ICRP 53 Radiation Dose To Patients From Radiofarmaceuticals

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Preface
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Copyright @1988 The International Commission on 6.2. Calculation
Radiological Protection
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References
form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, Appendix A: SPecie
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise or rcpublished
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PREFACE
In 1968, the International Commission on Radiological Protection asked the late Professor
Roy Ellis to prepare a report on protection of the patient in radionuclide investigations. The
report was published as ZCRP Publication 17 (ICRP, 1971). It described the basic principles for
minimizing the absorbed dose to patients receiving radiopharmaceuticals and also presented a
compilation of estimates of the absorbed doses resulting from administration of the then more
commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. An appendix to the publication contains absorbed dose
estimates and literature references for 92 compounds. For each substance and each particular
mode of administration, the absorbed doses received by the principal organs and tissues were
given in terms of absorbed dose per unit of administered activity. Since the publication of that
report, there have been extensive developments in the application of radiopharmaceuticals to
aid diagnosis and treatment. New products have come into use, while others have become
obsolete.
Absorbed dose estimates are needed in clinical diagnostic work forjudging the risk associated
with the use of specific radiopharmaceuticals, both for comparison with the possible benefit of
the investigation and to help in giving adequate information to the patient. These estimates
provide guidance to ethics committees having to decide upon research projects involving the use
of radioactive substances in volunteers who receive no individual benefit from the study.
In view of the importance of absorbed dose estimates in nuclear medicine and the time which
had elapsed since the last ICRP report on this subject, a Task Group of ICRP Committee 2 on
Absorbed Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals was appointed to prepare a report
which should:
-include new radiopharmaceuticals which have come into use since ZCRP Publication 17
(ICRP, 1971);
-present biokinetic models and best estimates of biokinetic data for individual radio-
pharmaceuticals;
-give estimated absorbed doses, including the range of variation to be expected in
pathological states, for adults, children and the fetus.
The membership of the Task Group preparing this report was:
B. Nosslin (Chairman) S. Mattsson
K. Henrichs H. D. Roedler
L. Johansson T. Smith
A. Kaul N. Veal1
The membership of ICRP Committee 2 during the period of major effort on the report was:
1981-1985
J. Vennart (Chairman) J. C. Nenot
N. Adams N. Parmentier
W. J. Bair P. V. Ramzaev
G. Bengtsson C. R. Richmond
K. F. Eckerman R. C. Thompson
L. E. Feinendegen M. C. Thome
A. Kaul N. Veal1
C. W. Mays
V
PREFACE
19851989
C. B. Meinhold (Chairman) J. P. Moroni
W. J. Bair Y. I. Moskalev
Chen Xing-an N. Parmentier
R. H. Clarke C. R. Richmond
G. Drexler J.-O. Snihs
K. F. Eckerman D. M. Taylor
A. Kaul R. H. Thomas
0. Matsuoka
Basic physical data on radionuclides and values of absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity
for different source-target combinations (referred to as S-values) have been made available
from the Task Group on Dose Calculations of ICRP Committee 2. The membership of this
Task Group over the period of production of this report has been:
M. R. Ford (Chairwoman, 1978-1982) L. T. Dillman
K. F. Eckerman (Chairman, 1982 to date) R. W. Leggett
S. R. Bernard J. W. Poston
M. Cristy S. B. Watson
Extensive lists of references to publications giving biokinetic data have been provided by the
Radiopharmaceutical Dose Information Center at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, through A. T.
Schlalke-Stelson. Assistance with the dosimetry of very short-lived radionuclides was given by
K. R. Butler, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
This document supplements current and forthcoming ICRP reports, in particular the
Committee 3 report on Protection of the Patient in Nuclear Medicine (ZCRP Publication 52,
ICRP, 1987).
QUANTITIES
A3 Activity administered
AS Activity in organ or tissue S
As Cumulated activity, i.e. the time integrated activity in organ or tissue S
a Fraction of F, eliminated or taken up in an organ or tissue (further defined below by subscript i
orj)
ai
Fraction of Fs eliminated with a biological half-life Ti
‘Ij Fraction of Fs taken up with a biological half-life Tj, marked by a minus sign in the biokinetic data
tables
Constant
Mean absorbed dose in organ or tissue T
Mean energy of radiation
Fractional distribution to organ or tissue S, i.e. the fraction of the administered substance that
would arrive in source organ or tissue S, over all time, if there were no radioactive decay
Fraction of the excreted activity eliminated through the kidneys
Decay-corrected fraction of the administered radionuclide entering body fluids following
ingestion
HE Effective dose equivalent
HT Mean dose equivalent in organ or tissue T
ki Constants
MT Mass of organ or tissue T
Number of uptake components
E Product of modifying factors other than Q in the calculation of Hr
n Number of elimination components
Q Quality factor for the radiation
Amount of material in compartment i
S-value, absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity
Source organ or tissue
Target organ or tissue
Biological half-time (further defined below by subscripts)
Biological half-life for elimination component i
T: Biological half-life for uptake component j
T’ Physical half-life
TiS.rr Effective half-life for elimination component i
T,,,rr Effective half-life for uptake component j
Ts,.crt Elimination effective half-life when one component only
T“p,.cff Uptake effective half-life when one component only
Time since administration
L Bladder voiding interval
wT Relative radiation sensitivity of organ or tissue T, used in the calculation of effective dose
equivalent
Yield of a specific emission per transformation
Absorbed fraction of energy
Biological elimination constant for exponential component i
Radioactive decay constant
Fraction of the amount of material in compartment i leaving per unit time
Fraction of the amount of material in compartment j flowing to compartment i per unit time
vii
AUIfltrAIISO(I CNY SJIITNIXOIS
dO SNOIIYUflqISNOJ TYUflNtrO
1. JNTRODUCTION
(1) The administration of radioactive substances to humans for diagnosis, therapy or research
purposes is a well-established and developing branch of medical practice, and is, in most
countries, recognized as a medical speciality under the name of nuclear medicine. New methods
and new radiopharmaceuticals are continually being introduced. With regard to dose
calculations, important basic material has been published in several ICRP Publications (e.g.
ICRP, 1973, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981), as well as in reports from the International Commission
on Radiation Units and Measurements, especially ICRU Report 32 (ICRU, 1979). Several
absorbed dose catalogues and collections of published values have also appeared (Garby et al.,
1969; ICRP, 1971; Kaul et al., 1973a,b; Roedler et al., 1978; Johansson et al., 1981a,b; NCRP,
1982; ARSAC, 1984). Of special importance is the work of the Medical Internal Radiation Dose
(MIRD) Committee of the United States Society of Nuclear Medicine and the dosimetry work
performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA. The Task Group has made
extensive use of the information and material available from these sources.
2. SELECTION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
(2) Certain general principles were followed in establishing the list of radiopharmaceuticals to
be included in this report. A radiopharmaceutical that has been described in the literature and
proposed for use in humans has been includedif there is evidence that it has been in, or is coming
into, common use, provided that acceptable and sufficient metabolic data for making absorbed
dose calculations are available. The list of radiopharmaceuticals covers not only those used in
the practice of nuclear medicine, but also some of those used in clinical research. It is important
to note that the inclusion of a radiopharmaceutical in this report does not imply any
recommendation regarding its use. For this reason, the amounts of administered radiopharma-
ceutical required for a particular investigation are not given.
(3) The list is based on the judgment of the Task Group as to their past, present or potential
future application in nuclear medicine procedures. Data relating to these substances have been
obtained by an extensive search of the literature, partly with the help of computer-based
retrieval systems. This latter technique has been especially important, since much of the
information needed has been published in scientific journals covering subjects other than
nuclear medicine. The current result of these efforts is a list of about 120 radiopharmaceuticals,
involving the use of 71 radionuclides of 34 elements. A little less than half of the
radiopharmaceuticals contain radionuclides in ionic form, whereas the rest are more
complicated labelled organic molecules or complexes, or are present in cells labelled with the
radiopharmaceutical. The radionuclides in these various organic or labelled cellular
preparations usually have a metabolic fate different from that of the ionic form of the same
radionuclide. Of the 92 compounds in ZCRP Publication 17 (ICRP, 1971), 64 are included here,
which means that about 56 compounds are new in this report. Many of them are well-known
radiopharmaceuticals, but it is important to note that the legal status of a substance as a
radiopharmaceutical differs according to national legislation.
(4) In all absorbed dose calculations, complete radionuclide and radiochemical purity is
assumed. The effect of impurities on the absorbed dose is discussed in Section 7.
BIOKINETICS AND DOSIMETRY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
3. SELECTION OF ORGANS AND TISSUES FOR DOSE

CALCULATIONS
(5) Absorbed doses are calculated for a large number of organs and tissues (called the target
organs and tissues). These absorbed doses may arise as a result of radioactive transformations
occurring in other organs and tissues (called the source organs and tissues). Thus, absorbed
doses in a particular organ or tissue are typically the sum of contributions from various sources,
usually including the target organ or tissue itself. Two groups of target organs and tissues are
included in the calculation of absorbed dose (Table 3.1):
-Target organs and tissues for which the absorbed dose is always calculated (Group 1).
--C&her organs and tissues, which, for some reason, receive significantly higher absorbed
doses than the average to the rest of the body, or which are organs and tissues of special
interest in the investigation, are also included as appropriate (Group 2).
(6) The absorbed dose to organs and tissues not included in the table can usually be
approximated by using the absorbed dose quoted for “Other tissues” (e.g. muscle).
(7) The absorbed dose to the organs and tissues given in Table 3.1 is always the mean
absorbed dose. In general, these mean absorbed doses are calculated assuming a uniform
distribution of the radionuclide.
(8) An exception is made to this assumption in the case of the kidneys where non-uniform
distribution of radionuclides is taken into consideration. However, even in this case, absorbed
doses to other organs and tissues are calculated under the assumption that the radionuclide is
uniformly distributed throughout the kidneys; because, in practice, use of a non-uniform
distribution in calculating the absorbed doses to these other organs and tissues would result in
only very small changes (less than 10%) in the results obtained.
(9) The lens of the eye is considered as a tissue at risk in ZCRP Publication 26 (ICRP, 1977)
because of the possibility of inducing opacities that may interfere with vision. The radionuclides
Table 3.1. Organs and tissues for which the absorbed dose is
calculated
Group 1 Group 2
Adrenals Brain
Bone surfaces Gallbladder wall
Breast Heart
Gastrointestinal tract Salivary glands
stomach wall Spinal cord
small intestine wall
upper large intestine wall
lower large intestine wall
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
Ovaries
Pancreas
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Testes
Thyroid
Urinary bladder wall
Uterus
“Other tissues” (e.g. muscle)
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 3
in radiopharmaceuticals currently used in nuclear medicine do not concentrate in the tissues of

the healthy human eye, with the possible exception of iodo-amphetamine (IMP), which is
utilized in the synthesis of melanin (Winchell et al., 1980). For this reason, the lens is not
included in the list of target organs and tissues.
(10) In the literature, absorbed dose to total body, calculated in several different ways, is often
cited. However, this approach is less useful for estimating risks than is the effective dose
equivalent (see Section 6). For this reason, values of absorbed dose to total body are not given.
4. BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA

(11) The Task Group has encountered several problems in finding good biokinetic
information from measurements on man. In general, published data are scarce, especially with
regard to quantitative measurements. The clinician is often only interested in the initial
distribution and metabolism of a test substance, whereas for dosimetry calculations long-term
retention is of prime importance. The Task Group wishes to repeat the plea made already in
ZCRP Publication 17 (ICRP, 1971) for securing the maximum information possible from any
investigation. The particular information needed for dose calculations includes fractional long-
term retention of radionuclides and labelled compounds, turnover of the radiopharmaceutical
and its metabolites, fractional gastrointestinal absorption values for orally-administered
compounds and distribution of radionuclides within different organs. Collection of such data
should be encouraged by professional and scientific societies and by regulatory authorities, and
the data should be made available by publication and by storage in accessible data bases. The
editors and referees of scientific journals are encouraged to request such information in papers
on new radiopharmaceuticals.
(12) For each compound, the Task Group has agreed upon a biokinetic model giving
quantitative estimates for the distribution and metabolism of the radiopharmaceutical in the
body. The literature on which this model is based is referenced. In appropriate cases, the range
of pathological variation expected in the metabolic data is also indicated.
(13) For absorbed dose calculations, knowledge of the time-activity curve in different organs
and tissues of the body after administration of a labelled radiopharmaceutical is needed. The
best way to get this information is by pharmacokinetic analysis, which includes the use of
knowledge about mechanisms affecting radionuclide localization by listing the physiological
assumptions regarding its behaviour in body tissues. On the basis of this knowledge, a model is
defined, delineating the detailed distribution and flow, or transfer, of the radionuclide. This
model, in its turn, allows the derivation of a mathematical model, consisting of differential
and/or integral equations for the variation with time of the amounts of radionuclide in different
parts of the body. The model may be either compartmental or non-compartmental. Knowledge
of the values for compartment sizes, flow rates and other physiological parameters allows
numerical solution of the equations, giving activity-time relationships for all parts of the system
which are then integrated to obtain the cumulated activities needed for calculations of absorbed
dose.
(14) The method just outlined could, in principle, be applied to derive absorbed doses in those
disease states leading to quantitative changes in the normal physiological processes. However,
in general, this is not possible, since, with the exception of iodine and iron metabolism, there is
insufficient information to define a complete model including all pools or compartments as well
as flow rates in or out of the system and between the parts of the system. For absorbed dose
calculations, only the time-activity curves are needed, and these can be established in
alternative ways, as discussed in detail in ZCRU Report 32 (ICRU, 1979). The simplest way, in
4 BIOKINETICS AND DOSIMETRY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
many cases, is the direct measurement of the fractional activity of a radionuclide in different
organs. The MIRD Committee has mainly used information of this kind in their calculations. A
general discussion on the experimental basis for absorbed dose calculations is given in NCRP
Report 83 (NCRP, 1985a).
(15) Even though only time-activity relationships are needed for absorbed dose calculations,
good data from quantitative measurements on man are still scarce and, when available, usually
relate to only a few organs in the body. In general, therefore, it is necessary to define a type of
kinetic model which is suitable for dosimetric purposes and, while not including all
physiological mechanisms, nevertheless includes information on uptake and/or elimination in
the organs and tissues of interest that is different from that of the remaining tissues, and which
gives information on distribution and retention sufficient to approximate to the true
time-activity relationships.
(16) The modern approach to physiological and metabolic studies, is to avoid complicated
multicompartment models based on first-order kinetics. This is because of difficulties in relating
compartments to specific organs and tissues, and because many flow and transfer processes are
governed not by first-order kinetics but by carrier-mediated transport mechanisms (i.e. active
transport and facilitated diffusion) leading to non-linear kinetics. This has led to the use of more
general expressions such as mean transit time or residence time in the description of the systems.
The Task Group considered the possibility of including a simple presentation of the metabolism
of a substance in these terms in order to make it easier to understand and interpret the results of
an investigation (for example, a scan picture), and to evaluate it in regard to any changes caused
by disease. However, for purposes of absorbed dose calculations, it is only necessary to know
the resulting cumulated activity. Therefore, for ease of calculation, the Task Group chose to use
exponential expressions to an extent that could be considered to be greater than is justified on a
biological basis. It is emphasized that a model presented in this report, for a radiopharmaceuti-
cal labelled with a particular radionuclide, is not necessarily valid for the same radiopharmaceu-
tical labelled with another radionuclide of the same element, if its physical half-life is
substantially different.
(17) In defining these simple models, the Task Group adopted some general principles. Many
of the substances used in nuclear medicine are administered intravenously and are rapidly taken
up in different organs and tissues. For this reason, immediate uptake is generally assumed. For
radionuclides in ionic or simple chemical form, the models and data presented in ZCRP
Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979, 1980, 1981) have been utilized, with some exceptions. For those
radiopharmaceuticals where the MIRD Committee has published absorbed dose estimates,
these have been used in preference, since they originate from direct measurements on man. For
some of these radiopharmaceuticals no model is presented by the MIRD Committee, since
empirically determined time-activity curves are used directly. In such cases, the Task Group
has, for the sake of uniformity and for ease of calculation, constructed a model which is
compatible with the published data.
(18) In developing the models, the Task Group recognized the substantial difficulties in
extrapolating quantitative biokinetic data obtained in animal experiments to man. However, in
some cases, the human data were not sufficient for the construction of human biokinetic models.
In these cases, radionuclide distributions between organs and tissues had to be based, in part,
upon animal data.
(19) In calculations of absorbed doses to children, the same biokinetic model as for the adult
is generally used. Almost without exception, this policy leads to an overestimate of the absorbed
dose due to shorter biological half-lives in children than in the adult. However, a few
radiopharmaceuticals, such as ““Tc-phosphonates and 67Ga-citrate, are concentrated in the
growing regions of children’s bones and these enhanced concentrations can give rise to
absorbed doses to these areas which are larger than average skeletal absorbed doses. In these
tissues the absorbed dose is higher by a factor of between about two and five for
““Tc-phosphonates (Gelfand et al., 1983; Kaul et al., 1985) than the mean absorbed dose to the
bone surfaces, which is the target tissue considered in this report. Similar ratios can be derived
for 67Ga-citrate from data reported by Gelfand et al. (1983). Thus, in these cases, the use of the
same biokinetic model for children as for adults underestimates radiation doses to a particular
part of the skeleton, though the mean absorbed dose to bone surfaces is not likely to be
substantially underestimated. In calculations of absorbed doses to children, age-dependent
data are used for organ mass, blood distribution and S values.
(20) The influence of pathological changes on absorbed dose has also been studied.
Variations of absorbed dose in disease states can generally be calculated using the same model
as for the healthy state, but with appropriate data for organ or tissue mass, uptake and
retention. Separate absorbed dose estimates are presented in cases where such variations lead to
significant changes in these absorbed doses.
(21) The models and absorbed dose values presented are intended for use in diagnostic
nuclear medicine and clinical research with radionuclides, and may be inappropriate for use in
radionuclide therapy.
(22) Some radiopharmaceuticals administered to lactating women may be excreted in the
breast milk and thus transferred to the breast-fed child. Models for transfer of radionuclides in
breast milk are not developed in this report and the reader is referred to the studies of Ahlgren et
al. (1985), which contain data on the transfer of various ggmT~, 1251, i3iI and “0-1abelled
radiopharmaceuticals to breast milk; see also the review by Coakley and Mountford (1985).
(23) In the case of radionuclides such as ‘j’Ga, l1 ‘In, ’ 251and *‘iTl, administered in forms
which result in their uptake in cell nuclei, the small fraction of the energy carried by Auger
electrons may have a disproportionately large effect, owing to their very short range in tissue.
The assumption made here, that the absorbed dose is uniformly distributed within the cell, may
therefore result in an underestimate of the risk. This problem has been discussed in ZCRP
Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979, Section 4.4, Cellular Distribution of Dose) and will be kept under
review by the Commission.
(24) It is usually assumed that daughter radionuclides (e.g. Table 4.1) produced within the
body, stay with, and behave metabolically like, their parent nuclide. This may be an
oversimplification, such as in the case of 131Ba and i31Cs. This assumption may also
overestimate the dose to the source organ but will have little effect on the dose to other organs
and tissues.
Table 4.1. Daughter radionuclides considered in the dose calculations
Parent
Radionuclide Half-life Radionuclide Half-life
28Mg 20.9 hr 2sAI 2.24 min

34mC1 32.0 min WI 1.53 s
47Ca 4.53 d 47sc 3.35 d
52Fe 8.28 hr 52mMn 21.1 min
62Zn 9.26 hr 62Cu 9.74 min
6qmZn 13.8 hr 69Zn 57 min
s’Rb 4.58 hr *lmKr 13 s
134rnCS 2.90 hr ’ ‘Ts 2.06 yr
131Ba 11.8 d “‘CS 9.69 d
133mpa 38.9 hr la3Ba 10.7 yr
(25) For some substances, such as iodine-labelled compounds, pertechnetate and some
radiopharmaceuticals used for renal studies, blocking agents may be previously or
simultaneously administered (for example, to induce competitive inhibition of uptake in specific
organs). In such circumstances including blocking of the thyroid, total inhibition of
radionuclide uptake has been assumed, although in practice this may be difficult to achieve.
(26) It is often possible to reduce the absorbed dose to a patient by increasing the rate of
elimination of the radionuclide from the body, e.g. by more frequent emptying of the urinary
bladder (with hydration, diuretics and catheterization), of the bowel (with laxatives and enema)
and of the gallbladder (with a meal of high fat content and cholecystokinin).
5. METHODS FOR CALCULATING ABSORBED DOSE
5.1. Calculation of Absorbed Dose

(27) The mean absorbed dose D, to a target organ or tissue Tis the sum of the contributions,
D( T+ S), arising from nuclear transformations of the radionuclide in various source organs S:
i.e.
D, = 1 D(TcS) (5.1)
s
(28) Several methods of calculating the absorbed dose to an organ from radioactive sources in
the same organ and in other organs have been proposed and used. For a review of these
methods, the reader is referred to ZCRU Report 32 (ICRU, 1979), ZCRP Publication30 (ICRP,
1979) and NCRP Report 84 (NCRP, 1985b). The most common method currently in use was
originally developed from an approach by Loevinger and Berman (1968), using tabulated data
on absorbed fractions of energy in a target organ from a specific source organ (Snyder et al.,
1969). This method was later improved by Snyder and his colleagues, who introduced the “S-
value” (Snyder et al., 1974, 1975), which also contains all necessary physical information for a
specific radionuclide. With this more straightforward method, the absorbed dose in T from a
radionuclide in a single source organ S is given by:
D(TtS)=i& x S(TtS) (5.2)
where A, is the time-integrated, or cumulated activity, and is equal to the total number of
nuclear transformations in S; and S(TcS) is the absorbed dose in Tper unit cumulated activity
in S.
The value of S( Tt S) depends on the radiation type, the energy emitted per transformation,
the mass of the target organ and the geometry of the mathematical phantoms representing the
adult and children of various ages. When the source organ is the total body less organs already
listed in the biokinetic data table, a common approximation is to use the S-value calculated on
the basis of “total body” as a source. However, a formally correct S-value for this case can be
derived (Roedler et al., 1972; Cloutier et al., 1973; Roedler and Kaul, 1976; Coffey and Watson,
1979) and it is this latter method which is used in this report.
(29) Numerical values of S(TcS) for different ages are available from the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Tennessee, either in publications (Snyder et al., 1974, 1975) or directly
from members of the ICRP Task Group on Dose Calculations. If S-values were not available,
the absorbed dose per nuclear transformation was calculated by the use of absorbed fractions cp,
derived from Snyder et al. (1978).
S(T+S)=&x EiQpi (5.3)
T i
where M, is the mass of the target organ or tissue (see Table A.l); Ei is the mean energy of
radiation type i; Yi is the yield of radiation type i per transformation; ‘piis the absorbed fraction
of energy of radiation type i; and c is a constant, the value of which depends on the units of the
included quantities (for E in joules, M, in kg and c = 1, the absorbed dose per transformation, S,
will be in gray).
5.2. Calculation of Cumulated Activity

(30) For a more detailed description of the mathematical analysis of biokinetic models,
reference should be made to MIRD Pamphlet No. 12 (Berman, 1977) and ICRU Report 32
(ICRU, 1979). The following text only serves as a short account of the calculation of the
cumulated activity in selected cases.
(31) The cumulated activity A,, in a source organ or tissue S, depends on the administered
activity, A,,, the physical half-life, Tp, and the biokinetics of the radiopharmaceutical. A, is
obtained by integrating the time-dependent activity:
t
ii,(t) = A,(u)du (5.4)
s0
where A,(u) is the activity at time u in the source organ or tissue considered. Because of the
relatively short physical half-life of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine, the upper
integration limit, t, can be taken as infinity.
(32) Although the mechanisms by which radionuclides are distributed within, or excreted
from, the body are not necessarily well represented by first-order kinetic models, such models
are generally adequate for representing overall uptake and retention of radionuclides in
individual organs and tissues. Since this is all that is required for dosimetric calculations, these
models are used extensively in this report.
(33) A general first-order kinetic model can be represented as a system of n compartments,
interlinked with constant rate coefficients. In such a system, the rate of change of the amount of
material (q,) in compartment i is given by:
(dq4) = - ~iiqi(t)- i,qi(t) + ~ ljjqj(t) (5.5)

dt j=1
j+i
where iii is the fraction of the amount of material in compartment i leaving per unit time; Aijis
the fraction of the amount of material in compartment j flowing to compartment i per unit time;
and I, is the radioactive decay constant, as appropriate.
(34) A direct correspondence between compartments and anatomical regions of the body
does not usually exist. For absorbed dose calculations it is, however, necessary to know the
amount of substance in different regions of the body. Therefore, for practical reasons, specific
organs and tissues are considered instead of compartments. The activity in an organ or tissue
can usually be described sufficiently accurately by a sum of exponentials,
A,(t) = i k,e-(*n+ A8 P-6)

i=l
where ki is a constant; and li is the biological elimination constant of the exponential

component i.
(35) The constants in this equation are often derived directly from measurements. Expressed
in terms of fractional distributions to the organ or tissue, fractions of organ or tissue contents
and half-lives, which are given in the biokinetic data tables of this report, A, is given by:
where Fs is the fractional distribution to organ or tissue S, i.e. the fraction of the administered
substance that would arrive in source organ or tissue S, over all time, ifthere were no radioactive
decay; ai is the fraction of F, eliminated with a biological half-life Ti (Xai = 1); aj is the fraction of
F, taken up with a biological half-life Tj (marked by a minus sign in the biokinetic data tables)
@,aj = 1); n is the number of elimination components; m is the number of uptake components;
and Ti,ert and Tj,,ff are the elimination and uptake effective half-lives respectively.
Equation (5.7) is, under certain constraints, a solution to the differential equation (5.5).
The effective half-life can be calculated from the corresponding biological half-life Ti and the
physical half-life TP:
(5.8)
Equation (5.7) describes the build-up and subsequent decline of activity. If Ti = Tj for some
combination of i and j, the corresponding term in the sum in eqn (5.7) becomes:
ln(2)
aiy-- t ev( - l@)t/Ti,,ff) (5.9)
I
A special case, which often occurs, is that immediate uptake in the organ is assumed.
Equation (5.7) then reduces to:
A,(t) (5.10)
- = F, f: ai exp
A0 i=l
Integrating eqn (5.7) over time gives the normalized cumulated activity:
(5.11)
Or, if the reduced eqn (5.10) is integrated:
(5.12)
The intercept of the curve described by the exponential function for component i with the y axis
in eqn (5.7) is given by:
T.
a. 2 for Ti#Tj (5.13)
IT,-T,
I I
(36) For the special case when there is one elimination component, with half-life T,,, and one
uptake component, half-life TUP, ,and T,, # T,,, , the maximum uptake in an organ, A,,,, as a
fraction of administered activity, is given by:
Amax= flab (5.14)
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
where
Tel.eff
a=-
Tupt.eff
b = T”Wff
Tup1,eff -L,eff
This equation is not used in this report but it is considered important to note that the “intercept”
is not identical with ai, nor with A,,, when interpreting data available in the literature.
(37) In cases when the retention function cannot be described by a sum of exponential
functions, the cumulated activities are derived directly from the metabolic model.
(38) For absorbed dose calculations in nuclear medicine, it has often been assumed that the
effective half-life in an organ equals the physical half-life. The reason for this approximation is
that the substance, in these cases, is labelled with a radionuclide with a physical half-life which is
short in comparison with the biological half-life. For short-lived radionuclides, a slow
biological excretion may not be apparent and, for absorbed dose calculations, the
approximation is sufficiently accurate. The assumption has, however, the consequence that
infinite biological half-lives are given in the tables and this is not strictly correct. This should be
kept in mind when the biokinetic data are used.
5.3. Uncertainties in Absorbed Dose Estimates

(39) The uncertainty in the estimate of the mean absorbed dose for an organ or tissue reflects
uncertainties in the S-value and the cumulated activity. Differences between planned and actual
administered activity are considered to be minor contributors to the total uncertainty, if regular
quality controi is performed (WHO, 1982, 1986; IAEA, 1984). Variation in mass of the target
organ and, for photon radiation, variations in the distance between the source and target organs
are the major contributors to the uncertainty in S-values; whereas physical data, e.g. the yield
and energy deposition in the target organs, are not considered to be major contributors to the
uncertainty. Experimental validation of calculated absorbed doses have indicated agreement
within 20 to 60%, the latter for patients who differed considerably from the body size and shape
assumed in the calculations (for references, see Roedler, 1981).
(40) Variations in the estimated cumulated activity largely arise from uncertainties in the
quantitative description of uptake, distribution and retention of the radiopharmaceutical in
tissues. Functional impairment of an organ can introduce considerable variation in these
factors. Variation in the body’s retention of radionuclides administered as radiopharmaceuti-
cals is limited by the short radioactive half-life of these radionuchdes and, thus, the variation in
the uptake and distribution of the radiopharmaceutical among the organs and tissues often is
the major contributor to uncertainties in cumulated activity.
(41) Calculations have shown (Roedler, 1981) that estimates of absorbed dose to different
organs will not generally deviate from actual absorbed doses in patients by more than a factor of
three. The deviation is even less for substances labelled with short-lived radionuclides such as
99mT~. The effective dose equivalent is less sensitive to variations in the distribution pattern
than are organ doses and may vary within a factor of two (Kaul et al., 1984).
6. EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT
6.1. Use of Effective Dose Equivalent in Nuclear Medicine
(42) The mean dose equivalent H, in a target organ or tissue T is given by (ICRP, 1977):
H,=D,QN (6.1)
where D, is the mean absorbed dose in T, Q is the quality factor and N is the product of any
other modifying factors. The quality factor is intended to allow for the effect on the detriment of
the microscopic distribution of absorbed energy. For a spectrum of radiation, an effective value,
a, of Q can be calculated. In practice, for the radionuclides used in diagnostic nuclear medicine
(viz low-LET radiations), this value is taken to be unity. N might take account for example of
absorbed dose rate and fractionation. At present the Commission has assigned the value of
unity to N. The modifying factors Q and N are dimensionless.
The effective dose equivalent (HE) was developed primarily for radiation protection of
occupationally exposed persons (ICRP, 1977; Statement, ICRP, 1978). It attributes weighting
factors wT to organs or tissues, representing the fraction of the total stochastic risk (i.e. fatal
cancer and serious inherited disorders) resulting from the irradiation of that organ or tissue T
when the total body is irradiated uniformly. The effective dose equivalent is calculated by
adding the weighted organ or tissue mean dose equivalents, H,, i.e.,
H,=zw,xH,
T
(6.2)
where H, is the effective dose equivalent; wi is the relative radiation sensitivity of organ or
tissue, T (see Table 6.1); and H, is the mean equivalent in target organ or tissue F, for the
radionuclides used in diagnostic nuclear medicine it is numerically equal to that of the mean
absorbed dose, since for these radionuclides the quality factor, Q, is taken as unity.
(43) If the body is irradiated uniformly, all the H,‘s are the same and the dose equivalent at
any point in the body is equal to the effective dose equivalent, H,.
(44) The weighting factors used in computing this quantity, and the overall risk coefficient
associated with it, are appropriate to a population including individuals of both sexes with a
particular age structure.
(45) The concept of the effective dose equivalent can also be useful in nuclear medicine.
However, because the sex and age distribution of patients undergoing a particular nuclear
Table 6.1. Weighting factors for

calculation of the effective dose
equivalent (HE)
Tissue wr
Gonads 0.25
Breast 0.15
Red bone marrow 0.12
Lungs 0.12
Thyroid 0.03
Bone surfaces 0.03
Remainder* 0.30
*The weighting factor for the remainder

is divided equally between the five remain-
ing organs and tissues receiving the highest
dose equivalent.
medicine examination usually differ considerably from that assumed when defining the effective
dose equivalent and associated risk coefficient for adult workers, the effective dose equivalent
may not be as good a measure of radiation risk in such a group as it is in workers. Nevertheless,
the weighting factors assigned are probably not very sensitive to changes in age of the
population. Therefore, the effective dose equivalent can be considered useful in comparisons of
the radiation exposure to a patient from different procedures used in diagnostic nuclear
medicine and in research. Since the risk associated with either the dose equivalent in an organ or
with the effective dose equivalent depend on age at irradiation, the effective dose equivalent can
only be used as a measure of the actual risk if some information is available on risk coefficients as
a function of age. Furthermore, because of the averaging procedures involved, the effective dose
equivalent can be an only approximate indicator of the risk to either the individual worker or
the individual nuclear medicine patient.
(46) The effective dose equivalent may also be one useful input for assessing clinical research
projects which involve the administration of radioactive substances to volunteers. In addition,
the values of dose equivalent and effective dose equivalent per unit intake given in this report
could be used to define Annual Limits on Intake, by ingestion or inhalation, for occupationally
exposed persons engaged in the manufacture or use of specific radiopharmaceuticals.
6.2. Calculation of the Effective Dose Equivalent

(47) The organs and tissues considered for calculation of the effective dose equivalent are
listed in Table 6.1. Those having specific weighting factors are always included in the
calculation. For the gonads, the arithmetic mean of the absorbed doses to ovaries and testes is
used in conjunction with the weighting factor of 0.25. The weighting factor for the remainder,
0.30, is equally divided between five of the remaining organs or specified tissues showing the
highest absorbed dose values. Absorbed doses to skin, blood and blood vessels are not included
in the calculation.
(48) In the absorbed dose tables for the individual radiopharmaceuticals, those five further
organs or tissues in the remainder which are included in the calculation of the effective dose
equivalent for adults are marked with a preceding asterisk (*). Because many radiopharmaceu-
ticals are excreted rapidly in the urine, the wall of the urinary bladder is often included as one of
the five remaining organs and tissues used in the computation of effective dose equivalent.
Furthermore, the absorbed dose to the bladder wall is often large compared with the absorbed
dose to other organs and tissues in the same study, and it can contribute considerably to the
effective dose equivalent. For example, with lz51-Hippuran it contributes 96% of the total dose.
In cases where the contribution is more than SO%, a note at the foot of the dosimetry table states
the actual contribution.
7. IMPURITIES IN RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
7.1. Radionuclide Impurities

(49) Many radioactive substances for medical use contain small amounts of radionuclides
other than that intended. There are several reasons for this. Usually, the contamination arises
during the production process either because of activation in the target of radionuclides other
than that intended, or because of an unavoidable side-reaction in the nuclear process. In other
cases, when one of the components in a parent-daughter system is used, the other component
may also be present, because of incomplete separation before administration of the
radiopharmaceutical. When a daughter radionuclide is administered, various amounts of the

parent radionuclide may be present in the eluate from the radionuclide generator, because of
“breakthrough”. In other cases, when the parent is administered, new daughter atoms are being
continuously produced after separation and these may be radioactive. They then contribute to
the impurities. Table 7.1 contains a list of the most frequent radioactive impurities in
radionuclides of medical interest. Normally, the impurity can be kept at a low level and will not
significantly contribute to the absorbed dose. For many radiopharmaceuticals, maximum
acceptable levels of radioactive impurities are prescribed in appropriate national pharmaco-
poeias.
(50) The values of absorbed dose and effective dose equivalent given in this report generally
refer to substances containing one radionuclide alone at the moment of administration to the
patient. When the radionuclide has a radioactive daughter, the contribution from the daughter
produced in the body after administration is included in the calculations, but it is usually
assumed that there is no daughter present at the time of administration. However, in a few cases,
the daughter is a nuclide of the same element as the parent and separation before administration
is.not possible. In those cases, where half-lives are short, equilibrium is assumed. For all other
cases, absorbed dose contributions from known impurities of significant magnitude have to be
added to the absorbed dose values presented herein.
7.2. Radiochemical Impurities

(51) A radionuclide may be present in a chemical form other than that desired. Such chemical
compounds may arise both during production and storage of the substance. Important
examples are radiopharmaceuticals labelled with technetium or iodine. The various chemical
forms can be separated, often by the use of radio-chromatographic procedures. These are
extensively used both for purification and for quality control of the final product.
(52) The presence of chemical forms of the radionuclide other than that intended may change
the distribution and kinetics of the radionuclide. This may lead to a different distribution of the
absorbed dose to some organs and tissues.
(53) In this report, complete radiochemical purity has been assumed, unless otherwise stated.
For this reason, absorbed doses from known impurities have to be added to the values
attributed to the pure chemical species.
Table 7.1. Radionuclide contaminants of commonly used
radiopharmaceuticals
Main
radionuclide Radioactive impurity
47Ca 47Sc (daughter)

“Fe 52mMn (daughter), 5sFe
“Fe, 6oCo
=co, -20, 6oco
s’co, 6oco
*lRb (parent)
99Mo (parent), g9Tc (daughter), “II
,231 1241 1251 1261
1251 ’ ,261
1 14m~n
“‘In
113rnIn “%n (parent)
‘=Au ‘=‘Au
-‘Hg 197mHg,‘03Hg
200T4 202fl, 203pb
*OaTI
REFERENCES
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Berman, M. (1977). Kinetic Models for Absorbed Dose Calculation, Medical Internal Radiation Committee (MIRD)
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Cloutier, R. J., Watson, E. E., Rohrer, R. H. and Smith, E. M. (1973). Calculating the radiation dose to an organ. J.
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Coakley, A. J. and Mountford, P. J. (1985). Nuclear medicine and the nursing mother. Rr. Med. J. 291, 159-160.
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ICRP (1971). Protection of the Patient in Radionuclide Investigations, ICRP Publication 17. Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1973). Alkaline Earth Metabolism in Adult Man, ICRP Publication 20. Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1977). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 26.
Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1978). Statementfrom the 1978 Stockholm Meeting of the ICRP, ICRP Publication 28. Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1980). Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
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in Tc-99mpertechnetate. In: Third International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium (Proc. Conf. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, 1980), HHS Publication (FDA 81-8166), pp. 6022615. Department of Health and Human Services,
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14 BIOKINETICSAND DOSIMETRY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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APPENDIX A: SPECIAL BIOKINETIC MODELS
A.l. Organ and Tissue Masses for Different Ages
(54) The masses of the organs and tissues are inherent in the S-values used. The values are,
therefore, taken from the same sources as the S-values, These include MIRD Pamphlets (Snyder
et al., 1975) and information supplied by members of the Task Group on Dose Calculations.
The values, for the adult which are presented in Table A. 1, have been derived mainly from data
in Reference Man (ICRP, 1975). The children and infant data have been taken from Cristy
(1980).
References
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Report ORNL/NUREG/TM-367. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee.
ICRP (1975). Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics, ICRP Publication 23.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Snyder, W. S., Ford, M. R., Warner, G. G. and Watson, S. B. (1975). “S’Absorbed Dose pw Unit Cumulated Actiuityfor
Selected Radionuclides and Organs, Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee (MIRD) Pamphlet No. 11.
Available from the Society of Nuclear Medicine, 475 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016, USA.
A.2. Blood Volume and Blood Flow Models

(55) A model for predicting the distribution of a radionuclide in blood is used for substances
which remain largely in the circulation, including labelled blood cells and radionuclides
attached to macro-molecules. This model requires information on blood volumes in different
organs and tissues. These values have been taken from Table 105 of ZCRP Publication 23
(ICRP, 1975), with the exception of the values for red bone marrow and mineral bone. For these
tissues, it has been assumed that the blood volume per unit mass of tissue is a factor of five higher
in the red bone marrow than in mineral bone. The value used for red bone marrow is in closer
Table A.l. Masses (g) of selected organs and tissues at different ages* (yr)
Organ Adult 15 10 5 1
Adrenals 14 10.5 7.22 5.27 3.52

Bladder content 200 152.0 97.3 61.4 31.2
Bladder wall 45 35.9 23.2 14.5 7.70
Breast 361 361.0 2.60 1.51 0.732
Stomach content 250 185.0 126.0 71.3 34.4
Stomach wall 150 118.0 85.1 49.1 21.8
Small intestine (SI) 1040 795.0 441 .o 261.0 131.0
SI wall 640 515.0 286.0 169.0 84.9
ULI content 220 167.0 92.5 55.0 27.3
ULI wall 210 176.0 93.4 55.2 27.8
LLI content 135 104.0 58.6 34.7 17.4
LLI wall 160 127.0 70.0 41.4 20.6
Heart content 454 350 220 130 73
Heart wall 316 240 150 93 51
Kidneys 310 248.0 173.0 116.0 62.9
Liver 1800 1410.0 887.0 584.0 292.0
Gallbladder content 56 49 39 20 4.8
Gallbladder wall 11 9.3 7.3 3.7 0.9
Lungs 1000 651.0 453.0 290.0 143.0
Muscle 28000 15000.0 6 500.0 2000.0 1200.0
Ovaries 11 10.7 3.13 1.73 0.714
Pancreas 100 64.9 30.0 23.6 10.3
Red marrow 1500 1050.0 610.0 320.0 150.0
Cortical bone 4000 4000.0 2 974.2 1448.9 622.8
Trabecular bone 1000 1000.0 743.5 965.9 415.2
Bone surfaces 120 91.8 55.6 32.5 13.7
Spleen 180 123.0 77.4 48.3 25.5
Testes 35 15.6 1.89 1.63 1.21
Thyroid 20 12.4 7.93 3.45 1.78
Uterus 80 79.0 4.16 2.70 1.45
Total body 70000 56 800 33200 19800 9 720
Blood volume (ml) 5200 4200 2200 1500 800
*In addition to the organs and tissues listed here, ICRP Publication 23 includes various other components, including
adipose and connective tissues, periarticular tissues, and skin. For a comprehensive list of organ and tissue masses, see
Table 105 of ICRP Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975).
ULI, Upper large intestine; LLI, lower large intestine.
agreement with those reported by Cloutier and Watson (1970). The haematocrit, or fractional
red cell content of the blood, has been considered constant for blood circulating through all
tissues. The data are presented in Table A.2 and refer to adults. The fractional blood volumes
used for children have been calculated by assuming that the blood content in an organ or tissue
per unit mass of tissue relative to that of the total body is independent of age. The total blood
volume in children is taken from ZCRP Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975) and is presented in
Table A.l.
(56) In the biokinetic models used in this report, the term “uptake” or “content” of a
radionuclide in an organ or tissue usually includes the radioactivity in blood in that organ or
tissue. However, when the blood distribution model is used, a specified fraction of the activity is
associated with the circulating blood. In this case, the activity in circulating blood in an organ or
tissue has been added to the activity in that organ or tissue for purposes of dose calculations.
(57) Table A.2 also presents the fractional cardiac output to different organs. These fractions
have been calculated from data published by Spector (1956, Table 273), supplemented by data
from studies of blood flow to bone, red marrow and spleen (Charkes et al., 1978; Huchzermeyer
et al., 1977; Hughes Jones et al., 1957; Lahtinen et al., 1981,1982,1983; Peters et al., 1980,1984;
Table A.2. Adult values for blood content and blood flow in different organs
Blood content per Fractional

Fractional unit tissue mass cardiac
Organ blood volume (ml kg-‘) output
Total body 1.00 74 1.00

Adrenals 0.0006 236 0.012
Bone, cortical 0.0212 28 0.04
Bone, trabecular 0.0048 25 0.01
Brain 0.0060 22 0.14
Heart wall 0.0119 161 0.040
Heart contents 0.0962
Kidneys 0.0135 226 0.23
Liver 0.0481 139 0.058
Lungs 0.1020 530 1.00
Muscle 0.163
Red marrow 0.0365 127 0.05
Spleen 0.0173 500 0.035
Thyroid 0.0007 179 0.032
Simon et al., 1977; Tondevold and Eliasen, 1982; Williams et al., 1968; Wootton, 1974;
Wootton et al., 1976). These data are relevant to models for very short-lived radionuclides
(Section A.1 1).
References
Charkes, N. D., Makler, P. T. Jr and Philips, C. (1978). Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. I. Digital-computer solution
of a five compartment model of [‘sFl fluoride kinetics in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 19,1301-1309.
Cloutier, R. J. and Watson, E. E. (1970). Radiation dose from radioisotopes in the blood. In: Medical Radionuclides:
Radiation Dose and Eficts, pp. 325346. (R. J. Cloutier, C. E. Edwards and W. S. Snyder, eds) National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. Report No. CONF 691212.
Huchzermeyer, H., Schmitz-Feurerhake, I. and Reblin, T. (1977). Determination of splenic blood flow by inhalation of
radioactive rare gases. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 7, 345349.
Hughes Jones, N. C., Mollison, P. L. and Veall, N. (1957). Removal of incompatible red cells by the spleen. Br. J.
Haematol. 3, 125-133.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Lahtinen, T., Alhava, E. M., Karjalainen, P. and Romppanen, T. (198 1). The effect of age on blood flow in the proximal
femur in man. J. Nucl. Med. 22,96&972.
Lahtinen, R., Lahtinen, T. and Romppanen, T. (1982). Bone and bone-marrow blood flow in chronic granulocytic
leukemia and primary myelofibrosis. J. Nucl. Med. 23,218-224.
Lahtinen, R., Lahtinen, T. and Hyiidynmaa, S. (1983). Increased bone marrow blood flow in polycythemia Vera. Eur. J.
Nucl. Med. 3, 19-22.
Peters, A. M., Klonizakis, I., Lavender, J. P. and Lewis, S. M. (1980). Use of “‘1ndium-1abe11ed platelets to measure
spleen function. Br. J. Haernatol. 46, 587-593.
Peters, A. M., Walport, M. J., Bell, R. N. and Lavender, J. P. (1984). Methods of measuring splenic blood flow and
platelet transit time with In-ill-labelled platelets. J. Nucl. Med. 25, 8690.
Simon, J., &fraud, R. and Geral, J. P. (1977). Comparative study of 99Tcmpertechnetate and “‘I-iodoantipyrine in
the determination of bone blood flow. Znt. J. Nucl. Med. Biot. 4,23 l-232.
Spector, W. S. (1956). Handbook of BiologicalData. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Tondevold, E. and Eliasen, P. (1982). Blood flow rates in canine cortical and cancellous bone measured with
9gmTc-labelled human albumin microsphere% Acta Orthop. &and. 53, 7-l 1.
Williams, R., Condon, R. E., Williams, H. S., Blendis, L. M. and Kreel, L. (1968). Splenic blood flow in cirrhosis and
portal hypertension. Clin. Sci. 34, 441452.
Wootton, R. (1974). The single-passage extraction of ‘sF in rabbit bone. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 47, 7S773
Wootton, R., Reeve, J. and Veall, N. (1976). The clinical measurement of skeletal blood flow. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 50,
261-268.
A.3. Gastrointestinal Tract Model

(58) The model used in ICRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) for the gastrointestinal tract has
been used for both adults and children. The model, shown in Fig. A.l, consists of four
compartments: stomach, small intestine (SI), upper large intestine (ULI) and lower large
intestine (LLI). Immediate mixing within each compartment is assumed.
(59) The same biological half-times are used for both children and adults. In fact, the mean
gastrointestinal transit time in children is significantly less than that in adults, being about 24 hr
as compared to 42 hr for the adult in the ICRP model (Corazziari et al., 1985). The assumption
of 42 hr as transit time in children will affect estimates of the absorbed dose to different parts of
the gastrointestinal tract, depending upon the physical half-life of the radionuclide; long half-life
radionuclides resulting in over-estimates, and short half-life radionuclides resulting in
underestimates. Furthermore, for radionuclides with a physical half-life shorter than, or
comparable to, the 1 hr residence time in the stomach, the over-estimate of the residence time in
the stomach of children could result in an under-estimate of the activity absorbed from the small
intestine and thus an under-estimate of the absorbed dose to other organs.
(60) A modified model is used for the group of non-absorbable-t inert markers used to study
different aspects of the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g. oesophageal transport,
gastro-oesophageal reflux, gastric emptying, entero-gastric reflux, intestinal transport and
transit time, abnormal intestinal permeability, and also to delineate faecal collection periods.
This group comprises substances labelled with radionuclides of scandium, chromium,
technetium, indium, iodine and barium. In Section II, individual substances are identified for
appropriate elements, under the heading “non-absorbable markers”. The modification to the
standard ICRP model is that the gastric residence time is changed to 33 min for fluids and 2.1 hr
for solids (Siegel et al., 1983).
Ingestion
n
V
Stomach ( ST I
Body fluids
Upper Large
intestine fULI1
Fig. A.1 Mathematical model used to describe the kinetics of

radionuclides in the gastrointestinal tract.
Mass of Mass of Mean residence

walls* contents* time
Section of GI tract (8) (g) (d) (d’l)
Stomach (ST) 150 250 l/24 24

Small intestine (SI) 640 400 4124 6
Upper large intestine (ULI) 210 220 13124 1.8
Lower large intestine (LLI) 160 135 24124 1
*From ICRP Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975).
tSmal1 quantities of non-absorbable markers (i.e. up to a few percent) may be absorbed into the blood. For the
purposes of this report, the amounts absorbed are considered to have a negligible effect on the dose calculations.
References
Corazziari, E., Cucchiara, S., Staiano, A., Romaniello, G., Tamburrini, O., Torsoli, A. and Auricchio, S. (1985).
Gastrointestinal transit time, frequency of defecation, and anorectal manometry in healthy and constipated children.
J. Pediat. 106,379-382.
Siegel, J. A., Wu, R. K., Knight, L. C., Zelac, R. E., Stern, H. S. and Malmud, L. S. (1983). Radiation dose estimates for
oral agents used in upper gastrointestinal disease. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 835-837.
A.4. Lung Model

(61) Three different groups of substances are at present in use for studies of pulmonary
function, namely noble gases (xenon, krypton), aerosols (labelled with radionuclides of
technetium or indium) and simple gases (CO,, O,, CO) labelled with very short-lived
radionuclides (’ ‘C, ’ 50) . The substances are administered by inhalation, either as single breath
or continuously for a fixed period.
(62) A dosimetric model for inhalation of aerosols is presented in ZCRP Publication 30
(ICRP, 1979). The Task Group has, however, found it difficult to apply a standard model for all
substances used in medicine. Instead, the reader is referred to the description of the biokinetics
for each of the substances presented in Section II of this report.
Reference
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30. Pergamon, Oxford.
AS. Kidney-Bladder Model

(63) This model is applied to all substances used for kidney function tests, and to other
substances if urinary excretion results in a significant absorbed dose to the bladder wall. In all
these cases, the bladder is a separate entry in the biokinetic data tables in Section II.
(64) It is assumed that the fraction of the total excretion which passes through the kidneys and
bladder is known. Activity excreted via this route passes through the kidneys with a transit time
established from other clinical studies and subsequently enters the bladder in urine, where it
remains until the bladder is emptied and the radioactive contents excreted.
(65) The rate at which a radionuclide is excreted is determined from a knowledge of the
amount in the total body, ATB, which is assumed to be described by the sum of a series of
exponential functions:
A,,= i a, exp(-(li+A,)t) (A.11

i=1
where li is the biological elimination constant for component i; 1, is the radioactive decay
constant; and ai is the fraction of the administered activity associated with component i.
The cumulated activity in the kidneys from the excretion process, Ai,, is given by:
64.2)
where f, is the fraction of excreted activity which is eliminated through the kidneys; and TKis the
transit time through the kidneys appropriate for the given radiopharmaceutical and
physiological status, normally taken to be 5 min.
(66) The expression is approximate, since f, may differ for the individual components of
whole-body clearance. However, for practical application, this approximation is judged to be
adequate. The cumulated activity in the kidneys given in the biokinetic data for the individual
substances is the sum of the cumulated activity from the excretion process and a contribution
from activity distributed uniformly in the remaining organs and tissues, which can include the
kidneys.
(67) The cumulated activity in bladder contents, A,, is given by:
1
l-exp(-Q,) l-exp(-(&+;l,)t,)
A,=f, i aj
i=l [ 3‘P ;li + 3”~
[ 1
1
(A-3)
’ 1 -exp(-(&+;l,)t,)
where t, is the bladder filling and voiding interval, which for the purpose of the present model is
assumed to remain constant and equal to 3.5 hr, the average urinary cycle in humans (Syed,
1976). The first voiding is assumed to occur at time t, after administration of the
radiopharmaceutical to the patient. In eqn (A.3), the effect of kidney residence time has been
neglected, since it is usually much shorter than the bladder filling and voiding cycle. The same
filling interval of 3.5 hr is used for all ages.
(68) The S-values used in the case of the bladder relate to the content and the wall of the
bladder as the source and target tissue respectively. It should be noted that the S-values, which
for electrons and beta particles represent a surface dose to the bladder wall, are based on a fixed
average bladder content of 200 ml for adults and 152,97,61 and 31 ml for l&10,5 and 1 yr old
children respectively. These S-values have been used in the present report in conjunction with
cumulated activities estimated for a 3.5 hr bladder voiding interval, as stated above. This
method does not allow for the variation in dose-rate to the wall as the bladder fills with urine
containing radionuclides.
(69) Calculating the radiation dose to the bladder wall involves considering a complex
relationship between urine flow rate, voiding period and the volume present in the bladder when
the radiopharmaceutical is administered, and is critically dependent on the model used to
describe the geometrical relationships between the wall of the bladder and the contents. Such a
model was developed by Snyder and Ford (1976) to investigate the effects of the above
physiological variables on absorbed dose to the bladder wall and was extended by Smith et al.
(1982) to examine these effects for any radiopharmaceutical.
(70) Within the ranges of urine flow rate 0.5 to 2 1 d- ‘, of voiding period 0.5 to 8 hr and of
initial bladder contents 0 to 300 ml, the predicted bladder wall dose varies over a range of about
25 times for radiopharmaceuticals that are rapidly cleared by the renal system (e.g.
’ 31I-Hippuran), reducing to a range of about 5 times for substances that are more slowly cleared
(e .g . l3 *I-Iodide). For voiding periods of 3.5 hr and longer, the bladder dose predicted by the
simplified method used in this report lies within the spread of doses obtained using the above
ranges of parameter values, but may be as much as 5 times lower than the highest values. As the
voiding period decreases, the simple method leads to a further underestimate of the dose, which,
for a period of 0.5 hr, may be of the order of 25 times.
References
Smith, T., Veal], N. and Wootton, R. (1982). Bladder wall dose from administered radiopharmaceuticals: The effect of
variation in urine flow rate, voiding interval and initial bladder content. Radiat. Prof. Dosim. 2, 183-189.
Snyder, W. S. and Ford, M. R. (1976). Estimation of doses to the urinary bladder and to the gonads. In:
Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symp. (Proc. Conf. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 19X), HEW Publication (FDA
76-8044), pp. 313-349. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville,
Maryland.
Syed, I. B. (1976). Dosimetry of indium-113m radiopharmaceuticals with special attention to the urinary bladder. In:
Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symp. (Proc. Con& Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 1976), HEW Publication (FDA
76-8044), pp. 306369. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville,
Maryland.
A.6 Model for Radiopharmaceuticals Used to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate

