CULTIVATION OF GRAPE

Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera

Family: Vitaceae
Origin: Asia minor
Chromosome Number: 2n=38
 KEY POINTS
• Cultivation of grapes is known as Viticulture.
• Study of wine from grapes – Viriculture.
• Science of wine making – Enology
• Tartaric acid is commercially extracted from
Grapes.
• Predominant sugar in Grape – Fructose
• Type of fruit – Berry
• Edible portion – pericarp
• Type of inflorescence - Panicle
Soil:
It Can be grown in wide range of soils if climate is suitable.
Sandy loam with good drainage, fairly fertile with good
organic matter are best suited. Optimum pH with good
organic matter are best suited. Optimum pH is 6.5-7.5.
Heavy soils, very shallow soils, ill drained alkaline soils
are not at all suitable.
Climate:
Grapes are cultivated in both temperate and tropical
climate. Hot and dry climates are ideal. Optimum
temperature is about 21-25 ºc. High rainfall and high
humidity is not suitable. Under humid condition the vines
put forth excessive vegetative growth, berries do not ripen
properly and disease incidence is high.
 VARIETIES
• Seedless varieties:
Crimson seedless, Beauty seedless, Thompson
seedless, Arkavati, Sonala seedless, Tas-e-
ganesh.
• Seeded varieties:
Arka kanchan, A. Hans, A. Shyam, Muscat,
Bangalore blue, Anab-e-shahi.
• Popular raisin Grape varieties:
Thompson seedless, Arkavati
• Ideal TSS for processing Grape- 15° Brix
• Ideal TSS for raisin Grape- 22° Brix
• Propagation: Propagation by hard wood stem
cuttings, Treating cuttings with IBA improves
rooting. Single bud cuttings also can be rooted by
keeping the base of the cutting at a constant
temperature of 18-200C for 2-3 weeks. While, using
root stocks, grape can be propagated by chip
budding or grafting.
• Planting:
Planting season: For cutting: Sept-oct
For rootstock: Feb-March
Spacing: Vigorous var. 3.5 m x 6.5 m
Seedless var. 1.5 m x 2.0 m
• Pruning: October pruning and April pruning
• Irrigation: Grape requires less water during fruit bud
formation and more water during berry growth. Reduced
irrigations during ripening improves the quality. Too much
stress during ripening can also increase the berry drop.
Method of irrigation : Drip irrigation
• Fertilizer management:
• Application of fertilizers should be done starting from 1
month after pruning only as the roots will not be active till
such time.
• Foliar application of micronutrients specially Iron, Zinc,
Boron, Manganese at Pre-bloom and bloom stage were
reported to improve quality and quantity of yield.
April Pruning October Pruning
Anab-e-Shahi-200:300:300kg/ha 300:200:700 kg/ha
Thompson Seedless-100:300:300 kg/ha 200:200:700 kg/ha.
Harvesting:
Grapes must be harvested only when all the
berries are fully ripe as they do not ripen after
harvesting. It should be harvested during cool
time of the day.
Yield:
Seeded varieties: 35-40 t/ha
Seedless varieties: 20 t/ha
 DISEASES
1. Powdery mildew: (Uncinula necator)
Symptoms:
• Hot dry weather/heavy rain is favorable to growth of
fungus.
• Powdery growth is observed on upper surface of leaves.
• Malformation and discoloration of affected leaves.
• Floral infection results in shedding of flowers.
• Infection results in cracking of skin of berries.
• Mode of spread: Air borne conidia
• Management: Spraying of sulphur @ 0.25 %
2. Downy mildew: Plasmopara viticola
Symptoms:
• Yellowish translucent spots on the upper surface
of leaves are observed.
• White powdery growth on lower surface of
leaves.
• Affected leaves become yellow and get dried.
• White growth of fungus on berries but no
cracking of skin of berries.
Mode of spread: Through wind and rain
Management: Spray Bordeaux mixture1%.
Pest:
Thrips
Shoot borer
Termites
Honey bee
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