‫المؤلف‬ ‫تاريخ ومكان‬ ‫العنوان‬ ‫الملخص‬
‫النشر‬
Angeliki 2017 Street Canyon Geometry A case study in Thessaloniki provided microclimate data at street
Chatzidimitri Effects on Microclimate and canyons with varying orientation and aspect ratio. Seventeen canyons
o, Kleo Comfort; a case study in characterized by diverse geometries including four different canyon axis
Axarli Thessaloniki orientations and a range of aspect ratios from 0.6 to 3.3 as well as
variations of vegetation and pavement material, were monitored during
summer and winter. Measurements are used to calibrate microclimate
simulation models, examine results accuracy and produce further data
for larger areas or different climatic periods. This paper presents the
simulation studies run with ENVI-met software for models of the study
area at different scale used to evaluate results accuracy depending on
model resolution, influence of the surrounding built environment and of
material and geometric details. The large area - low resolution models
take into account the urban environment surrounding the study areas
which influences thermal and airflow conditions and provide urban
microclimate maps. The small area - high resolution models take into
account fine geometric elements, individual building heights, tree
species, canopies, and pavement materials and provide detailed
microclimate data and pedestrian comfort indices which can inform
urban space design.
Mohammad 2019 IMPACT OF STREET The geometry of the street (height/width ratio) as well as orientation
S. CANYON GEOMETRY ON directly influences the airspeed, solar access in urban canyon and as a
ALBDOUR, OUTDOOR THERMAL result thermal comfort at the pedestrian level. This study examined the
2 Bálint COMFORT AND WEATHER street geometry case study’s scenarios with different street geometries
BARANYAI* PARAMETERS IN PÉCS and investigates its effects on outdoor thermal comfort as well as the
weather parameters. However, according to the matrix assessment
conducted by the author, the vast street canyons (height/width=0.65
m/14.5 m with an orientation parallel to the prevailing wind direction
achieved the best results. Nevertheless, the aim of this paper is to
investigate the impact of street canyon geometry on outdoor thermal
comfort and its parameters in the summertime using
numerical modeling.
‫استنتاجات‬
The simulation models were used for a preliminary comparative
analysis of the effects of aspect ratio and canyon orientation. The
results indicated that the most comfortable conditions in summer
occur in N-S oriented canyons of medium or high aspect ratio
while E-W oriented canyons need improvements such as
additional shading on the exposed north side. Deep canyons
also proved more comfortable than wide ones in summer
afternoon while no differences were observed at night. Further
analysis of both measured and simulated data of summer and
winter conditions will provide more insights on the effects of
urban morphology on the microclimate and potentially tools for
suggesting design guidelines and regulations for improving the
urban environment, enhancing outdoor comfort and reducing
energy consumption requirements
• The first scenario (H/W=0.65) took the lead and achieved the
best possible results. Which indicates that a proper street design
can enhance the air temperature by 1.2 K, the relative humidity by
1.3%, and the airspeed by 0.21 m/s:
• The street canyon geometry has a minor impact on PMV, MRT,
CO2 that because of the street canyon geometry is only impact
the air flow and its speed.
 2023 Cross-evaluation of thermal This research proposes quantifying thermal comfort in semi-outdoor When AR > 3, the courtyard reaches comfort 90–100% of the hours
Eduardo comfort in semi-outdoor enclosed spaces according to EN16798, UTCI and PET. The study is of the day and approximately 70–80% when the AR 2–3. In the case
Diz-Mellado spaces according to carried out in different cities in southern Spain, employing 20 courtyards of the most common geometries in Mediterranean cities, with AR
a,b, geometry in Southern Spain with different geometries. Results reveal courtyards as liveable rooms 1–2, >70% of the hours the courtyards are within the limits of
Marialena during most hours of the day in summer. The influence of its geometry comfort.
Nikolopoulo considering AR is decisive since the impact of outdoor climate on the
ua microclimate of the courtyard depends on it, exceeding values of 60%
comfort hours (PET and EN16798) in all case studies during the warm
season.