(71) For a variety of labelled inulin and inulin-like radiopharmaceuticals used for the
measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) the following biokinetic model has been used.
(72) After intravenous administration and initial rapid distribution in extra-cellular fluid, it is
assumed that the radionuclide is excreted exclusively by the kidneys according to the kidney-
bladder model. In the normal case, total body retention is described by a monoexponential
function with a half-time of 100 min, the fraction excreted by the kidneys being 1.O,and the renal
transit time 5 min.
(73) For chelated compounds (DTPA, EDTA) and also for the contrast medium sodium
iothalamate, there is evidence of a small degree of in oiuo dissociation of the radioactive label,
leading to longer retention of approximately 1% of the administered radionuclide. This fraction
is assumed to be uniformly distributed and to be eliminated with a half-time of 7 d. This is a
simplifying approximation, since the dissociated label will exhibit specific biokinetics depending
upon its chemical form. Nevertheless, it is considered adequate for estimating the contributions
to absorbed dose from this dissociated label, provided that the examinations are conducted with
a blocked thyroid for those radiopharmaceuticals for which the dissociated label would
concentrate preferentially in the thyroid.
(74) In the abnormal case, it is assumed that the retention half-time of the major component is
increased to 1000 min and that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min.
A.7. Models for Bone Seeking Radionuclides Administered as Radiopharmaceuticals

(75) As noted in ZCRP Publication 26 (ICRP, 1977), a layer of 10 pm thickness on bone
surfaces, representing endosteal and periosteal cells, is considered as the radiation-sensitive
bone tissue. The dose to this layer from ggmTcdistributed on bone surfaces is larger by a factor of
five than that obtained from estimates using the total bone volume as a source and target tissue
(Johansson, 1981).
(76) S-values derived for bone surfaces as the target tissue have been used in this report. For
adults these values are the same as those used in ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979), and for
children the values have been obtained directly from the Task Group on Dose Calculations. The
S-values from bone to bone surfaces and to red marrow are dependent on the distribution of the
activity within the bone. Two different cases can be distinguished:
-Surface deposited activity in trabecular bone and cortical bone.
-Activity deposited uniformly throughout the entire volume of the mineral bone: (a) in
trabecular bone, (b) in cortical bone.
(77) In ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) a general rule concerning short-lived radionuclides
is given: “radionuclides with a physical half-life less than 15 days are assumed to be surface
deposited”. In this report, the same general rule is adopted. Thus, for the absorbed dose
calculations, all radionuclides with a physical half-life of less than 15 d have been assumed to be
surface deposited, and those with a physical half-life longer than 15 d have been assumed to be
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 21
volume distributed, unless otherwise stated. If nothing is known concerning the distribution of
cumulated activity between cortical and trabecular bone, it is assumed to be uniformly
distributed on surfaces or throughout the volume, as appropriate.
(78) The distribution of activity thus follows the surface area or mass distribution of mineral
bone. For adults, the mass ratio cortical: trabecular bone is 80: 20 and the surface area ratio is
50: 50 (ZCRP Publication 30, ICRP, 1979). These values have been taken to be valid also for 15
and 10 yr old children. For 5 and 1 yr old children, the mass ratio cortical: trabecular bone, used
for the absorbed dose calculation, is assumed to be 60:40 and the surface area ratio is assumed
to be 40:60.
(79) As noted in Section 4, a few radiopharmaceuticals are concentrated to a significant extent
in the metaphyseal growth plates ofchildren’s bones. This factor is not taken into account in the
dose calculations given herein. Thus, radiation doses to this part of the skeleton may be
underestimated for children. However, the mean absorbed dose to bone surfaces is not likely to
be substantially underestimated (see Section 4).
(80) Distribution and retention data for radioisotopes of calcium, strontium and barium have
been presented in ZCRP Publication 20 (1973), which also includes cumulated activities for the
various radioisotopes. However, these data indicate a relatively slow uptake to bone (half-time
of uptake 2-16 hr), which is inconsistent with observations in practice when these radionuclides
are used for bone-scanning purposes. This is particularly notable for 87mSr which has a very
short physical half-life (2.8 hr), but which has, nevertheless, been used for skeletal scintigraphy
1 hr after injection (Scheer et al., 1969). There is evidence (De Nardo, Jacobson and Raventos,
1972; Merrick, 1975; Wootton, 1981, personal communication) that the uptake to the skeleton
of the alkaline earths is much faster than predicted in ZCRP Publication 20 (ICRP, 1973), having
a half-time of about 15 min. However, modification of the data to allow for this rapid uptake
phase makes little difference to the values of cumulated activity, except for 87mSr,where it leads
to a value five times larger, because of the short half-life of the radionuclide. Consequently, the
values of cumulated activity given in ZCRP Publication 20 (ICRP, 1973) for 45Ca, 47Ca, ?jr,
131Ba 133mBaand 135mBahave been used in this report, whereas those for 87mSr have been
recalculated to include the rapid component of bone uptake.
References
De Nardo, G. L., Jacobson, S. J. and Raventos, A. (1972). s%r bone scan in neoplastic disease. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2,
18-30.
ICRP (1977). Recommendations ofthe ICRP, ICRP Publication 26. Pergamon, Oxford.
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30. Pergamon, Oxford.
Johansson, L. (1981). S-values for bone surfaces with a source distributed homogeneously in bone volume or with a
surface deposited source. In: Third International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium (Proc. Conf. Oak Ridge
Tennessee. October, 1980), HHS Publication (FDA 81-8166), pp. 554562. Department of Health and Human
Services, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland.
Merrick, M. V. (1975). Review article: Bone scanning. BT. J. Radiof. 48, 327-351.
Scheer, K. E., Harbst, H., Kampman, H., turn Winkel, K., Maier-Borst, W., Lorenz, W. J. and Bilaniuk, L. (1969).
Bone scintigraphy with l*F and 8’Srm. Medical Radioisotope Scintigraphy (Proc. Symp. Salzburg, 1968), Vol. 2,
pp. 325-337. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
A.& Model for Colloids Taken up Preferentially in the Liver, Spleen and Red Bone Marrow
(81) Colloids of ““Tc-sulphur and “*Au were discussed in MIRD reports No. 3 and 4
respectively (MIRD, 1975a,b). The colloids were assumed to be taken up preferentially in the
liver, spleen and red bone marrow, with a uniform distribution of any residue in the remainder
22 BIOKINETICSAND DOSIMETRY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
of the body. Uptake fractions were given for three patient categories: normal liver condition,
early to intermediate diffuse parenchymal liver disease and intermediate to advanced diffuse
parenchymal liver disease. These categories differ not only in biokinetics, but also with regard to
liver and spleen mass. In the normal case, the uptake in liver, spleen and red marrow was set to
857 and 5% for sulphur colloid and to 90,3 and 7% for gold colloid, respectively. These values
were estimates based on clinical studies, but no details about the methods used for calculating
the percentages were given. However, the values are in good agreement with results obtained
from animal studies.
(82) Recent studies on man have shown, however, that the liver uptake is clearly lower than
hitherto assumed, with corresponding increases in uptake for other organs (Herzog et al., 1984).
The degree of uptake depends on the particle size of the administered colloid.
(83) The Task Group had adopted the same view as the MIRD Committee with regard to
choice of patient categories, definition of organs with an active uptake, organ masses and
biokinetic differences between large and small colloids. The uptake values used are based on the
report by Herzog et al. (1984), which contains results of quantitative measurements with
conjugate whole-body counting and double-window regional counting over liver and spleen.
For all types of colloid, immediate uptake is assumed. The biological half-life is assumed to be
long compared with the physical half-life of the radionuclide, except for iodine-labelled albumin
micro-aggregates. For these substances the metabolic breakdown of the particles is assumed to
be represented by biological half-lives (fraction) of 3 hr (0.8) and 5 d (0.2).
(84) The organ masses for different patient categories and uptake data for different sizes of
colloid are presented in Tables A.3-A.5, respectively. For further details the reader is referred to
the biokinetic data on the individual substances.
Table A.3. Organ mass (kg): based on MIRD (1975a)
Condition
Organ 1* 2t 33
Total body 70 70 70
Liver 1.8 2.4 1.4
Spleen 0.17 0.25 0.4
Red marrow 1.5 1.5 1.5
*Normal liver; tearly to intermediate diffuse parenchy-

ma1 liver disease; Iintermediate to advanced diffuse
parenchymal liver disease.
Table A.4. Uptake values (fractions) for large colloids (100-1000 nm

diameter)*
Conditiont
Organ 1 2 3
Liver 0.70 0.50 0.30

Spleen 0.10 0.20 0.30
Red marrow 0.10 0.15 0.25
Remaining tissue 0.10 0.15 0.15
*Examples: 99mTcsulphur colloid; 99mTctin colloid; 99mTcmicroag-

gregated albumin; 99mT~phytate; “smIn hydroxide (colloidal); rz31
microaggregated albumin; lo’1 microaggregated albumin.
t&e Table A.3 footnote.
Table AS. Uptake values (fractions) for small colloids (< 100 nm
diameter)*
Condition?
Organ 1 2 3
Liver 0.70 0.50 0.30

Spleen 0.10 0.20 0.30
Red marrow 0.15 0.25 0.30
Remaining tissue 0.05 0.05 0.10
*Examples: 99mTc minimicroaggregated albumin; 99mT~antimony

sulphide colloid; 19sAu gold colloid.
tSee Table A.3 footnote.
References
Herzog, H., Spohr, G., Notohamiprodjo, G. and Feinendegen, L. E. (1984). Biokinetics of Tc-99m-marked RES-
radiopharmaceuticals. In: Nuklearmedizin, 21.9 Int. Annu. Meeting Sot. Nucl. Med. Europe. Urn 1983, pp. 492493.
Schattauer, Stuttgart.
MIRD (1975a). Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee Estimate Report No. 3. Summary of current radiation
dose estimates to humans with various liver conditions from 99mTc-sulfur colloid. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 108A-108B.
MIRD (1975b). Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee Estimate Report No. 4. Summary of current radiation
dose estimates to humans with various liver conditions from ‘98Au-colloidal gold. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 173-174.
A.9. Model for the Liver and Biliary Excretion

(85) This model is intended for substances that are actively taken up in hepatocytes and
excreted, via the biliary tract, to the intestine. Typical examples are Rose Bengal labelled with
radioiodine, and the large group of technetium-labelled iminodiacetic acid (IDA) derivatives
(e.g. BIDA, HIDA, EIDA, PIPIDA, PBIDA, DISIDA). Several other technetium-labelled
compounds have been proposed, such as pyridoxal-glutamate (PG), dihydro-thioctic acid
(DHT), tetracyclines, penicillamine complexes, mercapto-isobutyric acid (MIBA), o-iodohip-
puran analogues (NIBC) and others, but the use of these seems to have been largely abandoned
with the development ofeffective IDA substances. In this report, dose calculations are presented
for Rose Bengal and for the IDA group.
(86) Several biokinetic models have been presented in the literature (MIRD, 1975; Ryan et al.,
1977; Wistow et al., 1977; Galli et al., 1979; Koutoulidis et al., 1979; Venot et al., 1980;
Taavitsainen et al., 1980; Gelius et al., 1981; Brown et al., 1981,1982; Wu et al., 1984). They are,
in general, in good agreement with each other and with the model presented here. The substance
is assumed to be rapidly taken up in the liver from the blood and then excreted, via the biliary
tract, partly to the gallbladder for temporary storage and partly directly to the intestine. The
gallbladder empties at intervals on stimulation by food. It is further assumed that there is no
reabsorption from the gut. A minor portion of the radiopharmaceutical is taken up in the
kidney, instead of the liver, and excreted in urine. In pathological states (liver disease, occlusion
of the biliary tract, congenital biliary atresia), the same model is used, but with different kinetic
data.
The compartmental model is shown in Fig. A.2.
(87) The final excretion from the body follows the models for the gastrointestinal tract
(Section A.3) and for the kidney-bladder s! stem (Section AS).
(88) For each clinical category (see above) the fraction and half-time for movement between
compartments are specified in the biokinetic data for each radiopharmaceutical.
(89) The gallbladder is assumed to empty in an identical manner for all substances. The first
Kidney Smatl
mtestlne
I ’ I
Excretion Excretion
Fig. A.2. Mathematical model used for liver and biliary excretion.
The flows are defined as follows: 1, uptake in liver; 2, uptake in
kidney; 3, excretion from liver to gallbladder; 4, excretion from liver
directly to small intestine; 5, emptying of gallbladder to small
intestine.
emptying is after 3 hr during which time about three quarters of the radioactive material present
in the bile is excreted. The second emptying is after 9 hr, again associated with the excretion of
about three quarters of the radioactive material in the bile. The last emptying is after 24 hr when
all the radioactive material is excreted. Earlier emptying can be induced by a meal of high fat
content or by cholecystokinin.
Brown, P. H., Krishnamurthy, G. T., Bobba, V. R. and Kingston, E. (1981). Radiation-dose calculation for Tc-99m
HIDA in health and disease. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 177-183.
Brown, P. H., Krishnamurthy, G. T., Bobba, V. R., Kingston, E. and Turner, F. E. (1982). Radiation-dose calculation
for five Tc-99m IDA hepatobiliary agents. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 1025-1030.
Galli, G., Maini, C. L. and Troncone, L. (1979). Study of hepatocyte function using radiotracers. In: Principles of
Radiopharmuco~ogy III, pp. 159-178. (Colombetti, L. G. ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gelius, L., Skretting, A. and Aas, M. (1981). A mathematical model for the liver uptake and excretion of g9mTc-diethyl
IDA. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 6, 139-142.
Koutoulidis, C., Chiotellis, E. and Lymberis, C. (1979). Absorbed dose estimation of some 99mTc-hepatobiliary agents.
Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 4, 441444.
MIRD (1975). Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee. Estimate Report No. 7. Summary of current radiation
dose estimates to humans from 123-1, 124-L 125-1, 126-L 130-I and 131-I as Sodium Rose Bengal. J. Nucl. Med. 16,
1214-1217.
Ryan, J., Cooper, M., Loberg, M., Harvey, E. and Sikorski, S. (1977). Technetium-99m-labelled N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl
carbamoylmethyl)-iminodiacetic acid (Tc99mHIDA): A new radiopharmaceutical for hepatobiliary imaging studies.
J. Nucl. Med. l&997-1004.
Taavitsainen, M., Riihimiki, E. and Tlhti, E. (1980). Body disappearance and liver mean transit time of
99m-Tc-diethyl-IDA. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 5, 147-150.
Venot, A., Grandjouan, S., Steimer, J. L., Mallet, A. and Roucayrol, J. C. (1980). Improvement of dynamic
cholescintigraphy through mathematical modelling of Tc-99m-diethyl-IDA pharmacokinetics. In: INSERM
Colloquium, Vol. 88, pp. 459-468. INSERM, Paris.
Wistow, B. W., Subramanian, G., van Heertum, R. L. et al. (1977). An evaluation of g9mTc labelled hepatobiliary
agents. J. Nucl. Med. l&455-461.
Wu, R. K., Siegel, J. A., Rattner, Z. and Malmud, L. S. (1984). Tc-99m HIDA dosimetry in patients with various hepatic
disorders. J. Nucf. Med. 25,905-912.
A.10. Model for Cerebrospinal Fluid Space

(90) The model has been constructed on the basis of the references given, especially Hilditch
(1968), and is appropriate when a radionuclide attached to a chelate or protein is injected
intrathecally.
(91) The anatomical model is shown in Fig. A.3. Three regions, A, B and C are distinguished.
Region A is a hollow cylinder filled with cerebrospinal fluid, corresponding to the cisterna
terminalis caudalis in the vertebral column. It is taken to have a volume of 28 cm3. Region B is a
double-walled tube with cerebrospinal fluid in the cavity between the walls, corresponding to
the space around the spinal cord and has a volume of 58 cm 3. Region C is the cisternal space
localized around the brain; its volume is 20 cm3. Note that Fig. A.3 is schematic and that the
proportions between A, B and C are not to scale.
(92) In calculations of radiopharmaceutical kinetics, the flow model used is dependent upon
the site of injection. Two sites of injection are considered. These are lumbar injection into
region A and cisternal injection into region C.
(93) In terms of the total activity injected into region A, half is transferred to the blood with
half-times (and fractions) of 8 hr (0.97) and 30 d (0.03). The remaining half is transferred to
region B with half-times (and fractions) of 20 min (0.25) and 8 hr (0.75). Of the total activity in
region B, 0.5 is transferred to the blood with half-times (and fractions) of 18 hr (0.97) and 30 d
(0.03) and half is transferred to region C with a half-time (and fraction) of 18 hr (1.0). All
activity in C is transferred to the blood with half-times (and fractions) of 18 hr (0.97) and 30 d
(0.03).
(94) In the case of a cisternal injection into C, half of the total activity is transferred to the
blood with half-times (and fractions) of 18 hr (0.97) and 30 d (0.03), and half is transferred to a
composite region A + B with a half-time (and fraction) of 18 hr (1.0). The activity in the
composite legion is transferred to the blood with half-times (and fractions) of 18 hr (0.97) and
30 d (0.03).
(95) On the basis of the anatomical model shown, absorbed fractions in the spinal cord and
Fig. A.3. Model of cerebrospinal fluid space

other organs and tissues were calculated specifically for this report, using the Monte Carlo
method to simulate photon transport. For region C, S-values for brain as a source organ have
been used. In the calculations, the masses of the brain and spinal cord have been taken to be
1400 g and 30 g, respectively (ICRP, 1975).
References
Brookeman, V. A. and Morin, R. L. (1975). Dosimetry of several DTPA radiopharmaceuticals in cisternography. J.
Nucl. Med. 16, 1177-1182.
DeLand, F. H. and Simmons, G. H. (1976). Spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid. In: Radiopharmaceuticxd Dosimetry
Symposium (Proc. Conf Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 1976), HEW Publication (FDA 76-8044), pp. 390-403. US
Department of Health, Education and Welfare Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland.
Goodwin, D. A., Song, C. H., Finsto, R. and Matin, P. (1973). Preparation, physiology and dosimetry of “‘In-Iabelled
radiopharmaceuticals for cisternography. Radiology 108, 91-98.
Harbert, J. C. and Zeiger, L. S. (1970). Radiation dose in encephalography. Lancer i, 954-955.
Harbert, J. C., Reed, V. and McCullogh, D. C. (1973). Comparison between 1311-IHSA and ‘69Yb-DTPA for
cisternography. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 765-768.
Harbert, J. C., McCullogh, D. C., Zeiger, L. S., Davidson, J. D. and Ashburn, W. L. (1970). Spinal cord dosimetry in
‘311-IHSA cisternography. J. Nucl. Med. 11, 534-541.
Hilditch, T. E. (1968). Radiation dose in isotope encephalography. Lancet ii, 573-574.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Jahns, E., Zeidler, U., Mariss, P. and Patzoldt, U. (1976) Strahlenbelastung bei der Cisternoszintigraphie mit
169-Yb-DTPA. Nuklearmedizin (Proc. 14th Int. Meeting, Berlin, 1976), pp. 317-319 (in German).
Johnston, R. E., Staab, E. V., Brill, A. B. and Allen, J. H. (1972). Radiation dosimetry associated with the intrathecal
administration of 1311human serum albumin. Br. J. Radiol. 45, 444451.
McEwan, A. C. (1975). Radiation dosimetry of Yb-169 DTPA in cisternography. Aust. Radiol. 19, 8-14.
Morin, R. L. and Brookeman, V. A. (1974). ‘@Yb-DTPA distribution and dosimetry in cisternography. J. Nucl. Med.
15, 786-796.
Oster, Z. H., Som, P., Gil, M. C., Fairchild, R. G., Goldman, A. G., Schachner, E. R., Sacker, D. F., Atkins, H. L.,
Meinken, G. E., Srivastava, S. C., Richards, P. and Brill, A. B. (1981). Ruthenium-97 DTPA: A new
radiopharmaceutical for cistemography. J. Nucl. Med. 22,269-273.
Partain, C. L., Alderson, P. O., Donovan, R. L., Siegal, B. A., Rujanavech, N., Johnston, R. E. and Staab, V. E. (1976).
Regional kinetics of Indium 11I-DTPA in CSF imaging of normal volunteers. In: Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry
Symposium (Proc. Conf. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 1976), HEW Publication (FDA 76-8044), pp. 404-422.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Rockviile, Maryland.
Partain, C. L., Alderson, P. 0. and Siegel, B. A. (1974). A mathematical model for radiopharmaceutical kinetics in
cisternography. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 521-522 (abstract).
Rauber-Kopsch. (1943). Lehrbuch und Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen, Band III. G. Thieme, 1943, p. 21 (in German).
Som, P., Hosain, F. and Wagner, Jr, H. N. (1971). Kinetics of agents used for cisternography. J. Nucl. Med. 12, 396
(abstract).
Smith, P. H. S., Thomas, P.R. M., Steere, H. A., Beatty, H. E., Dawson, K. B. and Peckham, M. J. (1976). Therapeutic
irradiation of the central nervous system using intrathecal gOY-DTPA. Er. J. Radio!. 49, 141-147.
A.1 1. Models for Very Short-lived Positron-emitting Radionuclides
(96) The introduction of positron-emission computerized axial tomography (PET) has led to
the increasing use of short-lived positron-emitting tracers for clinical investigation. These
tracers are primarily used for research purposes, and, at present, do not result in a significant
radiation exposure of the population as a whole. The principal radionuclides in current use, in
various forms, are as listed below.
Physical
Radionuclide half-life (minj
“C 20.3
l3N 10.0
‘50 2.03
i8F 109.8
38K 7.6
68Ga 68.0
s2Rb 1.3
(97) These radionuclides are being applied in four main areas of clinical research, namely
neurology, cardiology, oncology and thoracic medicine. In addition, some other short-lived
emitting radionuclides, mainly *rmKr (13 s), 195mA~ (30.5 s) and r9rmIr (5 s), are proving
valuable for research in the fields of thoracic medicine and cardiology, using Anger-type
scintillation cameras.
(98) Only relatively few centres, using complex equipment in close proximity to cyclotrons,
have the capability to perform the majority of the above studies. In the development of these
techniques, little information is forthcoming concerning the absorbed dose calculations.
Conventional dosimetry methods, which commonly include observations of the distribution,
retention and excretion of a tracer in the body and in individual organs, are impractical using
the present generation of PET scanners. The short half-lives of most of these radionuclides do
not allow true equilibration in body compartments. The distribution of activity, and hence of
absorbed dose, is highly dependent on the physical half-life and on the mode and site of
administration. Thus, the highest radiation dose may be received by tissues which are not
included in current ICRP lists of sources and targets (for example, the walls of major blood
vessels), or by undefined localized regions of individual organs which the ICRP model does not
take into account. Although PET studies can yield precisely the type of information required for
accurate dosimetry (i.e. activity concentrations in tissues), such data are obtained only for the
tissues in the tomographic “slices” under study. Thus, the total activity in organs only partiy
included in tomographic “slices” cannot necessarily be ascertained and the distribution of
activity outside the “slice” is unknown. For tracers which are mainly confined to the blood, this
problem can be overcome, to some extent, by measurement of activity concentrations in arterial
blood and the application of a “blood flow” model to estimate residence times and hence
radiation doses in certain organs. However, the accurate dosimetry of these radiopharmaceuti-
cals must await the development of novel ad hoc methods of absorbed dose estimation. In the
meantime, absorbed dose estimates for some of the short-lived radiopharmaceuticals, in
particular “C- and 150-labelled gases, have recently been calculated from models based on
steady-state physiological parameters (Bigler and Sgouros, 1983; Kearfott, 1982) and this
method has been used for the short-lived positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals considered in
the present report.
References
Bigler, R. E. and Sgouros, G. (1983). Biological analysis and dosimetry for ‘50-labelled 0,. CO, and CO gases
administered continuously by inhalation. J. NW/. Med. 24, 431437.
Kearfott, K. J. (1982). Absorbed dose estimates for positron emission tomography (PET): C’sO, “CO and CO’50. J.
Nucl. Med. 23. 1031-1037.
APPENDIX B: CALCULATION OF ABSORBED DOSE TO ORGANS

IN CASES WHERE SPECIFIC S-VALUES ARE NOT AVAILA3LE
B.1. Embryo and Fetus

(99) The absorbed dose to the uterus, which is included in the dose tabulations, may be used
as a substitute for the absorbed dose to the embryo. Similarly, the absorbed dose to the fetus
from radioactive substances without placental transfer is expected to be in the same range as the
dose to the uterus. For radioactive substances with placental transfer, the absorbed dose to the
organs and tissues of the mother is taken in this report as representative of the absorbed dose to
the corresponding organs and tissues of the fetus. Human data supporting or quantifying this
assumption are available only for a very few radioactive substances used in nuclear medicine,
mainly l3 ‘I and “Fe. Literature references concerning the placental transfer of these substances
are given in the appropriate sections of the biokinetic data. For an evaluation of the available
data, reference can be made to a review by Roedler (1987).
B.2. Breast
(100) Although comprehensive sets of S-values for the breast have not been published, the
Metabolism and Dosimetry Research Group at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Tennessee, has calculated such values for children of various ages. The mathematical model of
the body tissues used has been described by Christy (1980). S-values for the adult female breast
are derived with an anatomical model corresponding to a female who is similar in bodyweight to
the 15 yr old child.
B.3. Gallbladder
(101) Substances used for hepato-biliary studies are temporarily retained in the gallbladder.
Specific absorbed fractions have been produced by the ICRP Task Group on Dose Calculations
for the normal gallbladder as a source and target organ. Calculations have also been performed
for a pathological case in adults, where the outflow from the gallbladder is obstructed and the
organ is consequently enlarged; in this case the mass has been increased to 200 g and absorbed
fractions have been derived with the aid of data in MIRD Pamphlet No. 8 (Ellet and Humes,
1971).
(102) For non-penetrating radiation, including beta particles, Auger electrons, positrons and
photons with initial energies of less than 10 keV, there are contributions both from the
gallbladder contents and from the liver. These are calculated using the following assumptions.
-The liver is in close contact with three quarters of the gallbladder wall (GBW).
-The absorbed dose to the wall from non-penetrating radiation in the gallbladder content
(GBC) equals half of that to the content itself.
-The absorbed dose to the part of the wall in contact with the liver from non-penetrating
radiation in the liver (L), equals half of that to the liver itself.
(103) The absorbed dose to the gallbladder wall from non-penetrating radiation (designated
np) becomes:
D(GBW+GBC + L),, = 0.5 X A;,,,s(GBC+GBC),,
+0.5 x 0.75 x ALS(L+L)“p
B.4. Salivary Glands

(104) In cases in which the salivary glands are considered as a source organ, the same method
is used to estimate the absorbed dose from this source as that given in MIRD Pamphlet No. 8
(Lathrop et al., 1976), on pertechnetate, where the absorbed dose from the salivary glands to
organs other than the thyroid is calculated with the use of S-values for the thyroid as the source
organ. The absorbed dose to the thyroid is estimated in the same way, except that the
contribution from non-penetrating radiation is omitted.
(105) The absorbed dose to the salivary glands themselves is estimated using absorbed
fractions for small volumes given in MIRD Pamphlet No. 8 (Ellet and Humes, 1971).
B.5. Lymph Nodes

(106) Due to the many different injection sites and individual circumstances regarding
administration, as well as the varying masses and distribution of the lymph nodes involved, no
generally applicable values for biokinetics and absorbed dose can be given. The reader is
referred to other publications (zum Winkel and Hermann, 1977; Bergqvist et al., 1982;
Bronskill, 1983) for more detailed discussions on this topic.
References
Bergqvist, L., Strand, S.-E., Persson, B., Hafstrom, L. and Jiinsson, P.-E. (1982). Dosimetry in lymphoscintigraphy of
Tc-99m antimony sulfide colloid. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 698-705.
Bronskill, M. J. (1983). Radiation dose estimates for interstitial lymphoscintigraphic agents. Semin. Nucl. Med. 13,
20-25.
Cristy (1980). Mathematical Phantoms Representing Children of Various Ages for Use in Estimates of Internal Dose,
Report ORNL/NUREG/TM-367. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Ellet, W. H. and Humes, R. J. (1971). Absorbed fractions for small volumes containing photon emitting radioactivity.
Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee (MIRD) Pamphlet No. 8. J. Nucl. Med. 12, Suppl. No. 5, 27-32.
Lathrop, K. A., Atkins, H. L., Berman, M., Hays, M. T. and Smith, E. M. (1976). Summary ofcurrent radiation dose
estimates to normal humans from Tc-99m as sodium pertechnetate. Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee
(MIRD) Dose Estimate Report No. E. J. Nucl. Med. 17, 74-77.
Roedler, H. D. (1987). Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based upon
animal and human data. In: Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry (Gerber, G. B., Metivier.
H. and Smith, H. eds) Proc. Symp. CEC Angers 1986, pp. 327-338. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
Winkel zum, K. and Hermann, H. J. (1977). Scintigraphy of lymph nodes. Lymphology 10, 107-114.
STVJIINfl JYIAIUYHdOIOYU TYNCIAICNI
UOC SINSTYAINOf, f,SO[ flAlJ,f,fl,fdf, ONY
.STflCOIAI
Sf,SO(I CflgUOSflY JIIINI}IOIS'II
CONTENTS
Page
Explanatory Notes 35
Z Radionuclides Pharmaceutical
1 3H Water 39
3H Inulin 41
6 “C Carbon monoxide 43
“C Carbon dioxide 47
“C Erythrocytes (RBC) 51
“C Spiperone 53
14C Inulin 55
7 13N Gas 57
13N Gas in solution 59
13N Ammonia 61
13N L-Glutamate 63
8 150 Carbon monoxide 65
150 Carbon dioxide 67
150 Molecular 69
9 ‘sF Fluoride 73
‘*F Fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) 75
11 22Na, 24Na Ion 77
12 2sMg Ion 81
15 32P, 33P Phosphate 83
16 35s Sulphate 85
17 34mC1,w1, w1 Chloride 87
19 3*K Ion 89
42~ 43K
Ion 91
20 45Ca 47Ca Ion 95
21 Q%,‘% Non-absorbable markers 99
24 51Cr Chloride 103
‘Cr Ethylenediamine triacetic acid (EDTA) 105
51Cr Platelets 109
51Cr RBC 111
51Cr RBC denatured 113
“Cr White blood cells (WBC) 115
51Cr Non-absorbable markers 117
26 52Fe, “Fe, sgFe Ion 119
27 57co Bleomycin 125
S’CO, 58co Vitamin B 12 127
29 wu, 67cu Ion 135
30 62Zn, 65Zn, 6gmZn Ion 137
31 66Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 72Ga Citrate 141
33 72As, 74A~, 76As Arsenate, Arsenite 145
34 75Se Selenite 147
“Se Selenomethionine 149
31
BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
“Se Selenomethylcholesterol 151

‘%e SeHCAT 153
35 76Br, “Br, a2Br Bromide 155
“Br Bromospiperone 157
36 almKr Gas 159
37 a2Rb Ion 161
81Rb, 84Rb, 86Rb Ion 163
81Rb RBC denatured 167
38 85Sr, 87mSr, 8gSr Ion 169
43 ggmT~ Albumin 173
ggmTc Albumin (intrathecal) 175
ggmT~ Citrate 177
ggmT~ Colloids 179
ggmTc Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 185
g9mT~ Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) 187
99mTc DTPA (intrathecal) 189
g9mTc Plasmin 191
ggmT~ Glucoheptonate 193
ggmT~ Penicillamine 195
9gmTc Pertechnetate 197
ggmT~ Iminodiacetic acid derivatives (IDA) 201
ggmT~ Fibrinogen 207
ggmT~ RBC 209
ggmT~ RBC denatured 211
g9mT~ Phosphates/Phosphonates 213
99mT~ Aerosol 217
9gmTc Heparin 221
““‘Tc Macroaggregated albumin (MAA) 223
ggmT~ Non-absorbable markers 225
ggmT~ Albumin microspheres 227
99mTc Platelets 229
99mTc WBC 231
49 lllln, 113mIn
Ion 233
l13mIn
Hydroxide (colloidal) 235
“‘In, 113mIn DTPA 237
“‘In, 11 3mIn
DTPA (intrathecal) 241
1111~ l13mIn
Aerosol 245
1 13mIn
“‘In: Non-absorbable markers 249
“‘In Platelets 253
‘“In WBC 255
“‘In Bleomycin 257
53 1231 1241 a 1251 1311
Iodide 259
12q 3
Iodoamphetamine (IMP) 279
1231 1251 1311
Fibrinogen 281
1231’ 1251’ 1311
Albumin 285
1231’ 1311’
Albumin (intrathecal) 289
13q’
MAA 293
1251 1311
, Non-absorbable markers 295
32
1231 1311
Microaggregated albumin 299
1231’ 1251 ‘311
Hippuran 305
1251’ 1311’
Antipyrine 313
1251’
Iothalamate 315
1311
Norcholesterol (NP 59) 317
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 319
Tetraiodothyronine (T4) 321
Triiodothyronine (T3) 323
Reverse T3 325
Diiodothyronine (T2) 327
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) 329
Rose bengal 333
54 Gas/solution 341
129Q 130cs, 13lQ 134rnCS
55 Ion 347
56 i31Ba, 133mBa, 135mBa Ion 351
131Ba Non-absorbable markers 355
57 14’La DTPA 357
70 iagYb DTPA 359
16gYb DTPA (intrathecal) 361
79 lg8AU Colloid 363
80 lg7Hg Chloride 365
lg7Hg Bromo-mercuri-hydroxypropane (BMHP) 367
“‘Hg, 203Hg Chlormerodrin 369
81 201T1 Ion 371
33
EXPLANATORY NOTES
The individual substances presented in this section are arranged according to the atomic
number of the radionuclide, beginning with the lowest number. For each nuclide the simple ion
is presented first, followed by other substances containing the same nuclide. For each ion or
radioactive substance the relevant isotopes of each nuclide are presented in order of increasing
atomic weight.
For simple ions, the element name is used for cations (e.g. potassium) and the ionic name for
anions (e.g. iodide). The term ‘labelled’ is in general used when the corresponding stable
molecule (the mother substance) is a naturally occurring organic compound that does not itself
contain the element in question (e.g. Tc-labelled albumin).
The data on each substance are presented in three subsections, designated Biokinetic Model,
Biokinetic Data and Table of absorbed doses per unit activity administered.
Biokinetic Model
Unless otherwise stated, the model refers to intravenous administration. Substances
administered orally, intrathecally (by lumbar or cisternal injection) or by inhalation are
presented separately. When both intravenous and oral administration are considered the
models are presented together.
The rate of the biological process-eg. uptake, metabolism and excretion-is usually given
as the half-life of the corresponding exponential function. If the process is assumed to be
multiexponential, the fraction of the organ content belonging to each exponential component is
given in brackets immediately after the half-life figure. When rates are given as fractions per time
unit (k), as reported in cited publications, they are transformed into half-lives according to the
formula T= 0.693/k.
Unless otherwise stated, complete radiochemical purity is assumed. For this reason absorbed
doses from known impurities (e.g. free iodine in iodinated compounds) have to be added to the
values presented.
In the reference list, publications dealing with uptake in the human embryo or fetus, where
appropriate, are given separately at the end under the heading ‘Diaplacental transfer’.
Biokinetic Data
The following abbreviations are used [for further explanation refer to appropriate sections in
General Considerations of Biokinetics and Dosimetry (hereafter referred to as General
Considerations)].
s Source organ or tissue
Fs Fractional distribution to organ or tissue S
T Biological half-life for an uptake or elimination component
a Fraction of F, taken up or eliminated with the corresponding half-life. A minus-sign
indicates uptake
&IA, Cumulated activity in organ or tissue S per unit of administered activity
GIT Gastrointestinal tract
SI Small intestine
ULI Upper large intestine
LLI Lower large intestine
35
BIOKINETICS AND DOSIMETRY: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The expression ‘Remaining Tissues’ is used to signify all organs and tissues not specifically
mentioned in the table in question. The corresponding activity (F,) is assumed to be uniformly
distributed.
The data table sometimes contains empty spaces under the heading T and a, usually because
the kinetics follows complex exponential, or non-exponential, expressions which cannot easily
be defined in the table. This is always the case for activity in the gastrointestinal tract, and for the
kidney and bladder contents, when the corresponding standard models (Appendix A.3 and A.5,
General Considerations) are used. The same applies to activity in the gallbladder (Appendix
A.9, General Considerations) and to substances that are administered orally as markers
(Appendix A.3, General Considerations) or intrathecally (Appendix A.10, General Consider-
ations). In all these cases details of the biokinetics can be found in the Appendices.
In some other cases the data table only presents the cumulated activities, with no values for
F,, T or a. This is the case for the bone-seeking alkaline earth elements; in this report calcium,
strontium and barium are assumed to be distributed and retained in the body in accordance
with the model presented in ICRP Publication 20 ‘Alkaline Earth Metabolism in Adult Man’
(1972). Another group comprises the inhaled gases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
and oxygen, where specific kinetic conditions, as described in the models, are valid.
With respect to radioactive daughters, two different situations have been considered, with a
corresponding difference in the presentation of the biokinetic data. For the radionuclides 47Ca,
“Fe, 62Zn, 134mCs,i3iBa and 133mBa it has been assumed that the preparation administered is
free from the daughter nuclide. The cumulated activity of the daughter nuclide, formed after
administration, is given in the table immediately to the right of the column for the parent
nuclide, and the heading for these two columns is of the form: 47Ca and 47Sc. If the substance is
contaminated with the daughter nuclide at the time of administration, the contribution from
this activity has to be added to the absorbed dose values presented. For some common
impurities, their effective dose equivalents per unit activity administered have been given at the
bottom of the appropriate dose tables.
For the radionuclides 28Mg, 6gmZn and ‘lRb, where equilibrium between parent and
daughter at the time of administration is assumed, the cumulated activity from the daughter is
identical to that of the parent, and therefore only one column of data has been given at the
heading in this case is of the form: e.g. 28Mg (= 28Al). The nuclide 34mClrepresents a special
case of equilibrium, since only 47% of the decays lead to formation of the daughter 34Cl.
Table of Absorbed Dose per Unit Activity
The doses are given as milligray (mGy) per megabequerel (MBq). The effective dose
equivalent is given as millisievert (mSv) per megabequerel. All dose values are given in
exponential notation (e.g. 2.6E-02=2.6 x lo-* or 0.026, and 4.9E+Ol=4.9 x lo+’ or 49).
The physical half-lives have been taken from ZCRP Publication 38 ‘Radionuclide Transforma-
tions’ (1983). The calculations have been performed without rounding off, but the final result is
given with two digits only. The significance of the dose values is discussed in Section 5.3 of
General Considerations.
Dose calculations have been performed for adults and for children of 15, 10,5 and 1 years of
age. In a few instances (i.e. liver-spleen-bone marrow colloids in abnormal cases, and
substances administered intrathecally) adequate models for children are not available.
The selection of target organs has been explained in Section 3 of General Considerations. The
organs (or tissues) are presented in alphabetical order except ‘Other Tissue’, which is placed at
36
the end. The dose to organs or tissues not mentioned in the table can usually be approximated
with the value given for ‘Other Tissue’. The dose to the embryo, and to the fetus when
diaplacental transfer is known not to occur, can be approximated by the dose to the uterus.
The effective dose equivalent, given at the bottom of each table, has been calculated according
to the procedure given in ZCRP Publication 26 ‘Recommendations of the International
Commission on Radiological Protection’ (1977), as further discussed in Section 6.2 of General
Considerations. In the calculation, doses to the gonads, breast, red bone marrow, lung, thyroid
and bone surfaces are always considered, with their specific weighting factors. In addition, the
five remaining organs and tissues receiving the highest dose are also included; these organs or
tissues are marked with an asterisk in the table for the adult case. For children, the rule for the
selection of the five additional organs may lead to a different set of organs included; this has been
taken into consideration in the calculations.
When the contribution to the effective dose equivalent from the bladder wall dose is more
than 50% a note about the actual contribution is given at the bottom of the table.
37
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS H
1
Water
WATER
jH
Biokinetic Model
ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) assumes a uniform soft-tissue distribution of tritiated
water with a biological half-life of 10 d. This model is adopted here. Data for children have been
compiled by the Task Group on Dose Calculations.
Following oral administration, complete and rapid absorption can be assumed. The
absorbed dose values are, therefore, identical with those for intravenous administration.
References
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intake ofhdionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a ASIA,

Total body
Adult 1.0 10.0 d 1.o 14.0 d
15 yr old 1.0 7.8 d 1.o ll.Od
10 yr old 1.0 5.4d 1.0 7.7 d
5 yr old 1.0 4.1 d 1.0 6.0 d
1 yr old 1.0 3.8 d 1.0 5.5 d
WATER
38 12.35 years
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year 1 year
* Adrenals 1.6B-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4B-02 4.5B-02

* Bladder wall l.bB-02 1.6B-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Bone surfaces 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4 *5B-02
Breast 2.0%02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02
* Small in test 1.6E-02 1.6B-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
* ULI wall 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4%02 4.5B-02
LLI wall 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Kidneys 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02

Liver 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4B-02 4.5B-02
Lungs 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.0B-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02
Ovaries 1.6E-02 1.6B-02 1.8E-02 2.4%02 4.53-02
Pancreas 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Red marrow 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4B-02 4.5B-02

Spleen 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1,8B-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Testes 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Thyroid 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
Uterus 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 4.5%02
Other tissue 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4B-02 4.5E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.6B-02 1.6E-02 1.8B-02 2.4B-02 4.5E-02
(mSv/klBq)
39
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS H
1
huh
INULIN
3H
Biokinetic Model
After intravenous administration and initial distribution in the extracellular fluid, the
substance is excreted by the renal system according to the model for GFR substances and the
kidney-bladder model (Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
In the normal case, total body retention is described by a monoexponential function with a
half-time of 100 min (1 .O).The fraction excreted by the kidneys equals 1.Oand the renal transit
time is 5 min.
For the abnormal case, it is assumed that the retention half-time in the total body is 1000 min
and that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min.
Biokinetic Data
a &IA0
(1) Normal renal function

Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 1.67 hr 1.0 2.41 hr
contents)
Kidneys 1.0 5.6 min
Bladder contents 1.0 2.16 hr
(2) Abnormal renal function
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 16.7 hr 1.0 l.Od
contents)
Kidneys 1.0 26.4 min
41
INULIN
3H 12.35 years
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1. Hz-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04

* Bladder wall 1.8502 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 5.53-02 l. lE-01
Bone surfaces l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9g-04
Breast 1.3E-04 1.3E-04 2,3E-04 3.9E-04 ?.9E-04
GI-tract
* Stomach wall l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
* Small intest l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9&04
ULI wall l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E:04 3.9E-04 7.9g-04
LLI wall 1. IE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
* Kidneys 9.9E-04 l.ZE-03 I. aE-03 2.7E-03 4.9E-03
Liver l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9&04
Lungs l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.98-04
Ovaries l.lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
Pancreas l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
Red marrow l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
Spleen 1. Hz-04 1,3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9B-04
Testes l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.98-04
Thyroid l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 ?.9E-04
Uterus l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9g-04
Other tissue l. lE-04 1.3E-04 2.3E-04 3.9E-04 7.9E-04
Effective
dose equivalent 1.2B-03 1.5E-03 2.4E-03 3.8E-03 7.58-03
(mSv/MBq)
Bladder wall contributes to 90.0 % of the effective dose equivalent.
Abnormal renal function
Organ Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year 1 year
* Adrenals l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.93-03 a. OE-03

* Bladder wall 1.5&02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 4.7E-02 9.3E-02
Bone surfaces l. lE-03 1*4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Breast 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 a.oE-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall l. lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 a. OE-03
* Small intest l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 a. OE-03
ULI wall l. lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
LLI wall l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
* Kidneys 4.6E-03 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
Liver l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Lungs l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 a. OE-03
Ovaries l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Pancreas l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Red marrow l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Spleen l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Testes 1. IE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Thyroid 1. Hz-03 1.4E-03 2,3E-03 3.9E-03 a. OE-03
Uterus l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9&03 8.OE-03
Other tissue l.lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Effective
dose equivalent 2.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.4B-03 7.1B-03 1.48-02
(aSv/lmq)
42
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS C
6
Carbon monoxide
CARBON MONOXIDE
“C
Biokinetic Model
Inhaled carbon monoxide is absorbed at the lung gas-tissue interface and enters the
pulmonary blood circulation, where it is essentially completely bound to haemoglobin.
Following washout from the lungs, the absorbed activity is assumed to be uniformly distributed
throughout the total blood volume. Because of the short physical half-life of ‘iC, the effective
half-time of the activity absorbed into the body is taken to be the physical half-life. The lung
absorption of CO has a half-time of about 5 s, which is similar to the length of the normal
respiratory cycle and consequently the inhaled gas may not be completely absorbed in certain
conditions. Two situations have been considered:
(1) Single inhalation of gas with a 20 s breathhold. A total inhalation volume of 2.5 1is assumed
to be distributed between alveolar space (2350 ml) and dead space (150 ml). No absorption
occurs from the dead space, and the gas it contains is exhaled after 20 s. From the work of
Bates (1952) and West et al. (1962) the alveolar transfer rate of CO is estimated to be
0.13 s- ’ (half-time = 5.3 s) and the pulmonary blood washout rate to be 0.22 s- ’
(half-time = 3.2 s). During a 20 s breathhold, the inhaled activity occupying the alveolar
space is almost entirely absorbed. The absorbed tracer mixes within the total blood volume
and cumulated activities in organs are calculated from their blood contents.
The cumulated activity in the lungs results from three components, namely activity in
lung gas (dead space and alveolar space), activity absorbed in pulmonary blood prior to
washout, and the proportion of total blood activity present in the lungs.
(2) Continuous inhalation of gas for 1 hr. In this case, each inhalation volume is assumed to be
500 ml, distributed between dead space (150 ml) and alveolar space (350 ml). Taking an
inhalation rate of 12 breaths per min, the average duration of each breath is 5 s. With this
shorter breathing period, only about half the inhaled CO occupying the alveolar space is
absorbed and some is subsequently exhaled. Assuming that the 350 ml of inspired gas that
reaches the alveolar space mixes within an extra volume of 2400 ml (functional residual
volume), only a fraction (350/2750) of the residual alveolar activity at the end of the 5 s
inhalation period is expired. Thus, as inhalation proceeds, activity builds up in the alveolar
region until a steady state is attained after about 10 inhalations, when the intake of activity
into the lungs is balanced by absorption and exhalation. The build-up of alveolar activity
prior to this steady state is compensated for by the diminution of residual activity following
termination of the 1 hr period of continuous inhalation, so that, for dosimetry purposes, the
continuous inhalation is equivalent to the administration of activity at constant rate, given
by the steady state value, for 1 hr. The cumulated activities resulting from a single breath in
this situation are calculated as in (1) above, and multiplied by 720, the number of breaths in
1 hr.
References
Bates, D. V. (1952). The uptake of carbon monoxide in health and in emphysema. Clin. Sci. 11,21-32.
Kearfott, K. J. (1982). Absorbed dose estimates for positron emission tomography (PET): C150, “CO and CO”0. J.
Nucl. Med. 23, 1031-1037.
West, J. B., Holland, R. A. B., Dollery, C. T. and Matthews, C. M. E. (1962). Interpretation of radioactive gas clearance
rates in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, l&20.
43
C BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
6
Carbon monoxide
BiokineticData
Organ (S) U%
(1) Single inhalation with 20 s breathhold (2.5 1)

Total body 27.5 min
Lungs 10.9 s
Blood 27.3 min
(2) Continuous inhalation for 1 hr (360 1)
Total body 18.1 min
Lungs 8.4s
Blood 17.9 min
CARBON MONOXIDE
Single inhalation with 20 set breathhold
1% 20.38 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 7.1E-03 8.5B-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 4.4E-02

Bladder wall 2.3E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-03 6.7E-03 1.28-02
Bone surfaces 3.4E-03 4.3E-03 7.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.43-02
Breast 2.9E-03 3.0E-03 S. OE-03 7.0E-03 1.4E-02
GI-tract
Stomach vail 2. EE-03 3.48-03 5.1E-03 0 .OE-03 1. SE-02
Small inrest 2. SE-03 3.1E-03 4.83-03 7. SE-03 1.4&02
ULI wall 2. SE-03 3.0E-03 4.6E-03 7.4E-03 1. LE-02
LLI wall 2.48-03 2.8E-03 4.4B-03 6.6E-03 1.3%02
* Heart 2.OE-02 2. SE-02 3.8E-02 6.OE-02 l. lE-01
* Kidneys 6.7&03 8.OE-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 4.2E-02
* Liver S. lE-03 5.9E-03 9.9E-03 1.6E-02 3.OE-02
Lungs 1.4802 1.8E-02 2.9802 4.88-02 9.4E-02
Ovaries 2.3E-03 3.OE-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02
Pancreas 3.3E-03 4.OE-03 6.2E-03 9.6E-03 1.8E-02
Red marrow 4.2E-03 5.2E-03 8.43-03 1.5E-02 2. W-02
* Spleen 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.3&02 8.4g-02
Testes 2.3E-03 2. SE-03 3.8803 5.98-03 l . lE-02
Thyroid 4.9E-03 6.OE-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-02
Uterus 2.3&03 3.0E-03 4 v7E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02
Other tissue 2.4E-03 2.8E-03 4.3E-03 6.83-03 1.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6E-03 8.0&03 1.3E-02 2.11-02 4.OE-02
(mSv/HBq)
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS L
Carbon monoxide
CARBON MONOXIDE
Continuous inhalation for 1 h
Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 4.7E-03 5.63-03 9.2E-03 1.5E-02 2.9E-02

Bladder wall l .%-03 1.8E-03 2.7E-03 4.4E-03 7. BE-03
Bone surfaces 2.2E-03 2.8E-03 4.7E-03 7.8E-03 1. fE-02
Breast 1.9E-03 2.OE-03 3.3E-03 5.1E-03 9.4E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.8E-03 2.2E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 9.7E-03
Small intest 1.7E-03 2.OE-03 3.2E-03 5.OE-03 9.3E-03
ULI wall 1.7B-03 2.OE-03 3.OE-03 4.9E-03 9.2E-03
LLI wall 1.6E-03 1.8E-33 2.9E-03 4.5E-03 8.3E-03
* Heart 1 e3E-02 1.6E-02 2_5E-02 4.OE-02 7 1OE-02
* Kidneys 4.4E-03 5.3E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.8E-02
* Liver 3.3B-03 3.9E-03 6. SE-03 l.OE-02 2.OE-02
Lungs 9.2E-03 l.ZE-02 1.9E-02 3.2E-02 6.2E-02
Ovaries 1.5E-03 2.OE-03 3.1E-03 4.8E-03 8.9E-03
Pancreas Z.ZE-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02
Red marrow 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 5.5B-03 9.83-03 1.9E-02
* Spleen 8.7E-03 1 .OB-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 5. SE-02
Testes 1.5E-03 1.6E-03 2.5B-03 3.9E-03 7.5E-03
Thyroid 3.2B-03 4.OE-03 6.6E-03 l. lE-02 2.1E-02
Uterus 1.5E-03 2.OE-03 3.lE-03 4.8E-03 8.9E-03
Other tissue 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.3B-03 5.3B-03 8_5B-03 1.4B-02 2.6B-02
(mSv/klBq)
45
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
6
Carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE
“C
Biokinetic Model
Following inhalation, “CO, diffuses rapidly through the alveolar membrane but, unlike
C”O,, there is no prompt transfer of the radioactive label to a blood component. Diffusion of
the tracer is, therefore, not unidirectional and activity is removed from the lungs both by
pulmonary capillary blood flow and by expiration. Whole-body retention of tracer, following a
single inhalation and 20 s breath-holding, can be described by a double exponential function in
which fractions of 0.4 and 0.6 of the initial activity are eliminated with biological half-times of
2.2 min and 76 min respectively (Kenny et al., 1976). Based on the data of West et al. (1962) and
West and Dollery (1962) the alveolar transfer rate of “CO, is estimated to be 0.14 s-l
(half-time 5 s). The pulmonary blood washout rate is assumed to be 0.17 s-’ (half-time 4 s).
Two situations have been considered:
(1) Single inhalation of gas with a 20 s breath-hold. A total inhalation volume of 2.5 1 is
assumed to be distributed between alveolar space (2350 ml) and dead space (150 ml). No
absorption occurs from the dead space, and the gas it contains is exhaled after 20 s. During a
20 s breath-hold, the inhaled activity occupying the alveolar space is almost entirely
absorbed. The cumulated activity in the lungs results from three components, namely
activity in lung gas (dead space and alveolar space), activity absorbed in pulmonary blood
prior to washout, and the proportion of total body activity present in the lungs.
inhalation rate of 12 breaths per min, the average duration of each breath is 5 s. With this
shorter breathing period, only about half the inhaled l ‘C occupying the alveolar space is
absorbed and some is subsequently exhaled. Assuming that the 350 ml of inspired gas that
reaches the alveolar space mixes within an extra volume of 2400 ml (functional residual
volume) only a fraction (350/2750) of the residual alveolar activity at the end of the 5 s
inhalation period is expired. Thus, as inhalation proceeds, activity builds up in the alveolar
region until a steady state is attained after about 10 inhalations, when the intake of activity
into the lungs is balanced by absorption and exhalation. The build-up of alveolar activity
prior to this steady state is compensated for by the diminution of residual activity following
termination of the 1 hr period of continuous inhalation, so that, for dosimetry purposes, the
continuous inhalation is equivalent to the administration of activity at constant rate, given
by the steady state value, for 1 hr. The cumulated activities resulting from a single breath in
this situation are calculated as in (1) above, and multiplied by 720, the number of breaths in
1 hr.
References
Kenny, P. J., Watson, D. D., Janowitz, M. D., Finn, R. D. and Gilson, A. J. (1976). Dosimetry of some accelerator
produced radioactive gases. In: Proc. Second Int. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
(FDA 76-8044), pp. 475487. Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland.
West, J. B. and Dollery, C. T. (1962). Uptake of oxygen-15-labeled CO, compared with carbon-l l-labeled CO, in the
lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 9-13.
rates in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 14-20.
47
L BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
6
Carbondioxide
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Q%

