Note

For positive integer n, we can also apply the residue theorem

to prove:
Theorem 1. Let C be any simple closed curve in the plane and z =
a ∈ C. Then
I (
dz 2πi if n = 1,
n
=
C (z − a) 0 if otherwise.
The residue for n = 1 is 1 and 0 otherwise. Therefore the
integral will be 2πi for the case n = 1 and 0 otherwise. This is
an exercise.
Evaluation of Integrals
Theorem 2. If |f (z)| ≤ M/Rk for z = Rriθ , k > 1 and M constant.
The Z
lim f (z)dz = 0
R−→∞ Γ
where Γ in the semi circle are in radius R.
Proof. Since |f (z)| ≤ M/Rk , the
Z  Z
 
 f (z)dz  ≤ |f (z)||dz|
 
Γ Γ
Z Z π
M M
≤ k |dz| = k · R dθ
R Γ R 0
M πM
= k · πR = k−1
R R
So then Z 
 
lim  f (z)dz  = 0

R−→∞ Γ
and so Z
lim f (z)dz = 0.
R−→∞ Γ

Theorem 3. If |f (z)| ≤ M/Rk for z = Rriθ , k > 0 and M constant.
Then Z
lim eimz f (z)dz = 0
R−→∞ Γ
where Γ in the semi circle are in radius R and m > 0.
1
2

Proof. If z = Reiθ ,
Z  Z π 
 imz
  imRe iθ iθ iθ

 e f (z)dz  =  e f (Re )iRe dθ
  
Γ
Z0 π 
−mR
 sin θ imR cos θ iθ iθ

≤  e ·e f (Re )iRe dθ
Z 0π
≤ e−mR sin θ R|f (Reiθ )|dθ
0
π
Z π Z
M −mR sin θ 2M 2
= k−1 e dθ = k−1 e−mR sin θ dθ
R 0 R 0
2θ
Since sin θ ≥ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, we have
π
Z  Z π
2M 2
e−mR sin θ dθ
 imz

 e f (z)dz  =
  Rk−1
Γ 0
Z π
2M 2
≤ k−1 e−2mRθ/π dθ
R 0
πM
= (1 − emR )
mRk
which −→ 0 as R −→ ∞.