Hatem 2019 URBAN GEOMETRY The geometrical variables of urban spaces which have been investigated Applying of guidelines help in mitigating thermal behavior of plaza
Mahmoud MITIGATION GUIDELINES in the reviewed researches classified into two main groups (squares and with about 18.73 k degree and the canyon space with 3.28 k degree.
and Heba TO IMPROVE OUTDOOR plazas, canyons). The geometrical variables of squares and plazas The discussion of this research clearly reflects the importance of
Ghanem THERMAL PERFORMANCE include; side compactness, and Sky View Factor (SVF). Canyons urban planning guidelines that can be applied to help enhancing
IN EGYPTIAN HOT ARID geometrical variables are; SVF, aspect ratio and side profile shape. outdoor thermal comfort. This study is useful in controlling the
NEW CITIES These variables depend on the features of those spaces which resulting climatic consequences of urban planning at an early stage.
from the urban pattern form and geometry. These guided values have
been applied theoretically and practically on three real cases, to illustrate
the mechanism of matrix guidelines applying on urban outdoor spaces
thermal behavior initial evaluation and determine the most suitable
environmental mitigation strategies directly
Suhail 2015 The Impact of Urban This study investigates the impact of urban morphology and geometry In general, the outcome of the study reveals that the thermal
Zakhour Geometry on Outdoor on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort in hot-arid climate. It is conditions in old Aleppo canyons were more comfortable than those
Thermal Comfort Conditions based on a comparison of the environmental conditions of urban street found in the new Aleppo canyons, similar results were obtained from
in Hot-arid Region canyons in traditional and modern neighborhoods representing the old simulations. Also, the study shows that the street urban canyons
and new fabrics of the city of Aleppo, Syria. The method of investigation with high aspect ratio (H/W) and low sky view factor (SVF) in old
adopts two approaches: Aleppo are more capable of mitigating the heat stress in the daytime,
field measurements and urban microclimate simulation. In the first part, which might be sufficient in most cases, but not with harsh weather
the assessment of outdoor thermal comfort was conducted by calculating conditions. In conclusion, the study provides evidence that the
the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Predicted Mean microclimate and outdoor thermal conditions in Aleppo city are
Vote (PMV) for selected locations based on field measurements and greatly affected by different urban forms, and shows that the
records for selected days in summer of 2012. In the second part, the compact urban form is more thermally comfortable, hence more
outdoor thermal conditions were assessed based on the data derived preferable, than dispersed form.
from microclimate simulations for the same neighborhoods using ENVI-
met numerical models.
José 2017 Effect of asymmetrical street This paper deals with the effect of asymmetrical street canyon profiles, Results are evaluated for daytime hours across the street canyon,
Rodríguez- canyons on pedestrian common in the historical centre of Camagüey, Cuba, on outdoor thermal by means of the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET index)
Algeciras1,2 thermal comfort in warm- comfort. Temporal-spatial analyses are conducted using the Heliodon2 which allows the evaluation of the bioclimatic conditions of outdoor
Abel & humid climate of Cuba and the RayMan model, which enable the generation of accurate environments. Our findings revealed that high profiles (façades)
& Tablada3 predictions about solar radiation and thermal conditions of urban spaces, located on the east-facing side of N-S streets, on the southeast-
respectively. On these models, urban settings are represented by facing side of NE-SWstreets, on the south-facing side of E-W street,
Andreas asymmetrical street canyons with five different height-to-width ratios and and on the southwest facing side of SE-NW streets, are
Matzarakis4 four street axis orientations (N-S, NE-SW, E-W, SE-NW). recommended to reduce the total number of hours under thermal
stress. E-W street canyons are the most thermally stressed ones,
with extreme PET values around 36 °C. Deviating from this
orientation ameliorates the heat stress with reductions of up to 4 h
in summer. For all analysed E-W orientations, only about one fifth of
the street can be comfortable, especially for high aspect
ratios (H/W > 3). Optimal subzones in the street are next to the north
side of the E-W street, northwest side of the NE-SW street, and
southwest side of the SE-NWstreet. Besides, when the highest
profile is located on the east side of N-S streets, then the subzone
next to the east-facing façade is recommendable for pedestrians.