Total body 14.1 s
Lungs 25.0 s
(2) Continuous inhalation for 1 hr (360 I)
Total body 9.3 min
Lungs 12.5 s
CARBON DIOXIDE
llc
20.38 minutes
Absorhed dose
Organ
* Adrenals l.EE-03 Z.OE-03 3.1E-03 4.93-03 9.33-03

Bladder wall 1.6E-03 1.8E-03 2.91-03 4.83-03 8.53-03
Bone surfaces 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 2.713-03 4.33-03 8.2E-03
Breast 1.6E-03 1.6E-03 2.43-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 4.71-03 8.7E-03
* Small intest 1.7E-03 Z.OE-03 3.23-03 5.OE-03 9.5E-03
* ULI wall 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 4.91-03 9.1E-03
* LLI wall 1.7E-03 l.BE-03 3.OE-03 4.81-03 8.83-03
Kidneys 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 4.73-03 9.OE-03
Liver 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 4.8E-03 9.x-03
Lungs 2.43-03 3.3E-03 4.71-03 7.33-03 1.4E-02
Ovaries 1.5E-03 Z.OE-03 3.23-03 5.OE-03 9.5E-03
Pancreas 1.6E-03 Z.OE-03 3.23-03 5.1E-03 9.53-03
Red marrow 1.5E-03 1.8E-03 2.83-03 4.4E-U3 8.2E-03
* Spleen 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 4.8E-03 9.OE-03
Testes 1.6E-03 1.7E-03 2.7E-03 4.3E-03 8.3E-03
Thyroid 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 3.OE-03 4.8E-03 9.23-03
Uterus 1.6E-03 2.OE-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 9.5E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.7B-03 2.01-03 3.lE-03 4.93-03 9.4E-03
(mSv/HBq)
48
RADIATIONDOSETO PATIENTSFROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS L
6
Carbon
dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE
Continuousinhalationfor 1 h
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 1.2E-03 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 6.1E-03
* Bladderwall l.lE-03 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 3.2E-03 5.6E-03
Bone surfaces 9.5E-04 l.lE-03 1.8E-03 2.9E-03 5.5E-03
Breast l.OE-03 l.OE-03 1.6E-03 2.6E-03 S.OE-03
GI-tract
Stomachwall l.OE-03 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.8E-03
* Small intest l.lE-03 1.3E-03 Z.lE-03 3.3E-03 6.3E-03
* ULI wall l.lE-03 1.3E-03 2.OE-03 3.3E-03 6.OE-03
* LLI wall l.lE-03 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.2E-03 5.8E-03
Kidneys l.OE-03 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.1E-03 6.OE-03
Liver l.OE-03 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.23-03 6.OE-03
Lungs 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 2.5E-03 3.9E-03 7.5E-03
Ovaries l.OE-03 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 6.3E-03
Pancreas l.OE-03 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 6.3E-03
Red marrow l.OE-03 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 S.SE-03
Spleen l.OE-03 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.1E-03 6.OE-03
Testes l.lE-03 l.lE-03 1.8E-03 2.9E-03 S.SE-03
Thyroid 9.4E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.2E-03 6.1E-03
Uterus l.OE-03 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 6.3E-03
Other tissue 9.4E-04 l.lE-03 1.8E-03 2.9E-03 5.6E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.1%03 1.3E-03 Z.OE-03 3.1E-03 6.OE-03
(mSv/RBq)
49
6
RBC
COHb-LABELLED ERYTHROCYTES
11
C
Biokinetic Model
Following intravenous administration of erythrocytes containing “CO-labelled haemoglo-
nin, the label is distributed according to the relative blood content of different organs. Biological
elimination of the label is negligible in relation to the physical half-life (20.3 min) of l ‘C.
Reference
Glass, H. I., Brant, A., Clark, J. C., de Garetta, A. C. and Day, L. G. (1968). Measurement of blood volume using red
cells labeled with radioactive carbon monoxide. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 571-575.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &/A,
Blood 1.0 a3 1.0 29.3 min
COHb-LABELLED ERYTHROCYTES
3 20.38 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 7.6%03 9.1E-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.7E-02

Bladder wall 2.4E-03 2 *9%03 4.43-03 7.2E-03 1.3E-02
Bone surfaces 3.6E-03 4.6E-03 7.6&03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02
Breast 3.1E-03 3.2E-03 5.3E-03 a. 3E-03 1.5E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.5E-03 8.63-03 1.6E-02
Small intest 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 5.2E-03 a. lE-03 1. SE-02
ULI wall 2.7E-03 3.2E-03 4.9E-03 8.OE-03 1.5E-02
LLI wall 2.6E-03 3.OE-03 4.7E-03 ?.3E-03 1.3E-02
* Heart 2.2E-02 2.7E-02 4.1E-02 6.53-02 l. lE-01
* Kidneys ?.2E-03 8.63-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.5E-02

* Liver 5.43-03 6.3E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.2E-02
Lungs 1.4%02 1. aE-02 3.OE-02 4.9E-02 9.6%02
Ovaries 2.4E-03 3.3E-03 5.OE-03 7. BE-03 1. SE-02
Pancreas 3,5E-03 4.3E-03 6.6E-03 l.OE-02 1.9E-02
Red marrow 4.4E-03 5.6E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02 3 .OE-02
* Spleen 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 4.6E-02 9.OE-02
Testes 2 *4E-03 2.6E-03 4.OE-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02
Thyroid 5,2E-03 6.5E-03 l. lE-02 1.8E-02 3.53-02
Uterus 2.4E-03 3.3E-03 5.OE-03 7.7E-03 1.5E-02
Other tissue 2.5B-03 3.OE-03 4.6E-03 ?.3E-03 1.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 6.9E-03 8.4E-03 1.4&02 2.2E-02 4.2&02
(mSv/nBq)
51
6
Spiperone
SPIPERONE
“C
Biokinetic Model
The model is the same as that described for bromospiperone (see page 157). In view of the
short physical half-life of llC, bladder and GI-tract contents are not considered as sources.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fa T a &IA,
Total body 1.0 1.69 d 0.7 29.2 min

10.5 d 0.3
Liver 0.25 1.69 d 0.7 7.3 min
10.5 d 0.3
Lungs 0.15 1.69 d 0.7 4.4 min
10.5 d 0.3
SPIPERONE
% 20.38 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.8B-03 4.6E-03 7 * lB-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02

Bladder wall 2.2B-03 2.5E-03 4.OE-03 6.8E-03 1.2&02
Bone surfaces 2.2E-03 2.6B-03 4.lE-03 6.5E-03 1.3E-02
Breast 2.9E-03 2.8E-03 4.7E-03 7.4&03 1.4B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.7%03 3.3E-03 5.3E-03 8.6E-03 1.7E-02
Small intest 2.63-03 3.lE-03 5.1E-03 8.3E-03 1.5E-02
* ULI wall 2.83-03 3.2%03 5.4&03 0.7E-03 1.7&02
LLI wall 2.3E-03 2.5E-03 4. H-03 6.8E-03 1.3E-02
* Kidneys 3.1E-03 3.7&03 5.7E-03 0.9B-03 1.6&02

* Liver 2.21-02 2.8E-02 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 1.2E-01
Lungs 2.0&02 3.OE-02 4.23-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01
Ovaries 2.1&03 2. a!?#-03 4.6E-03 7.4B-03 1.4E-02
* Pancreas 3. SE-03 4.4E-03 7 .OE-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02
Red marrow 2.43-03 3.0&03 4.5E-03 6.8E-03 1.2E-02

Spleen 2.6E-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 0.OE-03 1.5E-02
Testes 2.2&03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03 5.83-03 l . lE-02
Thyroid 2.1E-03 2.6E-03 4.3E-03 7.lE-03 1.3E-02
Uterus 2.23-03 2.9E-03 4.6E-03 7.4E-03 1.4B-02
Other tissue 2.3E-03 2.8E-03 4.3g-03 6.9E-03 1.3B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5.9E-03 7.0E-03 1.2E-02 1. EE-02 3 * 4%02
(mBv/llBq)
.lblCRP 1s: 1-4-c

53
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS C
6
Inulin
INULIN
14C
Biokinetic Model
substance is excreted exclusively by the renal system according to the model for substances used
to measure glomerular filtration rate and the kidney-bladder model (see Appendix Sections A.6
and A.5, respectively).
In the normal case, total body retention is described by a monoexponential function with a
half-time of 100 min (1 .O).The fraction excreted by the kidneys equals 1.Oand the renal transit
time is 5 min.
For the abnormal case, it is assumed that the retention half-time in the total body is 1000 min
and that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min.
References
Marlow, C. G. and Sheppard, G. (1970). Labelled tracers of inulin for physiological measurements. Clin. Chim. Acta 28,
469-478.
Sxiklas, J. J., Hosain, F., Reba, R. C. and Wagner, H. N. (1971). Comparison of ‘6gYb-DTPA, “3mIn-DTPA,
i4C-inulin and endogenous creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration. J. Nucl. Bid. Med. 15, 122-125.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a As/A,

contents)
Kidneys 1.0 5.6 min
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 16.7 hr 1.0 l.Od
contents)
55
C BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
6
huh
INULIN
14C 5730 years
Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03

* Bladder wall 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 4.gE-01 9.4E-01
Bone surfaces 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9%03
Breast l. ZE-03 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9.E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 9.5E-04 1.2B-03 2.0&03 3.4E-03 6.93-03
* Small intest 9.5E-04 1.2B-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
ULI wall 9.53-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.933-03
LLI wall 9.53-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4%03 6.9E-03
* Kidneys 8.6E-03 1.1%02 1.6E-02 2.3B-02 4.3E-02
Liver 9.5E-04 1.2&03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9B-03
Lungs 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.43-03 6.9E-03
Ovaries 9.5E-04 1.2B-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Pancreas 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.913-03
Red marrow 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Spleen 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Testes 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2,OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Thyroid 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Uterus 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Other tissue 9.5E-04 1.2E-03 2.OE-03 3.4E-03 6.9E-03
Effective
dose equivalent l . lE-02 1.3B-02 2.1E-02 3.3B-02 6.5B-02
Wv/nBq)
Bladder wall contributes to 81.8 X of the effective dose equivalent.
* Adrenals 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OB-02

* Bladder wall 1*3E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 g . lE-01
Bone surfaces 9.7&03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Breast 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.43-02 7.OE-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.43-02 7.OE-02
* Small intest 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
ULI wall 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.43-02 7.OE-02
LLI wall 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
* Kidneys 4.OE-02 5.1E-02 7.3E-02 l.lE-01 2.OE-01
Liver 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Lungs 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Ovaries 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Pancreas 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Red marrow 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Soleen 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Testes 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Thyroid 9.7%03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Uterus 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Other tissue 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02 7.OE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.913-02 2.3E-02 3. gg-02 6.1E-02 1.2E-01
(mgv/RW
56
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS N
7
Gas
NITROGEN GAS
13N
Biokinetic Model
Gaseous 13N has a very low solubility in blood and tissues and the inhaled gas is, therefore,
assumed not to enter the pulmonary blood circulation. Wash-in and wash-out rates of i3N gas
in lungs are assumed to be equal. Rosenzweig et al. (1969/70) measured mean wash-out rates of
4.27 min- ’ (0.11) and 1.48 min- ’ (0.89) following equilibration in eight subjects. The lower
rate (1.48 min-‘) has been used in the present model for both wash-in and wash-out. Two
situations have been considered:
(1) Single inhalation of gas with 20 s breathhold. During the 20 s breathhold, a fraction of the
13N gas is washed in. After 20 s, this fraction washes out at the above rate, whereas the
remainder is assumed to be exhaled instantaneously.
(2) Continuous inhalation of gas for 1 hr. In this case, the inhalation rate is assumed to be 12
breaths per min, giving an average duration of 5 s for each breath. The 13N activity in the
lungs builds up as determined by the rate constant of 1.48 min- ’ and reaches equilibrium
within 3 to 4 min (Senda et al., 1986). The build up to equilibrium is compensated for by the
washout of activity following termination of the 1 hr period of continuous inhalation so
that, for dosimetry purposes, the time course of lung i3N content is equivalent to constant
lung activity, given by the steady state value, present for 1 hr. The equilibrium lung activity
is 7.7 times the average intake of activity per 5 s breath.
References
Rosenzweig, D. Y., Hughes, J. M. B. and Jones, T. (1969/70). Uneven ventilation within and between regions of the
normal lung measured with nitrogen-13. Resp. Physiol. 8, 8697.
Senda, M., Murata, K., Itoh, H., Yonekura, Y. and Torizuka, K. (1986). Quantitative evaluation ofregional pulmonary
ventilation using PET and nitrogen-13 gas. J. Nucl. Med. 27, 268-273.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S)

Total body 34.5 s
Lungs 34.5 s
Total body 38.7 s
Lungs 38.7 s
57
NITROGEN GAS
Single inhalation with 20 s breathhold
13N 9.965 minutes

Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4.7E-05 7.5E-05 1.2E-04 1.0E-04 3.2&04

Bladder wall 1.4E-06 1.8E-06 4.OE-06 8.2E-06 1.8E-05
Bone surfaces 1.9E-05 2.5E-05 3.6E-05 5.7E-05 l.lE-04
Breast 7.OE-05 7.OE-05 1.3E-04 1. BE-04 2.7E-04
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 3.6E-05 4.3E-05 6.2E-05 8. EE-05 1.5E-04
Small intest 5.4E-06 6.9E-06 1.4E-05 2.6E-05 4.0E-05
ULI wall 7.5E-06 0.4E-06 1.6E-05 2.7E-05 6.OE-05
LLI wall 1.5E-06 3.53-06 5.6E-06 1.2E-05 3.OE-05
Kidneys 2.OE-05 2.6E-05 3.0E-05 6.4E-05 1.2%04
* Liver 4.7E-05 6.4E-05 9.1E-05 1.3E-04 2.3E-04
Lungs 2.8&03 4.6E-03 6.53-03 l .OE-02 2.OE-02
Ovaries 3.1E-06 3.5E-06 6.7E-06 1.4%05 2.9E-05
* Pancreas 5.4E-05 5.8E-05 8.3E-05 1.4E-04 2.3E-04
Red marrow 2.5E-05 3.6E-05 4.6E-05 6.2E-05 1 .OE-04
* Spleen 4.1E-05 5.5%05 8.3E-05 1.2E-04 2.3E-04
Testes 4.9E-07 7.3E-07 1.0g-06 2. BE-06 9.OE-06
Thyroid 2.4E-05 2.9E-05 5.OE-05 a. 5E-05 1.3&04
Uterus 1.9E-06 3 *OE-06 5.9E-06 1.3E-05 2.9E-05
Effective
dose equivalent 3.7g-04 5.8E-04 8.4E-04 1.3%03 2.5%03
(=Sv/nss)
* Adrenals 5.23-05 8.4E-05 1.3E-04 2.OL04 3.6E-04

Bladder wall 1.6&06 2.OE-06 4.53-06 9.2E-06 2.OE-05
Bone surfaces 2.2E-05 2.8E-05 4.OE-05 6.4B-05 1.3E-04
Breast 7.9E-05 7.9E-05 1.5E-04 2.1E-04 3.OE-04
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 4.1E-05 4,9E-05 6.93-05 9.9E-05 1.6E-04
Small intest 6.1E-06 7.7E-06 1.6E-05 2.93-05 5.4E-05
ULI wall 8.43-06 9.4E-06 1.9E-05 3.OE-05 6.7E-05
LLI wall 1.7E-06 3.9E-06 6.3E-06 1.4E-05 3.33-05
Kidneys 2.3E-05 3.OE-05 4.3E-05 7.1E-05 1.3E-04
* Liver 5.23-05 7.2%05 l.OE-04 1.5E-04 2.63-04
Lungs 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 7.33-03 l.lE-02 2.23-02
Ovaries 3.5E-06 4 *OE-06 7.51-06 1.6E-05 3.3E-05
* Pancreas 6.1E-05 6.5E-05 9.43-05 1.5E-04 2.53-04
Red marrow 2.83-05 4.OE-05 5.2E-05 6.9E-05 l.lE-04
* Spleen 4.63-05 6.2E-05 9.3E-05 1.4E-04 2.6E-04
Testes 5.5B-07 0.2E-07 2.OE-06 3.23-06 l.OE-05
Thyroid 2.63-05 3.2E-05 5.63-05 9.5E-05 1.5E-04
Uterus 2.1E-06 3.4E-06 6.73-06 1.5E-05 3.3E-05
Other tissue 2.9E-05 3.6E-05 5.OL05 7.73-05 1.4E-04
Effective
dose equivalent 4.2E-04 6.5~04 9.4E-04 1.4B-03 2.9B-03
Wv/gfW
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS N
7
Gas in solution
NITROGEN GAS IN SOLUTION

13N
Biokinetic Model
Because of its low solubility, 13N gas is assumed to be completely exhaled on reaching the
lungs following an intravenous bolus injection of 13N gas in solution. Hughes (1979) observed a
faster wash-out of 13N from the lungs following such an administration than following
equilibration of inhaled gas and a wash-out rate of 1.62 min - ’ has been estimated from his data.
It is assumed that the mean transit time for an intravenously administered bolus, between
injection site and lungs, is 10 s.
Reference
Hughes, J. M. B. (1979). Short-life radionuclides and regional lung function. Br. J. Radial. 52, 353-370.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) &IA0
Intravenous injection of 13N solution

Total body 45.0 s
Lungs 35.1 s
59
N BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
Gas in solution
NITROGEN GAS IN SOLUTION
13N 9.965 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 7.1B-05 l.OE-04 1.6%04 2.5B-04 4.5E-04

Bladder wall 2.3&05 2.7E-05 4.4B-05 7.5B-05 1.4B-04
Bone surfaces 3.93-05 4.9E-05 7.4B-05 l.ZE-04 2.3B-04
Breast 9.3&05 9.38-05 1.7B-04 2.4B-04 3.0B-04
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.8B-05 6.9E-05 l . OB-04 1.5E-04 2. ?B-04
Small intest 2.8E-05 3.4B-05 5.83-05 9.6B-05 1. aB-04
ULI wall 3.OB-05 3.5B-05 5. EB-05 9.5B-05 1.9B-04
LLI wall 2.4E-05 2.93-05 4.7B-05 7.9B-05 1.5E-04
Kidneys 4.2B-05 5.2B-05 0.OE-05 1.3B-04 2.5B-04
* Liver 6. BE-05 9.1B-05 1.3B-04 2 .OE-04 3.6B-04
Lungs 2.9B-03 4.6B-03 6.6E-03 l.OB-02 2.0&-02
Ovaries 2.4B-05 3.1E-05 5.OE-05 8.43-05 1.6E-04
* Pancreas 7.6B-05 8.63-05 1.3B-04 Z . lE-04 3.6B-04
Red marrow 4.5E-05 6.1B-05 8.6B-05 l. ZB-04 Z . ZB-04
* Spleen 6.3B-05 0 *lE-05 l .ZB-04 1.9B-04 3.63-04
Testes Z. ZE-05 2.43-05 3.9E-05 6.3E-05 1.3B-04
Thyroid 4.3E-05 5.43-05 9.1B-05 1.5B-04 2.6B-04
Uterus 2 * 3B-05 3.1B-05 5.OE-05 0,4B-05 1.6B-04
Other tissue 4.6B-05 5.6E-05 8.339-05 1.3B-04 2.4E-04
Effective
dose equivalent 4.OB-04 6.2B-04 8.98-04 1.4B-03 2.7B-03
(=Sv/RW
60
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS N
1
Ammonia
AMMONIA
13N
Biokinetic Model
This model has been established from data given by Lockwood (1980) based on biokinetic
information obtained following intravenous administration of i3N ammonia to normal
subjects and patients with liver disease (Lockwood et al., 1979). The injected substance was very
rapidly removed from the circulation and metabolized in tissues, some metabolic products
being returned to the circulation. Body scans, at up to 50 min post-injection, showed
substantial amounts of 13N in liver, brain and urinary bladder, with smaller amounts in heart
and kidneys.
In normal subjects, the mean transit time of 13N ammonia in the circulation was found to be
1.08 min. In the model, the injected activity is, therefore, assumed to be instantaneously and
uniformly mixed in the vascular compartment and taken up in tissues with a half-time of
0.75 min. A fraction, 0.064, of the administered activity returned to the circulation as 13N
metabolites, with an estimated half-time of 2 min. Fractions of 0.07 1 and 0.069 were taken up in
liver and brain, respectively, and retained indefinitely. A fraction 0.064 was measured in the
urinary bladder and was estimated to enter with a half-time of 8 min.
In patients with severe liver disease (Lockwood et al., 1979) the fraction of the administered
activity taken up by the liver was slightly larger, i.e. 0.106.
References
Lockwood, A. H. (1980). Absorbed doses of radiation after an intravenous injection ofN-13 ammonia in man. J. Nucl.
Med. 21,276278.
Lockwood, A. H., McDonald, J. M., Reiman, R. E., Gelbard, A. S., Laughlin, J. S., Duffy, T. E. and Plum, F. (1979).
The dynamics of ammonia metabolism in man: Effects of liver disease and hyperammonemia. J. Clin. Invest. 63,
449460.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &IA,
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 8 min 0.06 13.9 min

contents) 0.94
Blood 1.0 42 1.0 1.73 min
2 min -0.06
cc 0.06
Liver 0.07 45 s -1.0 55 s
1.0
Brain 0.07 45sa -1.0 55 s
cc 1.0
Kidneys 0.06 12 s
Bladder contents 0.06 29 s
61
N BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
7
Ammonia
AMMONIA
13N 9.965 minutes
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/YBq)
Organ
Adrenals 2.3E-03 2.6E-03 4.2E-03 6.78-03 1.3E-02

* Bladderwall 8.1E-03 9.9E-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02
Bone surfaces 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.1E-03 9.9E-03
* Brain 4.21-03 4.4E-03 4.73-03 5.23-03 7.3E-03
Breast 1.8E-03 1.8E-03 2.8E-03 4.6E-03 8.9E-03
GI-tract
Stomachwall 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 5.2E-03 9.9E-03
Small intest 1.8E-03 2.23-03 3.5E-03 5.6E-03 l.lE-02
ULI wall 1.8E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 5.6E-03 l.OE-02
LLI wall 1.9E-03 2.1E-03 3.48-03 5.4E-03 l.OE-02
Heart 2.1E-03 2.6E-03 4.OE-03 6.1E-03 l.lE-02
* Kidneys 4.6B-03 5.7E-03 8.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
* Liver 4.OE-03 4.93-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02
Lungs 2.51-03 3.OE-03 4.8E-03 7.91-03 1.5E-02
Ovaries 1.7E-03 2.3E-03 3.6E-03 5.7E-03 l.lE-02
Pancreas 1.9E-03 2.3E-03 3.7E-03 5.8E-03 l.lE-02
Red marrow 1.7E-03 2.1E-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 l.OE-02
* Spleen 2.5E-03 3.OE-03 5.OE-03 8.OE-03 1.5E-02
Testes 1.8E-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 4.9E-03 9.5E-03
Thyroid 1.7E-03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03 5.8E-03 l.lE-02
Uterus 1.9E-03 2.43-03 3.93-03 6.1E-03 l.lE-02
Other tissue 1.6E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 4.9E-03 9.4E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7E-03 3.2E-03 4.93-03 7.7E-03 1.5E-02
(mSv/llBq)
62
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS N
Glutamate
L-GLUTAMATE
13N
Biokinetic Model
Following intravenous administration of L- 13N-glutamate in man, blood activity falls
rapidly, with an initial half-time of 0.4 to 1.6 min, and only about 5% remains in the circulation
at 5 min (Gelbard et al., 1980). Rapid uptake occurs mainly in myocardium, liver, pancreas and
salivary glands, with small amounts in kidneys. High concentrations in these organs have also
been observed in small animals (Kubota et al., 1983). From human studies, there is good
agreement that 0.05-0.06 of the administered substance accumulates in the myocardium
(Gelbard et al., 1980; Knapp et al., 1982), whilst Gelbard et al. (1979) estimated an uptake of
0.08 to 0.12 in the pancreas. It is evident from whole-body scans that the liver takes up the
largest proportion of the administered activity. Gelbard et af. (1979) estimated the
pancreas: liver concentration ratio to be 9: 1. On this basis, it is estimated that liver uptake
accounts for about 0.25 of the administered activity. Salivary glands (maxillary region) also
exhibit high concentrations of 13N glutamate (Cooper et al., 1985; Gelbard et al., 1980) and, in
the absence of quantitative information, it is assumed that the fractional uptake in the salivary
gland is 0.05. The data of Knapp et al. (1984) indicate an initial kidney content of about 0.03,
falling to 0.01 between 5 and 20 min after administration; in contrast, the 13N content of other
organs and tissues is reasonably constant up to 20 min. Therefore, for the kidneys, the biological
half-time is taken to be 10 min, whereas, for other organs and tissues, the period of retention is
assumed to be long in comparison with the physical half-life of 13N.
References
Cooper, A. J. L., Gelbard, A. S. and Freed, B. R. (1985). Nitrogen-13 as a biochemical tracer. In: Advances in
Enzymology, pp. 251-356. (Meister, A., ed.) Advances in Enzymology, Wiley, New York.
Gelbard, A. S., Benua, R. S., McDonald, J. M., Reiman, R. E., Vomero, J. J. and Laughlin, J. S. (1979). Organ imaging
with N-13-L-glutamate. J. Nucl. Med. 20, 663.
Gelbard, A. S., Benua, R. S., Reiman, Rr E., McDonald, J. M., Vomero, J. J. and Laughlin, J. S. (1980). Imaging of the
human heart after administration of L-(N-13) glutamate. J. Nucl. Med. 21,988-991.
Knapp, W. H., Helus, F., Ostertag, H., Tillmanns, H. and Kiibler, W. (1982). Uptake and turnover of
L-(13N)-glutamate in the normal human heart and in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 7,
211-215.
Knapp, W. H., Helus, F., Sinn, H., Ostertag, H., Georgi, P., Brandeis, W. E. and Braun, A. (1984). N-13 L-glutamate
uptake in malignancy: Its relationship to blood flow. J. Nucl. Med. 25989-997.
Kubota, K., Fukuda, H., Yamada, K., Endo, S., Ito, M., Abe, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Fujiwara, T., Sato, T., Yamaura, H.,
Matsuzawa, T., Ishiwata, K., Iwata, R. and Ido, T. (1983). Experimental pancreas imaging study with 13N-glutamate
using positron computer tomography. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 8,528-530.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &IA,
Total body 1.0 0.97 14.2 min

;100min 0.03
Liver 0.25 co 1.0 3.6 min
Pancreas 0.1 co 1.0 1.44 min
Heart (myocardium) 0.06 co 1.0 51.8 s
Salivary glands 0.05 co 1.0 43.1 s
Kidneys 0.03 10 min 1.0 13.0 s
63
N BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
7
Glutamate
L-GLUTAMATE
13N 9.965 minutes
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/.MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 2,8E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 7.6E-03 1.3E-02

Bladder wall 7.9E-04 9. SE-04 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 4.81-03
Bone surfaces 9.OE-04 l. lE-03 1.7E-03 2.7E-03 5,4E-03
Breast l.lE-03 l. lE-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.88-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall Z. lE-03 2. SE-03 3.8E-03 5.9E-03 l.OE-02
Small intest l. ZE-03 1.5E-03 2. SE-03 4.OE-03 7.4E-03
ULI wall 1.4E-03 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 8.OE-03
LLI wall 8.9E-04 l .OE-03 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 S. ZE-03
* Heart 1.6E-02 Z .OE-02 3.2E-02 S.OE-02 9.1E-02
* Kidneys 3.9E-02 4.9E-02 6.9E-02 l.OE-01 1. EE-01
* Liver 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 3.83-02 7.3E-02
Lungs 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 2. SE-03 4.OE-03 7.3E-03
Ovaries 8.2E-04 l.ZE-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.9E-03
* Pancreas 7.9E-02 l.ZE-01 Z.SE-01 3.1E-01 7.1E-01
* Salivary glands S. lE-02 6.3E-02 8.4E-03 l.lE-01 1.7E-01
Red marrow l. lE-03 1.4E-03 Z. lE-03 3.OE-03 5.3E-03
Spleen 2.4E-03 2.8E-03 4.4E-03 6.5E-03 l. lE-02
Testes ?.6E-04 8.2E-04 1.3&03 Z. ZE-03 4.3E-03
Thyroid 8. H-04 1 .OE-03 4.7E-03 2.8E-03 5. SE-03
Uterus 8.6E-04 l.lE-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.8E-03
Other tissue l.lE-03 1.3E-03 Z.OE-03 3.1E-03 5.9E-03
Effective
dorc equivalent 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02 3.9E-02 7.7E-02
(rSv/neq)
64
8
Carbon monoxide
CARBON MONOXIDE
I50
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for “C-labelled carbon monoxide (see p. 43).
Reference
Bigler, R. E. and Sgouros, G. (1983). Biological analysis and dosimetry for t50-labelled O,, CO, and CO gases
administered continuously by inhalation. J. Nucl. Med. 24,431437.
Biokinetic Data
Organ

Total body 2.80 min
Lungs 10.5 s
Blood 2.63 min
Total body 1.86 min
Lungs 8.1 s
Blood 1.73 min
65
0 BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
8
Carbon monoxide
CARBON MONOXIDE
150 122.24 seconds

Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/RRq)
Organ
* Adrenals l.lE-03 1.3E-03 2.2E-03 3.6E-03 7.2E-03

Bladder wall 3.1E-04 3.7E-04 5.8E-04 9*6E-04 1.8E-03
Bone surfaces 4.2E-04 6.7E-04 l. lE-03 1.9E-03 3.83-03
Breast 4.1E-04 4.2%04 7.0804 l.lB-03 2,1E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.6E-04 4 *5.8-04 6.9E-04 l. lE-03 Z. lE-03
Small intest 3.3E-04 4. H-04 6.5E-04 l.OE-03 2.OE-03
IJLI wall 3.4%04 4.1%04 6.3E-04 l . OE-03 2 eOE-03
LLI wall 3.2E-04 3.83-04 6.lE-04 9.7E-04 1.8E-03
* Heart 3.3E-03 4.OE-03 6.3E-03 l .OE-02 1.8E-02
* Kidneys l .OE-03 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 6.8E-03
* Liver 7. H-04 8.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.7E-03
Lungs 3.4E-03 4.8B-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02
Ovaries 3.1E-04 4.1E-04 6.4E-04 l .OE-03 1.9E-03
Pancreas 4.2E-04 5.2E-04 8.1804 1.3E-03 2.4E-03
Red marrow 5.3E-04 8.1E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-03 4.8E-03
* Spleen 2.1E-03 2.6E-03 4.38-03 7.1&03 1.48-02
Testes 3.1E-04 3.5E-04 5. SE-04 8.7E-04 1.7E-03
Thyroid 7.7E-04 9.6E-04 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 5.4E-03
Uterus 3. DE-04 4.1E-04 6.3E-04 l .OE-03 1.9E-03
Other tissue 3.2E-04 3.9E-04 6.2!3-04 9.8E-04 1.9E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.1%03 1.5%03 2. bB-03 3.9B-03 7.6%03
(mSv/BBq)
* Adrenals 7 .OE-04 8.8E-04 1.5E-03 2.bE-03 4.7%03

Bladder wall 2.OE-04 2.43-04 3.8E-04 6.3&04 1.2E-03
Bone surfaces 2.78-04 4*4B-04 7.4E-04 1.3E-03 2.5E-03
Breast 2 *7E-04 2.8E-04 4.6E-04 7.3E-04 1.4&03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.4E-04 3.OE-04 4.6E-04 7.3E-04 1.4E-03
Small intest 2.2E-04 2.73-04 4.3E-04 6.81-04 1.3E-03
ULI wall 2.2E-04 2.7E-04 4.2E-04 6. BE-04 1.3E-03
LLI wall 2.1E-04 2.5E-04 4.OE-04 6,4E-04 1.2E-03
* Heart 2.1E-03 2.6E-03 4.1E-03 6.6E-03 1. x-02
* Kidneys 6.7804 8.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 4.5E-03
* Liver 4.7E-04 5.7E-04 9.7E-04 1.6E-03 3.1E-03
Lungs 2.3E-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 8.5E-03 1.7E-02
Ovaries 2.OE-04 2.7E-04 4.21-04 6.6E-04 1.3E-03
Pancreas 2.8E-04 3.4E-04 5.3E-04 8.4E-04 1.6E-03
Red marrow 3.5804 5.3E-04 8.88-04 1.6E-03 3.1E-03
* Spleen 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 4.73-03 9.4E-03
Testes 2.OE-04 2.3E-04 3.6804 5.7&04 l. lE-03
Thyroid 5.1E-04 6.3E-04 l.lE-03 1.8&03 3.53-03
Uterus 2.08-04 2.73-04 4.2E-04 6.6E-04 1.3E-03
Other tissue 2.lE-04 2.6E-04 4.1%04 6.5E-04 1.3E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 7.6B-04 1.0%03 1.6%03 2.6B-03 5.1B-03
(mSv/naS)
66
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 0
Carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE
150
Biokinetic Model
Inhaled Ci50, passes through the alveolar membrane, the I50 label exchanges with water in
the pulmonary capillary blood and there is no return of the label into the alveolar gas. The
tracer, now in the form of Hzl’O, is carried to the left side of the heart and subsequently, during
systemic circulation, it equilibrates rapidly with the total body water. In normal adults the
half-time for absorption of C150, by the lungs is less than 1 s, so that essentially all the tracer
occupying the alveolar space in each inhalation is absorbed. The half-time for clearance of
H,“O from the lungs is 2 to 5 s in normal individuals, and a value of 4 s has been used for dose
calculations. The biological half-time for whole-body retention of water is about 10 d, so the
effective half-time for the ’ 5O tracer is taken as the radioactive half-life (124 s). Two situations
have been considered:
(1) Single inhalation of gas with a 20 s breath-hold. A total inhalation volume of 2.5 1 is
absorption occurs from the dead space, and the C”O, it contains is exhaled after 20 s,
allowance being made for radioactive decay. The tracer in the alveolar space is absorbed
and subsequently distributed uniformly in total body water.
inhalation rate of 12 breaths per min, the average duration of each breath is 5 s. Even with
this shorter period, the C?‘O, in the alveolar space is assumed to be totally absorbed by the
lungs. Since the activity concentration in the dead space varies between zero and that of the
delivered gas, the average concentration is assumed to be half of that of the delivered gas.
Cumulated activities resulting from a single breath were estimated as in (1) above and
multiplied by 720, the number of breaths in 1 hr.
References
Bigler, R. E., Kostick, J. A. and Gillespie, J. R. (1981). Compartmental analysis of the steady-state distribution of i50,
and H2150 in total body. J. Nucl. Med. 22,959-965.
Bigler, R. E. and Sgouros, G. (1983). Biological analysis and dosimetry for ‘50-labelled O,, CO, and CO gases
administered continuously by inhalation. J. Nucl. Med. 24,431437.
Dollery, C. T., Heimburg, P. and Hugh-Jones, P. (1962). The relationship between blood flow and clearance rate of
radioactive carbon dioxide and oxygen in normal and oedematous lungs. J. Physiol. 162,93-104.
Kearfott, K. J. (1982). Absorbed dose estimates for positron emission tomography (PET): CisG, “CO and COi50. J.
Nucl. Med. 23, 1031-1037.
Kenny, P. J., Watson, D. D., Janowitz, M. D., Finn, R. D. and Gilson, A. J. (1976). Dosimetry of some accelerator
produced radioactive gases. In: Proc. Second Int. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
(FDA 76-8044), pp. 475487. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) &IA,
(1) Single inhalation with 20 s breathold (2.5 I)

Total body 2.83 min
Lungs 8.8 s
Total body 2.1 min
Lungs 6.4 s
67
8
Carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE
150 122.24 seconds

Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4. PE-04 5.53-04 P.OE-04 1.4E-03 2.&l-03

* Bladder wall 4.4%04 5.2E-04 8.4%04 1.4&03 2.6E-03
Bone surfaces 4.1E-04 5.0&04 8.1E-04 1.3E-03 2.6%03
Breast 4. BE-04 4.7E-04 7.7E-04 1.3E-03 2.5E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.4E-04 5.3E-04 8.53-04 1.4E-03 2.7&03
* Small intest 4.6E-04 5.5E-04 P.OE-04 1.5E-03 2.8B-03
* ULI wall 4.63-04 5.4E-04 0.7E-04 1.4E-03 2.7E-03
* LLI wall 4.58-04 5.2E-04 8.6B-04 1.4B-03 2.7E-03
Kidneys 4.3E-04 5.3E-04 8.6&04 1.4E-03 2.7B-03
Liver 4.4E-04 5.4E-04 0.0E-04 1.4E-03 2.0B-03
Lungs 1.2E-03 1. BE-03 2.6E-03 4.OE-03 0.OE-03
Ovaries 4.3E-04 5.6E-04 P . OE-04 1.5%03 2 *W-03
Pancreas 4.4E-04 5.7E-04 9.2E-04 1.5E-03 2.83-03
Red marrow 4.213-04 5.2E-04 0.4B-04 1.3B-03 2 s6E-03
Spleen 4.4B-04 5.4E-04 0.7E-04 1.4B-03 2 *7E-03
Testes 4.4E-04 4. PE-04 0.OE-04 1.3B-03 2.6E-03
Thyroid 4.1E-04 5.2B-04 8.6E-04 1.4E-03 2.8B-03
Uterus 4.3E-04 5.6E-04 P. lE-04 1.5E-03 2.83-03
Other tissue 4.1E-04 5.OE-04 8.2E-04 1.3%03 2.6E-03
Effective
dose equivaleut 5.4E-04 6.8B-04 l . lB-03 1.7E-03 3.3%03
Wv/llBg)
* Adrenals 3.63-04 4.1E-04 6.7E-04 l. lE-03 2.1B-03

* Bladder wall 3.33-04 3.0E-04 6.3E-04 l.OE-03 1. PE-03
Bone surfaces 3.OE-04 3.7E-04 6.OE-04 9.7E-04 1. PE-03
Breast 3.5E-04 3.53-04 5.7E-04 9.3&04 1.8E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.2E-04 4 *OR-04 6.3E-04 l . OE-03 2.OE-03
* Small intest 3.4E-04 4.1E-04 6.7E-04 l. lE-03 2.1E-03
* ULI wall 3.43-04 4.OE-04 6.4E-04 l.lE-03 2.OE-03
* LLI wall 3.4&04 3. PE-04 6.43-04 l . OE-03 2.OE-03
Kidneys 3.2E-04 3. PE-04 6.4E-04 l.OE-03 2.OE-03
Liver 3.3E-04 4.OE-04 6.5E-04 l . OE-03 2.OE-03
Lungs 8.7E-04 1.3E-03 1. PE-03 2. PE-03 5.8E-03
Ovaries 3.2E-04 4.1E-04 6.7E-04 l.lE-03 2.1E-03
Pancreas 3.3E-04 4,2E-04 6. BE-04 l. lE-03 2.1E-03
Red marrow 3.1E-04 3. PE-04 6.2E-04 9. PE-04 1. PE-03
Spleen 3.2E-04 4.OE-04 6.53-04 l .OE-03 2.OE-03
Testes 3.3E-04 3.7E-04 5. PE-04 9.7E-04 1. PE-03
Thyroid 3.0%04 3.8E-04 6.4B-04 l. lE-03 2.1E-03
Uterus 3.2E-04 4.1E-04 6,0E-04 l. lE-03 2.1E-03
Other tissue 3.0&04 3.73-04 6.1E-04 P.EB-04 1. PE-03
Effective
dose aquiraleat 4.0~04 5.oB-04 7.8E-04 1.2B-03 2.4B-03
(=Sv/lIBq)
68
8
Molecular
OXYGEN
150
Biokinetic Model
Inhaled molecular oxygen passes from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillary blood, where it
is bound to haemoglobin. In tissues, it combines with hydrogen ions to form 150-labelled water
of metabolism. The radiation dose to a given organ is, therefore, determined by both its blood
and water contents. In addition to these two contributions, the dose to the lungs includes
contributions from radioactivity in lung gas (dead space and alveolar space) and from 150,
absorbed in pulmonary capillary blood prior to washout.
It is assumed that the 0, concentration in the delivered gas is 21%; the resting oxygen
consumption is 240 ml/min; total blood volume is 5200 ml; and the concentration of oxygen in
blood is 0.16 ml OJml blood. It is further assumed that the biological elimination rate of
absorbed l 5O is negligible in comparison with its rate of radioactive decay (half-life 2.06 min).
Two situations have been considered:
(1) Single inhalation of gas with a 20 s breathhold. A total inhalation volume of 2.5 1 of air is
absorption occurs from the dead space and the 1502 it contains is exhaled after 20 s. From
the resting 0, utilization rate given above, the rate of alveolar transfer of 0, to pulmonary
blood is estimated to be 0.0086 s-l. In a 20 s breathhold, therefore, only a small proportion
(about 15%) of the inhaled “OZ is absorbed, and the cumulated activity in alveolar gas is
calculated on the assumption that the residual radioactive gas is completely exhaled at the
end of the 20 s breathholding period. Cumulated activity due to absorbed 150, in
pulmonary blood prior to washout is calculated using a clearance rate of 0.22 s-l. The
cumulated activity in total blood due to dissolved or haemoglobin-bound “0, is calculated
from the absorbed activity and an estimated rate constant of 0.0048 s- ’ for diffusion of
oxygen from blood to tissues. The “0 that is metabolized to H,“O in tissues is assumed to
be distributed uniformly in the total body.
inhalation rate of 12 breaths per min, the average duration of each breath is 5 s, during
which time about 4.5% of the radioactivity in gas within the lung is absorbed. Assuming
that the 350 ml of inspired gas that reaches the alveolar space mixes within an extra volume
of 2400 ml (functional residual volume), only a fraction (350/2750) of the residual alveolar
activity at the end of the 5 s inhalation period is expired. As inhalation proceeds, activity
builds up in the alveolar region until a steady state is reached after about 2 min, when the
intake of activity into the lungs is balanced by absorption and exhalation. The
concentration of “0, in the dead space is taken as the average of that of the inhaled air and
that of the alveolar air exhaled after 5 s. For this calculation, the concentration in exhaled
alveolar gas is taken as that obtaining after sufficient breaths have been taken for
equilibrium to be reached.
The build up of alveolar activity prior to achievement of the steady state is compensated
for by the corresponding diminution of residual activity following termination of the 1 hr
period of continuous inhalation, so that, for dosimetry purposes, the continuous inhalation
is equivalent to the administration of activity at constant rate, given by the steady state
69
8
Molecular
value, for 1 hr. The cumulated activities resulting from a single breath in this situation are
calculated as in (1) above and multiplied by 720, the number of breaths in 1 hr.
References
Altman, P. L. and Dittmer, D. S. (1971). In: Respiration and Circuhtion. Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology, Bethesda, Maryland.
Bigler, R. E., Kostick, J. A. and Gillespie, J. R. (1981). Compartmental analysis of the steady-state distribution of 150,
and H,r50 in total body. J. Nucl. Med. 22,959-965.
Bigler, R. E. and Sgouros, G. (1983). Biological analysis and dosimetry for ‘50-labelled O,, CO, and CO gases
administered continuously by inhalation. J. Nucl. Med. 24431437.
Kearfott, K. J. (1982). Absorbed dose estimates for positron emission tomography (PET): Ct50, “CO and CO150. J.
Nucl. Med. 23, 1031.-1037.
rates in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 14-20.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) As/A,

Total body 43 s
Lungs 18.3 s
Blood 13 s
Total body 49 s
Lungs 19.9 s
Blood 15.4 s
70
8
M&Cular
OXYGEN GAS
150 122.24 seconds

Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.5E-04 1.9E-04 3.OE-04 4.9E-04 9.5E-04

Bladder wall 5.9E-05 7.OE-05 l. lE-04 1.9E-04 3.5E-04
Bone surfaces 7.3E-05 l .OE-04 1.7E-04 2.8E-04 5.6E-04
Breast l .OE-04 l .OE-04 l.EE-04 2.7E-04 4.9E-04
GI-tract
Stomach wall E.OE-05 9.7E-05 1.5E-04 2.4E-04 4.4E-04
Small intest 6.3E-05 7.8E-05 1.3E-04 2.OE-04 3.9E-04
ULI wall 6.51-05 7.7E-05 1.2E-04 2.0&04 3.9E-04
LLI wall 6.1E-05 7.2E-05 1.2E-04 1.9E-04 3.6E-04
* Heart 3.3E-04 4.1E-04 6.3E-04 9.9E-04 1.8E-03
* Kidneys 1.3E-04 1.5E-04 2.5E-04 4.2E-04 8.2E-04
* Liver l. lE-04 1.4E-04 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 7.OE-04
Lungs 2.4B-03 3.71-03 5.4E-03 8.4E-03 1.7&02
Ovaries 5.9E-05 7.6E-05 1.2E-04 2.OE-04 3.8E-04
Pancreas 9.3E-05 l. lE-04 1.7E-04 2.8E-04 5.1E-04
Red marrow 8.6E-05 1.2E-04 1.9E-04 3.3E-04 6.3E-04
* Spleen 2.2E-04 2. EE-04 4.6E-04 7.5E-04 1.5&03
Testes 5.8E-05 6.6E-05 l .OE-04 1.7E-04 3.3E-04
Thyroid l .OE-04 1.3E-04 2.2E-04 3.7E-04 7.1E-04
Uterus 5.7E-05 7.6E-05 1.2E-04 2.OE-04 3 *8E-04
Other tissue 6.9E-05 8.5E-05 1.3E-04 2. IE-04 4.1E-04
Effective
dose equivalent 3.9E-04 5.7&04 8.5E-04 1.3E-03 2 . ?E-03
(mSv/lIBq)
* Adrenals 1.7E-04 2,2E-04 3.5E-04 5.7E-04 l. lE-03

Bladder wall 6,9E-05 8.2E-05 1.3E-04 2.2E-04 4.1E-04
Bone surfaces 8.5E-05 1.2E-04 2.0&04 3.3E-04 6.5E-04
Breast 1.2E-04 1.2E-04 2.1E-04 3.1E-04 5.6E-04
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.2E-05 l. lE-04 1.7E-04 2.7E-04 5.1E-04
Small intest 7.4E-05 9.23-05 1.5E-04 2.4E-04 4.6E-04
ULI wall 7.6E-05 9.OE-05 1.5E-04 2.4E-04 4.6E-04
LLI wall 7.1E-05 8.4E-05 1.4E-04 2,2E-04 4.3E-04
* Heart 3.9E-04 4.8E-04 7.4E-04 1.2E-03 2.1E-03
* Kidneys 1.5E-04 1.8E-04 3.OE-04 4.9E-04 9.6E-04
* Liver 1.3E-04 1.6E-04 2.7E-04 4.2E-04 8.1E-04
Lungs 2.6E-03 4. IE-03 5.9E-03 9.2E-03 1.9E-02
Ovaries 6.9E-05 9.OE-05 1.4E-04 2.3E-04 4.5E-04
Pancreas l.lE-04 1.3E-04 2.0&04 3.2E-04 5.9E-04
Red marrow l .OE-04 1.4E-04 2.2E-04 3. EE-04 7.4E-04
* Spleen 2.6E-04 3.3E-04 5.4E-04 8. BE-04 1.7E-03
Testes 6.8E-05 7.73-05 1.2E-04 2.OE-04 3.9E-04
Thyroid 1.2E-04 1.5E-04 2.6E-04 4.3E-04 a. 3E-04
Uterus 6.8E-05 8.9E-05 1.4E-04 2.3E-04 4.5E-04
Other tissue 8.OE-05 9.8E-05 1.5E-04 2,5E-04 4.8E-04
Effective
dose equivalent 4.3E-04 6.4E-04 9.5E-04 1.5E-03 3. W-03
Wv/llBq)
71
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS F
9
Fluoride
FLUORIDE
‘*F
Biokinetic Model
Following the intravenous administration of Na’*F, half of the fluorine is rapidly taken up by
the skeleton where it remains for a time which is long in comparison with the radioactive half-life
of lsF. The remainder is distributed in the extracellular fluid and eliminated within a few hours
by renal excretion.
The fraction of 0.5 which is taken up by the skeleton is deposited on bone surfaces with an
uptake half-time of 20 min and is assumed to be retained permanently. The remaining fraction is
eliminated by the renal system with half-times of 10 min (0.25) and 3.2 hr (0.75) according to the
kidney-bladder model.
References
Blau, M., Ganatra, R. and Bender, M. A. (1972). ‘*F-fluoride for bone imaging. Sentin. Nucl. Med. 2,31-37.
Charkes, N. D., Makler, P. T. and Philips, C. (1978). Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics. 1. Digital-computer solution of a
five-compartment model of (‘*F) fluoride kinetics in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 19, 1301-1309.
Wootton, R., Reeve, J. and Veal], N. (1976). The clinical measurement of skeletal blood flow. Chin. Sci. Mol. Med. 50,
261-268.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &IA@

Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 10 min 0.13 1.98 hr
contents) 3.2 hr 0.37
oc, 0.50
Bone surfaces 0.5 20 min - 1.0 1.12 hr
co 1.0
Kidneys 0.5 1.5 min
Bladder contents 0.5 25.1 min
73
F BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
9
Fluoride
FLUORIDE
18F 109.77 minutes
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/MBqf
Organ
* Adrenals l . OE-02 1.2E-02 1,0E-02 2.0E-02 5.2E-02

* Bladder wall 2.2E-01 2.7E-01 4.OE-01 6.1E-01 1 .lE+OO
Bone surfaces 4.OE-02 S . OE-02 7.9E-02 1.3E-01 3.0%01
Breast 6. X-03 6.1E-03 9.7B-03 1. SE-02 3.OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach vall 6.7B-03 E.OE-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.63-02
* Small intest 9.4B-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.83-02 5.2E-02
ULI wall 8.93-03 l.OB-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.6E-02
* LLI wall 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2. SE-02 3.7E-02 6.3E-02
* Kidneys 2.OE-02 2. SE-02 3.6B-02 5.3E-02 9.7E-02
Liver 6.9E-03 8.4E-03 1.3&02 2.1E-02 3.9B-02
Lungs 6.8B-03 8.43-03 1.3E-02 2.OB-02 3.9E-02
Ovaries 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.3B-02 3.6E-02 6.33-02
Pancreas 7.3B-03 9.6%03 1. SE-02 2.3E-02 4.4E-02
Red marrow 4 .OB-02 5.3E-02 II. BE-02 1.8E-01 3. W-01
Spleen 7.4E-03 a. 1313-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 4.1E-02
Testes 1. HI-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.3E-02 6.2E-02
Thyroid 6. GE-03 0.4B-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.6E-02
Uterus 1.9E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 5.73-02 9.9E-02
Other tissue 8.4B-03 I. OB-02 1. SE-02 2.4E-02 4.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7B-02 3.4B-02 5.2B-02 8.6B-02 1.7B-01
Wv/lIBq)
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS F
9
FDG
2-FLUORO-ZDEOXY-D-GLUCOSE (FDG)
18F
Biokinetic Model
18FDG is a glucose analogue used in the investigation of myocardial and cerebral glucose
metabolism. Following intravenous administration, most of the radiopharmaceutical is rapidly
cleared from the circulation with a half-life of less than 1 min, as it mixes within a large
distribution space, although there are longer-term components with half-lives of up to 1.5 hr.
The substance is taken up predominantly by the myocardium and brain. There is evidence from
investigations on dogs (Gallagher et al., 1977) of concentration in other organs, especially
spleen, liver and kidneys, but significant uptake in these organs has not been observed in human
studies (Phelps et al., 1978). Approximately 20% of the administered 18F is excreted in urine
within the first 2 hr (Jones et al., 1982).
From the average urine data of Jones et al. (1982) it can be deduced that the total body
retention of ‘*FDG may be described for dosimetry purposes by a multiexponential function
with half-times of 12 min (0.075), 1.5 hr (0.225) and co (0.70). Fractions of 0.04 and 0.06 are
taken up by myocardium and brain, respectively, with an uptake half-time of 8 min and retained
for a time which is long in relation to the radioactive half-life of ‘*F. The residual activity in the
total body is assumed to be uniformly distributed amongst all tissues other than brain and heart.
A fraction of 0.3 is assumed to be eliminated by the renal system with half-times of 12 min (0.25)
and 1.5 hr (0.75) according to the kidney-bladder model.
References
Gallagher, B. M., Ansari, A., Atkins, H., Casella, V., Christman, D. R., Fowler, J. S., Ido, T., MacGregor, R. R., Som,
P., Wan, C. N., Wolf, A. P., Kuhl, D. E. and Reivich, M. (1977). Radiopharmaceuticals XXVII: “F-1abelled
Z-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose metabolism in vivo: Tissuedistribution and imaging studies in animals. J. Nucl. Med. 18,
99&996.
Jones, S. C., Alavi, A., Christman, D., Montanez, I., Wolf, A. P. and Reivich, M. (1982). The radiation dosimetry of
2-F-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in man. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 613-617.
Phelps, M. E., Hoffman, E. J., Selin, C., Huang, S. C., Robinson, G., MacDonald, N., Schelbert, H. and Kuhl, D. E.
(1978). Investigation of ‘*F 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose for the measure of myocardial glucose metabolism. J. Nucl.
Med. 19, 1311-1319.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a %lAo
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 12 min 0.075 2.13 hr

contents) 1.5 hr 0.225
30 0.70
Brain 0.06 8 min -1.0 8.9 min
io 1.0
Heart wall 0.04 8 min -1.0 5.9 min
;o 1.0
Bladder contents 0.30 19 min
75
F BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
9
FDG
2-FLUORO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE
(FDG)
18F 109.77 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 6.5E-02

