencies Features

1. Identify real and fake coins according to their material and diameter, with high accuracy.
2. Learning type. The currency can
be set at will, no need to clip sample coins for comparison, the CPU automatically memorizes the
set samples
3. Up to 2 coins of
different specifications can be set (that is, 2 different coins can be recognized at the same time).
4. Three-stage pulse speed
signal output, N, 0. and N.C. output switch adjustment, set to Fan Guang. The signal output can
be modified according to the need,
mode: pulse
5, can increase the counter signal output and time control function; can increase the prohibition
of accepting coins
6. Good anti-fishing effect. The counter can be connected for easy sending.
7. Signal output mode: pulse

3.3.3 power supply 12 v

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical
load. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a
source to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result,
power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some
power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built
into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter include power
supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Other
functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by
the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault,
power conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from
reaching the load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to
power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power
(uninterruptible power supply).
Specifications:

Product Name : Switching Power Supply

Safety Compliance : CCC/ FCC / CE
Input : AC110V/220V
Output : DC 12V 30A
Output Power : 360W
Working temperature : from -10 ℃ to 60 ℃
Start Rise Hold Time : 200ms 50ms 20ms
Material : Metal, Electronic Parts
Size : 8.42 inch x 4.44 inch x 1.92 inch
Main Color : Silver Tone

3.3.4 power supply 5 v

Some projects use the USB port on your computer; others use a cheap wall adapter.
Some are battery powered, and others are solar. With all these different options,
how does one power their electronics project? Let us show you!
For the sake of this tutorial, lets make that about 5 volts and let's save the current
for later. For proper operation, we need to find a way to convert the voltage of our
main supply (battery or wall adapter) down to 5 volts. This is where a regulator
comes in. A regulator is a device that will convert the unregulated voltage to a
stable 5 volts that we need to power our project. It's job is to maintain a steady 5
volts regardless of what the our battery is doing.
For this tutorial, we will use a LM7805 (a linear voltage regulator) for our power
supply.
Features:

Switch power supply, convert AC 100V～240V to DC 5V.

Wide input voltage range, steady and precise output voltage.
Shortage protection, overload protection(105%～150%), over voltage protection(115%～135%).
Widely used as the power adapter for Led strip, LED display, billboard, industrial equipment,
etc. IN-DOOR USE ONLY!

Specifications:

Material: Metal case / aluminum base

Input voltage < AC 100V～240V (50～60Hz) >
Input surge: Cold start <40A@230V AC
Output voltage: DC 5V
Output voltage adjustment range: +2%, -1%
Output current: 10A
Output power: 50W
Working temperature: -40~65 degree Celsius
Humidity: 20%~90%RH Non-Condensation
Certification: CE (EMC, LVD)
3.4 Outputs & Inputs
3.4.1 Outputs :
1- stepper motor
A stepper motor, also known as step motor or stepping motor, is a brushless DC
electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's
position can be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without
any position sensor for feedback (an open-loop controller), as long as the motor is
correctly sized to the application in respect to torque and speed.
Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole
count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.

Stepper motor system

A stepper motor system consists of three basic elements, often combined with
some type of user interface (host computer, PLC or dumb terminal):
Indexers
The indexer (or controller) is a microprocessor capable of generating step pulses
and direction signals for the driver. In addition, the indexer is typically required to
perform many other sophisticated command functions.
Drivers
This drive is an upgraded version of TB6600, heightening segments to 32
segments, for high-use segments. Applicable stepper motor: 42,57,86 type 2-phase
4-phase (4-wire line 6 line 8)

Product Details
 Signal Input: Single-ended, pulse/direction. Optocoupler isolated signal input, strong
anti-interference capability
 Subdivision Options: 1/2/4/8/16/32 subdivision to drive 4/6/8 wire 2 phase/4 phase
hybrid stepper motors, (current less than or equal to 4.0A). Compatible with stepper
motors with step angles of 1.8° and 0.9°
 Current and Voltage: Output Current: 0.5A-4.0A, the maximum output current
is 4.0A. Input voltage: 9-42VDC, external signal 3.3-24V can be connected directly
without series resistor
 Safe and Reliable: Overheat, overcurrent, undervoltage lockout, input voltage
protection against reversal, etc. Safer. The current is automatically halved at standstill
 High Compatibility: Suitable for all brands of 4/6/8 wire 2/4 phase hybrid stepper
motors. Suitable for various small and medium-sized automation equipment and
instruments, such as: engraving machines, marking machines, cutting machines, laser
illumination, plotters, CNC machine tools etc