The proposed urban guidelines enable urban planners to create and
renovate urban spaces which are more efficient in diminishing
pedestrian thermal stress
Safa 2016 Outdoor thermal comfort: This paper discusses the impact of the geometry of an urban street The results showed that for a Mediterranean subtropical climate like
Achour- Impact of the geometry of an canyon on outdoor thermal comfort. The study focuses on the that of Tunisia, a high ratio H/W could present acceptable conditions
Younsia,c *, urban street canyon in a Mediterranean subtropical climate of Tunis, Tunisia. The investigation of thermal comfort in summer season. Indeed, we noticed that most
Fakher Mediterranean subtropical was carried out by using the ENVI-met model, and run for a typical H/W ratio was high, more comfort increased. It is as well as the
Kharratb,c climate – Case study Tunis, summer day in Tunis. We compared three fabrics whose streets have difference between the two scenarios H/W = 4 and H/W = 0.25, we
Tunisia various H/W ratios and different orientations. The assessment of the have a difference of 8.48 ° C for the UTCI, making change the fabric
outdoor thermal comfort was based on the UTCI. from the area of "moderate heat stress" to "high heat stress". the
scenario corresponding to the comfort-oriented NS is that, while the
scenario who represents the worst degree of comfort is the WE
oriented. It appears that the orientation of the streets is just as
important in the evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort, and for two
reasons. First, WE orientation allows sunlight to infiltrate during a
long period of the day especially in summer season. Then the NS
direction, prevailing wind direction, offers the advantage of letting
the wind entering the street and therefore can dissipate any
overheating have occurred during the day.
Jindong Wu 2022 Numerical Study on This study considered Busan in South Korea as a case study to These results indicated that the orientation of the main street should
1, Han Microclimate and Outdoor investigate street canyons, including street canyon geometries and tree be consistent with the prevailing wind direction of Busan. Further,
Chang 2 Thermal Comfort of Street configurations, of old, present, and new city centers. The influence of the shading of adjacent buildings improved the outdoor thermal
and Canyon Typology in morphological factors on the microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort comfort and reduced the significance of tree configuration in deeper
Seonghwan Extremely Hot Weather—A was evaluated using the ENVI-met program for extremely hot weather. street canyons. In addition, tree height had a more significant impact
Yoon 1,* Case Study of Busan, South Changes in the street width, street orientation, and street canyon aspect on street environment than other tree configuration factors,
Korea ratio had a significantly higher impact on the microclimate and thermal especially when the tree height increased from 9 m to 12 m. We
comfort index (p < 0.01). recommended that the thermal comfort level can be improved by
dynamically adjusting the relationship between the planting distance
and tree height in streets having shallow street canyons.
Nazanin 2020 The Effect of Urban Shading This study investigated the role of urban geometry and urban shading in Simulation results show that the closer the canyon orientation is to
Nasrollahi, and Canyon Geometry on improving the pedestrians’ thermal comfort in hot climate of Ahvaz, Iran. the north-south direction, the lower the air temperature (Ta) and
Yasaman Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Six urban canyons are selected in Ahvaz. To determine the outdoor mean radiant temperature (MRT) are. Also, by reducing the canyon
Namazi, Hot Climates: A Case Study thermal comfort range, micrometeorological measurements and aspect ratio, PET increases as well. Urban shadings decreased
Mohammad of Ahvaz, Iran questionnaire survey were conducted in July 2018. ENVI-met is used to MRT and PET up to 34°C and 17.6°C, respectively. In contrast,
Taleghani investigate the role of urban geometry and urban shadings. To evaluate shadings did not affect the air temperature, significantly. PET
the outdoor thermal comfort, physiologically equivalent temperature reduction caused by shadings is more notable in east-west canyons,
(PET) is calculated using RayMan. Using the results of the field studies, as well as in wider canyons. MRT and PET in all cases are highly
the outdoor thermal comfort range in Ahvaz is obtained within 19.6°C to correlated to SVF. The observations showed no strong correlation
30.9°C PET. between Ta, relative humidity, and wind speed, with SVF in all
canyons.
Bayu Krisna 2019 The Effect of Vegetation in The focus of this study is to examine how much the relationship between From the results of the simulations of the relationship between
Suryantara1, Various Canyon Geometry the vegetation and canyon geometry of urban thermal comfort in the canyon geometry and vegetation order on thermal comfort, it can be
Jatmika Adi on The Thermal Comfort of humid tropics especially in Jakarta. This research used computer concluded that the ratio of H / W and orientation is one of the most
Suryabrata2, Jakarta simulation method with hypothetic building object, to test how big influential factors in outdoor comfort. Increasing the H / W ratio of
Alexander influence of vegetation regulation on various canyon geometry to outdoor 0.5-2 gives a more significant effect on thermal comfort compared
Rani thermal comfort. Elements of canyon geometry that apply is aspect ratio to the H / W ratio> 2. In the corridor with low H / W (H / W = 0.5) is
Suryandono and orientation. Because these two elements are the most influential the most uncomfortable condition while the corridor with high H / W
elements in thermal comfort. The vegetation applied for this research is (H / W = 2) is the most comfortable condition because it gets a pretty
grass, greenroof extensive, intensive greenroof, greenwall and trees. good image from the surrounding buildings. In the corridor with
Application of the vegetation in increasing thermal comfort is more orientation 0o is the most comfortable orientation because it gets a
effective than changing canyon geometry. pretty good shading from the surrounding buildings while the 90o
orientation is the most comfortable orientation because it gets the
longest exposure to solar radiation compared to the other
orientations. Corridors with high H / W ratio (H / W = 2) and
orientation 0o are the most comfortable conditions compared to the
H / W ratio and other orientations.