* Bladder wall 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 8.9E-01
Bone surfaces l.OE-02 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3 .OE-02 5.6E-02
* Brain 2.6E-02 2.7E-02 2.9E-02 3.3E-02 4.6E-02
Breast l.lE-02 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 5.2E-02
GI-tract
Small intest 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.OE-02 7.43-02
ULI wall 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 3.8E-02 6.93-02
* LLI wall 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 4.4E-02 7.6E-02
* Heart 6.5E-02 8.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.5E-01
* Kidneys 2.1E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 5.3E-02 9.4E-02
Liver 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 6.43-02
Lungs l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.2E-02 6.OE-02
Ovaries 1.5E-02 2.OE-02 3.OE-02 4.6E-02 8.2E-02
Pancreas i .2E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.8E-02 7.OE-02
Red marrow l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.1E-02 5.6E-02
Soleen 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 6.3E-02
Testes 1.5E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.1E-02 7.6E-02
Thyroid 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.3E-02 6.2E-02
Uterus 2.OE-02 2.6E-02 4.1E-02 6.3E-02 l. lE-01
Other tissue l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.2E-02 6.1E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7&02 3.2B-02 4.7E-02 7.3E-02 1.3B-01
Wv/llBcl)
76
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Na
I1
Ion
SODIUM
“Na 24Na
Biokinetic Model
The metabolic model given in ICRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980) is adopted here, with a small
modification regarding the long-term retention in bone. A fraction of 0.3 is assumed to be
translocated to the skeleton, and the remainder is assumed to be uniformly distributed
throughout all other organs and tissues of the body. Of sodium deposited in the skeleton, 0.3%
is assumed to be retained with a very long half-life of 1100 d (Vennart, 1963; Henningsen et al.,
1982). The rest of the activity in bone, as well as all activity in other tissues, is assumed to be
excreted with a half-life of 10 d (ICRP, 1980; Henningsen et al., 1982). This half-life may vary
considerably with the intake of sodium.
Following oral administration, complete absorption from the stomach with a half-time of
uptake of 21 min is assumed.
References
ICRP (1980). Limitsfor Intakes ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
Henningsen, N. C., Ohlsson, O., Mattsson, S. and Nosslin, B. (1982). Whole body measurements of sodium turn-over
in offspring of patients with sustained essential hypertension. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 7, 225-228.
Vennart, J. (1963) External counting. In: Diagnosis and Treatment ofRadioactive Poisoning, STI/PUB 65 (IAEA, 1963).
pp. 3-22. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Ps T a 22Na s4Na
(1) Intravenous administration

Bone 0.3 10d 0.997 4.93 d 6.09 hr
1lOOd 0.003
Remaining tissues 0.7 10d 1.0 10.0 d 14.3 hr
(2) Oral administration (f, = 1.Q
Stomach 1.0 21 min 1.o 30.0 min 29.3 min
Bone 0.3 21 min - 1.0 4.93 d 5.95 hr
10d 0.997
IlOOd 0.003
Remaining tissues 0.7 21 min -1.0 10.0 d 14.0 hr
10d 1.0
77
Na BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
11
Ion
SODIUM
Intravenous or oral administration
22Na 2.602 years
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/HBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 3. ?E+OO 3.7E+OO 5.5EtOO 8.4EtOO 1.5EtOl

Bladder wall 2.6E+OO 2.7B+OO 4.1&+00 7 * 2EtOO 1.lE+Ol
Bone surfaces 5. a+00 6.4E+OO 9. BE+00 1.6BtOl 3.4EtOl
Breast 2.1E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.2E+OO 5.OB+OO 9.3EtOO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.1E+OO 2. EE+OO 3.9EtOO 6.3EtOO 1.1EtOl
* Small intest 2. ?E+OO 3.3E+OO 5. OEtOO 7.6EtOO 1.4EtOl
k ULI wall 2.6B+OO 3.1E+OO 4.7E+OO 7.2EtOO 1.3E+Ol
* LLI wall 2. EE+OO 3.1E+OO 4.8EtOO 7.5EtOO 1.3E+Ol
* Kidneys 2.6E+OO 3.1E+OO 4.7EtOO 7.3EtOO 1.4EtOl
Liver 2. SE+00 3.OE+OO 4. SE+00 6.9E+OO 1.3EtOl
Lungs 2.3E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.3EtOO 6.6EtOO 1.2BtOl
Ovaries 2.6E+OO 3.4E+OO 5.1EtOO 7.7EtOO 1.4BtOl
Pancreas 2. SE+00 3.3E+OO 5.OEtOO 7.6EtOO 1.4EtOl
Bed marrow 4.1E+OO 4.9E+OO 7.4EtOO 1.4EtOl 2.7BtOl
Spleen 2. SE+00 3.OE+OO 4.5EtOO 7. OEtOO 1.3EtOl
Testes 2.5E+OO 2.6E+OO 3.8E+OO 5.9EtOO 1. let01
Thyroid 2.3EiOO 3.OE+OO 4.6BtOO 7.2E+OO 1.3EtOl
Uterus 2.6E+OO 3.3E+OO 4.9EtOO 7. SE+00 1.3BtOl
Other tissue 2.4E+OO 2.8E+OO 4.3EtOO 6.6EtOO 1.2BtOl
Effective
dose equivalent 2.8B+OO 3.3B+oO 4.9BtOO 8 . OB+OO 1.5B+Ol
(mBv/IIBq)
78
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Na
11
10n
SODIUM
24Na 15.00 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.4E-01 3.7E-01 5.6E-01 8.7E-01 1.6E+OO

* Bladder wall 2.8E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 7.8E-01 1.3E+OO
Bone surfaces 6.6E-01 8.1E-01 1.3EtOO 2.1E+OO 4.5E+OO
Breast 2.4E-01 2*4E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 1. lE+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.4E-01 3.2E-01 4.6E-01 7.5E-01 1.3EtOO
* Small intest 2.8E-01 3.4&01 5.3E-01 8.OE-01 1.5E+OO
ULI wall 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 7.8E-01 1.4E+OO
* LLI wall 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+OO
Kidneys 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 5.OE-01 7.8%01 1.5E+OO
Liver 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 7.5E-01 1.4EtOO
Lungs 2.4E-01 3.OE-01 4.5E-01 7.1E-01 1.3E+OO
Ovaries 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.3&01 8.1E-01 1.5E+OO
* Pancreas 3.2E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-01 8.X-01 1.5E+OO
Red marrow 6.6E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.4EtOO
Spleen 2.4E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.4E+OO
Testes 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 6,5E-01 1.2E+OO
Thyroid 2.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 7.7&01 1.4E+OO
Uterus 2.9E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.OE-01 1.5E+OO
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4.6E-01 7.2E-01 1.3EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 3.4E-01 3.9E-01 6.1E-01 1.OR+00 1.9B+OO
(mSv/W)
Oral administration
* Adrenals 3.5E-01 3.7E-01 5.7E-01 8.8E-01 1.6B+OO

Bladder wall 2.7E-01 2.9%01 4.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.3E+OO
Bone surfaces 6.5E-01 8.OE-01 1.3E+OO 1.9B+OO 4.2E+OO
Breast 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 l.lE+OO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 6.6E-01 8.5E-01 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.8E+OO
* Small intest 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-01 8.1E-01 1.5E+OO
ULI wall 2.7E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.4E+OO
* LLI wall 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+OO
Kidneys 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 5.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.5E+OO
Liver 2.6E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.4E+OO
Lungs 2.4E-01 3.OE-01 4.6E-01 7.1E-01 1.3E+OO
Ovaries 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-01 8.1E-01 1.5E+OO
* Pancreas 3.6E-01 3.9E-01 5.9E-01 8.9E-01 1.6E+OO
Red marrow 6.5E-01 8.4E-01 1.4E+OO 2. OEcOO 4.OE+OO
Spleen 2.6E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.OE-01 1.5E+OO
Testes 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO
Thyroid 2.3E-01 3. IE-01 4.8E-01 7*6E-01 1.4E+OO
Uterus 2.9E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.OE-01 1.4E+OO
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4.6E-01 7,1E-01 1.3E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 6. SE-01 l.OE+oO 1.9E+OO
(=Sv/lres)
79
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Mg
12
Ion
MAGNESIUM
“Mg
Biokinetic Model
The total body retention of magnesium in humans after intravenous administration was
measured by Kniffen et al. (1970) and Roessler (1972). Their results suggest a two-term function
with half-times of approximately 12 hr (0.10) and 25 d (0.90). A long-term component, which
may be derived from balance considerations for stable magnesium, is not considered for ‘*Mg,
which has a physical half-life of 20.91 hr
According to ICRP Publication23 (ICRP, 1975), 0.55 of the total body content ofmagnesium
is localized in the skeleton. The same value was reported by Shils (1973) and is adopted here.
It is assumed that the daughter of ‘*Mg, i.e. 28A1(half-life = 2.3 min), is in equilibrium with
‘*Mg and follows the same kinetics.
References
ICRP (1975). Report ojthe Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon, Oxford.
Kniffen, J. C., Roessler, C. E., Roessler, G. S., Dunavant, B. G. and Quick, D. T. (1970). Whole-body counter
determination of “Mg retention in humans. In: Radioaktiue Isotope in Klinik und Forschung, Vol. 9, pp. 231-232.
(Fellinger, K. and Hiifer, R. eds) Urban and Schwarzenberg, Miinchen.
Roessler, G. M. S. (1972). Whole-body retention and excretion of magnesium in humans. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Florida, Mf-order No. 73965.
Shils, M. E. (1973). Magnesium, Chapter 6, Part B. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease-Dietotherapy,
5th edn. (Goodhart, R. S. and Shils, M. E. eds) Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Biokinetic Data
&/A,
Organ (S) Fs T a =Mg (= 28A1)
Total body 1.0 12 hr 0.10 1.14d

25 d 0.90
Bone 0.55 25 d 1.0 16.0 hr
81
MS BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
12
Ion
MAGNESIUM
Z8t4g 20.91 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activityadministeredhGy/mq)
Organ
* Adrenals 4.1E-01 4.8&01 7.4E-01 1.2E+OO 2.3E+OO

Bladder wall 3.0&-01 3.4E-01 5.5)s01 9.6E-01 1.7E+OO
Bone surfaces 5.4E+OO 7.OE+OO l.lE+Ol 2.OE+Ol 4.7e+oi
Breast 3.1E-01 3.1E-01 5.OE-01 8.2E-01 1.6E+oo
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.8E-01 3.?E-01 5.7E-01 9.3E-01 1.7E+OO
* Small intest 3.2E-01 4.OE-01 6.3&01 9.9B-01 1.9E+OO
ULI wall 3.1E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 9.6E-01 l.EE+OO
* LLI wall 3.4E-01 4.OE-01 6.3&01 l.OE+OO 2.OE+OO
* Kidneys 3.2.b01 4.OE-01 6.4E-01 l.OE+OO 2.OEtOO
Liver 3.OE-01 3.7E-01 5.9E-01 9.4E-01 1.8EtOO
Lungs 3.0)s01 3.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.7%01 1.9E+OO
Ovaries 3.2E-01 4.1E-01 6.4E-01 l.OE+OO 1.9E+OO
* Pancreas 3.3.b01 4.1E-01 6.4E-01 l.oe+oo 1.9E+OO
Red marrow 3.3EtOO 3.7EtOO 6.3E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.9E+Ol
Spleen 3.OE-01 3.8E-01 6.1E-01 9.7E-01 1.9EtOO
Testes 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 8.5E-01 1.7E+OO
Thyroid 3.1&01 3.9E-01 6.1&01 9.7s01 l.EE+OO
Uterus 3.1E-01 3.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.6E-01 l.EE+OO
Other tissue 3.2&01 3.9E-01 6.2E-01 9.8&01 1.9E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 8.3E-01 9.8B-01 1.6B+OO 3.OB+OO 6.4BtOO
(mSv/HBq)
82
PHOSPHATE
32p 33p
Biokinetic Model
For phosphate, the metabolic model from ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) is adopted. A
fraction of 0.30 of the injected activity is assumed to go to mineral bone and to be permanently
retained, and 0.70 is assumed to be distributed in soft tissues. Activity deposited in soft tissues is
assumed to be excreted with half-times of 12 hr (0.2) 2 d (0.2) and 19 d (0.6).
Reference
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes ofhdionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a 32P j3P
Bone 0.3 cc 1.0 6.18 d ll.Od

Remaining tissues 0.7 12 hr 0.20 5.40 d 7.05 d
2d 0.20
19d 0.60
83
PHOSPHATE
32P 14.29 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals ?.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6B+OO 2.6EtOO 5.4B+OO

* Bladder wall 7.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6E+OO 2.6EtOO 5.4EtOO
Bone surfaces 1. lB+Ol 1.4E+Ol 2.3EtOl 4.OE+Ol 9.6E+Ol
Breast 9.2B-01 9.2&01 1.6BtOO 2.6E+OO 5.4EtOO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall ?.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6E+OO 5.4B+OO
* Small intest 7.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6E+OO 5.4E+OO
* ULI wall ?.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6BtOO 5.4EtOO
LLI wall ?.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6E+OO 2.6EtOO 5.4E+OO
Kidneys ?.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6E+OO 2.6EtOO 5.4EtOO
Liver 7.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6E+OO 2.6EtOO 5.4Etoo
Lungs ?.4E-01 9.2B-01 1.6EtOO 2.6EtOO 5.4EtOO
Ovaries 7.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6BtOO 5.4EtOO
Pancreas 7.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6BtOO 2.6B+OO 5.4E+OO
Red marrow 1. lE+Ol 1. SE+01 2.6EtOl 5.8E+Ol 1.2Et02
Spleen ?.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6E+OO 5.4BtOO
Testes ?.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6E+OO 5.4B+OO
Thyroid 7.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6EtOO 5.4B+OO
Uterus ?.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6EtOO 5.4EtOO
Other tissue ?.4B-01 9.2E-01 1.6EtOO 2.6EtOO 5.4EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.2B+OO 3.oBtOO 5.1B+OO l.OB+Ol 2.2BtOl
(mSv/n8q)
33P 25.4 days
Organ
* Adrenals l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01

* Bladder wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Bone surfaces 2 .OEtOO 2. JEtOO 4,4E+OO J.JEt00 1.9EtOl
Breast 1.3E-01 1.3&01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3B-01 3. EE-01 7. JE-01
* Small intest l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3. EE-01 7. JE-01
* ULI wall l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7 .JE-01
LLI wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Kidneys l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01

Liver l. lB-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Lungs l. lB-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Ovaries l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Pancreas l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2,3E-01 3. EE-01 7. JE-01
Red marrow 1.5EtOO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO E.OE+OO 1. JE+Ol

Spleen l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3. EE-01 7. JE-01
Testes l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JR-01
Thyroid l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 7. JE-01
Uterus l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3. BE-01 7. JE-01
Other tissue l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3B-01 3. BE-01 7. JE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.3B-01 4.4B-01 7. SB-01 1.5E+oo 3.2BtOO
(=Sv/rn)
84
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS s
16
Sulphate
SULPHATE
3sS
Biokinetic Model
For sulphate, the metabolic model from ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980) is adopted. The
distribution in the body is assumed to be uniform and the activity is excreted with half-times of
6 hr (OX), 20 d (0.15) and 2000 d (0.05).
Reference
ICRP (1980). Limitsfor Intakes ofRadionuclidesby Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data

Total body 1.0 6.0 hr 0.80 9.85 d
20 d 0.15
5.5 yr 0.05
85
S BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
16
Sulphate
SULPHATE
35s 07.44 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 9.51-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01

* Bladder wall 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Bone surfaces 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Breast l.ZE-01 l. ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 9. SE-02 1.2E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8B-01
* Small intest 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 2 .OE-01 3.4%01 6. EE-01
* ULI wall 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 6. EE-01
LLI wall 9.53-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Kidneys 9. SE-02 l. ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Liver 9. SB-02 l.ZE-01 2 .OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Lungs 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Ovaries 9. SE-02 1. ze-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Pancreas 9. SE-02 l .ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Red marrow 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Spleen 9.53-02 l. ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Testes 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Thyroid 9. SE-02 l.ZE-01 2 .OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Uterus 9.53-02 l.ZE-01 2 .OE-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01
Other tissue 9. SE-02 l. ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.4&01 6.&J-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 9,8B-02 l . ZB-01 Z . OB-01 3.4B-01 6. BE-01
(=Rv/llBq)
86
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Cl
17
Chloride
CHLORIDE
34mC1Wl Wl
Biokinetic Model
In accordance with ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980), a uniform total body distribution and
biological half-life of 10 d are assumed.
Chlorine-34m is in equilibrium with its radioactive daughter ““Cl (half-life 1.53s) which is
produced in 47% of the decays.
Reference
ICRP (1980). Limitsfor Intake ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data
AS/A0
Organ (S) FS T a 34mC13 34C1 3W ‘VI
Total body 1.0 10d 1.0 46 min 22 min 14.4 d 53.8 min
CHLORIDE
34mc1 32.0 minutes
Absorbed dose
organ
* Adrenals 7.93-03 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 4.83-02 9.43-02
* Bladderwall 7.5E-03 1.8E-02 2.93-02 4.83-02 9.OE-02
Bone surfaces 6.53-03 1.8E-02 2.93-02 4.73-02 9.2E-02
Breast 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 2.53-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-02
GI-tract
Stomachwall 7.IE-03 1.8E-02 2.93-02 4.73-02 9.lE-02
* Small intest 7.7E-03 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 4.93-02 9.63-02
ULI wall 7.5E-03 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 4.9B-02 9.33-02
* LLI wall 8.33-03 1.8E-02 3.OE-02 4.83-02 9.2E-02
Kidneys 7.1E-03 l.BE-02 2.9E-02 4.83-02 9.2E-02
Liver 7.1E-03 1.8E-02 2.93-02 4.83-02 9.23-02
Lungs 6.53-03 1.7E-02 2.83-02 4.5E-02 8.8B-02
ovaries 7.9B-03 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.OB-02 9.6E-02
* Pancreas 8.53-03 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 4.9E-02 9.63-02
Red marrow 6.9E-03 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 4.x-02 8.73-02
Spleen 6.93-03 1.8E-02 2.93-02 4.73-02 9.23-02
Testes 7.1B-03 1.7B-02 2.7E-02 4.43-02 8.73-02
Thyroid 6.73-03 l.EE-02 2.93-02 4.8E-02 9.33-02
Uterus 7.93-03 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.OE-02 9.63-02
Other tissue 6.53-03 1.7E-02 2.83-02 4.51-02 8.8B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 8.6B-03 1.8B-02 2.9B-02 4.6E-02 9.OE-02
(mSv/HBq)
87
Cl BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
17
Chloride
CHLORIDE
36c1 3.01E+05 years
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2. EE+OO 5.6EtOO

* Bladder wall 7. EE-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Bone surfaces 7.8E-01 9.6L01 1.6E+OO 2. EE+OO 5.6EtOO
Breast 9,6E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6B+OO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 7. EE-01 9.6L01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
* Small intest 7. EE-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2. EE+OO 5.6E+OO
* ULI wall 7. EE-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
LLI wall 7.8E-01 9.6&01 1.6E+OO 2. EE+OO 5.6EtOO
Kidneys 7. EE-01 9.6&01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Liver 7. EE-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6E+OO
Lungs 7.8E-01 9.6&01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Ovaries 7.8%01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Pancreas 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8RtOO 5.6EtOO
Red marrow 7. EE-01 9.6&01 1.6EtOO 2. El?,+00 5.6EtOO
Spleen 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2. EE+OO 5.6E+OO
Testes 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8BtOO 5.6EtOO
Thyroid 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Uterus 7. E&01 9.6&01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Other tissue 7. EE-01 9.6E-01 1.6EtOO 2.8EtOO 5.6EtOO
Bffective
dose equivalent 8.0%01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.8&00 5.6BtOO
Wv/nBq)
38c1 37.21 minutes
Organ
* Adrenals 1.6E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.1E-02 l.OE-01

Bladder wall 1.5E-02 l.EE-02 3.OE-02 5.1E-02 9. EE-02
Bone surfaces 1.5E-02 1. EE-02 2.9E-02 4.8E-02 9.5E-02
Breast 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2. EE-02 4.6E-02 9.2E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 5.OE-02 9.83-02
* Small intest 1.6E-02 1.9E-02 3.2B-02 5.1E-02 l .OE-01
* ULI wall 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.1%02 9.9E-02
* LLI wall 1.6E-02 1. EB-02 3.1E-02 5.1E-02 9. BE-02
Kidneys 1.5E-02 1. EE-02 3.1E-02 5.OE-02 9.9E-02
Liver 1.5E-02 1. EE-02 3.1E-02 5.0%02 9.9&02
Lungs 1.4E-02 1. EE-02 2.9E-02 4. EE-02 9.6E-02
Ovaries 1.6E-02 1.9E-02 3 *2E-02 5.1%02 l . OE-01
* Pancreas 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 3,2E-02 5.1%02 l.OE-01
Red marrow 1.5E-02 1. BE-02 3.OE-02 4. EE-02 9.5E-02
Snleen 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.OE-02 9.9E-02
Tbs tes 1.5E-02 1.EE-02 2.9E-02 4. EE-02 9.63-02
Thyroid 1. SE-02 1. EE-02 3.OE-02 5.OE-02 9.9E-02
Uterus 1.6E-02 1.9E-02 3.2E-02 5.2E-02 l .OE-01
Other tissue 1.5E-02 1.8%02 2.9E-02 4. EE-02 9.6E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.6E-02 l.BE-02 3 .OB-02 4.9E-02 9.7R-02
WV/m)
88
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS K
19
Ion
POTASSIUM (Ultrashort-lived)
38K
Biokinetic Model
Intravenously administered potassium is immediately taken up in all organs (except the
brain) and tissues in proportion to their blood flow (Sapirstein, 1958). Later a slow
redistribution occurs by exchange with body potassium, so that the distribution after a few
hours becomes similar to that of stable potassium in the body. In view of the short physical
half-life of 38K the following model corresponds to the first phase ofpotassium kinetics only and
is based on the relative blood flow as a proportion of cardiac output (Appendix Section A.2;
Spector, 1956).
Following intravenous injection, 38K in blood passes through the lungs with a mean transit
time of about 10 s and rapidly transfers from blood to tissues. Subsequently, the distribution
remains constant for a period which is long compared with the physical half-life. In addition to
the initial circulation of 38K through the lungs, it is assumed that the lungs also subsequently
receive a proportion, by relative tissue weights, of the 38K in the remainder of the body tissues
for which blood flows are not defined, and that the biological retention of this proportion
(nutritional flow) is constant. Although the brain receives 14% of the cardiac output, 38K is not
transferred across the blood-brain barrier and this fraction of the tracer is assumed to
recirculate to the remainder of the body. Blood flows to organs drained by the portal blood are
not all uniquely defined, so the summed cumulated activity of some tissues (stomach, intestines)
is assumed to be shared in proportions estimated from the data of Kearfott (1982) based on
studies in rats (Gehring and Hammond, 1967).
References
Gehring, P. J. and Hammond, P. B. (1967). The interrelationship between thallium and potassium in animals. J.
Pftarmuc. Exp. Ther. 155, 187-201.
Kearfott, K. J. (1982). Radiation absorbed dose estimates for positron emission tomography (PET): K-38, Rb-81,
Rb-82, and G-130. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 1128-l 132.
Sapirstein, L. A. (1958). Regional blood flow by fractional distribution of indicators. Am. J. Physiol. 193, 161-168.
Spector, W. S. (1956). Handbook ofBiological Data, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
89
K BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
19
Ion
Biokinetic Data
Total body 1.0 co 1.0 ll.Omin

Adrenals 0.012 a, 1.0 7.8s
Cortical bone 0.04 a, 1.0 26.1 s
Trabecular bone 0.01 co 1.0 6.5 s
Heart wall 0.04 co 1.0 26.1 s
Kidneys 0.23 co 1.0 2.5 min
Liver 0.058 a, 1.0 37.8 s
Lungs
Initial flow 1.0 9.93 s
Nutritional flow 2.77
Total 12.7 s
Muscle 0.163 al 1.0 1.77 min
Pancreas 0.017 co 1.0 11.1 s
Red marrow 0.05 m 1.0 32.6 s
Spleen 0.035 m 1.0 22.8 s
Thyroid 0.032 co 1.0 20.8 s
GI-tract wall
Stomach 0.023 m 1.0 15.0 s
SI 0.099 co 1.0 1.07min
ULI 0.032 a! 1.0 20.8 s
LLI 0.025 m 1.0 16.3 s
POTASSIUM (Ultrashort-lived)
38K 7.636 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.2E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.1e-01 4.6E-01

Bladder wall 2.2E-03 2.4B-03 3.8%03 6.OE-03 l. lE-02
Bone surfaces 1.9E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 4. ?E-03 9.3E-03
Breast 2.3E-03 2.OE-03 3.3E-03 4.8E-03 9.1E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 2.8E-02 3.%-02 4.9E-02 8.4%02 l.BE-01
* ULI wall 2.8B-02 3.2E-02 5.8E-02 9.5E-02 1.8E-01
* LLI wall 2.68-02 3.OE-02 5.3E-02 8.9E-02 1.8E-01
Heart 2.OE-02 2.5E-02 3.9E-02 6.3E-02 l. lE-01
* Kidneys l. lE-01 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.2E-01

Liver 7.3E-03 9.3E-03 1.4%02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02
Lungs 4.2E-03 6.1E-03 8.8E-03 1.4E-02 2.6E-02
Ovaries 3.7E-03 4.53-03 6.9E-03 1 .OE-02 1.9E-02
Pancreas 2.OE-02 2.9E-02 5.8E-02 7.4E-02 1.6E-01
Red marrow 2.7E-03 3.OE-03 4.2E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03

Spleen 1.4E-02 1.98-02 3.OE-02 4.6&02 8.2%02
Testes l.?E-03 1.7E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 8.1E-03
Thyroid 2.2E-01 3.5%01 5.4B-01 1.2E+OO 2.3E+OO
Uterus 3.OE-03 3.7%03 6.OE-03 9.0%03 1.6E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2. ?B-02 3.6E-02 5. SE-02 9.4E-02 1.7E-01
Wv/llBg)
90
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS K
19
IOil
POTASSIUM
42~ 43K
Biokinetic Model
Intravenously administered potassium is immediately taken up in all organs and tissues
(except the brain) in proportion to their blood flow (Sapirstein, 1958). Later, a slow
redistribution occurs, by exchange with body potassium, so that, after a few hours, the
distribution in the body becomes similar to that of stable potassium. Thus, for 42K and 43K, the
model is based mainly on biodistribution data for naturally occurring 40K (Forbes and Lewis,
1956; ICRP, 1959; Oberhausen, 1963; Kaul et al., 1974).
Organs and tissues listed in the biokinetic data are those exhibiting concentration by more
than a factor of 1.5 larger than that corresponding to uniform distribution in the body. From
balance considerations, a total-body biological half-time of 30 d may be derived. This half-time
is adopted here, in accordance with ICRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980).
Following oral administration, the half-time in the stomach is taken to be 21 min and
complete absorption is assumed.
References
Forbes, G. B. and Lewis, A. M. (1956). Total sodium, potassium and chloride in adult man. J. Clin. Znoest. 35,596-60@
ICRP (1959). Report of Committee II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation, ICRP Publication 2. Pergamon,
Oxford.
Kaul, A., Oberhausen, E., Roedler, H. D. and Werner, E. (1974). Interne Strahlenexposition durch 40K. In: Die
nottirliche Strahlenexposition des Menschen. (Aurand, K. et al., eds) Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
Leggett, R. W. and Williams, L. R. (1986). A mode1 for the kinetics ofpotassium in healthy humans. Phys. Med. Biol. 31,
23-42.
Oberhausen, E. (1963). Die Altersabhiingigkeit des Kalium- und Cesium-137-Gehaltes des Menschen. Biophysik l/Z,
135-142.
Sapirstein, L. A. (1958). Regional blood flow by fractional distribution of indicators. Am. J. Physiol. 193, 161-168.
Biokinetic Data for Potassium Radionuclides (except JBK)
&IA,
Organ (S) Fs T a 42K. 43K

Total body 1.0 30 d 1.0 17.6 hr 1.30d
Liver 0.04 30 d 1.0 42.2 min 1.24 hr
Muscle 0.65 30 d 1.0 11.4 hr 20.2 hr
Red marrow 0.05 30d 1.0 52.8 min 1.55 hr
Spleen 0.004 30d 1.0 4.2 min 7.4 min
(2) Oral administration
Stomach 1.0 21 min 1.0 29.2 min 29.5 min
Liver 0.04 30 d 1.0 41.1 min 1.22 hr
Muscle 0.65 30 d 1.0 11.1 hr 19.9 hr
Red marrow 0.05 30d 1.0 51.5 min 1.53 hr
Spleen 0.004 30 d 1.0 4.1 min 1.3 min
Remaining tissues 0.256 30 d 1.0 4.43 hr 7.97 hr
91
K BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
19
Ion
POTASSIUM
42K 12.36 hours
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/BBq)
Organ
* Adrenals l.ZE-01 l.ZE-01 1.8B-01 2.6E-01 5.4E-01
Bladderwall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7&01 2.6B-01 5.3E-01
Bone surfaces 3.OE-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3B+OO 2.7E+OO
Breast 1.3E-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 5.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomachwall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6B-01 5.33-01
Small intest l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.aB-01 2.6E-01 5.3B-01
ULI wall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01
* LLI wall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01
Kidneys l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6B-01 5.3E-01
* Liver 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-01 l.OE+OO Z.lE+OO
Lungs l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 5.2E-01
Ovaries l.ZE-01 l.ZE-01 1.8B-01 2.7E-01 5.4B-01
* Pancreas l.lE-01 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 5.4E-01
Red marrow 5.OE-01 7.OE-01 l.ZE+OO 2.3E+OO 4,9E+OO
* Spleen 3.4E-01 4.9E-01 7.8E-01 l.ZE+OO 2.3E+OO
Testes l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01
Thyroid l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 5.4B-01
Uterus l.lE-01 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 5.4E-01
Other tissue 3.5E-01 3.1E-01 5.3E-01 9.3E-01 1.9E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.9B-01 2.3B-01 3.8B-01 6.4B-01 1.3B+OO
(mSv/BBq)
Oral administration
* Adrenals 1.2E-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01

Bladderwall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7B-01 2.6E-01 5.2E-01
Bone surfaces 2.9E-01 4.OE-01 6.7E-01 l.ZB+OO 2.6B+OO
Breast 1.3E-01 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 5.OB-01
GI-tract
* Stomachwall a.oB-01 l.OE+OO 1.5E+OO 2.6E+OO 5.4E+OO
Small intest l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7B-01 2.6B-01 5.3E-01
ULI wall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 5.2E-01
LLI wall l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7&01 2.6E-01 5.2B-01
Kidneys 1.1%01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 5.2E-01
* Liver 3.3E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 l.OE+OO Z.OE+OO
Lungs 1.1%01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 5.1E-01
Ovaries l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01
* Pancreas l.lE-01 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 5.4E-01
Red marrow 4.9E-01 6.9E-01 l.ZE+OO Z.ZE+OO 4.8E+OO
* Spleen 3.3E-01 4.8E-01 7.6E-01 l.ZB+OO 2.3E+OO
Testes l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7%01 2.5E-01 5.1E-01
Thyroid l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6B-01 5.3E-01
Uterus l.lE-01 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.6B-01 5.3B-01
Other tissue 3.4B-01 3.OE-01 5.2B-01 9.1&01 1.9B+OO
Bffective
dose equivalent 2.3B-01 2.8B-01 4.5B-01 7.7B-01 1.6B+oo
(=Bv/BB@
92
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS K
19
Ion
POTASSIUM
43u 22.6 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 6.6B-01

Bladder wall 1.4E-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 6.2%01
Bone surfaces 1.9E-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 6.7%01 1.4E+OO
Breast l.ZE-01 1 .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.5E-01
GI-tract
Small intest 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 6.5&01
ULI wall 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 6.3E-01
* LLI wall 1.5E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 6.4E-01
Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 6. X-01
* Liver 2.5E-01 3.1%01 4.6E-01 6.8E-01 1.3E+OO
Lungs 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 5.73-01
Ovaries 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 4.OE-01 7.1E-01
* Pancreas 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.OE-01
Red marrow 2.9E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1. lE+OO 2.2E+OO
* Soleen 2.4E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.4E+OO
Tktes 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 5.7E-01
Thyroid 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.8E-01 7.OE-01
Uterus 1.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.OE-01 7.1E-01
Other tissue 2.2E-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1. 1EtOO
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.7B-01 2.OB-01 3.OB-01 4.8B-01 9.OB-01
(=Sv/llBq)
Oral administration
* Adrenals 1.5E-01 1.8&01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 6,7E-01

Bladder wall 1.4E-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 6.1E-01
Bone surfaces 1.9%01 2.4B-01 3.9E-01 6.7E-01 1.4E+OO
Breast 1.2E-01 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.5E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 3.3E-01 4 * lE-01 5.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.9E+OO
ULI wall 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 6.4E-01
LLI wall 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 6.3E-01
Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 6.1E-01
* Liver 2.4E-01 3. IE-01 4.6E-01 6.8E-01 1.3E+OO
Lungs 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 5.7&01
Ovaries 1.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.OE-01
* Pancreas 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 4. IE-01 7.4E-01
Red marrow 2.9E-01 3.8E-01 6. IE-01 1. lE+OO 2.2E+OO
* Spleen 2.4E-01 ‘3.3E-01 5.OE-01 7.7E-01 1.4E+OO
Testes 1.2E-01’ 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 5.6E-01
Thyroid 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 6.9E-01
Uterus 1.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.OE-01 7.1E-01
Other tissue 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 5.6&01 1. lE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.8B-01 2.1B-01 3.2B-01 5.1B-01 9.7E-01
(mSvA4Bq)
JAICRP 18:1-4-D*
93
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ca
20
Ion
CALCIUM
45Ca 47Ca
Biokinetic Models
Radioisotopes of calcium are assumed to be distributed and retained in the body in
accordance with the model developed by the Task Group on Alkaline Earth Metabolism in
Adult Man (ICRP, 1972) and values of the time integrals of retention functions have been taken
from that publication. The ingrowth and dosimetry of 4’Sc, the radioactive daughter of 47Ca,
has been taken into account, but at the time of administration the 47Ca is assumed to be free
from 47Sc. 47Sc formed after administration of 47Ca is assumed to have the same distribution
and retention as its parent nuclide. If the administered 47Ca is contaminated with known
quantities of 47Sc, the additional effective dose equivalent can be calculated from the data given
at the bottom of the dosimetry table for 47Ca.
According to the ICRP model, a fraction of 0.85 of the administered calcium is initially
distributed in soft tissue, from which it is largely removed with a half-life of about 1 d, although a
fraction of about 0.15 is retained for a much longer period. The calcium initially lost from soft
tissue is mostly taken up by the skeleton which reaches a maximum content of 0.6 of the
administered calcium after 3 d, this being fairly equally divided between cortical and trabecular
bone. After an initial loss of about one third of the bone content over 30 d, the remainder (0.4 of
the administered calcium) is retained for a long time. In accordance with the ICRP criteria
concerning the radioactive half-lives of bone-seeking radionuclides (ICRP, 1979), 45Ca is
assumed to be distributed throughout the volume of mineral bone and 47Ca is assumed to be
distributed over bone surfaces at all times following their deposition in the skeleton.
A urinary to faecal excretion ratio of 2 : 1 is assumed for intravenously administered calcium.
The cumulated activities for cortical and trabecular bone given in the biokinetic data tables
have been used also for children of all ages.
The fractional absorption of orally administered calcium is taken to be 0.5 and this material is
assumed to behave identically to intravenously injected calcium. For orally administered
calcium, the standard GI-tract model was used (Appendix, Section A.3).
References
Harrison, G. E., Carr, T. E. F. and Sutton, A. (1967). Distribution of radioactive calcium, strontium, barium and
radium following intravenous injection into a healthy man. In?. J. Rad. Biol. 13, 235-247.
ICRP (1979). Limitsfir Intakes ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
95
Ca BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
20
Ion
Biokinetic Data
UAO
Organ (S) Wa 47Ca 47sc

Total body 1lOd 5.1 d 5.1 d
Cortical bone 53.1 d 1.7d 1.7d
Trabecular bone 45.9 d 1.6d 1.6d
Bladder contents 36 min 15 min 15 min
(2) Oral administration (f, =0.5)
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract and 55.2 d 2.51 d 2.51 d
bladder)
Cortical bone 26.9 d 20.0 hr 20.0 hr
Trabecular bone 23.0 d 19.1 hr 19.1 hr
G&tract contents
Stomach 1 hr 1 hr 0.5 min
SI 2.3 hr 2.1 hr 3.3 min
ULI 7.6 hr 6.3 hr 41 min
LLI 14 hr 10hr 2.9 hr
Bladder contents 18 min 1.7 min
96
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ca
20
10n
CALCIUM
45Ca 163 days
Absorbed dose
Per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 1.6B-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 l.ZE+OO

* Bladder wall 1.6&01 Z.OE-01 3.4%01 5.6E-01 1.2E+oG
Bone surfaces 1.8E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 3.8E+Ol 6.4E+Ol 1. SE+02
Breast Z .OE-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1. ZE+OO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.6E-01 2 .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
* Small intest 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
* ULI wall 1.6E-01 2. DE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
LLI wall 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1 . ZE+OO
Kidneys 1.6E-01 2 .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2B+OO
Liver 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1 . ZE+OO
Lungs 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1 . ZE+OO
Ovaries 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
Pancreas 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
Red marrow l.ZE+Ol 1.7E+Ol 2.8E+Ol 5.4E+Ol l.ZE+OZ
Spleen 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6!3-01 1. ZE+OO
Testes 1.6E-01 Z . OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
Thyroid 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.2E+OO
Uterus 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1 . ZE+OO
Other tissue 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 l.ZE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.1B+oo 2.8E+oo 4.8B+tJO 8.9E+OO 1.91+01
(mSv/TW)
Oral administration
* Adrenals 8.3E-02 1. oe-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01

Bladder wall 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8%01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Bone surfaces 8.8E+OO l.lE+Ol 1.9EtOl 3.2BtOl ?.7E+Ol
Breast l.OB-01 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.5E-01 9.2E-01
* Small intest l.OE-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 4.OB-01 8.OE-01
* ULI vail 8.1E-01 l.OE+OO 1,8E+OO 3.1E+OO 6.2E+OO
* LLI wall 2.3E+OO 2.9E+OO 5.1E+OO 8.7EtOO 1.7E+Ol
Kidneys 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Liver 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Lungs 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Ovaries 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Pancreas 8.3E-02 1 .OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Red marrow 5.8E+OO 8.3E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.7EtOl 5.8E+Ol
Spleen 8.33-02 l.OE-01 l.BE-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Testes 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Thyroid 8,3E-02 l .OE-011.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Uterus 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Other tissue 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8%01 2.9E-01 6.OE-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.2B+t38 1.7B+O8 2.8B+oo 5.1B+88 1 .lB+Ol
Wv/llBq)
97
CALCIUM
47Ca 4.53 days
Absorbed dose
organ
Adult 1Y year 10 year 5 year 1 year
* Adrenals 7.6E-01 7.?E-01 1,2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.6E+OO

* Bladder wall 5.8E-01 6.6E-01 1 . OE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.1E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.3EcOl 1.7B+Ol 2.8B+Ol 6.7EiOl 1. lE+OZ
Breast 6.6E-01 4.6E-01 7. SE-01 1*2E+OO 2.6E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 8.7&01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO
Small intest 5.OE-01 6.1E-01 9.5E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
ULI wall 4. BE-01 5.8E-01 9 *5E-01 l.SE+OO 2. ?E+OO
* LLI wall 5.4%01 6.3E-01 9 *8E-01 1.6E+OO 3.OE+OO
* Kidneys 5.2E-01 6.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.6E+OO 3.1E+OO
Liver 6.6E-01 5.7E-01 8.9E-01 1.4E+OO 2.8E+OO
Lungs 4.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.3E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
Ovaries S.lE-01 6.4E-01 9.8E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
* Pancreas 5.2E-01 6.3E-01 9.8E-01 1. SE+00 3.OE+OO
Red marrov 5 . OE+OO 6.4E+OO 1. lE+Ol Z.OE+Ol 4.2E+Ol
Spleen 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 9.. 2E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
Testes 4.5E-01 5.23-01 8.0%01 1.3E+OO 2.5EtOO
Thyroid 4.?E-01 6. N-01 9.6E-01 1. SE+00 2.7B+OO
Uterus 5.OE-01 5.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.5B+OO 2.8B+OO
Other tissue 5.1E-01 6.2E-01 9.6E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4B+OO 1.83+00 2.9B+OO 5.OE+OO l.lB+Ol
(mSv/nBq)
ose equivalent (mSv/HBq of the impurity)
47Sc (3.351 d) 9.1E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.1E+OO 6.1E+OO
Oral administration
Organ
Adrenals 4.OE-01 4.3E-01 6. SE-01 1 . OE+OO 2.OE+OO

* Bladder wall 6.3L01 4.9E-01 ?.8E-01 1.2E+OO 2.3E+OO
Bone surfaces 6.6E+OO 8.5E+OO 1.6B+Ol 2.3B+Ol 5.5B+Ol
Breast 2.6E-01 2.6E-01 6,OE-01 6.4E-01 1.3B+OO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 7.3E-01 9.5B-01 1.6E+OO 4.6E+OO
* Small intest 1.2B+OO 1.4B+OO 2.4B+OO z+g 6. Q&00
* ULI wall 3.9B+OO 6. BE+00 8.6B+OO 1:6B:Ol 2.7E+Ol
* LLI wall 9.6B+OO 1.2B+Ol 2.1B+Ol 3.4B+Ol 6. ?B+Ol
Kidneys 3.3E-01 3.9B-01 6.2B-01 9.?B-01 1.8B+OO
Liver 2.8B-01 3.6E-01 5.6E-01 E.9B-01 1. ?E+OO
Lungs 2.5B-01 3.1E-01 6.9E-01 7. QE-01 1,5E+OO
Ovaries ? . OB-01 9.4E-01 1.6B+OO 2.1B+OO 3. ?E+OO
Pancreas 3.31-01 6.OE-01 6,3E-01 9.9B-01 1.9B+OO
Red marrow 2.6E+OO 3.3E+OO 5.5B+OO l.OB+Ol 2.1E+Ol
Spleen 2.9L01 3. SE-01 5.6E-01 9.OE-01 1.7B+OO
Testes 2.7B-01 3.2E-01 5.OB-01 8.3e-01 1.5g+oO
Thyroid 2.6E-01 3.1B-01 4.?B-01 ?.4B-01 1.3BtOO
uterus 6.5B-01 5.7B-01 9.OB-01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO
Other tissue 3.1B-01 3.8E-01 5.8E-01 9.1B-01 1. ?E+OO
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.6B+OO 2*3E+oO 3.9B+oo 6.5~+00 1.3E+Ol
Wv/lrecl)
47Sc (3.351 d) 5.6E-01 7.3B-01 1.3E+OO Z.lE+OO 4.2E+OO
98
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SC
21
Markers
SCANDIUM-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

46sc47sc
Biokinetic Model
Scandium compounds can be used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
gastrointestinal tract. For dosimetry a modified ICRP model of the gastrointestinal tract is
used, as described in Appendix Section A.3.
References
Ditchburn, R. K., Smith, A. H. and Hayter, C. J. (1974). The assessement of fat absorption in man utilizing single stools
or incomplete faecal collections after oral administration of radioactive triolein with an unabsorbed radioactive
marker. ht. J. App. Rad. Isotopes 25, 167-176.
Pearson, J. D. (1966). Use ofC?‘-labelled haemoglobin and SC”’ as inert faecal markers. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. 17,13-16.
Ogg, C. S., Pearson, J. D. and Veal], N. (1968). A method for measuring the gastro-intestinal absorption of 47Ca using
“‘SC as an inert marker. Ch. Sci. 34, 327-332.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs 46sc 47sc
(1) Oral administration of fluids

C&tract contents
Stomach 1.0 33.0 min 32.8 min
SI 1.0 3.99 hr 3.85 hr
ULI 1.0 12.9 hr 11.3 hr
LLI 1.0 23.7 hr 17.3 hr
(2) Oral administration of solids
GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 2.10 hr 2.06 hr
SI 1.0 3.99 hr 3.80 hr
ULI 1.0 12.9 hr 11.1 hr
LLI 1.0 23.6 hr 17.1 hr
99
SC BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
21
Markers
SC-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
Oral administration of fluids
46Sc 83.83 days

Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals _ 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01 7.9E-01

* Bladder wall 6.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.3E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.5E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.4E-01 2 .OE-01 2.9E-01 4.3E-01 8.8E-01
Breast 3.6E-02 3.6E-02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.7E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OU 1.7E+OO 2.9E+OO
* Small intest 2.3E+OO 2.2EtOO 3.4E+OO 5.1E+OO 8.4E+OO
* ULI wall 4.5E+OO 5.6E+OO 9,. 2E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.6E+Ol
* LLI wall l.lE+Ul 1.3E+Ol 2.1E+Ul 3.3E+Ol 6.2E+Ol
Kidneys 2. RE-01 3.2E-01 5.OE-01 ?.9E-01 1.3E+OO
Liver 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 4.3E-01 7.3E-01 1.3E+OO
Lungs 4.4E-02 5.7E-02 9.8E-02 1.6E-01 3.6E-01
Ovaries 2.OE+OO 2.8E+OO 3.9E+OO 5.7E+OO 9.7E+OO
Pancreas 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4’. 8E-01 7.7E-01 1.3E+OO
Red marrow 4.OE-01 4.6E-01 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 8.9E-01
Spleen 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 3.9E-01 6.3E-01 1. lE+OO
Testes 1.8E-01 2.8E-01 4.7E-01 8.4E-01 1.4E+OO
Thyroid 6.7E-03 8.6E-03 2 .OE-02 3.8E-02 9.6E-02
Uterus 8.5E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.9E+OO
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4.5E-01 6.8E-01 l.ZE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4E+Oo 1.8E+OO 2.8E+oO 4.4E+OO 7.8E+oo
(mSv/Mlq)
Oral administration of solids
Adrenals 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 4.9E-01 8.5E-01

Bone surfaces 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.OE-01 4.4E-01 9.1E-01
Breast 4,3E-02 4.3E-02 9.23-02 1.5E-01 3.1E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO 3. OEtOO 5.4E+OO
* Small intest 2.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.5E+OO 5.2E+OO 8.4E+OO
* ULI wall 4.5E+OO 5.7E+OO 9.3E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.6E+Ol
* LLI wall 1 .OE+Ol 1.3E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.3E+Ol 6.2EtOl
Kidneys 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.3E+OO
Liver 2.OE-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.4E+OO
Lungs 5.51-02 6.9E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 4.OE-01
Ovaries 2.OE+OO 2.8EiOO 3.9E+OO 5.7E+OO 9.7E+OO
Pancreas 3.3E-01 3,8E-01 6.3E-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO
Red marrow 4.OE-01 4.6E-01 6*OE-01 7.5E-01 9.1E-01
Spleen 2.6E-01 2.9E-01 4.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.3E+OO
Testes 1.8E-01 2.8E-01 4.7E-01 8.4E-01 1.4E+OO
Thyroid 7.7E-03 9.81-03 2.2E-02 4.2E-02 l.OE-01
Uterus 8.6E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.9E+OO
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 4.6E-01 7.OE-01 1 . ZE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.5E+OO 1.8B+OO 2.9e+oo 4.4B+oo 8.OB+OO
(mSv/HBq)
100
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SC
21
Markers
SC-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
47sc 3.351 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.9E-03 8.2E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 4.2E-02

* Bladder wall 3.5E-02 4.2E-02 6.4E-02 9.5B-02 1.6B-01
Bone surfaces 9.83-03 1,2E-02 1.7E-02 2. SE-02 4.8B-02
Breast 9.9E-04 9.9E-04 2. SE-03 5.3E-03 l.OE-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 5.4E-01 6.9E-01 l.,2EtOO 2. OEtOO 3.9EtOO
* ULI wall 2.4E+OO 3.2E+OO 5.7EtOO 9. SE+00 1.9EtOl
* LLI wall 5.9E+OO 7.7E+OO 1.3EtOl 2.3E+Ol 4.5EtOl
Kidneys 1.4%02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.1E-02 6.4B-02
Liver 9.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02 7.0&02
Lungs 1.2E-03 2.1E-03 3.9E-03 7.2E-03 1.5E-02
Ovaries 1 .OE-01 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 2.8E-01 4.5E-01
Pancreas 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.33-02 7.8E-02
Red marrow 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 4.5E-02 5.2E-02 6.1E-02
Spleen 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.2E-02 5.6E-02
Testes 8.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 3.4B-02 6.4E-02
Thyroid 5.9E-05 1.3E-04 4.5E-04 l . OB-03 3.5B-03
Uterus 5.1E-02 6.6E-02 l .OE-01 1.6B-01 2.5E-01
Other tissue 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.2E-02 5.5B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5.6E-01 7.3B-01 1.3BtOO 2.1Btoo 4.2BtOO
Wv/nes)
Adrenals 7.1E-03 9.5E-03 1.6B-02 2.6B-02 4.6B-02

* Bladder wall 3.43-02 4.2B-02 6.4B-02 9.4B-02 1.6B-01
Bone surfaces 9.9E-03 1.2B-02 1.8B-02 2.6B-02 4.9B-02
Breast 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 3.1B-03 6.3B-03 1.2E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 4.1E-01 5.5E-01 8.OE-01 1.4B+OO 2.8B+OO
* Small intest 5.3E-01 6.9E-01 1.2EtOO 2.OE+OO 3.8BtOO
* ULI wall 2.4EtOO 3.1EtOO 5.6E+OO 9.3BtOO 1.9BtOl
* LLI wall 5.8E+OO 7.6EtOO 1.3EtOl 2.2BtOl 4. SE+01
Kidneys 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 2.8B-02 4.3B-02 6.7B-02
Liver 9.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.5B-02 4.2B-02 7.5B-02
Lungs 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 4.9E-03 8.7E-03 1.8E-02
Ovaries l.OE-01 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 2.8B-01 4.5E-01
Pancreas 1.7E-02 2.3E-IJ2 3.6E-02 5.4E-02 9. SE-02
Red marrow 3.OE-02 3.5E-02 4.5E-02 5.3B-02 6.2E-02
Spleen 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.8B’-02 6.5E-02
Testes 8. SE-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 6.4E-02
Thyroid ?.2E-05 1.6B-04 5.1%04 1.2B-03 3.93-03
Uterus 5.OE-02 6.6E-02 l .OE-01 1. SE-01 2.5B-01
Effective
dose equivalent 5.7B-01 7.4B-01 1.3B+CQ 2.2B+00 4.3B+OO
(aSv/llBq)
101
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Cr
24
CHROMIUM (III) CHLORIDE

‘Cr
Biokinetic Model
When injected intravenously, trivalent chromium chloride is firmly bound by plasma
proteins. From measurements in humans (Lim, 1978), the following whole-body retention half-
lives were derived: 8 hr (0.3), 10 d (0.3) and 160 d (0.4).
From total-body scans and compartmental analysis by the same author, fractional
distributions of 0.25 for the liver and 0.025 for the spleen with an uptake half-time of 6 d and an
elimination half-time of 160 d are assumed.
Reference
Lim, T. H. (1978). Kinetic Model Building Using Advanced Nuclear Medicine Techniques--The Kinetics of Chromium
(III) in the Human Body, Report LBL 7473. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. (June 1978).
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a ‘%A
Total body 1.0 8 hr 0.3 16.9 d

10d 0.3
160d 0.4
Liver 0.25 6d -1.0 7.0 d
160d 1.0
Spleen 0.025 6d -1.0 16.8 hr
160d 1.0
103
Cr BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
24
Chloride
CHROMIUM (III) CHLORIDE
51C, 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 9.7E-02 1.2B-01 1. EE-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01

Bone surfaces 4.2B-02 S.OE-02 7.4E-02 l . lB-01 2.1E-01
Breast 4.43-02 4.4E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 2.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.6&02 a. lE-02 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.7E-01
Small intest 5.6B-02 6.8B-02 l. lE-01 l.EE-01 3.2E-01
IJLI wall 6.3E-02 7.7B-02 1.3B-01 2.1E-01 3.7E-01
LLI wall 3.9B-02 4.7E-02 7,7E-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-01
* Kidneys 0.3E-02 l.OE-01 1. SE-01 2.2E-01 3.6&01
* Liver 5. SE-01 6.9B-01 1. OE+OO 1. SE+00 2.7B+OO
Lungs 5.8E-02 7.6E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Ovaries 4.OE-02 5. SE-02 E.EE-02 1.4&01 2.6E-01
* Pancreas l .OB-01 1.3E-01 2 .OE-01 3.OE-01 5.2E-01
Red marrow 4.9E-02 6.1E-02 8.7E-02 1.2B-01 2.1E-01
* Spleen 4.3B-01 6.1E-01 9.3E-01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO
Testes 3.1E-02 3.6E-02 5.6B-02 8.9E-02 1.7E-01
Thyroid 3 * lB-02 4.1E-02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Uterus 4.3E-02 5.4E-02 8. EE-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01
Other tissue 4.2E-02 5.1E-02 7. iE-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent l.lE-01 1.4L01 2.13-01 3. m-01 5. SB-01
Wv/rres)
104
24
EDTA
CHROMIUM EDTA
51Cr
Biokinetic Models
Intravenous administration of chromium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA)
results in initial distribution in the extracellular fluid and the substance is excreted exclusively by
the renal system according to the models for GFR substances and the kidney-bladder (see
Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
In the normal case, total body retention is described by a double exponential function with
half-times of 100 min (0.99) and 7 d (0.01). The fraction excreted by the kidneys equals 1.Oand
the renal transit time is 5 min.
For the abnormal case, it is assumed that the retention half-time of the major component is
1000 min and that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min.
51Cr-EDTA administered orally is absorbed in the normal case only minimally (i.e. about
l-5%) from the GI tract. In conditions of abnormal gut permeability, absorption of this
substance is significantly increased (Bjarnason et al., 1983) followed by rapid clearance of the
absorbed fraction from extracellular fluid by glomerular filtration. The proportion of the
administered activity appearing in the urine is an indication of the degree of permeability of the
gut wall.
For absorbed dose calculations, the GI tract model (Appendix Section A.3) was applied. In
cases with increased gut permeability the absorbed activity is more rapidly excreted than is the
activity remaining in the intestines. Thus, absorbed doses in the abnormal cases are lower than
in the normal case and, for this reason, no separate absorbed dose values are presented for these
cases.
References
Bjamason, I., Peters, T. J. and Veal& N. (1983). A persistent defect in intestinal permeability in coeliac disease
demonstrated by a 51Cr-Iabelled EDTA absorption test. Lancet i, 323-325.
Briichner-Mortensen, J., Giese, J. and Rossing, N. (1969). Renal inulin clearance versus total plasma clearance of
“Cr-EDTA. J. Lab. Clin. Invest. 23, 301-305.
Chantler, C., Garnett, E. S., Parsons, V. and Veal& N. (1969). Glomerular filtration rate measurement in man by the
single injection method using srCr-EDTA. Clin. Sci. 37, 169-180.
O’ReiiIy, P. H., Shields, R. A. and Testa, H. J. (1979). Nuclear Medicine in Urology and Nephrology. Butterworths,
London.
105
24
EDTA
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) a KJA,