Advantages
 Low cost for control achieved
 High torque at startup and low speeds
 Ruggedness
 Simplicity of construction
 Can operate in an open loop control system
 Low maintenance (high reliability)
 Less likely to stall or slip
 Will work in any environment
 Can be used in robotics in a wide scale.
 High reliability
 The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
 The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)
 Precise positioning and repeatability of movement, since good stepper motors
have an accuracy of 3–5% of a step and this error is non-cumulative from one step
to the next.
 Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing.
 Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore, the life
of the motor is simply dependent on the life of the bearing.
 The motor's response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making
the motor simpler and less costly to control.
 It is possible to achieve very low-speed synchronous rotation with a load that is
directly coupled to the shaft.

Disadvantages
Resonance effect often exhibited at low speeds and decreasing torque with
increasing speed.
2- Relay Moduls
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for
a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The
switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make
contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays
were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh
the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.

Description
This relay module consists of 8 relays. Each relay is connected to a current  buffer so that you
can connect them directly to a Microcontroller or Arduino.

Using these relays you can easily control high power devices or appliances using arduino or
microcontrollers, the relay is rated for 230V 10Amps. The Module has 5 LED’s, one for power
and 8 for indicating relay signals.

Specifications
Rating:  10A  (250V AC or 30 V DC)

Input (Control) voltage: 5V DC

3- DC Motors
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct
current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types
rely on the forces produced by induced magnetic fields due to flowing current in
the coil. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in
part of the motor.

use 10 DC motors in project

- there are 7 containers , each container contains a motor.
- there are 2 motors for the cup mechanism.
Original Taiwan HENNKWELL DC Motor PKH22G650-231

Hennkwell DC planetary gear coreless motor

* Motor and gearbox are made in Taiwan
* Customized geared coreless motor
* Flexible capacity
* Higher efficiency
* Low power consumption
* Longer motor and battery life
PK22S series
Appearance dimensions: 22mm diameter
Normal voltage: 6-24V DC
Typical applications: electric Venetian blinds, motorized antenna, medical devices, water control
valves, robot kits, security lock, power tools, bill counter, coffee grinder, printing equipment and
more
We are a superior DC geared motor manufacturer in Taiwan, offering 6V-24V DC geared motor,
electric motor, 6V-24V DC geared motor, small DC motor, small electric motor, DC geared
motor, micro DC geared motor

- thera are 1 motors to mixier but different from other motors.

This is the 130-size DC motor used in the larger Pololu plastic gearmotors (228:1 offset, 120:1
offset, 200:1 90-degree, and 120:1 90-degree).
It has a recommended operating voltage of 3 – 12 V; at 6 V, the no-load speed is about 11,500
RPM, the no-load current is approximately 70 mA, and the stall current is around 800 mA.
For an estimate of the torque, note that the Pololu 228:1 plastic gearmotor produces roughly 100
oz-in of torque at 6 V using this motor, and the Pololu 120:1 plastic gearmotors produce roughly
75 oz-in of torque at 6 V. The output shaft has a diameter of 2 mm.

4- Pumps
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries,[1] by mechanical
action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in
developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in
particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
When a pump contains two or more pump mechanisms with fluid being directed to flow through
them in series, it is called a multi-stage pump. Terms such as two-stage or double-stage may be
used to specifically describe the number of stages. A pump that does not fit this description is
simply a single-stage pump in contrast.
In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps
have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

R385 Mini Aquarium Water Pump 12Vdc

Descrpition

Pump Size: 90 mm * 40 mm * 35 mm
Weight: 106g
Working voltage: DC12V
working current: 0.5-0.7A
Empty load current: 0.18A
Max suction: 2m
Outlet diameter: diameter 6 mm, an outer diameter of 9 mm
Traffic: 1.5-2L / Min (approx.), the maximum suction: 2 meters
Lift : Vertical up to 3 meters
Life: up to 2500H, water temperature: up to 80 degrees
when Voltage 6V : power is 6W / H, 6-12v..5w – 10w
installation steps as the picture

Applications:

Household appliances, drinking water equipment, tea sets, coffee machine, coke,
fruit juice machine,
milk machine, dishwashers, disinfection machine
Aquarium equipment, bonsai
Electronic equipment, medical apparatus and instruments
Spraying equipment, spray device, electric sprayer
Water treatment equipment, purification equipment, filter, cooling equipment,
cleaning equipment
Ships, yachts, water desalination, vehicles, bath, toilet, health, environmental
protection, etc.