Bhaskar 2017 Optimizing Street Canyon This paper examines influence of canyon orientation on outdoor thermal Results of the parametric study reveals that orientation angle of
DE1*, Orientation for Rajarhat comfort and proposes the optimum canyon orientation for the Rajarhat 30° to 60° from North (scenario A3, A4 and A5), performs more
Mahua Newtown, Kolkata, India Newtown, Kolkata – a city in warm humid climate zone. Different efficiently to reduce the outdoor thermal stress in the Rajarhat
MUKHERJE scenarios are generated with different orientations. Change in air Newtown. Improvement of thermal comfort and ventilation of the
E2 temperature, wind speed, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and buildings was proposed by Givoni for warm humid climate by
Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) of different scenarios are orienting them an angle between 30° to 60° with the prevailing
compared to find out the optimum orientation by parametric simulation in wind direction.
ENVI_met
Alaoui 2016 Modeling the urban geometry In the present work we investigate the influence of the aspect ratio (AR), The simulations results obtained using actual Moroccan envelope
Sosse Jihad influence on outdoor thermal on both the heat fluxes of a canyon and the thermal comfort of building characteristics show that in the three climatic zones it is
⇑, Mohamed comfort in the case of pedestrians for three Moroccan climatic zones (Agadir, Errachidia and best to promote a medium urban structure to insure a comfortable
Tahiri Moroccan microclimate Fez). At first the Town Energy Balance model coupled with a turbulence street for the two cold and hot seasons. The AR must be lower
 closure model is evaluated using experimental data. The model is then
used for determining the influence of heat fluxes generated by the
canyon surfaces on the predicted mean vote (PMV) chosen as a thermal
comfort indicator.
Hepsheba, Outdoor Thermal Comfort The simulation based study primarily focuses on assessing the impacts
J. J.1 2019 Implications of Planning and of urban geometries induced by regulations. We explore low-rise,
Building Regulation Induced intermediate-rise and mid-rise iterations as base cases. The
Canyon Geometry simulations are generated by utilising the software ENVI-met, with the
Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) as the primary variable for outdoor
thermal comfort. As an initiative to improve the climate sensitive
aspects of the current regulations, we model a projected, staggered
street edge option and a shaded street edge option. Results and
analyses map the impacts of the base canyon morphologies and the
projected.
than 1.2 for Errachidia, between 2.5 and 3.4 for Agadir and
between 1.2 and 1.9 for Fez. However, canyons having higher AR
can also insure a comfortable climate using historical thick walls
with high thermal capacity.
Low-rise -rise building and Intermediate
• With a low built density the regulations should encourageflexibility
of the built mass to be placed on the plot, while maintaining the
overall 65% maximum plot coverage and minimum space for light
and ventilation into the habitable spaces of the building. With high
built density the regulations define a reduced possibility for a
heterogeneous built fabric and canyon geometry in relation to the
lower density buildings.
• The 65% open space is an advantage, where it was a modification
in the regulations from the previous regulations (1999), where
residential was 65% and commercial was 80%.
• The introduction of a side space is seen as a positive element
that encourages air movement and mutual shading.

TANIA 2013 Effect of Canyon Geometry For this study, a number of existing urban canyons in Dhaka city have Important findings include that deeper street canyons result in
SHARMIN1 on Outdoor Thermal been chosen with a range of geometries combined with a variety of street reduced air temperature but increased Tmrt thus presenting
AND KOEN Comfort:A case-study of orientations. The microclimatic characteristics of the canyons are apparently conflicting design options to achieve outdoor comfort.
STEEMERS high-density, warm-humid analysed through a high resolution CFD microclimatic model: ENVI-met However, such apparently conflicting findings offer the potential for
climate Version 4. Thermal comfort was evaluated with the PET index with the designers to find a variety of canyon geometries appropriate for a
aid of RayMan1.2. tropical city context.