Normal renal function
contents) 7d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 6.2 min
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 16.7 hr 0.99 1.05 d
contents) 7d 0.01
(2) Oral administration (f, =0)
GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 1.00 hr
SI 1.0 3.98 hr
ULI 1.0 12.8 hr
LLI 1.0 23.0 hr
CH&OMIUM EDTA
51Cr 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals a. lB-04 9.1E-04 1.4E-03 2.2E-03 4.OE-03

* Bladder wall 2. x-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 7 .OE-02 1.3E-01
Bone surfaces ? . OE-04 8.2E-04 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 3.5E-03
Breast 5.6E-04 5.6E-04 0.3E-04 1.3E-03 2.6E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall ?.3E-04 0.4E-04 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.63-03
* Small intest l. lE-03 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 3.3B-03 5. aP+03
* ULI wall l.OE-03 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 5.1E-03
* LLI wall 1.6E-03 2.1E-03 3.OE-03 4.5E-03 7.6E-03
* Kidneys 1. SE-03 2.2E-03 3.2E-03 4.6E-03 E.lE-03

Liver 6.83-04 a. 3E-04 1.3E-03 2.1E-03 3.83-03
Lungs 5.7E-04 7.2B-04 l.lE-03 1.7&03 3.2E-03
Ovaries 1.6E-03 2 .OE-03 3.OE-03 4.5&03 7.6E-03
Pancreas 7.0E-04 9.4E-04 1.5B-03 2.3E-03 4.1E-03
Red marrow a. 7E-04 l .OE-03 1.5E-03 2.1E-03 3.5E-03

Spleen ?.2E-04 0.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.OE-03 3. BE-03
Testes 1,2E-03 1.6E-03 2. EE-03 4.2E-03 7.03-03
Thyroid 5.3E-04 7.3E-04 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 3.5E-03
Uterus 2. SE-03 3.4E-03 5.3E-03 7.9E-03 1.3B-02
Other tissue S.OE-04 9.5E-04 1.5E-03 2.2E-03 4.1E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 2.3E-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 7 .OB-03 1.3B-02
(mSv/tlLtq)
106
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS CI
24
EDTA
CHROMIUM EDTA
%r 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 4.5E-03 5.OE-03 7.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02

* Bladder wall 2.1.E-02 2.9E-02 4.2E-02 6.4E-02 1.2E-01
Breast 3.2E-03 3.2E-03 4.83-03 7.6E-03 1.4E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.1E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
* Small intest 4. x-03 5.5E-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
ULI wall 4.3E-03 5.2E-03 7.7E-03 l.ZE-02 2.1E-02
* LLI wall 4.6E-03 5.7E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
* Kidneys 8.3E-03 1 .OE-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.6E-02
Liver 3.8E-03 4.63-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02
Lungs 3.33-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.7E-03 1.8E-02
Ovaries 4.6E-03 6.OE-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02 2.5E-02
Pancreas 4.3E-03 5.2E-03 8.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02
Red marrow 4.OE-03 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 l .OE-02 1.8E-02
Soleen 4.OE-03 4.8E-03 7.3E-03 l.lE-02 2.OE-02
Testes 3.7E-03 4.6E-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 2.1E-02
Thyroid 3.1E-03 4.3E-03 6.8E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02
Uterus 5.8E-03 7.1E-03 l, lE-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02
Other tissue 3.4E-03 4.1E-03 6.3E-03 9.9B-03 1. BE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5.2&03 6.5E-03 9.7E-03 1.5B-02 2.7%02
(q sv/nBq)
Oral administration
Organ
Adrenals 2.OE-03 2.8E-03 4.7E-03 7.9E-03 1.4B-02

Bane surfaces 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 4.6E-03 6.8E-03 1.3B-02
Breast 4.2E-04 4.2E-04 l.lE-03 2.OB-03 4 .OE-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.4.E-02 2.OE-02 2.8E-02 4.78-02 8.7E-02
* Small intest 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 9.7&02 1.5E-01 2.6E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1,6E-01 2.7E-01 4.4B-01 8.3E-01
* LLI wall 2.7E-01 4.OE-01 6.7E-01 1. lE+OO 2.1E+OO
Kidneys 4.6E-03 5.7E-03 8.8E-03 1.3B-02 2.1&02
Liver 3. IE-03 3.93-03 7.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
Lungs 5.6E-04 7.9E-04 1.5E-03 2.5B-03 5.53-03
Ovaries 3.9E-02 4.7&02 7 .OB-02 1 .OE-01 1.7E-01
Pancreas 4.5E-03 5.6E-03 9.OE-03 1.4E-02 2.53-02
Red marrow 8.1E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.6E-02
Spleen 3.3E-03 4.OE-03 6.9E-03 l. lB-02 1.9B-02
Testes 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02
Thyroid 6.1E-05 7.6E-05 2.3B-04 5.3E-04 1.4E-03
Uterus 1.6E-02 2,1E-02 3.4E-02 5.1%02 8.4B-02
Other tissue 4.1E-03 5.OE-03 7.4E-03 l. lB-02 2.OE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.4E-02 4.7B-02 7.7E-02 1.2%01 2.3B-01
(mSv/nes)
107
24
Platelets
CHROMIUM-LABELLED PI;PcTELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for l1 ‘In-labelled thrombocytes (see p. 253), with the exception of
the excretion half-times which, by analogy with the models for chromium-labelled red cells and
leukocytes and for ionic chromium, are assumed to be 10 d (90%) and 160 d (10%).
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a &IA,
Blood 1.0 0 0.40 3.03 d

4d 0.60
Liver 0.30 0 -0.33 3.56 d
4d -0.67
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Red marrow 0.25 4d -1.0 2.83 d
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Spleen 0.35 0 -0.86 4.45 d
4d -0.14
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Remaining tissues 0.10 4d -1.0 1.13 d
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Cr-LABELLED PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

% 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
organ
* Adrenals l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4.8%01

Bladder wall 1. SE-02 2.5E-02 4.2E-02 6.4E-02 l. lB-01
Bone surfaces 9.0&02 6.1E-01 9.9E-01 1. JE+OO 4.OB+OO
Breast 3.OE-02 3.OE-02 5.2E-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.6B-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3. BE-01
Sn~all intest 4.4E-02 5.3E-02 8,3E-02 1.3E-01 2.2B-01
ULI wall 4.5E-02 5.5E-02 8.9B-02 1.4E-01 2.4B-01
LLI wall 3.2E-02 3.93-02 6.OE-02 8. JE-02 1.4E-01
Heart 9.6E-02 1.2E-01 1. JE-01 2.6E-01 4.4E-01
* Kidneys l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01

* Liver 3.OE-01 3. EE-01 5. JE-01 8.2E-01 1.5B+OO
Lungs 7.2E-02 9.5E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.OE-01
Ovaries 3.2E-02 4.2E-02 6.3E-02 9.4E-02 1.6E-01
* Pancreas 1 .gE-01 2 .OE-01 3.0&01 4.3E-01 6. SE-01
Red marrow 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.5E+OO

* Spleen 2.6E+OO 3. JE+OO 5.6E+OO 8.6E+OO 1.6B+Ol
Testes 1.3E-02 1. JE-02 2.6E-02 4.08-02 7. JE-02
Thyroid 2.2E-02 3.1E-02 4. BE-02 7. JE-02 1.5B-01
uterus 2. BE-02 3.6E-02 5.5E-02 8.2E-02 1.4B-01
Other tissue 3.43-02 4.1E-02 5.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.6%01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.4B-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-01 8.2B-01 1.5B+oO
WV/W)
109
24
RBC
CHROMIUM-LABELLED ERYTHROCYTES
‘iCr
Biokinetic Model
Normal erythrocytes have a mean life span of 120 d. Since erythrocytes of all age-classes are
labelled simultaneously, the mean remaining lifetime for the labelled cells is 60 d. The decrease
of activity in erythrocytes, because of cell death, is a linear process, at a rate corresponding to
0.9% of the initial amount per day. In order to keep to the standard form for biokinetic data,
this is approximated as an exponential process with a half-life of 42 d. During its residence in the
circulation, the activity is considered to be distributed in organs according to their relative
blood volumes. Dying cells are taken up in spleen, liver and bone marrow with a distribution of
70%, 25% and 5%, respectively.
Chromium is also eluted from the living cell at a rate of 1.0% per day, corresponding to a
half-time of 70 d. The released chromium is assumed to be distributed according to the model
used for ionic chromium (III), and is, therefore, taken up in liver (25%), spleen (2.5%) and in
other tissues (72.5%) with a uniform distribution. In the normal case, about 42% of the activity
disappears from the blood by elution, and 58% by death of cells. The combined effect is that in
all 42% is taken up by the spleen, 25% by the liver, 4% by the bone marrow and 29% is taken up
in other tissues with a uniform distribution.
Most studies on the disappearance of chromium from the site of uptake have been performed
on the spleen after injection of denatured red cells. The measurements have been performed over
only a short time and have shown great variation, with a mean half-life of about 10 d. On the
other hand, long term studies by Lim (1978) have shown that after injection of ionic chromium
there is also a fraction with a half-life of about 160 d. Although no such long term retention has
been demonstrated after injection of red blood cells, the model used here includes a 10%
component with this half-life, whereas the rest (900/) is assumed to be eliminated with a half-life
of 10 d. These values are assumed to be the same in all organs and tissues.
In pathological states, the mean lifetime of intact red cells can be more or less shortened. The
worst case would correspond to immediate uptake of all labelled cells, giving the same
biokinetic model as for denatured red cells. Variations in absorbed dose in different clinical
conditions have been reported by Roth et al. (1986).
References
Belcher, E. H. and Hughes Jones, N. C. (1960). The mathematical analysis of ‘iCr deposition in organs following the
injection of slCr-labelled red cells. Clin. Sci. 19, 657663.
Hughes Jones, N. C. and Szur, L. (1957). Determination of the sites of red-cell destruction using ‘iCr-labelled cells. Br.
J. Haematol. 3, 320-331.
ICRU (1979). Methods ofAssessment of Absorbed Dose in Clinical Use ofRadionuclides, ICRU Report 32. International
Commission on Radiation Units, Washington, DC.
(Ill) in the Human Body, Report LBL 7473. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California.
Roth, P., Werner, E., Henrichs, K., Elsasser, U. and Kaul, A. (1986). Variations in absorbed dose from “Cr:
Investigations with labelled erythrocytes. In: Fourth Int. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge
1985, Oak Ridge Assoc. Univ. CONF-851113, pp. 6733680. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee.
Schloesser, L. L., Korst, D. R., Clatanoff, D. V. and &hilling, R. F. (1957). Radioactivity over the spleen and liver
following the transfusion of chromium si-labelled erythrocytes in hemolytic anemia. J. Clin. Inoest. 36, 1470-148s.
111
24
RBC
BiokineticData
Organ (S) FS T a U%
Blood 1.00 42 d 0.58 26.1 d

70d 0.42
Spleen 0.42 42 d -0.97 2.15 d
70d -0.03
10d 0.90
16Od 0.10
Liver 0.25 42d -0.58 1.14d
70d -0.42
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Red marrow 0.40 42 d -0.70 4.53 hr
70 d -0.30
10 d 0.90
16Od 0.10
Remaining tissues 0.29 70 d -1.00 1.07 d
10 d 0.90
16Od 0.10
Cr-LABELLED ERYTHROCYTES
51C, 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2.2E-01 2.7B-01 4.2B-01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO

Bladder wall ?.5B-02 9.7E-02 1.4B-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-01
Bone surfaces l. lE-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.2&-01 1.3B+OO
Breast 9.9B-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 2,6E-01 4.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.4&01 3.5B-01 6.0%01
Small intest 9.5&02 1*2E-01 1. EE-01 2. EB-01 S.OE-01
ULI wall 9. u-02 1.2E-01 1.7B-01 2. EB-01 4.9E-01
LLI wall 8.1E-02 1 .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 4.2%01
* Heart 5.1E-01 6.1B-01 9.1B-01 1.4E+OO 2.4E+OO
* Kidneys 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E+OO

* Liver 2. bE-01 2.9E-01 4.6B-01 6.9B-01 1.3E+OO
Lungs 3.2E-01 4.1E-01 6.5E-01 1. OB+OO 2.OE+OO
Ovaries 8.2&02 l. lB-01 1.6E-01 2.5&01 4.5&01
Pancreas 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.4B-01 5.OE-01 8.5E-01
Red marrow 1.4B-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.1B-01 7.6E-01

* Spleen 1.6E+OO 2.1B+OO 3.3E+OO 5.1E+OO 9.3E+OO
Testes 6.3E-02 7.7B-02 l.lE-01 1.7B-01 3.3B-01
Thyroid 1.2E-01 1.6E-01 2.6&01 4.2%01 7.9E-01
Uterus 8.5B-02 l. lB-01 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01
Other tissue 8.5B-02 l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.3B-01 4.2B-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 2.6B-01 3.3B-01 5.2B-01 8.01-01 1.5B+OO
(=Bv/nas)
112
24
RBC denatured
CHROMIUM-LABELLED DENATURED ERYTHROCYTES

51Cr
Biokinetic Model
Erythrocytes can be intentionally damaged by heat or by chemical means. After injection into
blood, such denatured cells are rapidly taken up by tissues, predominantly in the spleen. This
technique is, therefore, used in spleen studies. After injection, most of the cells (900/,) disappear
from the blood with a half-time of a few minutes. For dosimetric purposes, immediate uptake of
this fraction is assumed. Published values for fractional spleen uptake are in the range 0.42-l .OO
and a typical value of 0.75 has been selected. A fractional uptake of 0.15 has been assumed for
liver. The remaining 10% is assumed to leave the blood with a half-time of 3 hr and to result in a
uniform distribution in other tissues. After uptake in the various organs and tissues, the
chromium is set free. Several studies have been performed, especially by measurement over the
spleen, to estimate the disappearance half-time. The results show a wide distribution, with a
range of 4.59.5% per day and a mean value of 7.6% per day, corresponding to a half-time of
about 10 d. These studies have usually covered only a short time after injection and long-term
studies have not been reported. Since it is known that injected ionic chromium (III) has a
long-term component of retention, with a half-life of 160 d, such a component has also been
included in this model, where it has been taken to apply to 10% of the uptake in each organ or
tissue.
References
Atkins, H. L., Goldman, A. G., Fairchild, R. G., Oster, Z. H., Som, P., Richards, P., Meinken, G. E and Srivastava, S.
C. (1980). Splenic sequestration of ggmTclabelled, heat-treated red blood cells. Radiology 136,501-503.
(III) in the Human Body, Report LBL 7473. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California.
Smith, P. H. S. (1974). “Tc” labelled erythrocytes for spleen scanning. ht. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 25, 137-139.
Spinelli-Ressi, F. (1964). In: Medical Radioisotope Scanning, Vol. II, pp. 355-369. International Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna.
Williams, E. D., Ahuja, S., Szur, L., Lewis, S. M. and Glass, H. I. (1972). Rate of loss of “Cr from the spleen. J. Nucl.
Med. 13,686687.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a AslAo
Blood 1.0 0 0.90 25.9 min

3 hr 0.10
Spleen 0.75 10d 0.90 9.71 d
160d 0.10
Liver 0.15 10d 0.90 1.94d
160d 0.10
Remaining tissues 0.10 3 hr -1.00 1.29 d
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
113
24
RBC denatured
Cr-LABELLED DENATURED
ERYTHROCYTES
51C, 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals l. lE-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3.2E-01 S.ZE-01

Bladder wall 8.OE-03 l.ZB-02 Z . lE-02 3.6E-02 6.9E-02
Bone surfaces Z.OE-02 2.5E-02 3.7B-02 5.6B-02 l.lE-01
Breast 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 3.5E-02 6.2.8-02 9.7E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.3E-01 5.lE-01
Small intest 3.1E-02 4.OE-02 6.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.9E-01
ULI wall 3.1E-02 4.1E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 Z.OE-01
LLI wall 1.6E-02 Z. lE-02 3.7E-02 6.1E-02 l.OE-01
Heart 4.2E-02 5.5E-02 8.2E-02 l. ZE-01 Z.OE-01
* Kidneys 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 3.9E-01 6.OE-01
* Liver 1.7E-01 Z. lE-01 3.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.4E-01
Lungs 4.4E-02 5.8E-02 8.63-02 1.3E-01 2.3%01
Ovaries 1.8E-02 Z. lE-02 3.5E-02 6.1E-02 l. lE-01
* Pancreas 3. DE-01 3.2E-01 4.8E-01 6.7E-01 1.OE+OO
Red marrow 2. BE-02 3.83-02 5.26-02 7.0%02 l. lB-01
* Spleen 5.6E+OO 7.9E+OO l.ZB+Ol 1.8E+Ol 3.3E+Ol
Testes 5.73-03 6.6E-03 l. ZE-02 1.8B-02 4.2B-02
Thyroid 6.6J3-03 9.8E-03 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 5.6E-02
Uterus 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 3.2E-02 5.1E-02 l.OE-01
Other tissue 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 5.1E-02 7.7B-02 1.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.0&01 5.4B-01 8.3E-01 1.3B+oO 2.3&00
WWllBq)
114
24
WBC
CHROMIUM-LABELLED WHITE BLOOD CELLS

(LEUK5?zYTES)
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for indium-labelled leukocytes (see p. 255), with the exception of
the excretion half-times which, by analogy with the models for chromium-labelled red cells and
platelets and for ionic chromium, are assumed to be 10 d (90%) and 160 d (10%).
Reference
McMilian, R. and Scott, J. L. (1968). Leukocyte labeling with 5’Chromium. I. Technique and results in normal subjects.
Blood 32, 738-754.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &&I
Blood 1.0 0 0.60 4.00 hr

7 hr 0.40
Liver 0.20 0 -0.60 2.58 d
7 hr -0.40
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Red marrow 0.30 0 -0.60 3.87 d
7 hr -0.40
10 d 0.90
16Od 0.10
Spleen 0.25 0 -0.60 3.23 d
7 hr -0.40
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
Remaining tissues 0.25 0 -0.60 3.23 d
7 hr -0.40
10d 0.90
160d 0.10
115
24
WBC
Cr-LABELLED WHITE BLOOD CELLS

(LEUKOCYTES)
51Cr 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/BBq)
Organ
* Adrenals J . EE-02 l.OE-01 1. SE-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01

Bladder wall 1.9%02 2.6E-02 4.4E-02 6.4E-02 l .lB-01
Bone surfaces l. lE-01 7.9E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 5.2EtOO
Breast 2. SE-02 2. SE-02 4.1E-02 6. SE-02 l.lE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall J.4&02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 1. BE-01 2.9E-01
Small intest 4.3B-02 S . OE-02 7. JE-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01
ULI wall 4.1E-02 S . OE-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01
LLI wall 3.5&02 4.2E-02 6.3B-02 8. JE-02 1.4B-01
Heart 4.0&02 4.9E-02 7.2E-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01
* Kidneys 0.4E-02 l .OE-01 1. SE-01 2.2%01 3.4E-01
* Liver 2.1R-01 2. JR01 4.OE-01 5. m-01 1. OE+OO
Lungs 4.OE-02 5.3&02 7.6E-02 l. lE-01 2.0%01
Ovaries 3.4E-02 4.43-02 6. SE-02 9.3B-02 1. SE-01
* Pancreas 1.3E-01 1. SE-01 2.2E-01 3.2E-01 S. lE-01
Red marrow 2.3B-01 3.2E-01 5.2E-01 9.4E-01 1.9EtOO
* Spleen 1.9B+OO 2,6E+OO 4.OE+OO 6.2E+OO 1. 1EtOl
Testes 1.4B-02 1.0E-02 2. BE-02 4.3E-02 8.OE-02
Thyroid 1. ?E-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 5. JE-02 l.OE-01
Uterus 3.OB-02 3.83-02 5.6E-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01
Other tissue 3.OE-02 3.63-02 5.3E-02 E.OE-02 1.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.9g-01 2.8B-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 1.3B+oO
(mSv/ll8q)
116
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Cr
24
Markers
CHROMIUM-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

51Cr
Biokinetic Model
Compounds of trivalent chromium are used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
gastrointestinal tract. For dosimetry a modified ICRP model for the gastrointestinal tract is
used, as described in Appendix Section A.3.
References
Donaldson, R. M. Jr and Barreras, R. F. (1966). Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium. J. Lab. Clin.
Med. 68,484-493.
Griffith, G. H., Owen, G. M., Kirkman, S. and Shields, R. (1966). Measurement of rate of gastric emptying using
Chromium-Q. Lancet i, 124+1245.
Hansky, J. and Connell, A. M. (1962). Measurement of gastrointestinal transit using radioactive chromium. Gut 3,
187-188.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) r;, ~,/A,

GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 33.0 min
SI 1.0 3.98 hr
ULI 1.0 12.8 hr
LLI 1.0 23.0 hr
GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 2.10 hr
SI 1.0 3.97 hr
ULI 1.0 12.7 hr
LLI 1.0 23.0 hr
117
CI BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
24
Markers
Cr-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
51C, 27.704 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/BRq)
Organ
Adrenals 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.5R-03 7.7R-03 1.4E-02

* Bladder wall l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.3R-02 5.6E-02
Breast 3.9E-04 3.9E-04 l .OE-03 1.9E-03 3. BE-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall l . lE-02 1.5E-02 2 lE-02 3.5E-02 6.4E-02
* Small intest 4.X-02 6.1E-02 9.6E-02 1.5%01 2.6E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.4E-01 8.3E-01
Kidneys 4.5E-03 5.6E-03 8.7E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02
Liver 3. N-03 3.8E-03 7.2B-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02
Lungs S.lE-04 7.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.4R-03 5.3E-03
Ovaries 3.9E-02 4.7E-02 7 .OE-02 1.0%01 1.7E-01
Pancreas 4.OE-03 5.1E-03 8.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
Spleen 3.OE-03 3.73-03 6.5E-03 l . OE-02 1.8E-02
Testes 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 8.2E-03 1.2&02 2.4E-02
Thyroid 5.7E-05 7. WI-05 2.2E-04 5.1B-04 1.3E-03
Uterus 1.6E-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 5.1E-02 8.4E-02
Other tissue 4.1E-03 4.9E-03 7.4E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.4E-02 4.?R-02 7.7B-02 1.2R-01 Z-31-01
Wv/llBq)
Adrenals 2.1E-03 3.1E-03 5.1E-03 8.5E-03 1.5E-02

* Bladder wall 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.3%02 5.6B-02
Bone surfaces 2.78-03 3.3E-03 4.7E-03 6.93-03 1.3E-02
Breast 5.OE-04 5.OE-04 1.2E-03 2.3E-03 4.4E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 7.6E-02 1.4&01
* Small intest 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 9.73-02 1.5E-01 2.6E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1.6%01 2.7E-01 4.3E-01 8.3E-01
Kidneys 4.83-03 5.9E-03 9.2E-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02

Liver 3.2E-03 4.OE-03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
Lungs 6.8E-04 9.2E-04 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 6.OE-03
Ovaries 3.93-02 4.73-02 7 .OE-02 1 .OE-01 1.7E-01
Pancreas 5.7E-03 6.9E-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.91-02
Red marrow 8,1E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.7E-02

Soleen 4.OE-03 4.81-03 7,9E-03 1.2E-02 Z.lE-02
Testes 3.43-03 4,2E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02
Thyroid 7,OE-05 8.7E-05 2.4E-04 5.7E-04 1.5E-03
Uterus 1.6E-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 5.1E-02 8.41-02
Other tissue 4.2E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 l . lE-02 2 .OB-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.4E-02 4.8B-02 7.8B-02 1.2E-01 2.3B-01
(mSv/Wq)
118
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Fe
26
Ion
IRON
52Fe s5Fe 5gFe
Biokinetic Model
This model is based on the biokinetic data for normal subjects in MIRD Dose Estimate
Report No. 11 (Robertson et al., 1983). The model is shown in Fig. 1.
r ___-__-* ______ -__-,
Fig. 1.
Arrows indicate flows and the dashed line between compartments 3 and 6 indicates delayed
feedback due to the 120 d life of circulating red blood cells. The fractional flow rates between
compartments are listed below.
Rate Rate
(fraction (fraction
Flow per day) Flow per day)
l-2 1.4 3+1 0.33
l-r3 2.0 3-4 0.024
1+5 6.0 4+3 0.0018
2-l 0.91 546 0.70
In relating the compartments to different organs and tissues, the MIRD model has been
modified with regard to the distribution of blood (plasma and RBC). This has been found
necessary to derive an adequate calculation of effective dose equivalent. In the MIRD model,
doses to some organs with a high blood content are underestimated, since the blood outside
liver, spleen and bone marrow is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout the residual
body. This is especially so for lungs, which have a weighting factor, in the calculation of H,, that
is large in comparison with other organs and tissues. This modification leads to the distribution
of compartments between organs and tissues given in Table 1.
The MIRD publication also gives models for three abnormal states, namely primary
haemochromatosis, pernicious anaemia in relapse, and iron-deficiency anaemia. The absorbed
doses estimated using these models differ very little from the normal case, with the exception of
primary haemochromatosis, in which the dose to liver, spleen and red marrow is above or
around a factor of two higher in the case of 55Fe and 5gFe. This results in increases in H, of 75
and 21%, respectively. The variation of absorbed doses in different diseases has also been
studied by Roth et al. (1986).
When ‘“Fe is used, some 52mMn is inevitably also administered, and a model for this
radionuclide is, therefore, needed. Instantaneous uptake in organs is assumed, with a
distribution as determined by Atkins et al. (1979): i.e. liver 0.3, kidney 0.08, small intestine
0.158, upper large intestine 0.052, lower large intestine 0.04, heart 0.03, pancreas 0.03, lungs
0.03, ovaries and testes 0.0003, and remaining tissues 0.28. According to Mahoney et al. (1968),
the activity is retained in these organs and tissues with half-lives of 4 d (0.3) and 38 d (0.7). The
119
Fe BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
26
Ion
Table 1. Fractional distribution of compartments
Compartment Liver Spleen Red marrow Blood Residual

1. Plasma - - - 1.00 -
2. Extracellular fluid 0.03 - 0.02 - 0.95
3. Rapid uptake - 1.00 - -
4. Slow uptake 0.33 0.15 0.30 - 0.22
5. Red marrow - - 1.00 - -
6. Red blood cells - - - 1.00 -
effective dose equivalent, from administered 52mMn, calculated from this model, is given below.
The absorbed dose from 52mMn produced after the time of administration of 52Fe is included in
the absorbed dose values for 52Fe.
In the case of oral administration of iron, a fractional absorption of 0.10 is assumed. In iron
deficiency, this fraction may increase, up to a value of 0.5.
References
(1) Adopted model
Atkins, H. L., Som, P., Fairchild, R. G., Hui, J., Schachner, E., Goldman, A. and Ku, T. (1979). Myocardial positron
tomography with Manganese-52m. Radiology 133,769-714.
Mahoney, J. P. and Small, W. J. (1969). Studies on manganese III. The biological half-life of radio-manganese in man
and factors which affect this half-life. J. Clin. Inoest. 47, 643653.
Robertson, R. R., Price, R. R., Budinger, T. F., Fairbanks, V. F. and Pollycove, M. (1983). Radiation absorbed doses
from Iron-52. Iron-55 and Iron-59 used to study ferrokinetics. MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 11. J. Nucl. Med. 24,
339-348.
Roth, P., Werner, E., Henrichs, K., Elsasser, U. and Kaul, A. (1986). Variations in absorbed doses from sgFe in different
diseases. In: Fourth ht. Radiopharmaceutical ~oosirnetry Symposium, Oak Ridge 198, Oak Ridge Assoc. Univ.
CONF-851113, pp. 31&318. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
(2) Fetal dosimetry
Dyer, N. C. and Brill, A. B. (1972). Maternal-fetal transport of iron and iodine in human subjects. Adv. hp. Med. Biol.
27.351-366.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) 52Fe and 52mMn 55Fe “Fe

Total body 12 hr 12 hr 3.9 yr 65 d
Blood 2.2 hr 2.2 hr 3.2 yr 59 d
Liver 2.4 min 2.4 min 84d 17hr
Spleen 52 s 52 s 38d 7.6 hr
Red marrow 8.6 hr 8.6 hr 93 d 3.8d
(2) Oral administration
Total body 11 hr 11 hr 144d 8.1 d
Blood 9.4 min 9.4 min 120d 5.9 d
Liver 10.2 s 10.2 s 8.4d 1.7 hr
Spleen 3.7 s 3.7 s 3.8 d 46 min
Red marrow 37 min 37 min 9.3 d 9.1 hr
GI-tract contents
Stomach 0.92 hr 1.6 min 1.0 hr 1.0 hr
SI 2.6 hr 6.4 min 3.6 hr 3.6 hr
ULI 4.0 hr 10.5 min 12 hr 12 hr
LLI 2.4 hr 6.5 min 22 hr 21 hr
120
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Fe
26
Ion
IRON
52Fe 8.275 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2.9E-01 3,6E-01 5.2E-01 7.6E-01 1.3E+OO

Bladder wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2&01 3.OE-01 5.1E-01
Bone surfaces 3.1E+OO 3. SE+00 5.8E+OO l.lE+Ol 2.3E+Ol
Breast l.ZE-01 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 Z.EE-01 5.OE-01
GI-tract
Stomach vall l.ZE-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01
Small intest 1.9E-01 Z.ZE-01 3.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.4E-01
ULI wall 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.7%01 3.9E-01 6.3E-01
* LLI wall 2 .OE-01 2.5E-01 3.5E-01 4.3&01 6.6E-01
* Heart 4.1E-01 4.8E-01 7.3E-01 1. lE+OO 2 .OE+OO
* Kidneys 2.573-01 3.OE-01 4.5E-01 6.7E-01 1 .lE+OO
Liver 1.7E-01 Z.OE-01 3. IE-01 4.7E-01 B.5E-01
Lungs 3. HI-01 3.9E-01 6.1E-01 9.6E-01 1.9E+OO
Ovaries Z. lE-01 2.5E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 6.8E-01
Pancreas 1.7E-01 2.OE-01 2.8E-01 4.OE-01 6.7E-01
Red marrow 6.1E+OO 6.7E+OO l.lE+Ol 2. lE+Ol 4.5E+Ol
* Spleen 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 7.1E-01 1. lE+OO 2.1E+OO
Testes 7.6E-02 l .OE-01 1.6&01 2.4E-01 4.4E-01
Thyroid 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 4.5E-01 a. 4E-01
Uterus 1.6%01 Z.OE-01 2.7E-01 3.8E-01 5.8E-01
Other tissue l.ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 6.OE-01
Effective
1 .OB+oo 1 .lB+oo 1.9B+oo 3.4E+OO 7.OE+oo
Wose equivalent , (mSv/MBq of the impurity)

52m
Mn (21.1 min) 3.3E-02 4.3E-02 8.OE-02 l .ZE-01 2.3E-01
121
26
Ion
IRON
Oral administration
=2Pe 8.275 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/BEq)
Organ
Adrenals 2.OB-01 2. SB-01 4.OB-01 6. SB-01 1.2EtOO

* Bladder wall 2.3B-01 2. E&01 4.5E-01 7.4E-01 1.3B+OO
Bone surfaces 2 *9E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 9.7E-01 2.OB+OO
Breast 2.0&-01 2.OB-01 3.2E-01 5.2E-01 1.OB+OO
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 4.8B-01 6.1%01 E.EB-01 1. SE+00 2.8E+OO
* Small intest 7.6E-01 9. SE-01 1.6E+OO 2. SE+00 4.7E+oO
* ULI wall 1. El?.+00 2.2E+OO 3.8E+OO 6.2E+OO 1.2E+Ol
* LLI wall 1.6E+OO 2.OEtOO 3. SE+00 5. EE+OO l.lE+Ol
Heart 9.43-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6&01 4.4B-01
Kidneys 2.2E-01 2.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.7B-01 1.3E+OO
Liver 8. SE-02 9. EE-02 1. EE-01 3.2E-01 5.9E-01
Lungs 1. EE-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 5.9B-01 1. lB+OO
Ovaries 3.7E-01 4.7E-01 7.2E-01 1. 1EtOO 2.OB+OO
Pancreas 2.3%01 2.9E-01 4. SE-01 7.1B-01 1.3BtOO
Red marrow 5.2B-01 6.1E-01 9.9&01 1.7E+oa 3.5E+OO
Spleen l. lE-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 6.OE-01
Testes l.EB-01 2.2E-01 3.6B-01 S.EB-01 1.lB+OO
Thyroid 1.7B-01 2.2E-01 3.6B-01 5.9E-01 1 . lB+OO
Uterus 2. EE-01 3.6E-01 5. BE-01 9.1E-01 1. ?E+OO
Other tissue 1.9B-01 2.3&01 3.7E-01 6.OE-01 1.2B+OO
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.9B-01 7.1B-01 1.2B+OU 1_9B+OO 3.8E+OO
Wv/llBq)
%Z%%ose equivalent , (mSv/KBq of the impurity)
52mMn (21.1 min) 5.53-02 7.2E-02 l. lE-01 l.EE-01 3.6E-01
122
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Fc
26
Ion
IRON
55Pe 2.7 years
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4.2E+OO 5.4E+OO 9.1E+OO 1.5E+Ol 3.1E+Ol

Bladderwall 1 .OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
Bone surfaces 3. ?E+OO l.lE+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.9E+Ol 8.2E+Ol
Breast 1.3EtOO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
Small intest 1.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E.+oo 3.5E+OO 7.2EtOO
ULI wall 1.OE+OO 1.3EtOO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
LLI wall 1.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
* Heart 1.3E+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.6E+Ol 4.3E+Ol 7.9EtOl
* Kidneys 4.2E+OO 5.2E+OO 0. EE+OO 1.5E+Ol 3.OE+Ol
* Liver 6.3EtOO 7.8EtOO 1.3E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 4.2E+Ol
Lungs 9.5E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3 *6E+Ol ?.3E+Ol
Ovaries 1. lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO ?.2E+OO
Pancreas 1. OEtOO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5EtOO ?.2E+OO
Red marrow 6.8E+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.8EtOl 3.5E+Ol ?.3E+Ol
* Soleen 2.6E+Ol 3.6E+Ol 5.9E+Ol 9.6E+Ol 1.9E+02
Testes 1. OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3. SE+00 ?.2E+OO
Thyroid 3.4E+OO 4.1E+OO 7 .OE+OO 1.2E+Ol 2.4E+Ol
Uterus 1. lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5EcOO ?.2E+OO
Other tissue 1.OE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.5E+OO 7.2EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 5.9B+OU E.OE+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 4.6E+Ol
(=Bv/llBq)
Oral administration
* Adrenals 4.2&01 5.4E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E+OO 3.1E+OO

Bladder wall l*OE-01 1.3E-01 2.2&01 3.6E-01 7.4%01
Bone surfaces 3. ?E-01 l.lE+OO 2.1E+OO 3.9E+OO 8.2E+OO
Breast 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 2.2&01 3.6E-01 ?.4E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall ?. lE-02 7. ?E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01 4.2E-01
Small intest 6.6E-03 -1.9E-02 -2.71-02 -4.2E-02 -9.8E-02
ULI wall 1.3E-01 l.EE-01 3.2E-01 5.2E-01 1. lE+OO
LLI wall 2. ?E-01 4.OE-01 ?.lE-01 1.2E+OO 2.4E+OO
* Heart 1.3EtOO 1.6E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.3E+OO ?.9E+OO
* Kidneys 4.2E-01 5.2E-01 l3.8E-01 1. SE+00 3.OE+OO
* Liver 6.3E-01 ?.8E-01 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 4.2EtOO
Lungs 9.5E-01 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO ?.3E+OO
Ovaries l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01 ?.4E-01
Pancreas l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01 ?.4E-01
Red marrow 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO l.BE+OO 3.5E+OO ?.3E+OO
* Spleen 2.6EtOO 3.6E+OO 5.9E+OO 9.6E+OO 1.9E+Ol
Testes l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2&01 3.6E-01 ?.4B-01
Thyroid 3.4%01 4.1E-01 ?.OE-01 1.2E+OO 2.4B+OO
Uterus l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01 ?.4E-01
Other tissue l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.6%01 ?.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 5.9%01 8.1B-01 1.3B+OO 2.3E+oO 4.6B+Oo
(=Bv/ltBq)
123
26
Ion
IRON
5gPe 44.529 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.4E+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.5E+Ol 3.9EtOl 7.1E+Ol

Bladder wall 6.OE+OO 6. OEtOO 9.1E+OO 1.6E+Ol 2.5EtOl
Bone surfaces 1.3E+Ol l.lEtOl 1. Elk01 3.lEtOl 6. OEtOl
Breast ?.3E+OO 7.5EtOO 1.2EtOl 1.9EtOl 3.3EtOl
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.1E+OO 8.9E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.OEtOl 3.4E+Ol
Small intest 6.7EtOO 8 . lE+OO 1.2EtOl 1. BE+01 3.2EtOl
ULI wall 6,4E+OO 7.9EtOO 1.2EtOl 1.8EtOl 3.2EtOl
LLI wall 6.4EtOO 7 .OEtOO 1. lE+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.7EtOl
* Heart 3.2B+Ol 3.8EtOl 5.8E+Ol 0.8E+Ol 1.5E+02
* Kidneys 1.3EtOl 1.5EtOl 2.4EtOl 3.7E+Ol 6.7E+Ol
* Liver 1.2EtOl 1.4E+Ol 2.3EtOl 3.5E+Ol 6.2EtOl
Lungs 1.9EtOl 2.5EtOl 3.9EtOl 6.2E+Ol 1.2Et02
Ovaries 5.8E+OO 7.9E+OO 1.2EtOl 1.7E+Ol 3.OEtOl
Pancreas %.5E+OO l.lE+Ol 1.7EtOl 2.5E+Ol 4.5E+Ol
Red marrow 1.3EtOl 1.7E+Ol 2.6EtOl 4.3B+Ol 8.3E+Ol
* Soleen 2.6EtOl 3.2EtOl 5.OEtOl 7.8EtOl 1.4Et02
Testes 5.OE+OO 5.6E+OO 8.1EtOO 1.2E+Ol 2.2EtOl
Thyroid 8.3Et00 1. OEtOl 1.7&+01 2.7E+01 5.OBtOl
Uterus 6.6E+OO 7.7E+OO l.lBtOl 1.7E+Ol 3.OE+Ol
Other tissue 5.9E+OO 6.9E+OO 1. OEtOl 1.6E+Ol 2.9E+Ol
Effective
dose equivalent 1.3E+Ol 1.5EtOl 2.4BtOl 3.7EtOl 6.8EtOl
Wv/n&l)
Oral administration
Adrenals 1.5E+OO 1.7EtOO 2.6BtOO 4.1gtoo 7.5&+00

Bladder wall 9.2E-01 1.O&O0 1.6EtOO 2.5EtOO 4.3EtOO
Bone surfaces 1.4EtOO 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.3E+OO 6.4EtOO
Breast 7.6B-01 7.9E-01 1.3EtOO 2.OB+OO 3.5%.00
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1. OE+OO 1.3EtOO 1.9E+OO 3.1EtOO 5.3EtOO
* Small intest 1.8EtOO 2.2E+OO 3.4EtOO 5.1EtOO 8.8EtOO
* ULI wall 3.7EtOO 4.5EtOO 7.5EtOO 1.2E+Ol 2.2E+Ol
* LLI wall 8.2E+OO l.OE+Ol 1.7EtOl 2.7E+Ol 5.1EtOl
* Heart 3.2EtOO 3.9EtOO 5.9E+OO 8.9EtOO 1.5EtOl
Kidneys 1*4E+OO 1.7E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.1E+OO 7.4E+OO

Liver 1.3EtOO 1.6E+OO 2.5gtoo 3. BE+00 6.9EtOO
Lungs 2.OE+OO 2.5E+OO 3.9E+OO 6.3EtOO 1.2E+Ol
Ovaries 1.6E+OO 2,1E+OO 3.1E+OO 4.5E+OO 7.9EtOO
Pancreas 9.7E-01 1.3EtOO 1.9EtOO 3. OEtOO 5.2E+OO
Red marrow 1.5EtOO 1.9EtOO 2.9EtOO 4.7EtOO 8.8EtUO
* Spleen 2.7EtOO 3.3E+OO 5.2E+OO 8.1E+OO 1.5E+Ol
Testes 6.OE-01 7.1E-01 1.lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.OE+OO
Thyroid 8.4E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.1E+OO
Uterus 1.lE+OO 1.3EtOO 2.1E+OO 3.1EtOO 5.5EtOO
Other tissue 7.3E-01 8.4E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.5EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.oBtoO 2.5EtOO 4.OE+OO 6.2B+UO 1 .lE+Ol
(mSv/nBq)
124
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS CO
27
Bleomycin
COBALT-LABELLED BLEOMYCIN
57co
Biokinetic Model
The data of Beekhuis and Niewig (1984), which are based on measurements in 58 patients, are
adopted here. Most of the injected activity is rapidly excreted in the urine, according to the
kidney-bladder model. A fraction of approximately 0.10 is taken up in the kidneys and released
with half-times of 1.8 hr (0.82) and 40 hr (0.18). A fraction of 0.008 is retained in the liver with a
half-time of 35 d. The activity outside these organs is assumed to be distributed uniformly
throughout the remainder of the body.
Reference
Beekhuis, H. and Niewig, 0. E. (1984). Radiation absorbed doses from Co-57- and Co-55 bleomycin. J. Nucl. Med. 25,
478-485.
Biokinetic Data
Kidneys (uptake) 0.097 1.8 hr 0.82 1.21 hr

40 hr 0.18
Liver 0.008 40d 1.0 9.65 hr
Kidneys (excretion) 1.0 4.96 min
Bladder content 1.0 1.82 hr
Remaining tissues 0.895 10 hr 0.87 2.63 d
2d 0.10
60d 0.03
JAICRQ 18: 1-r-e

125
co BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
27
Bleomycin
Co-LABELLED BLEOMYCIN
=‘co 270.9 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 5.OE-02 6.6E-02 9.9E-02 1.4&01 2.5E-01

* Bladder wall l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 6.4&01
Bone surfaces 4.7E-02 5.6E-02 8.43-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Breast 3.4E-02 3.4&02 5.OE-02 8.1E-02 1.5&01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.1E-02 5.63-02 9,OE-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
ULI wall 4.8R-02 6.OE-02 9.1E-02 1.5E-01 2.5E-01
LLI wall 4.2E-02 5. SE-02 8.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
* Kidneys l.lE-01 1.3E-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 4.6E-01
* Liver 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 2 .a~-01 4.OE-01 7.3E-01
Lungs 3.9E-02 5.OE-02 7.3E-02 l.lE-01 Z .OE-01
Ovaries 4.4E-02 5.6E-02 8.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
* Pancreas 5. HI-02 6.7E-02 l . OE-01 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Red marrow 5.5E-02 6.7E-02 9.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01
Spleen 4.1E-02 5.OE-02 7.03-02 l.ZE-01 2.2B-01
Testes 3.1%02 4.OE-02 6.2E-02 9.8E-02 l.BE-01
Thyroid 2.6E-02 4.3E-02 6.9&02 l. lE-01 Z . OE-01
Uterus 5.1%02 6.1B-02 9. SE-02 1.4%01 2.5E-01
Other tissue 3.5E-02 4.2E-02 6.4E-02 9.9E-02 1. BE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 5.6%02 7.1&02 1 .OE-01 1.6B-01 2.8E-01
(aSv/nBq)
126
21
B 12
VITAMIN B,,
57co Yo
Biokinetic Model: Intravenous Injection With No Carrier Vitamin B,,

About two thirds of intravenously administered vitamin B,, is concentrated in the liver,
where it is retained for a long time. Of the residue, which is initially distributed in the
extracellular fluid, a small fraction is eliminated rapidly, but the majority is retained for a long
period.
Total body retention is described by a 2-exponential function with half-lives of 1.Od (0.1) and
500 d (0.9). A fraction of 0.6 is taken up by the liver and retained with a half-life of 500 d. The
remaining fraction of 0.4 is distributed throughout the rest of the body and eliminated with
half-times of 1.0 d (0.25) and 500 d (0.75).
References
(1) Adopted model
Amin, S., Spinks, T., Ranicar, A., Short, M. D. and Hoffbrand, A. V. (1980). Long-term clearance of (s7Co)
cyanocobalamin in vegans and pernicious anaemia. Clin. Sci. 58,101-103.
Heyssel, R. M., Bozian, R. C., Darby, W. J. and Meneely, G. R. (1965). Turnover of 60Co-labeled vitamin B,, in
patients with pernicious anaemia. In: Radioactivity in Man, Second Symposium, pp. 331-342. (Meneely, G. R. and
Linde, S. M. eds) Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
McEwan, A. C. (1974). Patient Radiation Dosesfrom Radiopharmaceuticals, Report of the National Radiation
Laboratory, NRL 1974/3. Department of Health, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Powsner, E. R. and Raeside, D. E. (1971). Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, p. 456. Grune and Stratton, New York.
Reizenstein, P., Ek, G. and Matthews, C. M. E. (1966). Vitamin B,, kinetics in man. Implications on
total-body-B,,-determinations, human requirements, and normal and pathological cellular B,, uptake. Whys.Med.
Biol. 11, 295-306.
(2) Transfer to the fetus
Luhby, A. L., Cooperman, J. M., Donnenfeld, A. M., Herrers, J. M., Teller, D. N. and Wenig, J. B. (1958). Observations
on the transfer of vitamin B,, from mother to fetus and newborn. AMA J. Dis. Child. 96, 532-533.
Biokinetic Data: Intravenous Injection With No Carrier Vitamin B,,
&IA,
Organ (S) Fs T a s7co 5sco
Total body 1.0 l.Od 0.1 228 d 80.7 d

500d 0.9
Liver 0.6 500d 1.0 152 d 53.7 d
127
CO BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
27
B11
VITAMIN BU
Intravenous injection with no carrier
=7co 270.9 days

Absorbed dose
Per unit activity adminirtered fmGy/HBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 5.4EtOO 8*lE+OO 1.2E+Ol 1.5BtOl 2.4E+Ol

Bladder wall 1*3E+oO 1.9BiOO 3.OE+OO 5.4E+OO 9.7E+OO
Bone surfaces 2.5E+OO 3.1E+OO 4. SE+00 6.8E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Breast 2.1EtOO 2 * lE+OO 3.4.8&O 5.4E+OO l.OE+Ol
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.9E+OO 4.3E+OO 7.3E+OO 1.2B+Ol 2.lE+Ol
Small intest 2.9EtOO 3.5E+OO 6.1E+OO 9.9B+OO 1.7EtOl
* ULI wall 3.7&00 4.6E+OO 8.OB+OO 1.4EiOl 2.3IztOl
LLI wall 1.4E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.2E+OO 5.2E+OO 1.OE+Ol
* Kidneys 5.OE+OO 5.8E+OO 8.8E+OO 1.2EtOl 1.9EtOl
* Liver 5.1EiOl 6.4E+Ol 9,4B+Ol 1,4E+02 2. SE+02
Lungs 3. SE+00 4. ?E+OO 6.5%+00 9.4E+oo 1.63+01
Ovaries 1.7E+OO 2.3E+OO 3.9E+OO 6.3E+OO 1.2B+Ol
* Pancreas 5. bE+OO 7.9B+OO l.ZE+Ol 1.8E+Ol 3.OE+Ol
Red marrow 3.2EtOO 4.2Etoo 5.9E+OO 8,OE+OO 1.3E+Ol
Spleen 2.OEtOO 2.8E+OO 4.6EtOO 7.3E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Testes 9.7E-01 1.2B+OO 1.9E+OO 3.2B+OO 6.1B+OO
Thyroid 9.4E-01 1.5E+OO 2. SE+00 4.2BtOO 7 .?B+OO
Uterus 1.8E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.8EtOO 6.3EtOO 1.2E+Ol
Other tissue 2.OE+OO 2.4EtOO 3.6E+OO 5.5E+OO 1. OEtOl
Effective
dose equivalent 5.8BtoO 7.3B+OO l.lB+Ol 1.6B+Ol Z.SB+Ol
(aSv/W)
=aco 70.80 days
Organ
* Adrenals 1.4E+Ol 1.9EtOl 2.7EtOl 3.6B+Ol 5.7E+Ol

Bladder wall 3.3EtOO 3.6B+OO 5.9E+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.7E+Ol
Bone surfaces 3.7E+OO 4.5EtOO 6.7EtOO 1*OB+Ol 1.9E+Ol
Breast 5.3EtOO 5.3E+OO 8.7E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.5EtOl
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7. OEtOO 8.7E+OO 1. SB+Ol 2.6E+Ol 5.3E+Ol
Small intest 6.4EtOO 7.8E+OO 1.4BtOl 2.2EtOl 3.9B+Ol
* ULI wall 8.4EtOO 1 .OE+Ol 1.8B+Ol 3.OEtOl 5.3B+Ol
LLI wall 3.4B+OO 3.7EtOO 6.lEtOO 1. OE+Ol 1.8E+Ol
* Kidneys l.l&+Ol 1.3E+Ol 2. OEtOl 3.OE+Ol 4,5B+Ol
* Liver 7.7E+Ol 9.5B+Ol 1.4E+02 1.9E+02 3.2B+02
Lungs 7.8E+OO l.OE+Ol 1.5E+Ol 2.2B+Ol 3.8BtOl
Ovaries 3.2EtOO S.lE+OO 8.7EtOO 1.4E+Ol 2.6E+Ol
* Pancreas 1.3B+Ol 1.7EtOl 2,7E+Ol 4.2B+Ol 7.1E+Ol
Bed marrov 4.7EiOO 6. OEtOO 8.5EtOO 1.2EiOl 1.9E+Ol
Spleen 5.OE+OO 6.5E+OO 1.OE+Ol 1.6EtOl 2.9EtOl
Testes 2.9EtOO 2 :6E+OO 4.1E+OO 6.78+00 1.2E+Ol
Thyroid 2.6E+OO 3.3E+OO 5.3E+OO 8.8E+OO 1.6EtOl
Uterus 3.8EtOO 5.2E+OO 8.5E+OO 1.4B+Ol 2.5EtOl
Other tissue 4.7E+OO 5.6E+OO 8.2E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.3E+Ol
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.lE+Ol 1.3BtOl 2.OB+Ol 2.9B+Ol 4.9B+Ol
(mSv/ne4)
128
27
B 12
VITAMIN B,,
s7co s8co
Biokinetic Model: Intravenous Injection With Carrier Vitamin B,, for GFR Studies
Following the parenteral administration of unlabelled vitamin B,, to saturate plasma and
tissue binding sites, the intravenous administration of labelled vitamin leads to rapid
elimination of most of the radiopharmaceutical by glomerular filtration. A small residue
becomes bound and is retained for a long time.
The total body retention is described by a 2-exponential function with half-lives of 100 min
(0.90) and 500 d (0.10). A fraction of 0.05 is taken up by the liver and retained with a half-time of
500 d. A second fraction of 0.05 is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout all other
organs and tissues, and retained with a half-time of 500 d.
The fraction of 0.9 which is retained in’the body with a half-life of 100 min is assumed to be
excreted via the kidneys according to the standard kidney-bladder model (Appendix
Section A.5).
References
Boddy, K. and Adams, J. F. (1968). Excretion ofcobalamins and coenzyme B,, following massive parenteral doses. Am.
J. Clin. Nutr. 21, 651666.
Nelp, W. B., Wagner, H. N. and Reba, R. C. (1964). Renal excretion of vitamin B12 and its use in measurement of
glomerular filtration rate in man. J. Lab. Clin. h&d. 63, 480-491.
Weeke E. (1968). “Co-cyanocobalamin in the determination of the glomerular filtration rate. Scan. J. C/in. Lab.
rrlve;t. 21, 139-144.
Biokinetic Data: Intravenous Injection With Carrier Vitamin B,, for GFR Studies
Organ (S) Fs T a “CO ssco
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 100 min 0.9 25.5 d 9.04 d
5OOd 0.1
Liver 0.05 500d 1.0 12.7 d 4.48 d
Remaining tissues 0.05 500d 1.0 12.7 d 4.48 d
Kidneys 0.90 1.4 hr 33 min
Bladder contents 0.90 1.95 hr 1.95 hr
129
21
B 12
VITAMIN Bn
Intravenous injection with carrier
57co 270.9 days

Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 5.5E-01 8.OE-01 1.2E+OO 1.6E+OO 2. SE+00

Bladder wall 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 8. ‘E-01 1.6E+OO
Bone surfaces 3.3E-01 4.OE-01 5.8B-01 8.9E-01 1.7E+OO
Breast 2.6%01 2.6E-01 4.OE-01 6.5E-01 1.2B+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.4E-01 4.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO
Small intest 3.5E-01 4.3E-01 7.2E-01 1. lE+OO 2.OE+OO
* ULI wall 4.2E-01 5.2E-01 8.6J.k 1.4E+OO 2.4E+OO
LLI wall 2.2E-01 2.9E-01 4.9E-01 7.4E-01 1.4E+OO
* Kidneys 5.1E-01 6.OE-01 8.9E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO
* Liver 4.3E+OO 5.4E+OO 8.OE+OO 1. lE+Ol 2.1E+Ol
Lungs 3.8E-01 5.OE-01 7.OE-01 1. OE+OO 1.8E+OO
Ovaries 2.5E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+OO
* Pancreas 5.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.OE+OO
Red marrow 4.OE-01 5.x?,-01 7.2E-01 1. OEtOO 1.6EtOO
Spleen 2.7E-01 3.5E-01 5.7E-01 8.9E-01 1.6E+OO
Testes 1.6E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 5.1E-01 9.7E-01
Thyroid 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.0&01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO
Uterus 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.6E-01 1.6B+OO
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4.5E-01 7.OE-01 1.3E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 5.8B-01 7.3E-01 1.lB+OO 1.6B+oO 2.9B+OO
(mSv/llBq)
58~0 70.80 days
* Adrenals 1.4EtOO 1.8E+OO 2.6B+OO 3.6E+OO ‘5.?E+OO