5- Valve
A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a
fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially
obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually
discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from
higher pressure to lower pressure. The word is derived from the Latin valva, the
moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to turn, roll.

Mini Solenoid Valve Normally Closed Air/Water 12VDC

Feature:

Rated voltage : DC 12V

Current : <150mA
Power : <2W
Pressure range : 0-450mmhg
Use fluid : water/air
Service life : >50000 times
Working Mode : Normally Closed
Line Length : 20cm
Weight : 40g

Application

Valves have many uses, including controlling water for irrigation, industrial uses for controlling
processes, residential uses such as on/off and pressure control to dish and clothes washers and
taps in the home. Even aerosol spray cans have a tiny valve built in. Valves are also used in the
military and transport sectors. In HVAC ductwork and other near-atmospheric air flows, valves
are instead called dampers. In compressed air systems, however, valves are used with the most
common type being ball valves.

6- Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not
necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or
heating applications,[1][page needed][2][page needed] including water heating, central
heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation

Heat sources
In a fossil fuel power plant using a steam cycle for power generation, the primary heat source
will be combustion of coal, oil, or natural gas. In some cases byproduct fuel such as the carbon
monoxide rich offgasses of a coke battery can be burned to heat a boiler; biofuels such
as bagasse, where economically available, can also be used. In a nuclear power plant, boilers
called steam generators are heated by the heat produced by nuclear fission. Where a large
volume of hot gas is available from some process, a heat recovery steam generator or recovery
boiler can use the heat to produce steam, with little or no extra fuel consumed; such a
configuration is common in a combined cycle power plant where a gas turbine and a steam boiler
are used. In all cases the combustion product waste gases are separate from the working fluid of
the steam cycle, making these systems examples of external combustion engine.

3.4.2 Inputs :
1- Level Switch
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances
that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because
of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be
measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level
measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level
within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while
point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point.
Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.

Tank Pool Water Level Float Switch – Right Angle

Application

Can be used to sense the level of liquid in a tank

Can activate a pump, an indicator, an alarm or other device
Use it with hydroponics, saltwater tank, freshwater tank, gardening, aquariums for power head
control, pet bowls, fish tanks, filtration, heating, or what ever your project may be Contains no
mercury.

Description

Float level switch is a simple structure, easy to use level control devices, it does not provide
power, no complicated circuit, it has a smaller volume than the general mechanical switch, long
working life and other advantages. As long as the material selection is correct in shape, and the
nature of any liquid or pressure, temperature can be used, which in the shipbuilding industry,
generating equipment, petrochemical, food industry, water treatment equipment, dyeing and
finishing industry, hydraulic machinery, etc. have been widely applications.
Works: an important level sensor magnetic reed switch and the float composed of magnetic
material inside the float, set up one or more magnetic reed switch in a closed non-magnetic metal
pipe or plastic pipe, and then the catheter through a or more with magnetic float, and double loop
control with fixed float and reed switch in the relevant position, the float rises or falls with the
liquid, use inside the ball close to the beginning of the reed contact, resulting in open and closed
action, for level control or direction (when float near the reed switch is turned on; switch off
when you leave)

Features

100% Brand new and high quality,

Can be used to sense the level of liquid in a tank,
Can activate a pump, an indicator, an alarm or other device,
Use it with hydroponics, saltwater tank, freshwater tank, gardening,
aquariums for power head control, pet bowls, fish tanks, filtration,
heating, or what ever your project may be -Contains no mercury.
Contact capacity: 70W
Switching voltage: 110VDC
Switching Current: 0.5A
Insulation resistance:> 10
Operating Temperature: -10 ~ 60
Working pressure: <0.6MPA
Switch material: PP

2- Temperature Sensor
Waterproof Temperature Sensor DS18B20 (Digital)
All weather/submersible temperature probe, specifically designed to be used in the field. This
sealed digital temperature probe lets you precisely measure temperatures in wet environments
with a simple 1-Wire interface.
This is a pre-wired and waterproofed version of the DS18B20 sensor all weather/submersible
temperature probe, specifically designed to be used in the field.
Because they are digital, you don’t get any signal degradation even over long distances.
Multiple thermometers can be connected on the same wire because every one has it’s own
internal address.