(2022) Impact of reflective materials The UCA is controlled by the solar reflectance of road and façades and The results showed that increasing the road reflectance has high
Agnese on urban canyon albedo, the street geometry. This study investigates the variability of UCA in a absolute and relative impact on UCA in wide canyons. In deeper
Salvati a,1,*, outdoor and indoor typical residential area of London and its impact on outdoor and indoor canyons, the absolute impact of the road reflectance is reduced
Maria microclimates microclimates. The results are based on radiation measurements in real while the relative impact of the walls’ reflectance is increased.
Kolokotroni urban canyons and on a 1:10 physical model and simulations using Results also showed that increasing surface reflectance in urban
ENVImet v 4.4.6 and EnergyPlus. Different scenarios with increased canyons has a detrimental impact on outdoor thermal comfort, due
solar reflectance of roads and façades were simulated to investigate the to increased interreflections between surfaces leading to higher
impact on UCA and street level microclimate mean radiant temperatures. Increasing the road reflectance also
increases the incident diffuse radiation on adjacent buildings,
producing a small increase in indoor operative temperatures. The
findings were used to discuss the best design strategies to improve
the urban thermal environment by using reflective materials in urban
canyons without compromising outdoor thermal comfort or indoor
thermal environments.
Sara Sedira (2023) The effect of urban geometry
1*, Said on outdoor thermal comfort.
Mazouz 2. Application of the UTCI index
in hot and arid climates
Ji-Yu Deng, 2019 Impact of urban canyon
Nyuk Hien geometries on outdoor
Wong thermal comfort in
central business districts
The object of our study is to evaluate the effect of urban geometry on
microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. In this context, “the RayMan
pro 2.1” software was adopted to define UTCI index applying in hot and
arid climates, exactly, in the urban fabric of the Ksar of The Red Village,
El Kantara in Biskra city, Algeria, to define the most efficient urban
geometry in term of summer thermal comfort by studying the real impacts
of the urban form on the solar control and microclimatic conditions.
studying the correlation between the geometry of the street estimated by
the ratio H/L, the sky view factor (SVF), its orientation and the evolution
of the physical variables (Ta, MRT, Ws) and the values of UTCI index.
Significant relationships were found between UTCI index, urban
geometry and heat stress in outdoor environments.
The objective of this study is to investigate how the canyon aspect ratio
and orientation can affect the street microclimate and outdoor thermal
comfort in central business districts under the local climate of Nanjing
city. To achieve this goal, a series of numerical simulations were
conducted based on a total of 64 urban scenarios with various canyon
aspect ratios and orientations. The microclimate simulation results for
different urban models were used to predict the outdoor thermal comfort,
which was evaluated with the physiological equivalent temperature
(PET) index.
The opening to the sun is defined by a controlled SVF and an optimal
H /W ratio combined with a controlled solar orientation, favouring the
North-South, North-West-South-East orientation which offers
acceptable conditions in terms of comfort Compared with other solar
orientations. Although the level of thermal comfort is a quantifiable
and measurable element, its evaluation also requires consideration
of the psychological aspect required for the control of perceived
thermal sensation, using observation techniques, questionnaire and
Surveys.
Based on the above analysis, some essential conclusions can be
drawn as follows:
1) The aspect ratio, orientation and SVF of urban canyons play a
significant role in affecting the microclimate variables at the
pedestrian level.
2) There is an inverse relationship between the street aspect ratio
and Ta. This behavior is because that the increasing of aspect ratio
could result in less solar access and better shading condition in the
canyon which lead to lower Ta consequently. However, the setback
ratio shows a low degree of impact in altering Ta in street canyons.
3) In terms of orientation, the E-W street or setback canyons suffer
the warmest thermal conditions and longest extreme Tmrt durations
regardless of the aspect ratio. In terms of the aspect ratio, the
duration of extreme Tmrt decreases as the aspect ratio increases.
4) The streets oriented parallel to the prevailing wind experience the
highest wind velocity, whereas the streets perpendicular to the
prevailing wind experience the lowest wind velocity. In terms of the
aspect ratio, the wind velocity decreases as the aspect ratio
increases.
5) The outdoor thermal comfort in urban canyons is closely driven
by solar access, which is determined by the canyon aspect ratio and
orientation. An urban canyon with a more compact geometry tends
to maintain more comfortable conditions due to the considerable
shading effect produced by the surrounding buildings.