Bladder wall 7.9E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2B+OO 3.5E+OO
Bone surfaces 4.9E-01 5. BE-01 8.5E-01 1.3B+OO 2.4E+OO
Breast 6.OE-01 6.OE-01 9.5E-01 1.5E+OO 2.7E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.7EtOO 5.3E+OO
Small intest 7.7E-01 9.3E-01 1.5E+OO 2.5E+OO 4.3E+OO
* ULI wall 9.3E-01 l,lE+OO 1.9E+GO 3.1E+OO 5.4E+OO
LLI wal.1 5.3E-01 5.68-01 9.1&01 1.5E+OO 2.5B+OO
* Kidneys 1. lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.OE+OO 4. ‘I?.+00
* Liver 6.5E+OO 8.OE+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.7E+Ol
Lungs 8.2E-01 l.lE+OO 1.5E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.OE+OO
Ovaries 4.6E-01 7.2E-01 1.2E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.3E+OO
* Pancreas 1.3E+OO 1. ‘E+OO 2.6Ei.00 4.1E+OO 6.9E+OO
Red marrow 5.8E-01 7.2E-01 1. OE+OO 1.4E+OO 2.3E+OO
Spleen 6.2E-01 7.8E-01 i. 2E+OO 1.9E+00 3.3E+OO
Testes 4.7E-01 4. SE-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO 2.OE+OO
Thyroid 4.OE-01 5.OE-01 8.OE-01 1.3E+OO 2.3E+OO
Uterus 6.1E-01 7.6E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.3E+OO
Other tissue 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 9.9E-01 1.5E+OO 2.8E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1 .lB+OO 1.3B+OO 2.OB+oo 2.9B+OO 5.OB+OO
(mSv/nes)
130
21
B12
VITAMIN B,,
s7co s8co
Biokinetic Model: Oral Administration Without Flushing

Labelled vitamin B,, is administered orally in small quantities (0.5 pg) without later injection
of a flushing dose of vitamin, in order to estimate the fraction absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract by means of whole-body counting, or by measurement of faecal excretion or plasma
concentration of labelled vitamin. In the normal case, about two thirds of the administered
vitamin is absorbed at the terminal ileum and retained in the body in the same way as labelled
vitamin B,, administered intravenously without additional carrier.
Thus, in the model adopted, a fraction bf 0.7 of the orally administered material is taken to be
absorbed and retained in the body with half-times of 1 d (0.1) and 500 d (0.9). A fraction of0.6 of
the absorbed vitamin is taken up by the liver and retained with a half-time of 500 d. The residual
fraction of the absorbed vitamin is distributed throughout the body and eliminated with
half-lives of 1 d (0.25) and 500 d (0.75).
The ICRP GI-tract model has been modified to allow for the fact that absorption of
vitamin B,, occurs at the distal end of the small intestine.
References
Chanarin, I. (1974). The Megabblastic Anaemias, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford.
ICRP (1975). Report ofthe Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data: Oral Administration Without Flushing
Organ (S) Fs T a Wo =co
Total body (excluding GI-tract contents) 0.7 Id 0.1 160d 56.5 d

5OOd 0.9
Liver 0.42 5OOd 1.0 106d 37.6 d
GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 1 hr 1 hr
SI 1.0 4.0 hr 4.0 hr
ULI 0.3 3.9 hr 3.9 hr
LLI 0.3 7.2 hr 7.1 hr
131
21
B 12
VITAMIN BU
Oral administration without flushing
57co 270.9 days

Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.8E+OO 5.7EtOO 8.3E+OO l.lEtOl 1.7EtOl

Bladder wall 9.5E-01 1.4E+OO 2.1EtOO 3.8EtOO 6.9EtOO
Bone surfaces l.EE+OO 2.2EtOO 3.2E+OO 4.8EtOO 9.1EtOO
Breast 1.5E+OO 1.5E+OO 2.4E+OO 3.0EtOO 7.OE+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2 . OE+OO 3. OBtoo 5.1E+OO 0.3EtOO 1.4E+Ol
Small intest 2 .OEtOO 2.5E+OO 4.3E+OO 7 .OEtOO l.ZE+Ol
* ULI wall 2.6BtOO 3.2E+OO 5.6&+00 9.5EtOO 1.6E+Ol
LLI wall 1.3EtOO 1.7EtOO 2.9EtOO 4.6EtOO 9.OE+OO
* Kidneys 3.5EtOO 4.1EtOO 6.2E+OO 8.8EtOO 1.4EtOl
* Liver 3.6EtOl 4.4EtOl 6.6E+Ol 9.5EtOl 1.7EtO2
Lungs 2.4E+OO 3.3B+OO 4.5EtOO 6.6B+OO l.1Bt01
Ovaries 1.2EtOO 1.6E+OO 2.0E+OO 4.5E+OO a. 3BtOO
* Pancreas 3.8EtOO 5.5EtOO 8.5EtOO 1.3EtOl 2. lE+Ol
Red marrow 2.3E+OO 3.OEtOO 4.1BtOO 5.6E+OO 8.9EtOO
Spleen 1.4B+OO 2 . OE+OO 3.3E+OO 5.2EtOO 8.9EtOO
Testes 6.9E-01 8.6E-01 1.3EtOO 2 .ZE+OO 4.3E+OO
Thyroid 6.6g-01 1. lE+OO 1.8EtOO 3. OBtOO 5.5EtOO
Uterus 1. ZE+OO 1.6EtOO 2.7EtOO 4.5E+OO a. 3E+OO
Other tissue 1.4EtOO 1.7EtOO 2.5E+OO 3.8E+OO 7.1E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 4.ogtoO 5.2E+OO 7.7BtOO 1 .lE+Ol 2.OEtol
WV/W)
58co 70.00 days
Organ
* Adrenals 1.OE+Ol 1.3BtOl 1.9EtOl 2.5E+Ol 4.OEtOl

Bladder wall 2.4EtOO 2.6B+OO 4.3EtOO 7.7EtOO 1.3EtOl
Bone surfaces 2.6EtOO 3.2E+OO 4 * 7BtOO 7.1EtOO 1.4E+Ol
Breast 3.7E+OO 3.7EtOO 6.1EtOO 9.7E+OO 1.7EtOl
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.9EtOO 6.1E+OO 1 . OB+Ol 1.9E+Ol 3.7E+Ol
Small intest 4.7E+OO 5.7E+OO 9.8EtOO 1.6EtOl 2. EE+Ol
* ULI wall 6.3EtOO 7,5E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.2EtOl 3.9E+Ol
LLI wall 3 *4EtOO 3.9EtOO 6.4E+OO l.lEtOl 1.9EtOl
* Kidneys 7.93+00 9.4EtOO 1.4EtOl 2 *lB+Ol 3.2EtOl
* Liver 5.4BtOl 6.6EtOl 9.5E+Ol 1.3Et02 2. 2E+02
Lungs 5.5EtOO 7.3EtOO 1. OE+Ol 1. SE+01 2.7EtOl
Ovaries 2.5EtOO 3.9E+OO 6.6EtOO 1. l&01 1.9EtOl
* Pancreas 9.1BtOO 1.2EtOl 1*9E+Ol 2 *9BtOl 5.OEtOl
Red marrow 3.3E+OO 4.3EtOO 6.OE+OO 8.2E+OO 1.3EtOl
Soleen 3.5EtOO 4.6EtOO 7.3EtOO 1.1EtOl 2.OEtOl
Testes Z.lE+OO 1.9EtOO 2.9E+OO 4.8EtOO 0.9EtOO
Thyroid 1.BE+00 2.3EtOO 3.7E+OO 6.2EtOO 1.lE+Ol
Uterus 2.8E+OO 3.8EtOO 6.1gtOO 1. OEtOl 1.8EtOl
Other tissue 3.3EtOO 3.9E+OO 5. BE+00 0.9E+OO 1.6E+Ol
Effective
dose equivalent 7.5B+00 9.3EtOO 1.4BtOl Z.OBtOl 3.5BtOl
(=Sv/nas)
132
27
B 12
VITAMIN B,,
57co wo
Biokinetic Model: Oral Administration with Flushing

In the Schilling test, the parenteral administration of a flushing amount of unlabelled
vitamin B, 2, 2 hr after oral administration of labelled vitamin (0.5 pg), saturates plasma and
tissue binding sites and leads to the rapid elimination of one third of the absorbed
radiopharmaceutical by glomerular filtration. The bulk of the residue is retained in liver and
tissue binding sites for a long time.
In the normal case, a fraction of 0.7 of the oral dose is absorbed at the terminal ileum and
retained in the body with half-times of 100 min (0.34), 1 d (0.06) and 500 d (0.60). A fraction of
0.4 of the absorbed vitamin is taken up by the liver and retained with a half-time of 500 d. The
remaining fraction of the absorbed vitamin, after initial distribution in the extracellular fluid, is
partly excreted by glomerular filtration with a half-time of 100 min, according to the
kidney-bladder model, the remainder being eliminated with half-times of 1 d and 500 d.
The ICRP GI-tract model has been modified to allow for the fact that absorption of
vitamin B,, occurs at the distal end of the small intestine.
References
Callender, S. T. and Evans, J. R. (1955). The urinary excretion of labelled vitamin B,,. Clin. Sci. 14, 295-302.
ICRP (1975). Report ofthe Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data: Oral Administration With Flushing
Organ (S) Fs T a 57co Yo
Total body (excluding bladder and GI 0.7 100 min 0.34 106d 27.5 d
contents) Id 0.06
5OOd 0.60
Liver 0.28 5OOd 1.0 70.8 d 25.0 d
Kidneys 0.24 3.9 hr 1.4 hr
Bladder contents 0.24 30.6 min 30.6 min
GI-tract contents
SI 1.0 4.0 hr 4.0 hr
ULI 0.3 3.9 hr 3.9 hr
LLI 0.3 7.2 hr 7.1 hr
133
21
B II
VITAMIN Bu
Oral administration with flushing
Absorbed dose
57CO 270.9 days per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 2 * 5E+OO 3.8EtOO 5.5E+OO 7.3EtOO 1. lE+Ol

Bladder wall 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.6E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.2E+OO 1.5E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.2E+OO 6.1E+OO
Breast 9. BE-01 9.8E-01 1.6E+OO 2.5EtOO 4.7E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.4B+OO 2,OE+OO 3.4E+OO 5.6EtOO 9.7EtOO
Small intest 1.4E+OO 1.7E+OO 2.9EtOO 4.7EtOO 8.1E+OO
* ULI wall 1.8E+OO 2.2EtOO 3.9EtOO 6.6E+OO 1. 1EtOl
LLI wall 9.7E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2EtOO 3.6E+OO 7.OE+OO
* Kidneys 2. cm00 2.7E+OO 4.2E+OO 5.9E+OO 9.1E+OO
* Liver 2.4E+Ol 3.OE+Ol 4.4E+Ol 6.3EtOl 1.2E+02
Lungs 1.6E+OO 2 .ZE+OO 3.OE+OO 4,4E+OO 7.7EtOO
Ovaries 8.3E-01 1. lE+OO 1.9E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.6EcOO
* Pancreas 2.6E+OO 3.7E+OO 5.7E+OO 8.5EtOO 1.4E+Ol
Red marrow 1.5E+OO 2,OE+OO 2.8E+OO 3.8E+OO 6.OE+OO
Spleen 9.7E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.5EtOO 6.OE+OO
Testes 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 9.OE-01 1.5EtOO 2.9E+OO
Thyroid 4.4E-01 7.2E-01 1.2EtOO 2. OEtOO 3.7E+OO
Uterus 8.4E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3. OEtOO 5.6E+OO
Other tissue 9.5E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 2.6EtOO 4.7E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7E+OO 3.5E+OO 5.2BtOO 7.6EtOO 1.3B+Ol
Wv/l(Bq)
sac0 70.80 days
* Adrenals 6.7EtOO 8.8E+OO 1.3B+Ol 1.7B+Ol 2.7EtOl

Bladder wall 1.6EtOO 1.8E+OO 2.9BtOO 5 *2E+OO 8.5EtOO
Bone surfaces 1*8E+OO 2,lEtOO 3.1E+OO 4.8B+OO 9.1E+OO
Breast 2.5BtOO 2.5EtOO 4.1E+OO 6. SE+00 1.2E+Ol
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3,3E+OO 4.x8+00 6.9EtOO 1.23+01 2. SE+01
Small intest 3.2E+OO 3.9EtOO 6.7EtOO 1. lE+Ol 1.9E+Ol
* ULI wall 4.4EtOO 5.2E+OO 9,2E+OO 1.5E+Ol 2.7EtOl
LLI wall 2.7E+OO 3,1E+OO 5.1EtOO 8.4E+OO 1.5E+Ol
* Kidneys 5.3EtOO 6.3E+OO 9.5E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.1E+Ol
* Liver 3.6E+Ol 4.4E+Ol 6.3EtOl 8.7E+Ol 1.5E+02
Lungs 3.6EtOO 4.9E+OO 6.9E+OO 1 .OE+Ol 1.8E+Ol
Ovaries 1.8E+OO 2.7E+00 4.6EtOO 7.3E+OO 1.3E+Ol
* Pancreas 6.1EtOO 8.OE+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.OE+Ol 3.3E+Ol
Red marrow 2.2EtOO 2.9E+OO 4.OB+OO 5.5E+OO 8.8B+OO
Spleen 2 * 4EtOO 3. OEtOO 4.8EtOO 7.6B+OO 1.4B+Ol
Testes 1.4E+OO 1.3EtOO 2.OE+OO 3.3E+OO 6.OE+OO
Thyroid 1.2EtOO 1.5EtOO 2.5B+OO 4.1E+OO 7.5EtOO
Uterus 1.9EtOO 2.6E+OO 4.2E+OO 6. SE+00 1.2EtOl
Other tissue 2.2E+OO 2.6EtOO 3.9EtOO 6. OEtOO l.lEtOl
Bffective
dose equivalent S.lE+Oo 6.3B+OO 9.3E+OO 1.4B+Ol 2.3B+Ol
WV/W)
134
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS CU
29
Ion
COPPER
64cu 67cu
Biokinetic Model
The distribution of copper in man was reviewed by Cartwright and Wintrobe (1964),
Giinther et al. (1975), Osborn and Walshe (1967). The organs showing the highest activity
concentrations of copper are liver, brain, kidneys and pancreas. For liver uptake, a mean
fraction of 0.65 appears to be appropriate. It may vary over the range 0.25-0.72 in humans
homozygous for Wilson’s disease and over the range 0.70-0.90 for humans heterozygous for
Wilson’s disease. The fractional distributions for other organs are: brain 0.1 (Cartwright and
Wintrobe, 1964; Underwood, 1977), kidneys 0.01 (Ryo et al., 1975; Underwood, 1977) and
pancreas 0.002 (Ryo et al., 1975).
Excretion measurements indicate a total-body biological half-life ranging from 7.7 to 11.3 d
(Cartwright and Wintrobe, 1964; Wiseman, 1964). From balance considerations, a biological
half-life of 14 d is calculated. Based on these data, a total body half-life of 10 d appears to be an
appropriate estimate. For the metabolic models of Bernard (1973, 1978), up to 5-fold longer
half-lives are reported. However, the half-life selected is of minor importance in absorbed dose
calculations, because of the short physical half-lives of ‘j4Cu and 67Cu (13 hr and 62 hr
respectively). For the elimination of copper from the liver into plasma (synthesis of
ceruloplasmin) and bile, the model of Chervu and Sternlieb (1975) is adopted, with half-lives of
retention in the liver of 0.5 d (0.15), 1.5 d (0.33) and 10 d (0.52).
References
Bernard, S. R. (1973). Dosimetric data for copper. In: He&h Physics Division Annual Progress Report, pp. 3&32. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Bernard, S. R. (1978). Metabolic model and dosimetric data for copper. Bull. Mathem. Biol. 40,265-269.
Cartwright, G. E. and Wintrobe, H. M. (1964). Copper metabolism in normal subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14,224-232.
Chervu, L. R. and Sternlieb, I. (1974). Dosimetry of copper radionuclides. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 101l-1013.
Giinther, K., Liissner, V., Liissner, J. and Biesold, D. (1975). The kinetics of copper uptake by the liver in Wilson’s
disease.--Studied by a whole-body counter and a double labelling technique. Eur. Net&. 13, 395-394.
Osborn, S. B. and Walshe, J. M. (1967). Studies with radioactive copper (64~Cu and 67-Cu) in relation to the natural
history of Wilson’s disease. Lancet i, 346350.
Ryo, U. Y., Ice, R. D., Jones, J. D. and Beierwaltes, W. H. (1975). Relative tissue distribution ofradioactivity in rats with
endocrine “autonomous” breast carcinomas after 3H-, 99mTc- and 64Cu-Bleomycin. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 127-131.
Underwood, E. J. (1977). Truce Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th edn., pp. 56108. Academic Press,
London.
Wiseman, G. (1964). Copper. In: AbsorptionfLom the Intestine, Chap. 13, pp. 271-272. Academic Press, London.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a 64cu 6’Cu
Total body 1.0 10 d 1.0 17.4 hr 2.96 d

Brain 0.1 10d 1.0 1.74 hr 7.10 hr
Liver 0.65 0.5 d 0.15 9.65 hr 1.35 d
1.5d 0.33
10d 0.52
Kidneys 0.01 10d 1.0 10.4 min 42.6 min
Pancreas 0.002 10d 1.0 2.1 min 8.5 min
135
CU BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
29
Ion
COPPER
64c” 12.701 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.0&02 3.8E-02 5.7B-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01

Bladder wall l.ZE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.1E-02 ?.7E-02
Bone surfaces 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4. IE-02 8.2E-02
* Brain l. lE-01 l.lE-01 l.ZE-01 1.3E-01 1.8E-01
Breast 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.4E-02 8.7E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.9E-02 Z . ZE-02 3.7E-02 6.4E-02 1.3E-01
Small intest 1.7E-02 Z.OE-02 3.5E-02 5.8E-02 l. lE-01
ULI wall Z.OE-02 2.3E-02 4.1E-02 6.7E-02 1.3E-01
LLI wall l. ZE-02 1.4E-02 2,3E-02 4.1E-02 8.OE-02
* Kidneys 6.1E-02 7.5E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01
* Liver 4.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.4E-01 1.4EtOO 2.7EtOO
Lungs 1.8&02 2.4E-02 3.7E-02 5.7E-02 l. lE-01
Ovaries 1. HI-02 1.6E-02 2,8E-02 4.6E-02 9.1E-02
* Pancreas 4.8E-02 6.8E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-01
Red marrow 1.5E-02 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 4.3E-02 8.2E-02
Spleen 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.1&02 5.OE-02 9.7E-02
Testes l. lE-02 l.ZE-02 Z . OE-02 3.4E-02 6.93-02
Thyroid l.ZE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02 7. BE-02
Uterus l. ZE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 4. LE-02 9.OE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5.3B-02 6.6%02 l.OE-01 1.5B-01 2.8%01
(mSv/nBq)
67cu 61.86 hours
Organ
* Adrenals 9.4E-02 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.4E-01

Bladder wall 5.6E-02 7.33-02 l.ZE-01 Z.lE-01 4.2E-01
Bone surfaces 6.83-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 Z.ZE-01 4.4E-01
* Brain 5.OE-01 5.1E-01 5.3E-01 5.7E-01 8.OE-01
Breast 7 .OE-02 7.OE-02 l.ZE-01 Z .OE-01 4.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.3E-02 9.1E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 5.lE-01
Small intest 7*OE-02 8.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 4.9E-01
ULI wall 7,6E-02 9.4E-02 1.6E-01 2.8E-01 5.3E-01
LLI wall 5.7E-02 7.2E-02 l.ZE-01 Z. lE-01 4.2E-01
* Kidneys 2.6E-01 3.2E-01 4 *6E-01 6.8E-01 1.2EtOO
* Liver 1.8EtOO 2.3B+OO 3.6EtOO 5.4EtOO l.lE+Ol
Lungs 7.2E-02 9.3E-02 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.7E-01
Ovaries 6.OE-02 7.6E-02 1.3E-01 Z. ZE-01 4.4E-01
* Pancreas 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 5.4E-01 7.1E-01 1.5E+OO
Red marrow 7.5E-02 9,2E-02 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 4.4E-01
Spleen 6.4E-02 8.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 4.5E-01
Testes 5.1E-02 6.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.8E-01
Thyroid 5.4E-02 7.OE-02 l.ZE-01 2 .OE-01 4.1E-01
Uterus 6.1E-02 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 Z.ZE-01 4.4E-01
Other tissue 6.1E-02 7.5E-02 l. ZE-01 Z. lB-01 4.2E-01
Effective
dose equivalent Z . ZB-01 2.7B-01 4.1B-01 6.1B-01 1.2BtOO
(mSv/klBq)
136
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS ZII
30
IOIl
ZINC
62Zn 65Zn 69mZn
Biokinetic Model
From long-term total body retention measurements of 65Zn in humans (Richmond et al.,
1962; Spencer et al., 1965; Arvidsson et al., 1978), half-times of 15 d (0.2) and 400 d (0.8) may be
derived.
Organ measurements from autopsies (Siegel et al., 1961; Aamodt et al., 1979; Spencer et al.,
1965) suggest the following distribution pattern: liver 0.7, bone 0.05, red bone marrow 0.05,
kidneys 0.05.
The total body retention function given above is assumed to be applicable also to kidneys and
marrow. Autopsy measurements (Siegel et al., 1961) suggest a more rapid turnover in the liver,
which is described here by modified intercepts of the components of the retention function.
Rather than being excreted directly, zinc leaving the liver is assumed to be distributed
throughout organs and tissues other than bone, liver, kidneys and red marrow.
For 62Zn, the calculation includes only 62Cu formed in uivo, but for 69mZn where
pre-injection separation of the daughter (j9Zn is not possible, equilibrium at the time of injection
has been assumed.
References
Aamodt, R. L., Rumble, W. F., Johnston, G. S., Foster, D. and Henkin, R. I. (1979). Zinc metabolism in humans after
oral and intravenous administration of Zn-69m. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32, 559-569.
Arvidsson, B., Cederblad, A., Bjiim-Rasmussen, E. and Sandstriim, B. (1978). A radionuclide technique for studies of
zinc absorption in man. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Eiol. 5, 104-109.
Richmond, C. R., Furchner, J. E., Trafton, G. A. and Langham, W. H. (1962). Comparative metabolism of
radionuclides in mammals-I. Uptake and retention of orally administered Zn-65 by four mammalian species.
Health Phys. 8, 481489.
Siegel, E., Graig, F. A., Crystal, M. M. and Siegel, E. P. (1961). Distribution ofZn 65 in the prostate and other organs of
man. Br. J. Cancer 15,647X%4.
Spencer, H., RosolT, B., Feldstein, A., Cohn, S. H. and Gusmano, E. (1965). Metabolism ofzinc 65 in man. Radiat. Res.
24,432445.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a “Zn and %u 65Zn 69mZn(= 6gZn)
Total body 1.00 15d 0.2 13.3 hr 13.0 hr 179d 19.7 hr

400d 0.8
Bone 0.05 400 d 1.0 40 min 39 min lld 1.00 hr
Liver 0.70 15d 0.8 9.30 hr 9.13 hr 42 d 13.8 hr
400d 0.2
Kidneys 0.05 15d 0.2 40 min 39 min 9.0 d 59 min
400d 0.8
Red marrow 0.05 15d 0.2 40 min 39 min 9.0d 59 min
400d 0.8
137
Zn BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
30
IOIl
ZINC
6%” 9.26 hours
Absorbeddose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01
Bladderwall 4.58-02 5.3E-02 9.28-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Bone surfaces 1.8E-01 4.3E-01 7.2E-01 1.3E+OO 2.9E+OO
Breast 7.4E-02 ?.3E-02 1.3%01 Z.OE-01 3.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomachwall 9.1E-02 l.lE-01 2.0%01 3.4E-01 7.2E-01
Small intest 8.73-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 3.OE-01 5.5E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 7.1E-01
LLI wall S.lE-02 6.OE-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-01
* Kidneys 1.8E+OO 2.3E+OO 3.3E+OO 4.9E+OO 8.9E+OO
* Liver 4.5E+OO 5.8E+OO 9.OE+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.6E+Ol
Lungs l.OE-01 1.3E-01 Z.OE-01 2.9E-01 5.4E-01
Ovaries 4.8E-02 7.1E-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.9E-01
* Pancreas 1.7E-01 Z.lE-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 9.3E-01
Red marrow 3.5E-01 6.6E-01 l.lE+OO 2.2E+OO 4.5E+OO
Spleen 7.73-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.8E-01
Testes 3.8E-02 4.3E-02 7.2E-02 l.ZE-01 2.4E-01
Thyroid 3.93-02 5.OE-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Uterus 5.OE-02 6.93-02 l.ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.7E-01
Other tissue 6.7E-02 8.OE-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.9E-01 6.6E-01 l.OB+OO 1.6E+OO 3.1B+oo
Wv/lIBq)
equivalent(mSv/MBqof the impurity)

62Cu (9.74 min) 4.33-03 5.53-03 8.73-03 1.3E-02 2.6E-02
138
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Zn
30
Ion
ZINC
65Z” 243.9 days

Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.5EtOl 1.7E+Ol 2.6E+Ol 3.6E+Ol 6.OE+Ol

Bladder wall 6.8E+OO 6.7E+OO l.OE+Ol 1.BE+01 2.8E+Ol
Bone surfaces 7 * 2E+OO 1.2E+Ol 1. EE+Ol 2.9E+Ol 5.8E+Ol
Breast 6.4E+OO 6.4EtOO 9.6E+OO 1.5E+Ol 2.6E+Ol
GI-tract
Stomach wall 8 .OE+OO l.OE+Ol 1.5E;Ol 2,5E+Ol 4.4E+Ol
Small intest 0,8E+OO 1. lEt01 1.7E+Ol 2.5E+Ol 4.4E+Ol
* ULI wall 9.1E+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.8E+Ol 2.8E+Ol 4.6E+Ol
LLI wall 7,3E+OO 7.6E+OO 1.2E+Ol 1.9E+Ol 3.OE+Ol
* Kidneys 2.9E+Ol 3.4E+Ol 4.8E+Ol 6.7E+Ol l.lE+OZ
* Liver 3.5E+Ol 4.2E+Ol 6.OE+Ol 8.3E+Ol 1.4E+02
Lungs 7.5E+OO 9.9E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.7E+Ol
Ovaries 6.5E+OO 9.3E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.7E+Ol
* Pancreas l.lE+Ol 1.5E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 3.5E+Ol 5.9E+Ol
Red marrow 9.1EtOO 1.lE+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 3.9E+Ol
Spleen 8.6E+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2.4E+Ol 4.1E+Ol
Testes 5.9E+OO 5.9E+OO 8.6E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.3E+Ol
Thyroid 5.4E+OO 6.7EtOO l.lE+Ol 1.7E+Ol 2.9E+Ol
Uterus 8.1EtOO 9.OE+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.6E+Ol
Other tissue 6.5E+OO 7.7E+OO 1.lE+Ol 1.7E+Ol 3.1E+Ol
Effective
dose equivalent 1. lB+Ol 1.3B+Ol 1.9B+Ol 2. EB+Ol 4.8B+Ol
(aSv/M)
69mZ” 13.76 hours

Absorbed dose
Organ
l Adrenals 8.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01

Bladder wall 1. &3E-02 2.2E-02 3. BE-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01
Bone surfaces 4.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4.7E-01 1 .OE+OO
Breast 3.OE-02 3.OE-02 5.3E-02 8.4E-02 1.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.9E-02 5.OE-02 8.7E-02 1.5E-01 3.OE-01
Small intest 3.7E-02 4.5E-02 7,7E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* ULI wall 4.73-02 5.5E-02 9. EE-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
LLI wall 2.1E-02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02 7.OE-02 1.3E-01
* Kidneys 6.9E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+OO l.EE+OO 3.3E+OO
* Liver 1.7E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.4E+OO 5.1E+OO 9.9E+OO
Lungs 4.2E-02 5. iE-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
Ovaries 2.OE-02 3.OE-02 5.2E-02 0.4E-02 1.6E-01
* Pancreas 7.3E-02 9.4E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01
Red marrow 1.8E-01 2,5E-01 4.2E-01 8.OE-01 1.7E+OO
Spleen 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 7.1E-02 l.lE-01 2.OE-01
Testes 1.5E-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02 4. EE-02 9.6E-02
Thyroid 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3,3E-02 5.6E-02 l. lE-01
Uterus 2.1E-02 2.98-02 4. EE-02 8.2E-02 1.6E-01
Other tissue 2. .SE-02 3.4E-02 5.2E-02 E. lE-02 1.5E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.1B-01 2.5E-01 3.9E-01 6.11-01 1 .ZE+OO
(mSv/Ml3q)
139
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ga
31
citrate
GALLIUM CITRATE
@jGa ‘j’Ga 6sGa 72Ga
Biokinetic Model
The biokinetic model given in MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 2 (1973), which is based on
human data, is adopted here without change. For details, the reader is referred to that
publication. In children the bone uptake is predominantly in the metaphyseal growth zones:
this is discussed in Section 4 of General Considerations.
The activity excreted via faeces (0.09) is assumed to have entered the bowel in the small
intestine. The mean residence times in the gut are those of the standard GI-tract model (see
Appendix Section A.3).
Reference
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 2. (1973). Summary of current radiation dose estimates to humans from 66 Ga-,
67 Ga-, 68 Ga- and 72 Ga-citrate. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 755-756.
Biokinetie Data
Organ (S) Fs T a 66Ga 67Ga 68Ga “Ga
Total body 1.0 1.25 d 0.17 12.8 hr 3.69 d 1.63 hr 18.9 hr

(excluding GIT and 25.5 d 0.83
bladder contents)
Adrenals 0.0@053 1.25 d 0.17 24.6 s 2.8 min 3.1 s 36 s
25.5 d 0.83
Bone 0.13 1.25 d 0.17 1.67 hr 11.5 hr 12.7 min 2.45 hr
25.5 d 0.83
GI-tract contents
SI 0.09 16.7 min 20.9 min 6.2 min 18.1 min
ULI 0.09 27.7 min 1.01 hr 2.3 min 35.8 min
LLI 0.09 18.5 min 1.54 hr 16s 30.4 min
Kidneys 0.0084 1.25 d 0.17 6.5 min 44.6 min 49 s 9.5 min
25.5 d 0.83
Liver 0.050 1.25 d 0.17 38.5 min 4.42 hr 4.9 min 56.6 min
25.5 d 0.83
Red marrow 0.054 1.25 d 0.17 41.6 min 4.78 hr 5.3 min 1.02hr
25.5 d 0.83
Spleen 0.0074 1.25 d 0.17 5.7 min 39.3 min 43 s 8.4 min
25.5 d 0.83
Bladder contents 0.91 4.9 min 20.8 min 29.5 s 6.9 min
141
Ga BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
31
Citrate
GALLIUM CITRATE
66GS 9.4 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4.x-01 S.lE-01 7.5E-01 1. OE+OO 1.6E+OO

Bladder wall 3. OE-OI 3. SE-01 5.4%01 8.8E-01 1.6E+OO
Bone surfaces 3. SE-01 5 *6E-01 9.1%01 1.6E+OO 3.5E+OO
Breast 1.7%01 1.7%01 2.8%01 4.5E-01 8.7E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.8E-01 Z.ZE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 1.OE+OO
Small intest 3.2E-01 4.OE-01 6.7E-01 1. lE+OO Z.OE+OO
* ULI vall 8.3E-01 1. DE+00 1.7E+OO 2.9E+OO 5.6E+OO
* LLI wall 8.7E-01 l.OE+OO 1.8E+OO 2.9E+OO 5.7E+OO
Kidneys 3.2E-01 3.9E-01 5.6E-01 8.2E-01 1.5E+OO
* Liver 3.4B-01 4.2E-01 6.3E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E+OO
Lungs 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.2E-01 S.OE-01 9.7E-01
Ovaries 2.3E-01 Z.BE-01 4.3E-01 6.7B-01 1. ZE+OO
Pancreas Z.OE-01 2.4E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 1. lB+OO
Red marrow 4.6E-01 7.1E-01 l.ZE+OO 2.3E+OO 4.8E+OO
* Spleen 4 *3%01 5.9E-01 9.2&01 1.4B+00 2.7E+OO
Testes 1.7%01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 4.9E-01 9.4E-01
Thyroid 1.6E-01 Z .OE-01 3.2E-01 5.2E-01 9.9E-01
Uterus Z. lE-01 2.5E-01 4,OE-01 6.2E-01 1.ZE+OO
Other tissue 1.7E-01 Z .OE-01 3.2&01 5.lE-01 9.8E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.4B-01 4.3B-01 7.OB-01 1.ZB+OO 2.33+00
(=Bv/lras)
67Ga 78.26 hours
Organ
* Adrenals 1.4B-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.7E-01

Bladder wall 8.1E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 4.3E-01
Bone surfaces 5.9E-01 8.7E-01 1.4E+OO 2.4E+OO 5.6E+OO
Breast 6.2E-02 6.2E-02 9.5E-02 1.5E-01 2.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-01 Z. lE-01 3.8E-01
Small intest 5.9E-02 6.93-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall l.ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 7.5E-01
* LLI wall Z . OE-01 2.7E-01 4.5E-01 7.2E-01 1.4E+OO
Kidneys l. lE-01 1.4E-01 Z.OE-01 2.9E-01 5.1E-01
* Liver l . ZE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.3E-01 6.1E-01
Lungs 6.5&02 8.2E-02 l . ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.6E-01
Ovaries 8,2E-02 l .OB-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.4E-01
Pancreas 8.3E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.3E-01
Red marrow 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 7.4E-01 1.5E+OO
* Spleen 1. SE-01 Z.OE-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 8.7E-01
Testes 5.7&02 7 .OE-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.3B-01
Thyroid 5.6E-02 7,8E-02 1.3E-01 Z.OE-01 3.7E-01
Uterus 7.9E-02 9.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.1B-01
Other tissue 6.3E-02 7.5E-02 l.ZE-01 1.8R-01 3.5E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent l . ZB-01 1.6B-01 2.5B-01 4.OB-01 7.9B-01
Wv/nes)
142
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ga
31
Citrate
GALLIUM CITRATE
68Gi3 68.0 minutes
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.4E-02 4.4E-02 6.4E-02 8.8%02 1.4E-01

Bladder wall 1.4E-02 l.bE-02 2.6E-02 4.4E-02 8.1E-02
Bone surfaces 3.7%02 4.8E-02 8.OE-02 1,4E-01 3.x3-01
Breast 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 7.4E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 6.43-02 8.0%02 1.4%01 2.3E-01 4.5E-01
* ULI wall 5.3E-02 6.4E-02 l. lE-01 1. BE-01 3.6E-01
LLI wall 1.8E-02 2.2E-02 3.63-02 5.9E-02 l. lE-01
Kidneys 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 6. BE-02 1.2%01
* Liver 2.7E-02 3.5E-02 5.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.5&-01
Lungs 1,3E-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02 8.OE-02
Ovaries 1.5E-02 2.OE-02 3.2E-02 5.1E-02 9.6E-02
Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 4.7E-02 8.9E-02
Red marrow 4.6&02 6.4E-02 1.1%01 2.1E-01 4.5E-01
* Spleen 3.6E-02 5.1%02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Testes 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.7E-02
Thyroid 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.2E-02 8.1E-02
Uterus 1.5E-02 1.9B-02 3.1E-02 5.OE-02 9.4%02
Other tissue 1,3E-02 1.5E-02 2,5E-02 4,lE-02 8.OE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7E-02 3.4E-02 5.6B-02 9.51-02 1.9g-01
WV/W)
72Ga 14.1 hours
Organ
* Adrenals 4.2E-01 5.3E-01 7.6E-01 l.lE+OO 1.78+00

Bladder wall 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.8E-01 1.lE+OO
Bone surfaces 3.5E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.4E+OO 3.OE+OO
Breast 2.OE-01 2 .OE-01 3.1E-01 4,9E-01 9.2E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.2E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+OO
Small intest 3.3E-01 4.OE-01 6.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.8E+OO
* ULI wall 7.2E-01 8.7E-01 1.5E+OO 2.4E+OO 4.4E+OO
* LLI wall 8.7E-01 1. OE+OO 1.7E+OO 2.8E+OO 5.4E+OO
Kidneys 3.5E-01 4.2&01 6.1E-01 8.9E-01 1.5E+OO
* Liver 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 6.8%01 1.OE+OO 1.8E+OO
Lungs 1.9E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 1. lE+OO
Ovaries 2.9E-01 3.613-01 5.5E-01 8.4E-01 1.5E+OO
Pancreas 2.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.7E-01 7.2E-01 1.3E+OO
Red marrow 4.5E-01 6.6E-01 1. lE+OO 2.OB+OO 4.OE+OO
* Spleen 4.3E-01 5.9E-01 9.1E-01 1.4E+OO 2.5E+OO
Testes 2.1E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 5.5E-01 1. OE+OO
Thyroid 1.98-01 2.4E-01 3.8E-01 6.OE-01 1.lE+OO
Uterus 2.6E-01 3.1B-01 4.9E-01 7.5E-01 1.4E+OO
Other tissue 2.OE-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 1.lE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 3. SE-01 4.4B-01 7.OE-01 l.lB+OO 2.1&00
(=8v/nBq)
143
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AS
33
Arsenate/Arscnite
ARSENATE, ARSENITE
‘=As 14As 16As
Biokinetic Model
The biokinetic data tabulated below are derived from the model and data given in ICRP
Publication
30 (ICRP, 1981).
Excretion is assumed to be solely via the renal system.
Reference
ICRP (1981). Limitsfor Intakes of Radionuciides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 3. Pergamon, Oxford.
Mealey, J. Jr, Brownell, G. L. and Sweet, W. H. (1959). Radioarsenic in plasma, urine, normal tissues and intracranial
neoplasms. Distribution and turnover after intravenous infection in man. Arch. Neural. Psychiat. 81, 310-320.
Biokinetic Data
ASIA0
Organ (S) T a “AS 14As 76As
Total body (excluding bladder 1.o 0.5 hr 0.35 17.8 hr 3.81 d 18.0 hr
contents) Id 0.28
10 d 0.37
Kidneys 0.015 1d 0.4 21 min 2.26 hr 28 min
10 d 0.6
Liver 0.07 ld 0.4 1.93 hr 10.2 hr 1.94 hr
10 d 0.6
Spleen 0.005 Id 0.4 8.3 min 44 min 8.3 min
10d 0.6
Bladder contents 1.0 1.25 hr 1.87 hr 1.25 hr
ARSENATE, ARSENITE
72tIs 26.0 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.OE-01 3.4B-01 5.4E-01 8.5E-01 1.6E+OO

* Bladder wall 2.3E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.4B+OO 6.9g400 1.3E+Ol
Bone surfaces 2.2E-01 2.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.9E-01 1.4E+OO
Breast 2.5E-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.5E-01 1.3E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.5%01 3.OE-01 4.8E-01 7.8E-01 1.5B+OO
Small intest 2.6E-01 3.2%01 5.2E-01 8.4E-01 1. bE+OO
ULI wall 2.7E-01 3.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.3E-01 1.6E+OO
LLI wall 2.?E-01 3.15-01 5.1E-01 8_2E-01 1.5E+OO
* Kidneys 1 . lE+OO 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO 2. BE+00 5.1B+OO
* Liver 8.7E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 2. SE+00 4,9E+OO
Lungs 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.5E-01 7.3B-01 1.4E+OO
Ovaries 2.5E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.58-01 1.6B+OO
Pancreas 2.7E-01 3.4E-01 5. SE-01 8.7E-01 1.7B+OO
Red marrow 2.4E-01 2.9B-01 4.5E-01 7.1801 1.4B+OO
* Spleen 6. HI-01 8.68-01 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.98*00
Testes 2.6E-01 2.9E-01 4.7E-01 7.6E-01 1.5E+OO
Thyroid 2.2E-01 2.7E-01 4.5E-01 7.4B-01 1.4E+OO
Uterus 3.1&01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 9.68-01 l.EE+OO
Other tissue 2.3E-01 2. EE-01 4.5E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E+OO
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.8B-01 5.9B-01 9.28-01 1. bE+OO 2.7E+oO
(mSv/Iwq)
145
AS BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
33
Arsenate/Arsenite
ARSENATE, ARSENITE
74As 17.76 days
Absorbeddose
Organ
* Adrenals 5.5%01 b.lE-01 9.6%01 1.5EtOO 2.7EtOO
* Bladderwall l.ZE+OO 1.5E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.6EtOO 6.5EtOO
Bone surfaces 3.7E-01 4.4E-01 7.OE-01 l.lEtOO 2.1EtOO
Breast 4.0%01 4.OE-01 6.3E-01 l.OEtOO 2.OEtOO
GI-tract
Stomachwall 4.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.1&01 1.3EtOO 2.5EtOO
Small intest 4.5E-01 5.5E-01 E.EE-01 1.4EtOO 2.6E+OO
ULI wall 4.6B-01 5.4E-01 8.5E-01 1.4EtOO 2.6E+OO
LLI wall 4.4E-01 4.9E-01 8.OE-01 1.3EtOO 2.3EtOO
* Kidneys 1.6E+OO 2.OE+OO 2.8E+OO 4.1EtOO 7.3EtOO
* Liver 1.4E+OO l.BE+OO 2.7E+OO 4.OEtOO 7.6EtOO
Lungs 4.OE-01 4.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.2EtOO 2.3E+OO
Ovaries 4.OE-01 5.4E-01 8.6E-01 1.4EtOO 2.5EtOO
Pancreas 4.8E-01 6.2E-01 9.8E-01 l.SE+OO 2.8EtOO
Red marrow 4.OE-01 4.8E-01 7.5E-01 1.2E+OO 2.1E+OO
* Spleen 9.8E-01 1.4E+OO 2.1EtOO 3.3E+OO 6.OEtOO
Testes 4.2E-01 4.4E-01 7.1E-01 l.lEtOO 2.2B+OO
Thyroid 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 7.5E-01 1.2EtOO 2.3EtOO
Uterus 4.5E-01 5.7E-01 9.1E-01 1.4EtOO 2.7EtOO
Other tissue 3.8E-01 4.5%01 7.2%01 1.2E+OO 2.2EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 6.38-01 7.6&01 1.2Etoo l.EE+oO 3.4E+Oo
(mSw/lras)
76As 26.32 hours
Organ
* Adrenals 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.9E-01 1.2EtOO

* Bladderwall 2.1B+OO 2.6EtOO 4.OEtOO 6.4E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Bone surfaces 1.6E-01 2.OE-01 3.3%01 5.5&01 l.lEtOO
Breast 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 3.2B-01 5.4E-01 l.lEtOO
GI-tract
Stomachwall 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 5.7%01 l.lEtOO
Small intest 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.5&01 5.9E-01 1.2EtOO
ULI wall 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.9&01 1.2EtOO
LLI wall 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.8B-01 1.2BtOO
* Kidneys 9.6E-01 1.2E+OO 1.7EtOO 2.6EtOO 4.7E+OO
* Liver 7.2E-01 9.3E-01 1.4E+OO 2.2EtOO 4.3E+OO
Lungs 1.6E-01 2.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 l.lE+OO
Ovaries 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.9E-01 1.2E+OO
Pancreas 1.7E-01 2.2E-01 3.6&01 5.9E-01 1.2EtOO
Red marrow 1.7E-01 2.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 l.lEtOO
* Spleen 5.1E-01 7.4E-01 1.2EtOO 1.9EtOO 3.5EtOO
Testes 1.7E-01 2.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.78-01 l.lEtOO
Thyroid 1.6E-01 2.OE-01 3.4%01 5.6E-01 l.lEtOO
Uterus l.BE-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.2EtOO
Other tissue 1.6E-01 2.OE-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 l.lEtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.68-01 1.23+00 2.4E+OO
Wv/llBq)
146
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS se
34
sdenite
SELENITE
‘%e
Biokinetic Model
The biokinetic model from Jereb et af. (1975) is adopted here. It is based on total body, profile
and excretion measurements in 26 humans up to 517 d after administration and on two
autopsies 1 and 416 d after administration.
Reference
Jereb, M., Falk, R., Jereb, B. and Lindh6, C. (1975). Radiation dose to the human body from intravenously
administered ‘sSe sodium selenite. J. Nucl. Med. 16. 846850.
Biokinetic Data
Total body 1.0 Id 0.12 50.7 d

20 d 0.40
115 d 0.48
Kidneys 0.12 Id 0.12 6.08 d
20d 0.40
115d 0.48
Liver 0.28 Id 0.12 14.12 d
20 d 0.40
115 d 0.48
Lungs 0.07 Id 0.12 3.55 d
20 d 0.40
115d 0.48
Red marrow 0.12 Id 0.12 6.08 d
20d 0.40
115d 0.48
Testes 0.0006 Id 0.12 44 min
20 d 0.40
115d 0.48
147
se BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
34
Selenite
SELENITE
75Se 119.8 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.8EtOO 5.OE+OO 7.2E+OO 1.OE+Ol 1.6E+Ol

Bladder wall 1. OEtOO 1.4E+OO 2.1EtOO 3.3E+OO 5.5E+OO
Bone surfaces 2. lE+OO 2,6E+OO 3.9E+OO 6.2E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Breast 1,3E+OO 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO 3,2E+OO 5.6E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2 . OE+OO 2.4E+OO 3.9E+OO 5.9E+OO 9.9E+OO
Small intest Z.OE+OO 2.4E+OO 3.8E+OO 5.7E+OO 9.5EtOO
ULI wall 2. lE+OO 2.6E+OO 4.OE+OO 6.4E+OO 1. lE+Ol
LLI wall 1.3E+OO 1.6E+OO 2.5E+OO 3.7E+OO 6.3EtOO
* Kidneys 1.5E+Ol 1.8E+Ol 2.5E+Ol 3.5E+Ol 5.8E+Ol
* Liver l.OE+Ol 1.3E+Ol 1.8E+Ol 2.5E+Ol 4.2E+Ol
Lungs 3,3E+OO 4.7E+OO 6.4EtOO 9.4EtOO 1.7EtOl
Ovaries 1.4E+OO 1.9E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.3E+OO 7.3E+OO
* Pancreas 3.1EtOO 4.1E+OO 6.2E+OO 9,lEtOO 1.5E+Ol
Red marrow 3.5E+OO 4.3E+OO 6.OE+OO 9.OE+OO 1.6E+Ol
* Spleen 2.3E+OO 2.9EtOO 4.5E+OO 6.6E+OO 1. lE+Ol
Testes 9.8E-01 1.6E+OO 6.6E+OO 8.OE+OO 1. lE+Ol
Thyroid 8.OE-01 l.ZE+OO 1.9E+OO 3.OE+OO 5.3E+OO
Uterus 1,4E+OO 1.7E+OO 2.7E+OO 4.1E+OO 6.9E+OO
Other tissue 1.3E+OO 1.6E+OO 2.3E+OO 3.5E+OO 6.2E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 3. SE+00 4.4E+Oa 6.8E+OO 9.6E+oO 1.6B+Ol
WV/_)
148
34
Selencmethionine
l-SELENOMETHIONINE
‘%e
Biokinetic Model
The selenomethionine study by Lathrop et al. (1972) represents a very detailed investigation
of the biokinetic behaviour of this radiopharmaceutical. The total body retention was measured
in 24 patients up to 923 d after administration, and autopsies and biopsies of 22 patients, at up
to 361 d after administration, were evaluated. The biokinetic data derived from that study are
adopted here without change. For details, the reader is referred to the original publication.
References
Lathrop, K. A., Johnston, R. E., Blau, M. and Rothschild, E. 0. (1972). Radiation dose to humans from
75Se-L-selenomethionine: MIRD Pamphlet No. 9. J. Nucl. Med., Suppl. 6.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a As/A,
Total body 1.0 0.55 d 0.14 68.2 d

0.44
2% 0.42
Kidneys 0.039 0.55 d 0.26 1.45 d
46 d 0.70
220 d 0.040
Liver 0.24 0.55 d 0.38 7.82 d
46 d 0.58
220 d 0.041
Lungs 0.036 0.55 d 0.11 1.70 d
46d 0.81
220 d 0.076
Ovaries 0.00022 46 d 0.82 18.8 min
220 d 0.18
Pancreas 0.0069 0.55 d 0.87 1.47 hr
46 d 0.098
220 d 0.032
0.0145 0.55 d 0.33 12.0 hr
46 d 0.64
220 d 0.033
Testes 0.00092 46 d 0.82 1.31 hr
220 d 0.18
Thyroid 0.00066 46 d 0.61 1.15 hr
220 d 0.39
149
se BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
34
Selenomethionine
I-SELENOMETHIONINE
75s 119.8 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.3E+OO 4.1E+OO 6.OE+OO 8.6E+OO 1.5E+Ol

Bladder wall 2.3E+OO 3.OE+OO 4.3E+OO 6.38+00 l.lE+Ol
Bone surfaces 2.4E+OO 2. EE+OO 4.1E+OO 6.OEtOO 1. lE+Ol
Breast 2.OE+OO 1.9E+OO 2. EE+OO 4.4E+OO 7.9E+OO
GX-tract
Stomach wall 2.7E+OO 3.28+00 5.1E+OO 7.3E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Small intest 2.8E+OO 3.3E+OO 5.1E+OO 7.7EtOO 1.3E+Ol
ULI wall 2.7E+OO 3.4E400 5.OE+OO E.OE+OO 1.3E+Ol
LLI wall 2.3E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.6EtOO 6.6EtOO 1.2E+Ol
* Kidneys 5.3B+OO 6.3E+OO 8.9E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.1EtOl
* Liver 6.2E+OO 7.8E+OO l.lE+Ol 1.5E+Ol 2.7E+Ol
Lungs 2.7B+OO 3.6E+OO 5 .OE+OO 7.3E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Ovaries 2.6B+OO 3.4E+OO 5.6E+OO 8.7E+OO 1.6E+Ol
* Pancreas 3.2E+OO 4.1E+OO 6.48+00 9.OE+OO 1.6E+Ol
Red marrow 2.8E+OO 3.4E+OO 4 * 7E+OO 6.5E+OO l.lE+Ol
* Snleen 3.9E+OO 5.1EtOO 7.48+00 l.lEtOl 1.9E+Ol
Tktes 2.OE+OO 3.2E+OO 1,2E+Ol 1.5E+Ol 2.1BtOl
Thyroid 2.3B+OO 3.78+00 5.6E+OO 1 .OE+Ol 1 .EEtOl
Uterus 2.6E+OO 3.2E+OO 4.8E+OO 7.38+00 1.3EtOl
Other tissue 2.OE+OO 2.4E+OO 3.5EtOO 5.3EtOO 9.6.8+00
Effective
dose equivalent 3.OB+OO 3.8B+OU 6.5B+UO 9.2E+oO 1.5B+Ol
Wv/W)
150
34
Cholesterol
SELENOMETHYLCHOLESTEROL
15Se
Biokinetic Model
Selenomethylcholesterol, labelled with 75Se (Scintadren, 6-[75Se]-methyl-selenomethyl-
19-nor-cholest-5(10)-en-3/3-01) is a gamma-emitting analogue of cholesterol, having similar
biokinetics and being used for investigation of disorders of steroid hormone metabolism,
especially in adrenal disease.
The uptake in normal adrenal glands is reported as about 0.002 per gland, with a range of
2-10 times higher values in various adrenal diseases (Montz et al., 1978; Hawkins et al., 1980).
Uptake and elimination half-times of 1 d and 30 d, respectively, are assumed here. A
considerable uptake in the liver has been observed. Combined data from measurements in
animals and patients suggest an initial uptake of 0.5,70% of which is rapidly cleared to other
parts of the body. The rest is eliminated with half-times of 5 d (0.25) and 30 d (0.05),
preferentially by excretion via the gastrointestinal tract.
Total body retention measurements were performed in a normal volunteer by Hawkins et al.
(1980) and in three patients by Deckart et al. (1984). The data may be described by half-times of
5 d (0.5), 30 d (0.25) and 280 d (0.25).
References
Deckart, H., Ertl, S., Blottner, A., Tautz, M. and Weiss, J. L. (1984). Retention und Strahlenbelastung nach
intravenBser Injektion von Scintadren. In: Radioaktive Isotope in Klinik und Forschung, Vol. 16:2, pp. 663480.
(Hiifer, R. Z. and Bergmann, H. eds) Egermann, Wien.
Hawkins, L. A., B&ton, K. E. and Shapiro, B. (1980). Selenium 75 selenomethyl-cholesterol: A new agent for
quantitative functional scintigraphy of the adrenals: Physical aspects. Br. J. Radial. 53, 883-889.
Montz, R., Hagemann, J. and Mischke, W. (1978). 75-Se-6-Norcholesterol zur Nebennieren-Szintigraphie. In:
Nuklearmedizin und Biokybernetik, Vol. II, pp. 231-234. (Oeff, K. and Schmidt, H. A. E. eds) Medico-
Informationsdienste, Berlin.
Biokinetic Data
Total body 1.0 5d 0.50 42.4 d

30 d 0.25
280 d 0.25
Adrenals 0.004 Id - -1.0 3.30 hr
30 d 1.0
Liver 0.5 6 hr 0.70 1.86 d
5d 0.25
30d 0.05
151
Se BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
34
Cholesterol
SELENOMETHYLCHOLESTEROL
%e 119.8 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity adminiaeered (mGy/HBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 5.1E+OO 6.7EtOO 9.4E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.OE+Ol