Features

Usable temperature range: -55 to 125°C (-67°F to +257°F)

9 to 12 bit selectable resolution
Uses 1-Wire interface- requires only one digital pin for communication
Unique 64 bit ID burned into chip
Multiple sensors can share one pin
±0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°C
Temperature-limit alarm system
Query time is less than 750ms
Usable with 3.0V to 5.5V power/data
Output leads: red (VCC), blue or yellow (DATA), black (GND)

3-Limit Switchs
In electrical engineering, a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a
machine part or the presence of an object. A limit switch can be used for
controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlock, or as a
counter enumerating objects passing a point.[1]
Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of
their ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can
determine the presence, passing, positioning, and end of travel of an object. They
were first used to define the limit of travel of an object, hence the name "limit
switch".

A limit switch with a roller-lever operator; this is installed on a gate on a canal

lock, and indicates the position of a gate to a control system.
Standardized limit switches are industrial control components manufactured with a
variety of operator types, including lever, roller plunger, and whisker type. Limit
switches may be directly mechanically operated by the motion of the operating
lever. A reed switch may be used to indicate proximity of a magnet mounted on
some moving part. Proximity switches operate by the disturbance of an
electromagnetic field, by capacitance, or by sensing a magnetic field.
Rarely, a final operating device such as a lamp or solenoid valve is directly
controlled by the contacts of an industrial limit switch, but more typically the limit
switch is wired through a control relay, a motor contactor control circuit, or as an
input to a programmable logic controller.
Examples
Miniature snap-action switches are components of devices
like photocopiers, computer printers, convertible tops or microwave ovens to
ensure internal components are in the correct position for operation and to prevent
operation when access doors are opened. A set of adjustable limit switches
installed on a garage door opener shut off the motor when the door has reached the
fully raised or fully lowered position. A numerical control machine such as a lathe
has limit switches to identify maximum limits for machine parts or to provide a
known reference point for incremental motions.

4- Ultrasonics
ultrasonics, vibrations of frequencies greater than the upper limit of the audible
range for humans—that is, greater than about 20 kilohertz. The term sonic is
applied to ultrasound waves of very high amplitudes. Hypersound, sometimes
called praetersound or microsound, is sound waves of frequencies greater than
1013 hertz. At such high frequencies it is very difficult for a
sound wave to propagate efficiently; indeed, above a frequency of about 1.25 ×
1013 hertz it is impossible for longitudinal waves to propagate at all, even in a
liquid or a solid, because the molecules of the material in which the waves are
traveling cannot pass the vibration along rapidly enough.
Many animals have the ability to hear sounds in the human ultrasonic frequency
range. A presumed sensitivity of roaches and rodents to frequencies in the 40
kilohertz region has led to the manufacture of “pest controllers” that emit loud
sounds in that frequency range to drive the pests away, but they do not appear to
work as advertised.

Transducers
An ultrasonic transducer is a device used to convert some other type of energy into
an ultrasonic vibration. There are several basic types, classified by the energy
source and by the medium into which the waves are being generated. Mechanical
devices include gas-driven, or pneumatic, transducers such as whistles as well
as liquid-driven transducers such as hydrodynamic oscillators and vibrating blades.
These devices, limited to low ultrasonic frequencies, have a number of industrial
applications, including drying, ultrasonic cleaning, and injection of fuel oil into
burners. Electromechanical transducers are far more versatile and include
piezoelectric and magnetostrictive devices. A magnetostrictive transducer makes
use of a type of magnetic material in which an applied oscillating magnetic
field squeezes the atoms of the material together, creating a periodic change in the
length of the material and thus producing a high-frequency mechanical vibration.
Magnetostrictive transducers are used primarily in the lower frequency ranges and
are common in ultrasonic cleaners and ultrasonic machining applications.