Bladder wall 1.6E+OO 2.1E+OO 2.9EtOO 4.2B+OO 7.1E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.6E+OO 1.8EtOO 2. n+oo 3.9EtOO 7 .OE+OO
Breast 1.2E+OO 1.2E+OO 1.6E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.7E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.6E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.OE+OO 4.3E+OO 7.1EtOO
* Small intest 1.8B+OO 2.1EtOO 3.2EtOO 4.8E+OO 8.2BtOO
* ULI wall 1.7E+OO 2.1EtOO 3.OE+OO 4.8BtOO 7.7BtOO
LLI wall 1.6E+OO 2 .OEtOO 3.1E+OO 4.4BtOO 7.9E+OO
Kidneys 1.6E+OO 1.9EtOO 2,8E+OO 4.2EtOO 7.4EtOO
* Liver 2.OB+OO 2.6EtOO 3.6EtOO 5,lEtOO 8.8EtOO
Lungs 1.4B+OO 1.7B+OO 2. %+OO 3.7EtOO 6.6E+OO
Ovaries 1.6E+OO 2.1EtOO 3.2E+OO 4.7EtOO 8.2E+OO
* Pancreas 1.8E+OO 2. x+00 3.4E+OO 4.9E+OO 8.SEtOO
Red marrow 1.8E+OO 2.1EtOO 3. OEtOO 4.2B+OO 7.OE+OO
Spleen 1.6E+OO 1.9E+OO 2.8EtOO 4.2B+OO 7.3EtOO
Testes 1.2E+OO 1.5BtOO 2.1E+OO 3.3EtOO 5.8E+OO
Thyroid 1. lE+OO 1.7EtOO 2.7B+OO 4.3EtOO 7. SE+00
Uterus 1.8EtOO 2.1EtOO 3.2E+OO 4.8EtOO 8.2EtOO
Other tissue 1.3EtOO 1*5E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.4E+OO 6.2E+OO
Bffective
dose equivalent l-73+00 2.18+00 3.1BtoO 4.5BtOO 7.7B+O0
(=Sv/llBq)
152
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Se
34
SeHCAT
SELENIUM-LABELLFD_BILE ACID (SeHCAT)
Biokinetic Model
Tauroselcholic acid (SeHCAT) is a bile acid analogue used to study various aspects of the
enterohepatic circulation. Following oral administration, in normal humans, approximately
95% of the bile acid is absorbed (Heaton, 1976), mainly by the terminal ileum, during each
enterohepatic cycle and is almost entirely confined to the lumen of the biliary ducts, gut and the
liver (Nyhlin et dl., 1983). SeHCAT first appears in the gall bladder on average 73 min after oral
administration (Jazrawi et al., 1984) and the substance undergoes an enterohepatic circulation
roughly five times each day (Merrick et al., 1985). The distribution of the bile acid pool in the
fasting state and postprandially was measured by Jazrawi et al. (1984), and on average was 30,
62 and 8% in gall-bladder, small intestine and liver, respectively. Whole-body retention data
from normal subjects (Nyhlin et al., 1983) showed that 97 to 100% of the bile acid was excreted
with a half time of 2.6 d and that, in most cases, a small component of about 3% was slowly
eliminated with a mean half-time of 62 d.
Based on the above data, the biokinetic model for the normal case assumes that a fraction
(0.97) of orally administered ‘?$eHCAT circulates within the enterohepatic system and that a
fraction (0.95) of this is absorbed by the terminal ileum during each cycle. The mean transit time
through the small intestine prior to absorption is assumed to be 3 hr and, on the basis of bile
acid pool distribution, the transit times through liver and gall-bladder are 0.4 and 1.4 hr
respectively. These conditions lead to a total body retention half-time of 2.7 d. The small
fraction of the substance transferred to the large intestine on each cycle is excreted according to
the GI-tract model. The residual fraction (0.03) of the administered substance is assumed to be
uniformly distributed in the total body and retained with a half-time of 62 d.
In most clinical investigations for which this substance is used (e.g. Crohn’s disease) the effects
of impaired ileal absorption and shorter gastrointestinal transit time tend to reduce the dose
commitment compared with the normal case. However, in patients with severe cholestatic
jaundice, the liver dose has been estimated to be about 100 times the normal value (Soundy et
al., 1982).
References
Heaton, K. W. (1976). Clinical aspects of bile acid metabolism. Rec. Adv. Gastroenterol. 3, 199-230.
Jazrawi, R. P., Lanzini, A., B&ten, A., Meller, S. T. and Northfield, T. C. (1984). Dynamics ofgallbladderfunction and
of the enterohepatic circulation studied by y labelled bile acid. Clin. Sci. 66, 1OP.
Merrick, M. V., Eastwood, M. A. and Ford, J. J. (1985). Is bile acid malabsorption underdiagnosed? An evaluation of
accuracy of diagnosis by measurement of SeHCAT retention. Br. Med. J. 2!&665-668.
Nyhlin, H., Merrick, M. V., Eastwood, M. A. and Brydon, W. G. (1983). Evaluation of ileal function using
23-selena-2S-homotaurocholate, a y-labeled conjugated bile acid. Gastroenterology &I, 63-68.
Soundy, R. G., Simpson, J. D., Ross, H. M. and Merrick, M. V. (1982). Absorbed dose to man from the Se-75 labeled
conjugated bile salt SeHCAT. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 157-161.
153
Se BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
34
SeHCAT
BiokineticData
FS T a &IA,
Total body (excluding contents of 1.0 2.1 d 0.97 5.46 d

GI tract) 62 d 0.03
Gall bladder 0.92 1.14 d
Liver 0.92 7.82 hr
Gi-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 1.0 hr
1.0 2.42 d
F?LI 0.97 12.7 hr
LLI 0.97 23.3 hr
Se-LABELLED BILE ACID (SeHCAT)
‘Se 119.8 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2. ‘E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.OE-01 1.3BtOo

Bladder wall 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 ‘.2B-01 1.lB+OO 1.8&+00
Bone surfaces 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 3.2E-01 4.8B-01 9.OB-01
Breast E . lE-02 B . bE-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01 4.5E-01
* Gall bl wall 6.4E+OO 7 . lE+OO 9.OEtoo 1.5B+Ol 4.8E+Ol
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.5E-01 5.3B-01 9.2E-01 1.5BtOO 2.5E+OO
* Small intest 2. ‘B+M) 3.5EtOO 5. SE+00 8.3BtOO 1.4EtOl
* ULI wall 2 *2B+OO 2.3Btoo 3.6BtOO 5.4B+OO 9,2B+oo
* LLI wall 2.1B+OO 2. ‘E+OO 4.3E+oO 6.6EtOO 1.2B+Ol
Kidneys 3.9B-01 4.6E-01 6.9E-01 l.OEtOO 1.6BtOO
* Liver 5.9B-01 ‘.2B-01 1. 1EtOO 1.6BtOO 2. ‘Et00
Lungs l. lB-01 1.5B-01 2.2B-01 3.6E-01 6.5E-01
Ovaries 1. OEtOO 1.4EtOO 2.1E+OO 3. OEtOO 5.1E+OO
Pancreas 4.3E-01 5.5E-01 1. OEtOO 1. ‘Et00 2. SE+00
Red marrow 3.8E-01 4.4E-01 5.9B-01 7 *2B-01 9.6g-01
Spleen 2.2B-01 2. ‘B-01 4. ‘E-01 ‘.4B-01 1.3B+O0
Testes l,lE-01 1. SB-01 2 *6E-01 4.2E-01 E . lE-01
Thyroid 5.4B-02 a. N-02 1.3B-01 2.2E-01 4.OB-01
Uterus ‘.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.6BtOO 2.4B+OO 3.9BtOO
Other tissue Z. lB-01 2.6E-01 3.8E-01 5. ‘E-01 1 .OE+OO
Bffective
doae equivalent l.lkoo 1.3&00 1.8Btoo 2.9&00 6.2BtOO
(*v/m)
154
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Br
35
Bromide
BROMIDE
76Br 77Br *‘Br
Biokinetic Model
In accordance with ICRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980), bromide is assumed to be uniformly
distributed throughout all organs and tissues of the body, where it is retained with a biological
half-life of 10 d.
Reference
ICRP (1980). Limitsfir Intakes ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a 76Br “Br 82Br
Total body 1.0 10d 1.0 21.8 hr 2.71 d 1.85 d
BROMIDE
76Br 16.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.5B-01 3.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.3B-01 1.7E+OO

Bladder wall 3.1B-01 3.5E-01 5.5%01 9.3E-01 1.6B+OO
Bone surfaces 2.7E-01 3.2E-01 5.1B-01 8.1E-01 1.5E+OO
Breast 2.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-01 7,1E-01 1.4E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.0s01 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 9.OE-01 1.6E+OO
* Small intest 3.2E-01 3.9E-01 6.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.8E+OO
* ULI wall 3.2E-01 3.8E-01 6.OE-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+OO
* LLI wall 3.4E-01 3,6E-01 5. EE-01 9.3E-01 1.7B+OO
Kidneys 3.OE-01 3.6E-01 5.7&01 9.OE-01 1.7E+OO
Liver 3.OE-01 3.6E-01 5.7E-01 9.OB-01 1.7B+OO
Lungs 2.7B-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.6B+OO
Ovaries 3.2B-01 3.9E-01 6.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.88+00
* Pancreas 3.3E-01 3.9E-01 6.2E-01 9.6E-01 1. BE+00
Spleen 2.9E-01 3.6E-01 5.7E-01 9.OE-01 1.7B+OO
Testes 3.OE-01 3.3E-01 5.1E-01 8.1E-01 1.5E+OO
Thyroid 2. BE-01 3.5E-01 5.7E-01 9.1E-01 1.7B+OO
Uterus 3.3E-01 4.OE-01 6.2E-01 9.8B-01 1.8B+OO
Other tissue 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 8.2E-01 1.6E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 3.OE-01 3.5B-01 5.5B-01 8.6B-01 1.6B+oo
WV/m)
155
Br BIOKINETICMODELS ANDDATA
35
Bromide
BROMIDE
77Br 56 hours
Absorbeddose
Organ
* Adrenals 9.7&02 l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.3%01 4*OB-01
Bladderwall 8.48-02 9.6%02 1.4&01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01
Bone surfaces 7.2g-02 8.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.0s01 3.3E-01
Breast 6.33-02 6.33-02 a.n-02 1.3%01 2.4E-01
GI-tract
Stomachwall 8.3B-02 9.63-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01
* Small intest 9.OB-02 l.lB-01 1.6E-01 2.4%01 4.33-01
* ULI wall 8.83-02 l.OE-01 1.5&01 2.4E-01 3,9E-01
* LLI wall 8.7B-02 9.6E-02 1.5%01 2.2E-01 3.8B-01
Kidneys E.lE-02 9.4E-02 1.4E-01
2.2E-01 3.8E-01
Liver 8.OE-02 9.6E-02 1.4E-01
2.2E-01 3.8E-01
Lungs 7.OE-02 8.63-02 1.2E-01
1.9E-01 3.4B-01
Ovaries 7.93-02 l.lE-01 1.68-01
2.5s01 4.3E-01
* Pancreas 8.4B-02 1.m-01 1.6E-01
2.4E-01 4.3B-01
Red marrow 8.0&-02 9.4E-02 1.3B-01 1.9E-01 3.3B-01
Spleen 8.38-02 9.6E-02 1.4&01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01
Testes ?.7E-02 7.9B-02 1.2E-01 1.8B-01 3.2B-01
Thyroid 6.7&02 8.9E-02 1.4%01 2.2E-01 4.OE-01
Uterus 8.8E-02 l.lE-01 l.?B-01 2.5B-01 4.3E-01
Other tissue 6.73-02 8.OB-02 1.2E-01 l.EE-01 3.3B-01
Bffcctive
doac equivalent 7.8B-02 9.1B-02 1.3B-01 2.OB-01 3.5B-01
wJv/18q)
a2Br 35.30 hours

Organ
* Adrenals 5.5E-01 5; SE-01 8.3B-01 1.2E+OO 2.2E+OO
* Bladderwall 4.8E-01 4.8E-01 7.3E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO
Bone surfaces 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.5E-01 9.8%01 1.7E+OO
Breast 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.OB-01 7.8E-01 1.4E+OO
GI-tract
Stomachwall 4.2&01 5.3E-01 7.3B-01 1.2BtOO 1*9B+OO
* Small intest 4.8E-01 5.8B-01 8.8&01 1.3EtOO 2.3E+OO
* ULI wall 4.7E-01 5.5&01 8.1E-01 1.3BtOO 2.2B+OO
* LLI wall 4.9B-01 5.0%01 ?.8B-01 1.2BtOO 2.OB+OO
Kidneys 4.4%01 5.1&01 7.aR-01 1.2EtOO 2.1E+OO
Liver 4.4E-01 5.2E-01 7.8B-01 1.2E+OO 2.1BtOO
Lungs 3.7E-01 4.7E-01 6.8B-01 l.OEtOO 1.9EtOO
Ovaries 4.1E-01 5.9E-01 8.9B-01 1.3EtOO 2.3BtOO
Pancreas 4.2E-01 5.9&-01 8.8E-01 1.3B+OO 2.3EtOO
Red marrow 4.1B-01 4.8B-01 7.1E-01 l.OE+OO l.?E+OO
Spleen 4.4E-01 5.2E-01 7.8E-01 1.2EtOO 2.1EtOO
Testes 4.5B-01 4.4&01 6.5B-01 l.OEtOO 1.8E+OO
Thyroid 3.8E-01 4.9B-01 7.7B-01 1.2EtOO 2.2BtOO
Uterus 5.OB-01 5.9&01 9.OB-01 1.3B+Oo 2.3BtOO
Other tissue 3.7B-01 4.4E-01 6.7E-01 1.OBt00 l.BB+Oo
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.3B-01 4.9B-01 7.3B-01 l.lB+OO 1.9B+oO
(=Sv/nBq)
156
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Br
35
Bromospiperone
BROMOSPIPERONE
77Br
Biokinetic Model
Following intravenous administration, this substance is rapidly removed from the
circulation, the blood concentration falling to 0.5% of the administered activity per litre within
15 min. Total body retention of 77Br, excluding material present in the contents of the GI tract,
is described by a two-exponential function, in which fractions of 0.7 and 0.3 are eliminated with
half-lives of 1.69 d and 10.5 d respectively; the latter component presumably representing the
removal of 77Br-bromide formed from breakdown of 77Br-bromospiperone. Rapid concentra-
tion of the injected substance occurs in liver and lungs with estimated fractional uptakes of 0.25
and 0.15, respectively. Retention of the label in liver and lungs over the first few days is similar to
that in the total body and it is assumed that the later retention patterns in these organs also
follow that of the total body. It is assumed that the fraction of the tracer which deposits in the
liver is excreted via the GI tract and that renal excretion accounts for the remainder. Tracer not
present in liver, lungs, GI-tract contents and bladder contents is assumed to be uniformly
distributed throughout the remainder of the body.
Reference
Crawley, J. C. W., Smith, T., Veall, N. and Zanelli, G. D. (1984). Distribution, retention and radiation dosimetry of
“Br-p-bromo-spiperone. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 8, 147-153.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a AslAo
Total body (excluding GI and 1.0 1.69d 0.7 1.81 d

bladder contents) 10.5 d 0.3
Liver 0.25 1.69 d 0.7 10.9 hr
10.5 d 0.3
Lungs 0.15 1.69 d 0.7 6.5 hr
10.5 d 0.3
GI-tract contents
SI 0.25 27 min
ULI 0.25 1.3 hr
LLI 0.25 1.8 hr
157
Br BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
35
Bromospipcrone
BROMOSPIPERONE
77Br 56 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 0.3E-02 l.OE-01 1*5E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01

* Bladder wall 7.7~~02 9.23-02 1.4%01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01
Bone surfaces 4.1E-02 4.8E-02 7.1E-02 l. lE-01 2 .OE-01
Breast 5.OE-02 5.OE-02 8. W-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.9E-02 7.2E-02 l. lE-01 1. EE-01 3.2E-01
Small intest 7.3E-02 a .9E-02 1*4E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-01
* ULI wall 1. u-01 1.3E-01 2.1E-01 3.3E-01 5.9E-01
* LLI wall 1.4&01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-01 7.4E-01
Kidneys 6.5E-02 7. BE-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01
* Liver 2.6E-01 3.2E-01 4.5E-01 6.3E-01 1. Hz+00
Lungs 1. SE-01 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4,3E-01 7.7E-01
Ovaries 6.63-02 8.9&02 1*4E-01 2.OE-01 3.6E-01
Pancreas 7.7E-02 9.9E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01
Red marrow 5. IE-02 6.3E-02 8.8%02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01
Spleen 5.1E-02 6.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.5E-01 2 *6E-01
Testes 3.7E-02 3.9E-02 6.1E-02 9.4&02 1.7E-01
Thyroid 3.4E-02 4.5E-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01
Uterus 5.53-02 7.2E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Other tissue 4.43-02 5.2E-02 7,8E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01
Effective
dose equivalent B.7B-02 l . lB-01 1.6E-01 2.4B-01 4.2B-01
Wv/l(Bq)
158
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Kr
36
Gas
KRYPTON
* lmKr
Biokinetic Model
Following inhalation, the administered activity is assumed to be retained in the lungs with an
effective half-life equal to the physical half-life (13 s). This assumption may overestimate the
absorbed dose to the lungs, since a considerable fraction of the activity may be exhaled.
References
Myers, M. J. (1981). The practical estimation of internal radiation doses from *iKrm, and similar ultra-short lived
radionuclides. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2, 358-363.
Ostertag, H., Kiibler, W. K. and Knopp, W. A. (1984). Strahlen-exposition bei der Anwendung von Kr-8lm. In:
Nuklearmedizin, pp. 401-404. (Schmidt, H. A. E. and Adam, W. E. eds) F. K. Schattauer, Stuttgart.
Swanson, A. L., Mayron, L. W. and Kaplan, E. (1976). Radiation dosimetry for krypton-8lm. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 3,
140-142.
Yano, Y., McRae, J. and Anger, H. 0. (1971). Generator-produced krypton-81m for dynamic studies of the lungs and
heart with the scintillation camera. In: Radiopharmaceuticalsfiom Generator-produced Radionuclides, pp. 97-104.
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Biokinetic Data
Lungs 1.0 CC 1.0 19s
159
KRYPTON
81mKr 13 seconds
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/llBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 3.4E-06 S .7E-06 g.3E-06 1.3B-05 2.1E-05

Bladder wall 6. BE-00 7.6E-08 2 *OB-07 4.7E-07 1.2%06
Bone surfaces 1.7%06 2.2E-06 3.2E-06 4 sBE-06 9.3B-06
Breast 4.6%06 4.6E-06 B.9E-06 1.3E-05 l.BE-05
(X-tract
* Stomach wall 2.5B-06 3.2%06 4.4B-06 6.73-06 l . lE-05
ULI wall 3.2B-07 5.5E-07 1.2&06 1.9E-06 3.5%06
LLI wall 1.4E-07 1.5B-07 3,OB-07 B.OB-07 2.OE-06
Kidneys 1.2E-06 1.9E-06 2.9E-06 4. SE-06 8.4E-06
* Liver 3.4B-06 4.0B-06 6.6B-06 9.5E-06 1.6E-05
Lungs 2. m-04 3. m-04 4.4E-04 6.gE-04 1.3E-03
Ovaries 1.7E-07 1.7&-07 4.1E-07 0.OE-07 1.9E-06
* Pancreas 3.5B-06 4.43-06 6.4%06 9.gE-06 1. BE-o.5
Red marrow 2.1B-06 3.3E-06 4.2E-06 5.3E-06 B.2B-06
* Spleen 3*1B-06 4.1E-06 6. DE-06 9.2B-06 1.6E-05
Testes 1.7B-00 2.3&08 7.4E-08 1.3E-07 5.6E-07
Thyroid 1.2B-06 2.1B-06 3.7E-06 6.OE-06 l. lB-05
Uterus 1.3E-07 1. aE-07 3.5E-07 7.23-07 l.BB-06
Other tissue 1. EE-06 2.3E-06 3.2E-06 4.7B-06 g.5E-06
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7B-05 4.OE-05 5.7E-05 8. gE-05 l.IB-04
WV/m)
160
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Rb
37
IOIl
RUBIDIUM (Ultrashort-lived)
82Rb
Biokinetic Model
In view of the short half-life (1.3 min) of 82Rb, a model based on relative blood flow to various
tissues as a proportion of cardiac output (Appendix Section A.2; Spector, 1956) has been
adopted, similar to that used for 38K . For some organs this model may represent “worst case”
conditions, since delayed uptake into organs and/or clearance of tracer from them may lead to
lower cumulated activities than the present model predicts (Ryan et al., 1986).
References
Ryan, J. W., Harper, P. V., Stark, V. S., Peterson, E. L. and Lathrop, K. A. (1986). Radiation absorbed dose estimate for
Rubidium-82 determined from in vivo measurements in human subjects. In: Proc. Fourth Int. Radiopharmaceutical
Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, November 1985, Oak Ridge Associated Universities CONF-851113
(DE 86010102), pp. 346358. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Spector, W. S. (1956). Handbook ofBiological Data. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Biokinetic Data
Total body 1.0 co 1.0 1.88 min

Adrenals 0.012 co 1.0 1.24 s
Cortical bone 0.04 co 1.0 4.12 s
Trabecular bone 0.01 co 1.0 1.03 s
Heart wall 0.04 co 1.0 4.12 s
Kidneys 0.23 cc 1.0 23.1 s
Liver 0.058 00 1.0 5.91 s
Lungs
Initial flow 1.0 9.57 s
Nutritional flow 0.44
Total 10.0 s
Muscle 0.163 to 1.0 16.8 s
Pancreas 0.017 cc 1.0 1.75 s
Red marrow 0.05 00 1.0 5.15 s
Spleen 0.035 a3 1.0 3.60 s
Thyroid 0.032 m 1.0 3.30 s
G&tract wall
Stomach 0.023 CQ 1.0 2.31 s
SI 0.099 co 1.0 10.2 s
ULI 0.032 co 1.0 3.3 s
LLI 0.025 co 1.0 2.58 s
161
Rb BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
37
IOIl
RUBIDIUM
(Ultrashort-lived)
B2Rb 1.3 minutes
Absorbed dose
Per Unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 2.OE-02 2.7E-02 3.9E-02 5.4B-02 E. lE-02

Bladder wall 1. n-04 1. EE-04 2. EE-04 3.63-04 6. ?E-04
Bone surfaces 6.78-04 9.1E-04 1.5E-03 2.83-03 6.OE-03
Breast 1.9E-04 1.7E-04 2. EE-04 3.8&04 6.9B-04
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.8E-03 4.9E-03 7.1E-03 1.2&02 2. SE-02
* Small intest 3.9E-03 5.OE-03 8. EE-03 1.4E-02 2.98-02
ULI wall 3.9E-03 4. EB-03 8.6E-03 1.4B-02 2.9E-02
LLI wall 3.9E-03 4.9E-03 8.5&03 1.4E-02 2.83-02
Heart 3.3E-03 4.2E-03 6.6E-03 2.1E-02 3. EE-02
* Kidneys 1. EE-02 2.3E-02 3.3E-02 4.9&02 8.9E-02
Liver 9.7E-04 1.2E-03 1.9E-03 2.9&03 5.63-03
Lungs 2.4E-03 3.7E-03 5.3E-03 8.2E-03 1.7B-02
Ovaries 2.48-04 3.2&04 4.8E-04 6.6E-04 1.2E-03
* Pancreas 4.5E-03 6.7E-03 1.4E-02 1. EE-02 4.1E-02
Red marrow 9.9E-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 4.6E-03 9.7E-03
* Spleen 5.OE-03 7.2E-03 l.lE-02 l.EE-02 3.4B-02
Testes 1.3E-04 1.4E-04 2,1E-04 2.5g-04 5.1E-04
Thyroid 3.8E-02 6.2E-02 9.61-02 2 * 2B-01 4.3E-01
Uterus 2.1E-04 2.6E-04 4.2E-04 5.7E-04 l . OE-03
Other tissue 2.38-04 2.6E-04 4.2E-04 6.5B-04 1.3E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 4. EB-03 6. X-03 1.03-02 1. EB-02 3.3E-02
(mSv/lIBq)
162
31
IOn
RUBIDIUM
*iRb **Rb 86Rb
Biokinetic Model
The metabolism of rubidium is similar to that of potassium, with the exception of a higher
concentration in bone. From total-body retention measurements on normal subjects (Ray et al.,
1955; Nagai et al., 1967; Wood, 1969; Lloyd et al., 1973), biological half-lives of 5 d (0.05) and
60 d (0.95) are derived.
Activity concentrations measured in human bone (Lloyd et al., 1973) indicate a fractional
distribution of 0.25, in accord with the value given in ICRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980).
Activity in bone is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout the mineral matrix at all
times after administration (ICRP, 1980).
Distribution data for other organs and tissues are available only for mice, for a period of 2 to
60 min after administration (Strauss et al., 1975). The distribution data for 60 min are used
herein, with values of 0.14 for liver, 0.025 for kidneys and 0.0054 for heart.
It is assumed that the daughter of *lRb, *lmKr, is in equilibrium with *iRb and follows the
same kinetics.
References
Lloyd, R. D., Mays, C. W., McFarland, S. S., Zundel, W. S. and Tyler, F. H. (1973). Metabolism of Rb-83 and 0-l 37 in
persons with muscle disease. Radiat. Res. 54,463-478.
Nagai, T., Sugita, H., Iinuma, T. A., Furukawa, T. and Yashiro, S. (1968). Body-potassium concentration and
rubidium metabolism determined by whole-body counting in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its genetic carrier
state. J. A&l. Med. 10, l-7.
Ray, C. T., Threefoot, S. A. and Burch, G. E. (1955). The excretion of radiorubidium, Rb-86, radiopotassium, K-42, and
potassium, sodium and chloride by man with and without congestive heart failure. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 45,408-430.
Strauss, H. W. Harrison, K., Langan, J. K., Lebowitz, E. and Pitt, B. (1975). Thallium-201 for myocardial imaging.
Circulation 51, 641-645.
Wood, 0. L. (1969). Comparison of naturally occurring rubidium and potassium in human erythrocytes, plasma and
urine. Health Phys. 17, 513-514.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (5) Fs T a slRb( 5 sl”‘Kr) s4Rb =Rb
Total body 1.0 5d 0.05 6.57 hr 29.4 d 19.8 d

60d 0.95
Bone 0.25 5d 0.05 1.64 hr 7.34 d 4.95 d
60d 0.95
Heart 0.0054 5d 0.05 2.1 min 3.80 hr 2.56 hr
60d 0.95
Kidneys 0.025 5d 0.05 9.8 min 17.6 hr 11.9 hr
6Od 0.95
Liver 0.14 5d 0.05 55 min 4.11 d 2.77 d
60d 0.95
163
Rb BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
31
Ion
RUBIDIUM
‘lRb 4.58 hours
Abeorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2.8E-02 3.2E-02 4.9E-02 7.43-02 1.3E-01

Bladder wall 1. ?B-02 Z.OE-02 3.2E-02 5.2E-02 9.2%02
Bone surfaces 4.9&02 6.1B-02 9.6B-02 5.7B-01 1.3E+OO
Breast 1.7B-02 1.7B-02 2.8&02 4.5E-02 8.7B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.9E-02 2.3B-02 3.7B-02 5.83-02 l . lE-01
Small intest Z . OE-02 2.4E-02 3.9%02 6.lE-02 l. lB-01
ULI wall Z .OE-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 6.2E-02 l. lE-01
LLI wall 1.8E-02 Z. lE-02 3.5E-02 5.5E-02 l . OE-01
* Heart 2.8E-02 3.5E-02 5.3E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* Kidneys 8.9E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 4.1E-01
* Liver 9.6E-02 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 5.1E-01
Lungs 1.9E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 5.63-02 l-l&01
Ovaries 1.8E-02 2.3E-02 3.7B-02 5.7B-02 l. lE-01
* Pancreas 2.3E-02 3.OE-02 4.6E-02 7.2B-02 1.3E-01
Red marrow 3.2E-02 4.OE-02 6.3E-02 1.8&01 3.6E-01
Soleen 1.9B-02 2.4E-02 3.7E-02 5.8B-02 l . lB-01
Tbstes 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.8B-02 4. SE-02 8.6E-02
Thyroid 1.6E-02 Z . OE-02 3.2B-02 5.2B-02 9.7B-02
Uterus 1.8E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 5.63-02 l .OE-01
Other tissue 1.7E-02 Z. lE-02 3.2E-02 5.1E-02 9.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.1B-02 3.7B-02 5.7&02 l.lB-01 2. m-01
(=Sv/llBq)
84Rb 32.77 days
Organ
* Adrenals 3*7B+OO 4.4B+OO 6.6B+OO 9.8BtOO 1.7BtOl

Bladder wall 2. ZE+OO 2.4EtOO 3.8EtOO 6.5BtOO 1 .lB+Ol
Bone surfaces 5.1E+OO 6.3BtOO 9.7BtOO 1.7BtOl 3.6EtOl
Breast 2 . ZE+OO 2.2BtOO 3.4B+OO 5.5BtOO 1. OBtOl
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2 *4E+OO 3. OBtOO 4.6BtOO 7.4BtOO 1.4EtOl
Small intest 2.6E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.OE+OO 7 * 7B+OO 1.4B+Ol
ULI wall 2.7E+OO 3.1BtOO 5. OBtOO 7.9BtOO 1.4BtOl
LLI wall 2*4E+OO 2.6BtOO 4.2EtOO 6.7BtOO 1.2EtOl
* Heart 3.3E+OO 4.OB+OO 6.1EtOO 1.4BtOl 2.4B+Ol
* Kidneys 9.4E+OO l.lBtOl 1,6B+Ol 2.4BtOl 4.2BtOl
* Liver l.lE+Ol 1.3BtOl 2 . OB+Ol 2.9E+Ol 5.3BtOl
Lungs 2.4E+OO 3.OBtOO 4.5E+OO 7.OB+OO 1.3B+Ol
Ovaries 2. lE+OO 3 *OB+OO 4.6E+OO 7.1B+Oo 1.3B+Ol
* Pancreas 3.OE+OO 3.9B+OO 6.1E+OO 9.3B+oO 1.7EtOl
Red marrow 3.7EtOO 4.6BtOO 7. OBtOO 1.5BtOl 2.8EtOl
Spleen 2.6E+OO 3.1BtOO 4. BE+00 7 *4BtOO 1.3E+Ol
Testes 2. lE+OO 2.2B+OO 3.4ktOO 5.3B+OO l.OB+Ol
Thyroid 2.OEtOO 2.5BtOO 4.OBtOO 6.4B+OO l.ZEtOl
Uterus 2.5E+OO 2.9B+OO 4.5BtOo 7.OB+OO 1.3BtOl
Other tissue 2.2EtOO 2.6B+OO 4.lB+OO 6.3B+OO 1. ZB+Ol
Effective
dose equivalent 3.63+00 4.4B+Oo 6.6BtOO l.lB+Ol Z.OB+Ol
Wv/llBq)
164
37
loll
RUBIDIUM
86Rb 18.66 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.8B+OO 2.2E+OO 3.7E+OO 6.lB+OO 1.2E+Ol

Bladder wall 1. ?E+oo 2.OE+OO 3. SE+00 5.9E+OO 1.2B+Ol
Bone surfaces 8.1E+OO l.OB+Ol 1.7EtOl 3.2E+Ol 7. SE+01
Breast 2.OB+OO 2.OE+OO 3. SE+00 5.8E+OO 1.2E+Ol
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1. ?E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO 5.9E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Small intest 1. ?E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO 5.9E+OO 1.2E+Ol
ULI wall 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO 6.OE+OO 1.2E+Ol
LLI wall 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3. SE+00 5.9E+OO 1*2E+Ol
* Heart 3.4E+OO 4.2E+OO 6.7E+OO 2.1E+Ol 3.9E+Ol
* Kidneys 1. SE+01 1.9E+Ol 2.7E+Ol 4.OE+Ol 7.4E+Ol
* Liver 1. SE+01 1.9B+Ol 2.9E+Ol 4. SE+01 8.9E+Ol
Lungs 1.7B+oO 2.1E+oo 3.6B+OO 5.9E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Ovaries 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO 5.9E+Oo 1.2E+Ol
* Pancreas 1.7E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.7E+OO 6.OE+OO 1.2E+Ol
Red marrow 3. BE+00 5.1E+OO 8.7E+OO 2.6E+Ol 5.4E+Ol
Spleen 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3. CE+OO 5.9E+OO 1.2B+Ol
Testes 1.7E+OO 2 .OE+OO 3. SE+00 5.8E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Thyroid 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3. SE+00 5.8E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Uterus 1.7E+OO 2.1E+OO 3.6E+OO 5.9E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Other tissue 1.7B+OO 2.1E+OO 3. SE+00 5.8E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Effective
dose equivalent 3.9B+OU 4.8B+OU 7.7B+OO 1.4B+Ol 2.9B+Ol
(mSv/MBq)
165
37
RBC denatured
RUBIDIUM-LABELLED DENATURED ERYTHROCYTES

‘lRb
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for 51Cr-labelled denatured erythrocytes (see p. 113), with the
exception of the excretion half-time which, in view of the short radioactive half-life, is taken as
infinite.
Reference
Szur, L., Glass, H. I., Lewis, S. M., Grammaticos, 0. and de Garreta, A. C. (1968). Quantative estimation of red-cell
uptake in the spleen using slRb and SICr-lahelled red cells. Br. J. Radial. 41, 819-825.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &I&
Blood 1.0 0 0.90 15.7 min

3 hr 0.10
Spleen 0.75 cc 1.0 4.96 hr
Liver 0.15 1.0 59.5 min
Remaining tissues 0.10 ?hr -1.0 24.0 min
co 1.0
Rb-LABELLED DENATURED
ERYTHROCYTES
‘lRb 4.58 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4.8E-02 6.13-02 9.9E-02 1.4!&01 2.2E-01

Bladder wall 3.6E-03 5.2&03 9.2&03 1.6E-02 3.1E-02
Bone surfaces 8.83-03 l.lE-02 1. BE-02 2.8E-02 5.81-02
Breast 8.9E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.6E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 6.4E-02 7.2E-02 l. OE-01 1.4B-01 2.2E-01
Smell intest 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 4. SE-02 a. 2E-02
ULI wall 1.4B-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 4.8E-02 0.7E-02
LLI wall 7 .OE-03 8.9E-03 1.6&02 2.7E-02 4.6E-02
Heart 2.3E-02 2.9E-02 4. SE-02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01
* Kidneys 6.1E-02 7. SE-02 1,2E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01
* Liver l.OE-01 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.OE-01 5.6E-01
Lungs 2.2&02 2.8%02 4.3B-02 6.6E-02 1.2E-01
Ovaries a. 31z-03 9.1E-03 1. SE-02 2.6E-02 4.6E-02
* Pancreas 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 2.0%01 2. EE-01 4. SE-01
Red marrow 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 5.2E-02
* Spleen 4.OE+OO 5*7E+OO 0.9B+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.6B+Ol
Testes 3.OE-03 3.3E-03 5.0E-03 9.3E-03 2.OE-02
Thyroid 4.OE-03 5. SE-03 9.6E-03 1.6E-02 3.lB-02
Uterus 5 *7E-03 8.2E-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 4. SE-02
Other tissue 1.3E-02 1. SE-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 6.1E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.7B-01 3. aE-01 5.8E-01 9.1B-01 1.7E+oo
(mBv/lras)
167
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Sr
38
Ion
STRONTIUM
85Sr 87mSr 8QSr
Biokinetic Model
Radioisotopes of strontium are assumed to be distributed and retained in the body in
accordance with the model developed by the Task Group on Alkaline Earth Metabolism in
Adult Man (ICRP, 1972), except that, in the case of “%r, the model was modified to allow for a
faster uptake to skeleton with a half-time of 15 min. With this adjustment, the values of time
integrals of retention functions have been taken from the Task Group report.
According to the ICRP model, a fraction of 0.82 of intravenously administered strontium is
initially distributed in soft tissues and is largely removed with a half-time of about 2 d, although
a fraction of about 0.15 is retained for a much longer time. The strontium initially lost from soft
tissues is partly excreted and partly taken up by the skeleton, which reaches a maximum content
of 0.25 of the administered strontium, with the cortical bone content exceeding that of
cancellous bone by a few percent of the administered amount.
In accordance with the ICRP bone model concerning the radioactive half-lives of bone-
seeking radionuclides (ICRP, 1979), both “Sr and “Sr are assumed to be distributed
throughout the volume of mineral bone and ““‘Sr is assumed to be distributed over bone
surfaces at all times following their deposition in the skeleton.
A urinary to faecal excretion ratio of 4:l is assumed for intravenously administered
strontium.
References
Bishop, M., Harrison, G. E., Raymond, W. H. A. and Sutton, A. (1960). Excretion and retention of radioactive
strontium in normal men following a single intravenous injection. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 2, 125-142.
radium following intravenous injection into a healthy man. Int. J. Radial. Biol. 13, 235-247.
ICRP (1972). Report of the ICRP Task Group on Alkaline Earth Metabolism in Adult Man, ICRP Publication 20.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (5) ssSr sgSr
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract and bladder) 22.2 d 3.72 hr 19.0 d
Cortical bone 8.4 d 32 min 6.9 d
Trabecular bone 6.7 d 30 min 5.6 d
GI-tract content
SI 36 min 1.1 min 36 min
ULI 2 hr 49 s 1.9 hr
LLI 3.6 hr 13 s 3.5 hr
Bladder content 1.12 hr 3 min 1.08 hr
169
Sr BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
38
Ion
STRONTIUM
85sr 64.84 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1. OE+OO 1.2E+OO 1.7E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.1E+OO

Bladder wall 6.5B-01 7 .OB-01 1. lE+OO 1. BE+00 2.9B+OO
Bone surfaces 2 *OB+OO 2.4E+OO 3.5BtOO 5.2E+OO l.OB+Ol
Breast 5.OE-01 5.OE-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+OO 2.3B+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.5B-01 6.6E-01 1.lE+OO 1,5B+OO 2.6E+OO
Small intest 6.4E-01 7.7B-01 1.1B+00 1.7E+OO 3.2E+OO
* ULI wall 6.7B-01 7.91-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.4E+OO
* LLI wall 9.5E-01 1. lE+OO 1. BE+00 2. BE+00 4. BE+00
* Kidneys 6.6B-01 8.5E-01 1.3B+OO 2.OE+OO 3. BE+00
Liver 5.9E-01 7,3E-01 1. lE+OO 1.6E+OO 3.1E+OO
Lungs 6.5B-01 B. lE-01 1.2E+OO 1. BE+00 3.5B+OO
Ovaries 7.7B-01 9.2E-01 1.4E+OO 2.OEtOO 3,7E+OO
* Pancreas 6.6E-01 8.7%01 1.3B+OO 1.9E+OO 3.6E+OO
Red marrow 1. BE+00 2.21+00 3.2E+OO 4.9EtOO 9.2E+OO
Spleen 6.4B-01 7.5E-01 l.lEtOO 1.7BtOO 3.3EtOO
Testes 5.7E-01 6.2&01 8.9B-01 1.4B+OO 2. SE+00
Thyroid 6.8E-01 8.2B-01 1.2B+OO 1. BE+00 2.9BtOO
Uterus 5.6E-01 7.8E-01 l.lE+OO 1. BE+00 3.2E+OO
Other tissue 6.8B-01 8.3E-01 1.2E+OO 1. BE+00 3.3E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 8.53-01 l.OE+OO 1.5E+clO 2.3BtOO 4.3B+oO
WV/n&l)
87mSr 2.805 hours
Organ
* Adrenals 6.2B-03 7.OE-03 l . lB-02 1.7E-02 3. M-02

* Bladder wall l. lE-02 1.4B-02 2.OB-02 3.1E-02 5.6B-02
Bone surfaces 1.4B-02 1. BE-02 2. BE-02 4.6E-02 1 .OB-01
Breast 4.58-03 4.53-03 6. BB-03 l . lE-02 2.1B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.1E-03 5.9E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.5B-02
* Small intest 5.5B-03 6.7E-03 1 .OE-02 1.68-02 2.9B-02
ULI wall 5.33-03 6.3E-03 9.5B-03 1.6B-02 2. BE-02
* LLI wall 5.6B-03 6.63-03 l . OE-02 1.6B-02 2.9E-02
Kidneys 5*1B-03 6.2B-03 9.6B-03 1.5E-02 2.8B-02
Liver 4.9%03 6.OE-03 9.3E-03 1.5B-02 2.7B-02
Lungs 4.83-03 5.9B-03 8.9B-03 1.4%02 2.6B-02
Ovaries 5.4B-03 7.OE-03 l . lE-02 1.6B-02 3 *OB-02
* Pancreas 5.4E-03 6.8B-03 1.01-02 1.6B-02 2.9B-02
Red marrow 1.3B-02 1.7E-02 2,7E-02 5.4B-02 l. lB-01
Spleen 5.1E-03 6.1E-03 9,4B-03 1.5B-02 2.7B-02
Testes 4.8B-03 5.4B-03 8.33-03 1.3E-02 2.5B-02
Thyroid 4.6B-03 6.0&-03 9.4B-03 1. SB-02 2.7%02
Uterus 5.6B-03 7.1B-03 l. lB-02 1.7E-02 3,1B-02
Other tissue 4.7B-03 5.7B-03 8.7E-03 1,4B-02 2.6B-02
Bffective
dose lqulvaIent 6.78-03 8.1B-03 1.3R-02 2.1g-02 4.1E-02
Wv/rras)
170
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS SK
38
1C.n
STRONTIUM
89sr 50.5 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/UBq)
Organ
* Adrenals ?.8E-01 9.6B-01 1.6E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.6EtOO

* Bladder wall 1.3B+OO 1.6B+OO 2.6E+OO 4.2E+OO 8.4B+OO
Bone surfaces 1.7B+Ol Z.ZB+Ol 3.6B+Ol 6.2B+Ol 1.53+02
Breast 9.6E-01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.7E+OO 5.6E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.7B+OO 5.6E+OO
Small intest 2.3E-02 4 *OE-02 l. lB-01 1.9B-01 2.9E-01
* ULI vall 1.8E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.1B+OO 6.9E+OO 1.4E+Ol
* LLI wall 4*7E+OO 5.9E+OO 1 .OB+Ol 1.7%+01 3.5BtOl
* Kidneys 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.7B+OO 5.6B+OO
Liver 7.8E-01 9 *6B-01 1.6E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.6BtOO
Lungs 7.8E-01 9.6B-01 1.6E+OO 2.7E+OO 5. bE+OO
Ovaries 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.7BtOO 5.6EtOO
Pancreas 7.8B-01 9.6B-01 1.6B+OO 2.7B+OO 5.6EtOO
Red marrow 1. lE+Ol 1.6E+Ol 2,7E+Ol 5.2B+Ol l.lEt02
Soleen 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.7BtOO 5.6B+OO
Testes 7.8B-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.7EtOO 5.6B+GG
Thyroid 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.7B+OO 5.6X+00
Uterus 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6B+OO 2.7B+OO 5.6E+OO
Other tissue 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.6E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.6B+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.9B+oO 3.8E+OO 6.5B+OO 1.2E+Ol 2.5&01
Wv/llBq)
171
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Tc
43
Albumin
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED ALBUMIN (HSA)

ggmTc
Biokinetic Model
The model for Tc-labelled human serum albumin is the same as that used for iodine-labelled
albumin (see p. 285).
Reference to Diaplacental Transfer

Russell, J. T., Hibbard, H. B. M. and Sheppard, M. A. (1969). Metabolic behaviour and radiation dosimetry of 99m
Tc-albumin in pregnancy. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 224232.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a ASIA,
Total body 1.0 6.8 hr 0.015 8.47 hr

1.29 d 0.035
19.4 d 0.95
Blood 1.0 6.8 hr 0.40 6.70 hr
1.29d 0.22
19.4 d 0.38
Tc-LABELLED ALBUMIN (HSA)

99mTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals a. 3B-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.7E-02

Bladder wall 4.OE-03 5.8E-03 8.1E-03 l .lE-02 Z. lE-02
Bone surfaces a. 9E-03 l .ZE-02 2.2E-02 3.6E-02 7.1E-02
Breast 4,6E-03 4.7E-03 7 e4E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.1E-03 6.5E-03 l .OE-02 1.4E-02 2.5E-02
Small intest 4.8B-03 5.8E-03 8.83-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
ULI wall 4.7E-03 6.OE-03 8.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02
LLI wall 4.2B-03 5.6E-03 8.6E-03 l .ZE-02 2.3E-02
* Heart 2.OE-02 2,5E-02 3.6E-02 5.4E-02 9.2E-02
* Kidneys 8.1E-03 9.7B-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.4E-02
* Liver 7.3E-03 8.7E-03 1.4B-02 Z. lE-02 3.7E-02
Lungs 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.1E-02 7.6E-02
Ovaries 4.4%03 5,7E-03 8.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
Pancreas 6.43-03 7.7B-03 I. ZE-02 1.7E-02 3.OE-02
Red marrow 7.5B-03 9.0e-03 1,3E-02 2.OE-02 3.5B02
* Spleen 1.4E-02 1.6&02 2.6E-02 4.O.B-02 7.6E-02
Testes 2.9E-03 3.9E-03 5.7B-03 8.8B-03 1.6E-02
Thyroid 4.9E-03 7.3%03 1.2%02 1.9B-02 3.5B-02
Uterus 4.83-03 5.7E-03 8.5E-03 1.3B-02 2.3B-02
Other tissue 4.OE-03 4.7E-03 6.9E-03 l. lE-02 Z.OE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 7.9B-03 9.7B-03 1.5E-02 2.3B-02 4.2B-02
(=Sv/llBq)
173
43
Albumin
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED ALBUMIN (INTRATHECAL

ADMINISTRATION)
““‘Tc
Biokinetic Model
The model has been defined in Appendix Section A.10. Two sites of intrathecal
administration are considered, viz lumbar injection (region A) and cisternal injection
(region C). It is assumed that activity reaching the blood is metabolized according to the model
for intravenously administered albumin (HSA).
Reference
Ashburn, W. L., Harbert, J. C., Briner, W. H. and Di Chiro, G. (1968). Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea studied with the
gamma scintillation camera. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 523-529.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs &IA,
(1) Lumbar injection

Cerebrospinal fluid space:
(A) Cisterna terminalis 1.0 4.45 hr
(B) Spinal cord space 0.5 1.82 hr
(C) Brain cisterns 0.25 19.2 min
Blood 1.0 1.62 hr
Total body 1.0 8.63 hr
(2) Cistemal injection
Cerebrospinal fluid space
(A & B) Cisterna terminalis and 0.5 49.4 min
spinal cord space
(C) Brain cisterns 1.0 6.54 hr
Blood 1.0 1.02 hr
Total body 1.0 8.65 hr
175
TC BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
43
Albumin
Tc-LABELLED ALBUMIN
(Intrathecal administration)
Lumbar injection
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
ggmTc 6.02 hours Organ administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 1.3E-02
Bladder wall l.EE-03
Bone surfaces 8.2E-03
Brain 4.OE-03
Breast l.SE-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall S.lE-03
* Small intest 8.6E-03
ULI wall 6.8E-03
LLI wall 2.63-03
Heart J.lE-03
* Kidneys 1.8E-02
Liver 5.31-03
Lungs 5.3E-03
Ovaries 4.83-03
* Pancreas l.Oh-02
* Spinal cord 4.63-02
Red marrow 3.OE-02
Spleen 7.63-03
Testes 9.33-04
Thyroid 2.3E-03
Uterus 3.83-03
Other tissue 3.1E-03
Effective
dose equivalent l.lB-02
(mSv/RBrl)
Cisternal injection
Organ
* Adrenals 2.8E-03
Bladder wall 6.73-04
Bone surfaces 6.93-03
* Brain 5.63-02
Breast l.lE-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.3E-03
Small intest l.ZE-03
ULI wall l.lE-03
LLI wall 7.4E-04
* Heart 3.83-03
Kidneys 2.43-03
Liver l.SE-03
Lungs 2.73-03
Ovaries 9.1E-04
Pancreas 1.9E-03
* Spinal cord 1.4E-02
Red marrow 9.33-03
* Spleen 2.63-03
Testes 4.63-04
Thyroid 3.63-03
Uterus 9.OE-04
Other tissue l.ZE-03
Effective
dose equivalent 6.8E-03
(mSv/naS)
176
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS TC
43
Citrate
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED CITRATE COMPLEX

ggmT~
Biokinetic Model
After injection, the ggmTc-citrate complex is rapidly distributed throughout the body, with an
enhanced concentration in the kidneys. Distribution data from rat experiments indicate a
fractional uptake in the kidneys of 0.17 and a two-exponential total-body retention function,
with component half-lives of 0.5 hr (0.3) and 1.25 d (0.7). The substance is excreted exclusively
by the kidneys.
Reference
99mTcSolcocitran, product information: N-MED AG, Nuklearmedizinische PrHparate, Postfach 186, 8030 Ziirich.
Biokinetic Data
Total body (excluding bladder contents) I.0 0.50 hr 0.3 5.26 hr

1.25 d 0.7
Kidneys 0.17 0.50 hr 0.3 57 min
1.25 d 0.7
177
l-C BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
43
Citrate
Tc-LABELLED CITRATE COMPLEX
6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 5 *3E-03 6.4E-03 9.0E-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02

* Bladder wall 3.93-02 4.0B-02 7.OE-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
Bone surfaces 3.5E-03 4 93e-03 6.3E-03 9.53-03 1.8E-02
Breast 2.2E-03 2.2E-03 3.23-03 5.1B-03 9.6B-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.53-03 4.3E-03 6.9E-03 9.6E-03 1.6E-02
Small intest 4.3E-03 5.3&03 0.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02
ULI wall 4.03-03 5.1E-03 7.5E-03 1.2&02 2.OB-02
* LLI wall 4.5E-03 5 * 9E-03 9.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
* Kidneys 4.6E-02 5.53-02 7.7&02 l.ll3-01 1.9E-01
Liver 3.5E-03 4.3E-03 6.6B-03 9.83-03 1.7E-02
Lungs 2.5E-03 3.2%03 4.8E-03 7.4E-03 1.3%02
Ovaries 4.0&03 6.OE-03 9 sOE-03 l .bE-02 2.3%02
Pancreas 4.53-03 5.5E-03 0.4B-03 1.2&02 2.1E-02
Red marrow 4.83-03 5.8E-03 8.1&03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02
* Spleen 4.7E-03 5.7E-03 a. ix-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02
Testes 3.OE-03 4.2E-03 6.7E-03 1.01-02 1.9E-02
Thyroid 1.8%03 3.OE-03 4.83-03 7.6E-03 1.4E-02
Uterus ? . OE-03 8.43-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.28-02
Other tissue 2.9E-03 3.5E-03 5.2E-03 8.08-03 1.4%02
Effective
dose equivalent 8.3B-03 l.OB-02 1.5E-02 2.2B-02 3.9B-02
Wv/l(Bq)
178
43
Colloids
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED COLLOIDS
““‘Tc
Biokinetic Models
These are defined in Appendix Section A.8 for two types of gg”Tc-labelled colloids:
(a) Large colloids (100-1000 nm): Sulphur colloid, tin colloid, microaggregated albumin and
phytate.
(b) Small colloids (< 100 nm): Minimicroaggregated albumin and antimony sulphide colloid.
Because of the short radioactive half-life of ggmTc, it is assumed that no redistribution or
excretion occurs.
Biokinetic Data for Large Coiloids
Organ (S) Fs I a U%
(1) Normal liver condition

Liver 0.70 cc 1.0 6.08 hr
Spleen 0.10 cc 1.0 52.1 min
Red marrow 0.10 cc 1.0 52.1 min
Remaining tissues 0.10 52.1 min
(2) Early to intermediate diffuse parenchymal live~diseas~‘O
Liver 0.50 co 1.0 4.34 hr
Spleen 0.20 co 1.0 1.74 hr
Red marrow 0.15 cc 1.0 1.30 hr
Remaining tissues 0.15 1.0 1.30 hr
(3) Intermediate to advanced diffuse parenchymaziver disease
Liver 0.30 00 1.0 2.61 hr
Spleen 0.30 cc 1.0 2.61 hr
Remaining tissues 0.15 co 1.0 1.30 hr
179
Tc BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
43
Colloids
Biokinetic Data for Small Colloids
Organ (S) Fs T a M%

Liver 0.70 co 1.0 6.08 hr
Spleen 0.10 cc 1.0 52.1 min
Remaining tissues 0.05 co 1.0 26.1 min
(2) Early to intermediate diffuse parenchymal liver disease
Liver 0.50 cc 1.0 4.34 hr
Spleen 0.20 co 1.0 1.74 hr
Red marrow 0.25 co 1.0 2.17 hr
Remaining tissues 0.05 a! 1.0 26.1 min
(3) Intermediate to advanced diffuse parenchymal liver disease
Liver 0.30 cc 1.0 2.61 hr
Spleen 0.30 cc 1.0 2.61 hr
Remaining tissues 0.10 co 1.0 52.1 min
Tc-LABELLED LARGE COLLOIDS
ggmTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals l . OE-02 1.5E-02 Z.lB-02 2. aB-02 4.2E-02

Bladder wall 1. m-03 1.6E-03 z.aB-03 5.7B-03 9.5E-03
Bone surfaces 6.4E-03 B.4&03 1.3E-02 Z. ZE-02 4.6E-02
Breast 2.7E-03 2.7E-03 4.6B-03 7.3E-03 1.3E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.2E-03 a. 3~03 1.3E-02 2’. lE-02 3.53-02
Small intest 4.3E-03 5.1&03 9.OE-03 1.4E-02 2.5.E02
ULI wall 5.63-03 6.9E-03 l .ZE-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02
LLI wall 1. BE-03 Z. ZE-03 3.8E-03 6.1E-03 l.lE-02
* Kidneys 9.7E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 3. SE-02
* Liver 7.4E-02 9.2E-02 1.4B-01 1.9&01 3.4E-01
Lungs 5.5E-03 7.5B-03 l . OE-02 1.5E-02 2.5B-02
Ovaries Z. ZE-03 2.9E-03 4.9E-03 7.9E-03 1.4%02
* Pancreas l . ZE-02 1.7&02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.9E-02
Red marrow l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.83-02 7.2E-02

* Spleen 7.7E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.5B-01
Testes 6.2E-04 7.6E-04 1.3E-03 Z.ZE-03 4.5%03
Thyroid 7.9E-04 l. ZE-03 2 .OE-03 3.5E-03 6.5E-03
Uterus 1.9E-03 2.5E-03 4.4E-03 7.4E-03 1.3E-02
Other tissue 2. BE-03 3.4&03 4.9E-03 7.3E-03 1.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4B-02 1.8E-02 2. BE-02 4.1B-02 7.3E-02
(mSv/ktBq)
180
43
Colloids
Tc-LABELLED LARGE COLLOIDS

Earlv to intermediate diffuse parenchymal liver disease
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
6.02 hours Organ administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 9.9E-03
Bladder wall 1.4%03
Breast 2.6E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall E. lE-03
Small intest 4.43-03
ULI wall 5.3E-03
LLI wall 2.4E-03
* Kidneys l. lE-02
* Liver 4.OE-02
Lungs 5.2E-03
Ovaries 2.7E-03
* Pancreas 1.5E-02
Red marrow 1.5E-02
* Spleen l.OE-01
Testes 8.6E-04
Thyroid l .OE-03
Uterus 2.4E-03
Other tissue 3.OE-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4%02
(mSv/HBq)
Intermediate to advanced diffuse parenchymal disease
Organ
* Adrenals 9.83-03
Bladder wall 1.6E-03
Breast 2.4E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.03-03
Small intest 4.6E-03
ULI wall 4.9E-03
LLI wall 3.1E-03
* Kidneys 1. IE-02
* Liver 4.2E-02
Lungs 4.8E-03
Ovaries 3.3E-03
* Pancreas 1. EE-02
Red marrow 2.3E-02
* Spleen 1.4E-01
Testes 9.5E-04
Thyroid l. lE-03
Uterus 2.8E-03
Effective
(mSv/IIB9)
*ICRP 18:1-4-G
181
-I-C BIOKINETICMODELS ANDDATA
43
Colloids
Tc-LABELLED SMALL COLLOIDS
6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals l * OB-02 1.5E-02 2.1E-02 2.73-02 4*1B-02

Bladder wall 9.1%04 1.4E-03 2.53-03 5.2B-03 8.5B-03
Bone surfaces 7 *9E-03 l. lE-02 1.7B-02 2.9&-02 6.0%02
Breast 2.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.43-03 6.9E-03 1.2B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.OE-03 8.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.43-02
ULI wall 5.5E-03 6. EE-03 1*2B-02 2.OE-02 3.33-02
LLI wall 1. BE-03 2.2E-03 3.8E-03 5.83-03 l.OE-02
* Kidneys 9.?B-03 l. lE-02 1,7E-02 2.4B-02 3.51-02
* Liver 7.4E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.9%01 3.4I.b01
Lungs 5.43-03 7.4B-03 l , OE-02 1.4B-02 2.43-02
Ovaries 2.3B-03 3.OE-03 4.9E-03 7.7B-03 1.3B-02
* Pancreas 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.0B-02
Red marrow 1.5E-02 2.OE-02 3.OE-02 5.1E-02 l . OB-01
* Spleen 7.7E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.5%01 4.5E-01
Testes 4.%E-04 5.7B-04 9.7E-04 l .OB-03 3.63-03
Thyroid 6.9B-04 l. lE-03 1.7B-03 2.9B-03 5,4&03
Uterus 1.0E-03 2.4E-03 4.2E-03 7.OE-03 1.3E-02
Other tissue 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 4.7%03 7.OE-03 1.2B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4B-02 1.9%02 2.9B-02 4.3B-02 7.6B-02
(=Bv/llBq)
182
43
Colloids
Tc-LABELLED SMALL COLLOIDS

Early to intermediate diffuse parenchymal liver disease
Absorbed dose
ppmTc 6.02 hours per unit activity
Organ administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 9. PE-03
Bladder vall 1.1%03
Bone surfaces l. lE-02
Breast 2.3E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.0B-03
ULI wall 5.28-03
LLI wall 2.6B-03
Kidneys 1.18-02
Liver 4.03-02
Lungs 5.OE-03
Ovaries 2. PE-03
Pancreas 1. SE-02
Red marrow 2.2&02
Spleen l.OE-01
Testes 5.78-04
Thyroid 8.OE-04
Uterus 2.3E-03
Other tissue 2 *PB-03
Effective
Wv/lrecl)
Intermediate to advanced diffuse parcnchymal disease
Organ
* Adrenals 9.0E-03
Bone surfaces 1.3B-02
Breast 2.3E-03
GI-tract
ULI wall 4. PE-03
LLI wall 3.2B-03
* Kidneys 1.1%02
* Liver 4.2E-02
Lungs 4 .?B-03
Ovaries 3.4E-03
* Pancreas 1. BE-02
Red marrow 2.6E-02
* Spleen 1.4E-01
Testes 0.OB-04
Thyroid l .OE-03
Uterus 2 *0E-03
Bffective
dose equivalent 1. BB-02
(mSv/)(B9)
183
43
DMSA
TECHNETIUM-DMSA
99mT~
Biokinetic Model
Intravenous injection of Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) gives rise to an initial
distribution in the extracellular fluid. Of material entering the extracellular fluid, half is
deposited in the renal cortex, where it is retained for a long time. A further fraction is
temporarily retained in liver and spleen. Excretion is exclusively via the kidneys.
The total body retention is described by a three-exponential function. A fraction of 0.5 is
taken up in the renal cortex, with an uptake half-time of 1 hr, and is assumed to be retained
permanently. Fractions of 0.1 and 0.01 are taken up in liver and spleen, respectively, with a
half-time of 1 hr, and eliminated with half-times of 2.0 hr (0.50) and 1.8 d (0.50).
Arnold, R. W., Subramanian, G., McAfee, J. G., Blair, R. J. and Thomas, F. D. (1975). Comparison of 99mTccomplexes
for renal imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 357-367.
Elliott, A. T., Britton, K. E., Brown, N. J. G., Pearce, P. C., Smith, F. R. and Barnasconi, E. W. (1976). Dosimetry of
current radiopharmaceuticals used in renal investigation. Proc. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee, April 2629,1976, HEW Publication (FDA) 768044, pp. 293-304. U.S. Department of Health and
Welfare, Washington, DC.
Enlander, D., Weber, P. M. and dos Remedios, L. V. (1974). Renal cortical imaging in 35 patients: Superior quality with
99mTc-DMSA. J. Nucl. Med. 15,743-749.
Handmaker, H., Young, B. W. and Lowenstein, J. M. (1975). Clinical experience with 99mTc-DMSA [Dimercapto-
succinic acid], a new renal imaging agent. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 28-32.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a As/A,
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 2.0 hr 0.25 6.77 hr

1.8 d 0.25
00 0.50
Kidneys (cortex) 0.50 1.0 hr -1.0 3.71 hr
co 1.0
Liver 0.10 1.0 hr -1.0 25.1 min
2.0 hr 0.5
1.8 d 0.5
Spleen 0.01 1.0 hr -1.0 2.5 min
2.0 hr 0.5
1.8d 0.5
185
43
DMSA
Tc-DMSA
gg% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.43-02 3.5E-02 6.0!3-02

Breast 1. BE-03 1.8E-03 2.0E-03 4.5%03 8.4E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.5E-03 6.3E-03 9.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02
Small intest 5.2E-03 6.4%03 1 .OE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02
ULI wall 5. W-03 6.3E-03 9.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02
LLI wall 3.2E-03 4.2E-03 6.7E-03 l.OE-02 1.8E-02
* Kidneys 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 7.3E-01
* Liver 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 1 *El&02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02
Lungs 2.5E-03 3.5E-03 5.2E-03 8.OE-03 1.4E-02
Ovaries 3.7E-03 4.6E-03 7.2E-03 l . lE-02 2.OE-02
Pancreas 9.OE-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02
Red marrow 6.3E-03 7.5E-03 l .OE-02 1.4E-02 2.OR-02
* Spleen 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 3.8E-02 6. H-02
Testes l.fx-03 2.4E-03 3.9E-03 6.2E-03 1.2E-02
Thyroid l. lE-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.1E-03 9.2E-03
Uterus 4.6&03 5.5E-03 8.9E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02
Other tissue 3.OE-03 3.63-03 5.x-03 8.OE-03 1.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.6E-02 1.9%02 2.7B-02 4.OE-02 6.9%02
(mSv/HBq)
186
43
DTPA
TECHNETIUM-DTPA
ggmTc
Biokinetic Model
Intravenous administration of Tc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) gives rise to
an initial distribution in the extracellular fluid. Following this initial distribution phase, the
substance is excreted exclusively by the renal system according to the model for GFR substances
and the kidney-bladder model (see Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
component half-times of 100 min (0.99) and 7 d (0.01). The fraction excreted by the kidneys is
1.0, and the renal transit time is 5 min.
References
Klopper, J. F., Hauser, W., Atkins, H. L., Eckelman, W. C. and Richards, P. (1972). Evaluation of ggmT~-DTPA for the
measurement of glomerular filtration rate. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 107-l 10.
McAfee, J. G., Gagne, G., Atkins, H. L., Kirchner, P. T., Reba, R. C., Blaufox, M. D. and Smith, E. M. (1979).
Biological distribution and excretion of D’FPA labelled with Tc-PPm and In-I Il. J. Nucl. Med. 20, 1273-1278.
G’Reilly, P. H., Shields, R. A. and Testa, H. J. (1979). Nuclear Medicine in Urology and Nephrology. Butterworths,
London.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &/A,

contents)
7d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 4.4 min
contents)
7d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 6.3 min
187
43
DTPA
Tc-DTPA
ggmTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
per Unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 1.4E-03 1.8B-03 2.7B-03 4.2E-03 7.0B-03

* Bladder wall 6.5%02 8.1E-02 1.2B-01 1.7B-01 3.2B-01
Bone surfaces 1. ?B-03 2.1B-03 3.1&03 4.6B-03 0.5E-03
Breast 9.4B-04 9.43-04 1,4B-03 2.23-03 4.3E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.3E-03 1.7B-03 2.8B-03 4.1E-03 7.5E-03
* Small intest 2.6B-03 3.1B-03 5.OE-03 7.5E-03 1.3B-02
* ULI wall 2.2B-03 2.9B-03 4.4B-03 7.1B-03 1.2B-02
* LLI wall 4.2B-03 5.4E-03 8.2B-03 l. lB-02 1.9E-02
* Kidneys 4.4B-03 5.4B-03 7.7E-03 l.lB-02 2.OB-02
Liver 1.3B-03 1.6%03 2.5E-03 3.93-03 7.OB-03
Lungs l.OB-03 1.3B-03 2.OB-03 3.1E-03 5.7E-03
Ovaries 4.3B-03 5.3B-03 7.0B-03 l. lE-02 1.8B-02
Pancreas 1.5E-03 l . EE-03 2.9E-03 4.5E-03 8.1B-03
Red marrow 2.5B-03 3.OB-03 4.2B-03 5.7B-03 8.7B-03
Spleen 1.4B-03 1.7B-03 2.5B-03 4 .OB-03 7.23-43
Testes 2.83-03 4.1B-03 6.8B-03 l . OE-02 1.9E-02
Thyroid 7.9B-04 1.3E-03 2.lB-03 3.43-03 6.1E-03
Uterus 7.9B-03 9.6B-03 1.5B-02 2.1E-02 3.5B-02
Other tissue 1.7B-03 2.OE-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 8.3B-03
Effective
dose equivalent 6.3E-03 7.8B-03 1.1%02 1.7E-02 3.OB-02
Wv/lles)
Adrenals 4.1B-03 5.1B-03 7.8B-03 1.2B-02 2.1B-02

* Bladder wall 2.2B-02 2.7B-02 4.OE-02 5.8B-02 l. lB-01
Bone surfaces 4.4B-03 5.3E-03 7.9B-03 1.2B-02 2.1E-02
Breast 3.OE-03 3.OE-03 4.3E-03 6.9E-03 1.3B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.8&03 5.OE-03 7.9B-03 l.lE-02 2 .OE-02
* Small intest 4.7B-03 5.6B-03 E .bE-03 1.3B-02 2.3B-02
* ULI wall 4.4E-03 5.68-03 8.1E-03 1.3B-02 2.2B-02
* LLI wall 4.7&03 6.2E-03 9.6E-03 1.4B-02 2.5E-02
* Kidneys 7.9E-03 9.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 3.4B-02

Liver 3.83-03 4.6B-03 7.1E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
Lungs 3.3E-03 4.2E-03 6.2E-03 9. SE-03 1.7E-02
Ovaries 4.9E-03 6.3B-03 9.4E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02
Pancreas 4.3&03 5.4E-03 8.1E-03 l.ZE-02 2.2E-02
Red marrow 5.2E-03 6.3B-03 9.OB-03 1.3E-02 2.26-02

Soleen 4.0&03 4.8E-03 7.2B-03 l. lE-02 2.OB-02
Testes 3 *3B-03 4.5B-03 6.9B-03 l. lB-02 2.OE-02
Thyroid 2.5E-03 4.3E-03 6.8B-03 l. lE-02 1.9B-02
Uterus 6.3B-03 7. SE-03 l.lB-02 1.7E-02 2.9B-02
Other tissue 3.3E-03 4.OB-03 6.1E-03 9.4E-03 1.7B-02
Bffective
(mSv/m)
188
43
DTPA
TECHNETIUM-DTPA (INTItk’rECAL ADMINISTRATION)
Biokinetic Model
The model has been defined in Appendix Section A.lO. Two sites of intrathecal
for intravenously administered Tc-DTPA.
Reference
Som, P., Hosain, F., Wagner, H. N. Jr and SchelTel,U. (1972). Cistemography with chelated complex of 99mTc.J. Nucl.
Med. 13,551-553.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S)

(C) Brain cisterns 0.25 19.2 min
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 7.07 hr
(2) Cistemal injection
(A & B) Cisterna terminalis and spinal 0.5 49.4 min
cord space
Kidneys 1.0 40s
.JbICRP 10:1-4-G'
189
43
DTPA
Tc-DTPA (Intrathecal administration)

Lumbar injection
Absorbeddose
par unit activity
99mTc 6.02 hours Organ administered(mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals l.lE-02
* Bladderwall 1.7E-02
Brain 3.23-03
Breast 6.5E-04
GI-tract
Stomachwall 4.2E-03
ULI wall 6.23-03
LLI wall 2.63-03
* Kidneys 1.7E-02
Liver 3.8B-03
Lungs 2.43-03
Ovaries 4.8E-03
* Pancreas 9.3E-03
* Spinal cord 4.61-02
Red marrow 2.93-02
Spleen 4.63-03
Testes 8.93-04
Thyroid 1.3E-03
Uterus 4.53-03
Other tissue 2.53-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.1%02
Wv/tW)
Cisternalinjection
Organ
* Adrenals 1.8E-03
* Bladderwall l.OE-02
* Brain 5.53-02
Breast 5.43-04
GI-tract
Stomachwall 7.63-04
ULI wall ?.lE-04
LLI wall 7.53-04
* Kidneys 1.9E-03
Liver 6.OE-04
Lungs 8.63-04
Ovaries 8.93-04
Pancreas 1.2E-03
Red marrow 8.53-03
Spleen 6.63-04
Testes 4.43-04
Thyroid 3.OE-03
Uterus 1.4E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6R-03
(mSv/HBq)
190
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Tc
43
Plasmin
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED PLASMIN
ggmT~
Biokinetic Model
Plasmin is a fibrinolytic enzyme, which on intravenous administration forms a stable complex
with qantiplasmin. Part of the complex is rapidly taken up in the liver and spleen. In patients
with venous thrombosis, circulating complex may be bound to the thrombus, thereby enabling
its demonstration.
On the basis of reports by Khan et al. (1981) and Persson et al. (1981) it is assumed that 25%
and 10% are taken up in liver and spleen, respectively, while 30% remains circulating in blood
and 35% is uniformly distributed in remaining tissues. The biological half-life is long compared
to the physical half-life of the label, and can be assumed to be 7 d.
References
Khan, O., Ell, P. J., Cullum, I. D., Jar&t, P. H. and Williams, E. S. (1981). Clinical and pharmacological studies with
99mTc-plasmin. In: Progress in Radiopharmacology, Vol. 2, pp. 157-171. (Cox, P. H. ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Persson, B., Olsson, C. G., Darte, L., Strand, S. E., Bergqvist, L. and Stahlberg, F. (1981). Preparation and testing of
99Tc’“-labelled plasmin for thrombus detection. In: Progress in Radiophamtacology, Vol. 2, pp. 147-156. (Cox, P. H.
ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a -&IA,
Blood 0.30 7d 1.0 2.51 hr

Liver 0.25 Id 1.0 2.10 hr
Spleen 0.10 7d 1.0 50.3 min
Remaining tissues 0.35 7d 1.0 2.93 hr
191
43
Plasmin
Tc-LABELLED PLASMIN
gg% 6.02 hours
Absorbed doae
per unit activity administered (mGy/KBq)
Organ
Adrenals 8.4E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 4.2E-02

Bladder wall 3.1E-03 4.43-03 6.4E-03 9.6E-03 1.8E-02
Bone surfaces 5. ?E-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.9E-02
Breast 3.7E-03 3.7E-03 6.OE-03 9.4E-03 1.7E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.63-03 a. 3E-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02
Small intest 4.6&03 5.6E-03 9.OE-03 1.4E-02 2.x-02
ULI wall 5.OE-03 6.3E-03 9.93-03 1.6E-02 2.7E-02
LLI wall 3.3E-03 4.4E-03 7.OE-03 l .OE-02 2.OE-02
* Heart l. lE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 4.8E-02
* Kidneys 8.6E-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02
* Liver 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 5.23-02 7.5E-02 1.3E-01
Lungs a*OE-03 l .OE-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.4E-02
Ovaries 3.5E-03 4.6E-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02
* Pancreas l. lE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2. aB-02 4.6E-02
Red marrow 5.9E-03 7.4E-03 l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.6E-02
* Spleen 7.8E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01
Testes 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 4.3E-03 6.83-03 1.3E-02
Thyroid 2.9E-03 4.4E-03 7.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.23-02
Uterus 3. aB-03 4.5E-03 7.2E-03 1.1%02 2.OE-02
Other tissue 3.5&03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.6E-03 1.8E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l . lB-02 1.5E-02 2.2%02 3.4g-02 6.Og-02
(=Sv/llBq)
192
43
Glucoheptonate
TECHNETIUM-GLUCONATE, GLUCOHEI’TONATE
99mT~
Biokinetic Model
After intravenous injection these substances are rapidly distributed in the extracellular space,
from which they are cleared by the kidneys. Some of the cleared material is retained for a long
time in the kidneys and the rest is cleared by glomerular filtration.
The total body retention can be described by a three-exponential function with the following
half-times: 20 min (0.35), 2.4 hr (0.30), 3.7 d (0.35).
In the kidneys, a fraction of 0.15 is taken up with a half-time of 45 min and retained with a
half-life of 24 hr. Material filtered by the kidneys is assumed to behave according to the
kidney-bladder model for GFR substances.
References
Arnold, R. W., Subramanian, G., McAfee, J. G., Blair, R. J. and Thomas, F. D. (1975). Comparison of 99Tc” complexes
for renal imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 357-367.
Boyd, R. E., Robson, J., Hunt, F. C., Sorby, P. J., Murray. I. P. C. and McKay, W. J. (1973). 99Tcmgluconatecomplexes
for renal scintigraphy. Br. J. Rudiol. 46, 604612.
Biokinetic Data
Total body (excluding GI and bladder contents) 1.0 20 min 0.35 3.74 hr
2.4 hr 0.30
3.7 d 0.35
Kidneys 0.15 45 min -1.0 58.2 min
24 hr 1.0
193
43
Glucoheptonate
Tc-GLUCONATE, GLUCOHEPTONATE
6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mCy/MBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 4.6B-03 5.5E-03 8.4E-03 1.2B-02 2.2E-02

* Bladder wall 5.63-02 6.9E-02 l.OE-01 1,5E-01 2.7E-01
Bone surfaces 2. LE-03 3.1E-03 4.78-03 7.OE-03 1.3E-02
Breast 1.48-03 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 3.4B-03 6.5E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.7B-03 3.2E-03 5.2E-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02
Small intest 3.7E-03 4.5E-03 7 .OE-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02
ULI wall 3.3E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 l . OE-02 1.6E-02
* LLI wall 4.41-03 5.8E-03 8. EE-03 1.2&-02 2.1E-02
* Kidneys 4.9E-02 5.9E-02 8.2E-02 1*2E-01 2.x-01
Liver 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 5.0%03 7.5E-03 l . JE-02
Lungs 1.78-03 2.2E-03 3.3E-03 5. HI-03 9.3g-03
Ovaries 4.6E-03 5. EE-03 8.63-03 1.3B-02 2.1E-02
Pancreas 3.6E-03 4.4E-03 6.78-03 9.8E-03 1.7E-02
Red marrow 3.9E-03 4.7E-03 6.5E-03 8. EE-03 1.3E-02
* Spleen 3.93-03 4.93-03 7.4B-03 l . lE-02 1. EE-02
Testes 2.93-03 4.1E-03 6. EB-03 1.13-02 1.9E-02
Thyroid l * lE-03 1.9E-03 3.0e-03 4.9E-03 E.EB-03
Uterus 7 .?E-03 9.43-03 1.5%02 2.1E-02 3.5E-02
Other tissue 2.3E-03 2. EE-03 4.23-03 6.4E-03 l . lE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 9.0%03 l . lg_02 1.6&02 2.48-02 4.2&02
(=Sv/llBq)
194
43
Penicillamine
TECHNETIUM-PENICILLAMINE
99mT~
Biokinetic Model
The in uiuo distribution of this substance depends on the method of preparation. When
produced as a renotrophic agent, it appears to have biokinetic properties similar to those of
99mTc-DMSA, although studies on animals suggest somewhat smaller uptakes in kidneys and
liver. Studies on dogs indicate that 97% of the administered activity becomes bound to plasma
proteins and only a very small quantity is excreted in urine.
Following intravenous administration of this radiopharmaceutical, it is assumed that
fractions of 0.4 and 0.08, respectively, are taken up by the renal cortex and liver with an uptake
half-time of 1 hr, the remainder of the activity being distributed uniformly throughout all other
organs and tissues. The half-life for elimination from the total body, and individual organs and
tissues, is taken to be 3 d.
References
Hagan, P. L., Chauncey, D. M., Halpern, S. E. and Ayres, P. R. (1977). 99Tcm-thiomalic acid complex: A nonstannous
chelate for renal scanning. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 353-359.
Halpern, S., Tubis, M., Endow, I., Walsh, C., Kunsa, J. and Zwicker, B. (1972). 99Tcm-Penicillamine-Acetazolamide
complex, a new renal scanning agent. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 45-50.
Halpem, S. E., Tubis, M., Golden, M., Kunsa, J., Endow, J. and Walsh, C. (1972). 99mTcPAC, a new renal scanning
agent. II. Evaluation in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 723-728.
Taylor, A., Davis, G., Halpern, S. and Ashbum, W. (1977). 99mTechnetium Penicillamine, a renal cortical scanning
agent. J. Urol.117,418420.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Pa T a &IA,
Total body 1.0 3d 1.0 8.0 hr

Kidneys (cortex) 0.4 1 hr -1.0 2.7 hr
3d 1.0
Liver 0.08 1 hr -1.0 32 min
3d 1.0
195
43
Penicillamine
Tc-PENICILLAMINE
99% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered fmGy/MBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 1.2E-02 1.4B-02 2.1B-02 3.1E-02 5.3B-02

Bladder wall 3.2B-03 4.6E-03 6.5E-03 9.6B-03 1. BE-02
Bone surfaces h . XI-03 5.5E-03 E. lB-03 1.2B-02 2.3E-02
Breast 2.7E-03 2.7B-03 4.2B-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.7B-03 6.93-03 l. lB-02 1.5E-02 2.4B-02
Small intest 5.6E-03 6.83-03 l.lB-02 1.6B-02 2.7B-02
ULI wall 5.6E-03 6.9B-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02
LLI wall 3.5E-03 4.7B-03 7.5B-03 l. lB-02 2.OB-02
* Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.7B-01 2.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.9E-01
* Liver l. lE-02 1.3B-02 2*OB-02 2. EE-02 4.7B-02
Lungs 3.5E-03 4.6B-03 6.83-03 l .OB-02 1.9E-02
Ovaries 4.OE-03 5.0&03 7.9%03 1.2B-02 2.2B-02
* Pancreas 8.63-03 l. lB-02 1.6E-02 2.3B-02 3.7B-02
Red marrow 6. EE-03 E. lB-03 l.lB-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02
* Spleen 9. U-03 1.2B-02 1. EE-02 2.6B-02 4.1B-02
Testes 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 4.3B-03 6.9&03 1.3B-02
Thyroid 2.0%03 3.3B-03 5.4B-03 8.7B-03 1.6E-02
Uterus 4.2B-03 4.9B-03 7.7B-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02
Other tissue 3.5E-03 4.2&03 6.33-03 9.6E-03 1. BE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 1,3E-02 1.6E-02 2.3B-02 3.4B-02 5.9B-02
(=Sv/lras)
196
4:
Pertechnetate
PERTECHNETATE
99mTc
Biokinetic Model
The MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 8 (1976) presents two sets of biological parameters
based on a compartmental model and constructed using data from measurements on different
groups of subjects. The two groups are possibly related to different levels of physical activity
(resting and non-resting). For most organs and tissues the difference in absorbed dose per unit
administered activity between the two groups is small (less than a factor of two).
The following model is based on mean values for the parameters in the two MIRD groups.
Data published by Dayton et al. (1969) on renal clearance, by Beasley et al. (1966) on
distribution in humans, and by Andros et al. (1965) have also been used. All published studies
have demonstrated an early active uptake in the thyroid, salivary glands and stomach, and a
delayed uptake in the colon. The remaining fraction of administered activity is assumed to be
uniformly distributed throughout all other organs and tissues (except brain). Elimination is by
way of the kidneys and intestines.
Pretreatment with blocking agents such as perchlorate or iodide inhibits active uptake and
diminishes whole-body retention (Coffey et al., 1984). The model for this case, therefore,
assumes uniform distribution and a higher rate of renal excretion than in the standard model set
out above.
For oral administration, the fractional absorption is taken to be 0.8 (ICRP, 1980).
References
Andros, G., Harper, P. V., Lathrop, K. A. and McCardle, R. J. (1965). Pertechnetate-99m localisation in man with
application to thyroid scanning and the study of thyroid physiology. J. Clin. Erufocrinof. 25, 1067-1076.
Beasley, T. M., Palmer, H. E. and Nelp, W. B. (1966). Distribution and excretion oftechnetium in humans. Health Phys.
12, 1425-1435.
Coffey, J. L., Hayes, R. L., Rafter, J. J., Watson, E. E. and Carlton, J. E. (1984). Radiation dosimetry and chemical
toxicity considerations for 9QTc.Health Phys. 46,418-422,
Dayton, D. A., Maher, F. T. and Elveback, L. R. (1969). Renal clearance of technetium (gQmTc)as pertechnetate. Mayo
Clin. Proc. 44, 549-551.
ICRP (1980). Limits for &takes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 8 (1976). Summary of current radiation dose estimates to normal humans from
99mTcas sodium pertechnetate. J. Nucl. Med. 17, 7477.
197
43
Pcrtechnctate
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a AsI&
Intravenous administration
(1) No blocking agent given
Thyroid 0.02 1 hr 0.85 2.23 min
10 hr 0.15
Salivary glands 0.03 1 hr 0.85 3.35 min
10 hr 0.15
Stomach wall 0.20 1 hr 1.0 14.9 min
Stomach contents 0.20 9.24 min
SI contents 0.20 25.3 min
ULI wall 0.15 3 hr -1.0 32.6 min
10hr 1.0
ULI contents 0.35 44.6 min
LLI contents 0.35 21.8 min
Remaining tissues 0.75 3 hr 0.20 4.32 hr
4.5 hr 0.24
45 hr 0.56
(2) Blocking agent given
45 hr 0.40
Bladder 1.0 40.8 min
Oral administration, no blocking agent given (fr =O.S)

Thyroid 1.47 min
Salivary glands 2.20 min
Stomach wall 9.79 min
Stomach contents 59.9 min
SI contents 56.0 min
ULI wall 21.4 min
ULI contents 1.34 hr
LLI contents 23.1 min
Kidneys 1.31 min
Bladder contents 13.6 min
Remaining tissues 2.84 hr
198
43
Pertechnetate
PERTECHNETATE
99% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.6E-03 4.7E-03 7.1E-03 l . lE-02 1.9B-02

* Bladder wall 1.9&02 2.3E-02 3.4E-02 5.1%02 9.1E-02
Bone surfaces 3.9E-03 4 . ?E-03 6.9E-03 l . OB-02 1.9B-02
Breast 2.3E-03 2.3E-03 3.53-03 5.7E-03 1.1%02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 2.9E-02 3.6&02 5.OE-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01
* Small intest 1.8E-02 Z. ZE-02 3.4E-02 5.2E-02 9.OE-02
* ULI wall 6.2E-02 7.7E-02 1.3E-01 Z.lE-01 3.9E-01
* LLI wall Z.ZE-02 2.8E-02 4.6E-02 7.4E-02 1.4B-01
Kidneys 5.OE-03 6.0%03 8.7%03 1.3E-02 Z.lE-02
Liver 3.9E-03 4.83-03 8.OE-03 1.3B-02 2.2%02
Lungs 2. ?E-03 3.43-03 5.lE-03 7.9E-03 1.4B-02
Ovaries l .OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 4.5E-02
Pancreas 5.9E-03 7.2E-03 l . lE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02
Salivary glands 9.3E-03 l . ZE-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02
Red marrow 6.1E-03 7. IE-03 9.8E-03 1.3E-02 Z .OE-02
Spleen 4.4E-03 5.3E-03 7.9E-03 l. ZE-02 Z.lE-02
Testes 2.78-03 3.7B-03 5.9E-03 9.3E-03 1.7E-02
Thyroid 2.38-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 l.ZE-01 2.3E-01
uterus 8.1E-03 l.OE-02 1.6&02 2,4E-02 4.OE-02
Other tissue 3.4E-03 4.OE-03 6.OE-03 9.3E-03 1.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.3B-02 1.6B-02 2.5E-02 4.OE-02 7.3B-02
(mSv/nBq)
Blocking agent given
Organ
Adrenals 3.3E-03 4.1B-03 6.3E-03 9.5E-03 1.7E-02

* Bladder wall 3.23-02 3.9B-02 5.7E-02 8.43-02 1.5E-01
Bone surfaces 3.8B-03 4.5B-03 6.7E-03 l . OE-02 1.8E-02
Breast 2.5E-03 2.5&03 3.6E-03 5.7E-03 l. lE-02
GI-t&t
Stomach vall 3.2E-03 4.1E-03 6.6E-03 9.3E-03 1.7%02
* Small intest 4. M-03 4.9E-03 7.61-03 l. lE-02 Z.OE-02
* ULI wall 3.83-03 4.9E-03 7.1E-03 l.lE-02 1.9E-02
* LLI wall 4.5E-03 5.93-03 9.2E-03 1.3%02 2.3E-02
* Kidneys 4.7B-03 5.7E-03 8.2E-03 l.ZE-02 Z. lE-02
Liver 3.1B-03 3.83-03 5.93-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02
Lungs 2. BE-03 3.5E-03 5.21-03 7.9E-03 1.4E-02
Ovaries 4.7E-03 6.OB-03 8.9E-03 1.3B-02 2.3E-02
Pancreas 3.5B-03 4.4E-03 6.7E-03 l . OB-02 1.8E-02
Red marrow 4.5B-03 5.4E-03 7.8E-03 l . lB-02 1.8E-02
Spleen 3.2B-03 3.9B-03 5.9E-03 9.OB-03 1.6E-02
Testes 3.2B-03 4.4E-03 6.8B-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
Thyroid Z.lE-03 3.53-03 5.7B-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02
Uterus 6.63-03 7.98-03 l. ZB-02 1.8E-02 3.OB-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 5.38-03 6.6B-03 9.8B-03 1.5E-02 2.6B-02
(mSv/lI8q)
199
43
Pertechnetate
PERTECHNETATE
Oral administration,
no blockingagent given
6.02 hours
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/HBq)
Organ
Adrenals 3.4E-03 4.7E-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02

* Bladderwall 1.4B-02 l.?B-02 2.53-02 3.00-02 6,7E-02
Bone surfaces 3.3E-03 4.OE-03 5.9E-03 0.0E-03 1.7E-02
Breast 1.0E-03 l.BE-03 2.0E-03 4.0E-03 0.9E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall S.OE-02 6.1E-02 0.43-02 1.4E-01 2.60-01
* Small fntest 3.OE-02 3.7B-02 5.93-02 9.1B-02 1.6B-01
* ULI wall 7.4E-02 9.1E-02 l.SB-01 2.4E-01 4.5E-01
* LLI wall 2.4E-02 3.OE-02 5.OE-02 7.9E-02 1.50-01
Kidneys 5.4E-03 6.43-03 9.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02
Liver 4.0%03 4.93-03 0.5E-03 1.40-02 2.43-02
Lungs 2.2E-03 2.BE-03 4.3E-03 6.7E-03 1.2E-02
Ovaries 1.2E-02 1.x-02 2.2E-02 3.3B-02 5.3E-02
Pancreas 9.2E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 3.6B-02
Salivaryglands 6.13-03 7.9E-02 1.1%02 l . bE-02 2.63-02
Bed marrow 6.2E-03 7.23-03 9.73-03 1,3E-02 1.0E-02
Spleen 6.OE-03 7.OE-03 l.OB-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02
Testes 1.9E-03 2.7B-03 4.5E-03 7.3B-03 1.4E-02
Thyroid 1.5B-02 2.4B-02 3.7E-02 0.OE-02 1.5E-01
Uterus 0.7E-03 l.lE-02 1.0E-02 2.7E-02 4.40-02
Other tissue 3.23-03 3.83-03 5.73-03 0.70-03 1. SE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.50-02 1.9E-02 2.90-02 4.61-02 0.4E-02
(mSv/naq)
200
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTSFROM RADIOPHARMACEUTlCALS TC
43
IDA
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED IMINODIACETIC ACID (IDA)

DERIVATIVES
QQmTc
Biokinetic Model
Radiopharmaceuticals belonging to this group are predominantly taken up in the liver and
excreted, via the biliary tract, to the intestine. A minor fraction is excreted by the kidneys. The
individual compounds are based on N-substitution of iminodiacetic acid and are named
according to type of substitute, e.g. BIDA, DISIDA (disofenin) EIDA, HIDA, PBIDA,
PIPIDA and mebrofenin.
The dosimetry model has been presented in Appendix Section A.9. Calculations are
performed for the normal case, and for three pathological conditions, namely parenchymal liver
disease, cholecystitis with occlusion of the cystic duct, and occlusion of the common bile duct. A
special case of the latter condition is congenital biliary atresia, for which reason calculations
have been done also for newborns. The assumed magnitude and rate of the different flows in the
model are evident from the F, and T values in the Biokinetic Data table. The final excretion from
the body follows the models for the gastrointestinal tract (Appendix Section A.3) and for
kidney-bladder (Appendix Section AS). In the atresia case it is assumed that activity initially
taken up in the liver is slowly (T1,2 = 8 d) transported back to blood for excretion by the kidneys.
Biokinetic Data
(1) Normal hepato-biliary conditions

Blood 1.0 6 min 1.0 8.52 min
Liver 0.85 6 min -1.0 48.2 min
45 min 1.0
Gallbladder 0.30 46.0 min
GI-tract contents
SI 0.85 1.79 hr
ULI 0.85 2.34 hr
LLI 0.85 1.14 hr
Kidneys 0.15 44s
(2) Parenchymal liver disease
Blood 1.0 20 min 1.0 27.4 min
Liver 0.35 20 min - 1.0 43.1 min
2 hr 1.0
Gallbladder 0.10 13.4 min
GI-tract contents
SI 0.35 36.7 min
ULI 0.35 47.8 min
LLI 0.35 23.3 min
continued
201
43
IDA
Biokinetic Data (continued)
Organ (S) Fs T a &l&l
(3) Occlusion of the cystic duct

Blood 1.0 10 min 1.0 14.0 mm
Liver 0.7 10 min -1.0 39.3 min
45 min 1.0
Gallbladder 0.0 -
GI-tract contents
SI 0.7 1.66 hr
ULI 0.7 2.16 hr
LLI 0.7 1.06 hr
Kidneys 0.3 1.45 mm
Bladder content 0.3 47.6 min
(4) Occlusion of the common bile duct
Blood E5 6min 1.0 8.52 min
Liver 6 min -1.0 7.04 hr
8d 1.0
Gallbladder 0 -
GI-tract contents
SI 0 -
ULI 0 -
LLI 0 -
Kidneys 1.0 52 s
202
43
IDA
Tc-LABELLED IMINODIACETIC ACID

(IDA) DERIVATIVES
99% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ

* Bladder wall 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 4.2E-02 6.3E-02 l. lE-01
Bone surfaces 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 4.71-03 7.1E-03 1.4E-02
Breast 6.1E-04 6.4E-04 1.3E-03 2. SE-03 4.83-03
* Gall bl wall l.lE-01 l .ZE-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01 9.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.1E-03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02 Z. lE-02 3.4E-02
* Small intest 5.2E-02 6.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.9E-01
* ULI wall 9.2E-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.5E-01
* LLI wall 6.2E-02 7.7E-02 1.3E-01 Z. lE-01 3.9E-01
Kidneys 6.3E-03 7.4E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02
Liver 1.5E-02 1.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.OE-02 7.2E-02
Lungs 1. H-03 1.6E-03 2.5E-03 4.OE-03 7.5E-03
Ovaries Z.OE-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 5.2E-02 8.4E-02
Pancreas 5,7E-03 7.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.2%02 3.4E-02
Red marrow 7 .OE-03 8.OE-03 l .OE-02 1.3E-02 1.5E-02
Spleen 2.6E-03 3.4E-03 5.9E-03 9.6E-03 1.6E-02
Testes 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 4.2E-03 7 .OE-03 1.3E-02
Thyroid l.ZE-04 1.8E-04 3,7E-04 7.3E-04 1.7E-03
Uterus 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2,7E-02 4.OE-02 6.5E-02
Other tissue 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.3E-03 8.OE-03 1.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.4E-02 2.9E-02 4.4E-02 7 .OE-02 1.5E-01
(nSv/lras)
Parenchymal liver diseese
Adrenals Z. lE-03 3.OE-03 4.6E-03 6.7E-03 l. lE-02

* Bladder wall 6.93-02 8.5E-02 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
Bone surfaces 1.7E-03 Z. lE-03 3 .OE-03 4.6E-03 8.7E-03
Breast 5.6E-04 5.7E-04 l.OE-03 1.8E-03 3.53-03
* Gall bl wall ‘3.5E-02 4.OE-02 5.3E-02 9.2E-02 3.OE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 5.83-03 9.4E-03 1.6E-02
* Small intest 1.9E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 6.OE-02 l.lE-01
* ULI wall 3.3E-02 4.OE-02 6.61-02 l .OE-01 1.9E-01
* LLI wall 2.4E-02 3.OE-02 5.OE-02 7.9E-02 1.5E-01
Kidneys 6.6E-03 7.9E-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02
Liver l .OE-02 1.3E-02 Z.OE-02 2.8E-02 5.OE-CIZ
Lungs 9.2E-04 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 5.4E-Cl3
Ovaries 9.9F-03 1.2E-112 1.8E-0: 2.6E-02 4.2E-02
Pancreas 2.8E-03 3.8E-03 6.6E-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02
Spleen 1,5E-03 1.9E-03 3.2E-03 5.2E-03 9 .OE-03
Testes 2.5E-03 3.8E-03 6.7E-03 l. lE-02 Z .OE-02
Thyroid 2.3E-04 3.7E-04 6.4E-04 l. lE-03 Z. ZE-03
Uterus l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.2&02 3.1E-02 5.1E-02
Other tissue Z. lE-03 2.5E-03 3.6E-03 5.5E-03 9.5E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.3%02 1.6E-02 2.4B-02 3.7E-02 7.5B-02
(=Sv/nes)
203
Tc BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
43
IDA
Tc-LABELLED IMINODIACETIC ACID

(IDA) DERIVATIVES
Occlusion of the cystic duct
99% 6.02 hours

Absorbed dose
par unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 2.2B-03 3.3E-03 5.2g-03 ?.9E-03 1.3E-02

* Bladder wall 3.9B-02 4.03-02 7 .OB-02 1 .OE-01 1.9E-01
Bone surfaces 2.3E-03 2.03-03 4.1E-03 6.1B-03 1.2E-02
Breast !i. lE-04 5.1e-04 9.9B-04 1.9E-03 3. ?E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.0%03 6.2E-03 9.3e-03 1.5E-02 2.53-02
* Small intest 4. ?B-02 5.9B-02 9.6B-02 1.5E-01 2.6B-01
* ULI wall 8.4B-02 l .OB-01 1. ?E-01 2.?E-01 s.oe-01
* LLI wall 5.8E-02 7.2B-02 1.2E-01 1.9%01 3. ?B-01
Kidneys 5.5B-03 6.53-03 9. ?E-03 1.4B-02 2.3B-02
* Liver l . OE-02 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.OB-02 5.43-02
Lungs 0.6%04 1.5E-03 1.9E-03 3.1%03 5.8B-03
Ovaries 1.9%02 2.3E-02 3.4E-02 4.9E-02 ?.9B-02
Pancreas 3.5&-03 4. ?B-03 ?.6B-03 1.2E-02 2.1e-02
Red marrow 6.63-03 ?.5B-03 9.83-03 1.2%02 1.4E-02
Spleen 2.2E-03 2.?E-03 4.63-03 ?.4E-03 1.3E-02
Testes 1.9B-03 3.OB-03 5.4E-03 0.6E-03 1.6B-02
Thyroid 1.5E-04 2.23-04 4.2E-04 7 .?E-04 1, ?E-03
Uterus 1.3B-02 l.?B-02 2. ?B-02 4.OE-02 6.68-02
Other tissue 2.78-03 3.33-03 4.0E-03 ?.3E-03 1.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1. BE-02 2,2B-02 3.5E-02 5.48-02 9.8B-02
@Sv/l(Bq)
Occlusion of the common bile duct
* Adrenals B.BB-03 1.3E-02 1.9B-02 2.4B-02 3.6E-02

* Bladder wall 2.OB-02 2.4B-02 3.6E-02 5.6B-02 l.oe-01
Bone surfaces 2.4e-03 3.0x&03 4.216-03 6.5E-03 1.3E-02
Breast 2.33-03 2.3E-03 4.OE-03 6.4B-03 1.2E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.73-03 5.6E-03 l.OE-02 1, ?B-02 3.OE-02
Small intest 3.63-03 4.4E-03 a. 3~03 1.4B-02 2.4B-02
ULI wall 5.23-03 6.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 3.5B-02
LLI wall 1.5e-03 1. BE-03 3.3E-03 5. ?E-03 l .OE-02
* Kidneys 0.4E-03 9.9E-03 1.5E-02 2.1E-02 3.1E-02
* Liver 0.51-02 l. lB-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 3.9e-01
Lungs 4.93-03 6.8E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2,2E-02
Ovaries 1.9E-03 2.6E-03 4. ?E-03 7.8E-03 1,4E-02
* Pancreas 8.3E-03 1.3B-02 2.OE-02 3.OB-02 4.9E-02
Red marrow 3.5B-03 4.9E-03 6.6E-03 a. 513-03 1.2E-02
Spleen 1.9E-03 2.9E-03 5.2B-03 8.5E-03 1.4E-02
Testes 7.63-04 l. lE-03 1.9E-03 3.3E-03 6.53-03
Thyroid 3.4E-04 4.6B-04 9.1e-04 1.0E-03 3.5E-03
Uterus 2.83-03 3.?B-03 6.63-03 l. lE-02 1.9B-02
Other tissue 2.3E-03 2. BE-03 4.OE-03 6.OE-03 l . lB-02
Effective
dose equivalent 9.6B-03 1.2E-02 1.8B-02 2.6B02 4.6B-02
(=Sv/ml)
204
43
IDA
Tc-LABELLED IMINODIACETIC
DERIVATIVES
Newborns. Congenital biliary atresia
99mTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
par unit activity
Adrenals 3.3E-02
* Bladder wall 2.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3,6E-02
Small intest 7.OE-02
* ULI wall 1.2EtOl
LLI wall 2.3E-02
* Kidneys 1.5E-01
* Liver 9.OE-01
Lungs 4.4E-02
Ovaries 4.5E-02
Pancreas 5.7E-02
Red marrow 4 .?E-02
Spleen 1.9E-02
Testes 3.5E-02
Thyroid 1.2E-02
Uterus 3.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 8.5B-01
(mSv/nBq)
205
43
Fibrinogen
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED FIBRINOGEN
g9mT~
Biokinetic Model
The model for Tc-labelled fibrinogen is the same as that used for iodine-labelled fibrinogen
(see p. 381).
Reference
Jonckheer, M. H., Vandenbrock, M. and van den Brande, P. (1981). The biological behaviour of technetium labelled
fibrinogen with reference to thrombus localisation. In: Progress in Radiopharmacology, Vol. 2, pp. 127-136. (Cox,
P. H. ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Biokinetic Data

Total body 1.0 4d 1.0 8.17 hr
Blood 1.0 8 hr 0.25 7.37 hr
4d 0.75
207
43
Fibrinogen
Tc-LABELLED FIBRINOGEN
ggmTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 8.51-03 l. lE-02 1.7B-02 2.6E-02 4. EB-02

Bladder wall 3.7E-03 5.43-03 7.5E-03 l. lE-02 Z . OB-02
Bone surfaces 9.OE-03 1.3%02 2.2E-02 3.7E-02 7.5E-02
Breast 4.4E-03 4.6E-03 7.3E-03 l.lE-02 Z.OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.9E-03 6.3E-03 9.7B-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02
Small intest 4.53-03 5.5E-03 8.2B-03 l .ZB-02 2.23-02
IJLI wall 4.4E-03 5.63-03 E. lE-03 1.3E-02 Z.ZE-02
LLI wall 3.913-03 5.2E-03 8 .OE-03 l. lE-02 Z. lE-02
* Heart 2.23-02 2.7E-02 3.9E-02 5.9E-02 l.OE-01
* Kidneys 8.2E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 4.5B-02
* Liver 7.4B-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 Z. lE-02 3. EE-02
Lungs 1.4E-02 i. 7E-02 2.7E-02 4.3E-02 E. lE-02
Ovaries 4.1E-03 5.4E-03 7.9E-03 l.ZE-02 Z. lE-02
Pancreas 6.3E-03 7.6E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.OE-02
Red marrow 7.3E-03 8.9E-03 1.3E-02 Z.OE-02 3.5E-02
* Spleen 1,4E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.3E-02 E. lE-02
Testes 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 5.3B-03 E. lE-03 1.5E-02
Thyroid 4.9E-03 7.23-03 l.ZE-02 1.9&02 3,5E-02
Uterus 4.4E-03 5.3E-03 7.9E-03 l.ZE-02 Z. lE-02
Other tissue 3. BE-03 4.5E-03 6.6E-03 l .OE-02 1.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 8.18-03 9.9B-03 1.58-02 2.48-02 4.3B-02
(B8v/IW
208
43
RBC
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED ERYTHROCYTES
ggmTc
Biokinetic Model
Erythrocytes can be labelled with ggmTc in vitro, in vivo, or with a combined in vitro/in vivo
method (Callahan et al., 1982). Several studies have demonstrated some elution of technetium
from the circulating cells, with half-times of 40 and 80 hr after in vitro or in vivo labelling,
respectively. The exact mechanism of elution and the fate of the eluted technetium is not known,
but approximately 15% of the activity is excreted in the urine during the first day (Porter et al.,
1983).
In the model chosen, the activity is assumed to be distributed in the blood, being removed
with a half-time of 60 hr, by excretion via the kidneys. No specific uptake in any organ or tissue
is assumed. The model assumes 100% efficiency in labelling of the erythrocytes. In the case of
incomplete labelling, the separate contribution from free pertechnetate has to be taken into
account.
References
Callahan, R. J., Froelich, J. W., McKusick, K. A., Leppo, J. and Strauss, W. H. (1982). A modified method for the in uioo
labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m: Concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 23, 315-318.
Dahlstrom, J. A., Carlsson, S., Lilja, B., Mattsson, S. and Pettersson, C. (1979). Cardiac blood pool imaging-A clinical
comparison between red blood cells labeled with ggmTcin uivo and in vitro and 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin.
Nuk&7rredizin 18, 271-273.
Larson, S. M., Hamilton, G. W., Richards, P. and Ritchie, J. L. (1978). Kit-labeled technetium-99m red blood cells (Tc-
99m-RBC’s) for clinical cardiac chamber imaaina. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 3. 227-231.
Porter, W. C.,‘Dees, S. M., Freitas, J. E. and Dw&kr&, H. J. (1983). Acid-citrate-dextrose compared with heparin in the
preparation of in viva/in vitro technetium-99m red blood cells. J. Nucl. Med. 24,383387.
Ryo, U. Y. and Pinsky, S. M. (1976). Radionuclide angiography with 99m Technetium-RBC’s. In: Crit. Reu. Clin.
Radiol. Nucl. Med. 8, 107-128.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a A,/&
Blood 1.0 60 hr 1.0 7.89 hr

Kidneys 1.0 2.6 min
209
rc BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
43
RBC
Tc-LABELLEDERYTHROCYTES
99% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adult 15 year 10 year 5 .year 1 year
* Adrenals 6.7E-03 1. x-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 4.9R-02

* Bladder vail 9.2E-03 l . ZR-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 4.6E-02
Bone surfaces 9.2E-03 1.3E-02 2,3B-02 3.9E-02 7. BE-02
Breast 4.3E-03 4.5%03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.%B-03 6.1E-03 9,5E-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02
Small intest 4.4E-03 5.3E-03 8.1E-03 l .ZB-02 2.2%02
ULI wall 4.3E-03 5.5E-03 7.9E-03 1.3E-02 Z. lE-02
LLI wall 3.9E-03 5.3E-03 S.OB-03 l . lB-02 2.1E-02
* Heart 2.3%02 2.8E-02 4.1E-02 6.2E-02 l. lE-01
* Kidneys l . OR-02 l .ZE-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 5.58-02
Liver 7.53-03 8.8E-03 1,4E-02 Z. lB-02 3 *all-02
Lungs 1.4B-02 1. SE-02 2.9E-02 4.53-02 a. 58-02
Ovaries 4.23-03 5.4E-03 7.9E-03 l.ZE-02 2.18-02
Pancreas 6.2%03 ?.5E-03 l . lE-02 1.7E-02 2.93-02
Red marrav 7.3E-03 8.8E-03 1,3E-02 2.0&-02 3.5E-02
* Spleen 1.5E-02 1.0E-02 2. SE-02 4.4E-02 8.4B-02
Testes 2 .?E-03 3.7E-03 5.4E-03 8.3E-03 1.x-02
Thyroid 4.9E-03 7.1E-03 l.ZR-02 1.9E-02 3.5E-02
Uterus 4.7B-03 5.7E-03 0.53-03 1.3&02 2.2E-02
Other tissue 3.7E-03 4.4E-03 6.4E-03 9. BE-03 1. SE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 0.5%03 l . lB-02 1.6B-02 2.5&02 4.6%02
Wv/lrecl)
210
43
RBC denatured
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED DENATURED ERYTHROCYTES

““‘Tc
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for Cr-labelled denatured erythrocytes (see p. 113), with the
exception of the excretion half-time which, because of the short radioactive half-life, is taken as
infinite.
Reference
Atkins, H. L., Goldman, A. G., Fairchild, R. G., Oster, Z. H., Som, P., Richards, O., Meinken, G. E. and Srivastava,
S. C. (1980). Splenic sequestration of 99mTc-labeled, heat-treated red blood cells. Radiology 136, 501-503.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a ASIA,
Blood 1.00 0 0.90 17 min

3 hr 0.10
Spleen 0.75 a, 1.0 6.5 hr
Liver 0.15 1.0 1.3 hr
Remaining tissues 0.10 ?hr - 1.0 35 min
00 1.0
211
43
RBC denatured
Tc-LABELLED DENATURED
ERYTHROCYTES
ggnTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 1.3E-02 1.0%02 2.7B-02 3.8E-02 6.33-02

Bladder wall 7. SE-04 l. lE-03 2.1E-03 3.8E-03 7.3%03
Bone surfaces 3.1E-03 4.1E-03 6.1E-03 9. SE-03 1. W-02
Breast 2.1E-03 2.1E-03 4.lE-03 6,8E-03 l .OE-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 3.OE-02 4.OE-02 5. W-02
Small intest 3,7E-03 4.6%03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02
ULI wall 4 .OE-03 4.9E-03 8.5E-03 i.bE-02 2.3E-02
LLI wall 1.7E-03 2.3%03 4.3E-03 6.9E-03 1.3%02
Heart 6_OE-03 7.3%03 l . lE-02 1.6E-02 2.6&02
* Kidneys 1. BE-02 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 7.0%02
* Liver 1. BE-02 2.3%02 3.4E-O? 4.9E-02 0.7%02
Lungs 5.7E-03 7.5B-03 l. lE-02 1.7B-02 2. BE-02
Ovaries 1.4E-03 2.2E-03 3.9E-03 7.0%03 1.2%02
* Pancreas 3.6E-02 4.OE-02 5.7E-02 7. BE-02 1.2E-01
Red marrow 4.3E-03 6.OE-03 8.4B-03 l. lE-02 1.7%02
* Spleen 5.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.2E+OO 1. EEtOO 3.2E+OO
Testes 4.7E-04 5.9E-04 l. lE-03 1.7E-03 4. H-03
Thyroid 6.3E-04 l .OE-03 1. BE-03 3.2E-03 6.63-03
Uterus 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-03 5.9E-03 1.1%02
Effective
dose equivalent 4.13-02 5.6B-02 8.4%02 1.3E-01 2.2B-01
WV/W)
212
43
Phosphonates
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED PHOSPHATES AND PHOSPHONATES

““‘Tc
Biokinetic Model
This group of radiopharmaceuticals includes phosphates, such as pyrophosphate and
polyphosphate, and phosphonates such as methylene diphosphonate (MDP, medronate),
hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP, oxidronate), hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate
(HEDP), ethane-hydroxy diphosphonate (EHDP), dicarboxypropane diphosphonate (DPD),
imido diphosphate (IDP) and similar compounds used for bone imaging. The biokinetic
behaviour of these substances is sufficiently similar to justify the use of a common biokinetic
model.
The main uptake is in bone, with a further small uptake in kidneys, and the excretion is via the
renal system. On the basis of the references given below, it is assumed that a fraction of 0.5 of the
injected activity is taken up by bone with a half-time of 15 min, and retained there with half-
times of 2 hr (0.3) and 3 d (0.7). In children the uptake is predominantly in the metaphyseal
growth zones; this question is discussed in Section 4 of General Considerations. The kidney
uptake is set at 0.02 with a retention identical to that of the total body, having half-times (with
fractional retention) of 0.5 hr (0.3), 2 hr (0.3) and 3 d (0.4).
In pathological cases there may be higher uptake and/or longer retention in bone, especially
in kidney diseases. The 24 hr total body retention, which normally amounts to 30%, has been
reported as 40% in osteomalacia, 50% in primary hyperparathyroidism, 60% in Paget’s disease
and 90% in renal osteodystrophia (Fogelman et al., 1978). For absorbed dose calculations in
pathological cases an average bone uptake of 70% is assumed, with no excretion.
References
Ackerhalt, R. E., Blau, M., Bakshi, S. and Sondel, J. A. (1974). A comparative study of three 99mTc-labeled phosphorus
compounds and 18F-fluoride for skeletal imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 1153-l 157.
Fogelman, F., Bessent, R. G., Turner, J. G., Citrin, D. L., Boyle, I. T. and Greig, W. R. (1978). The use of whole body
retention of Tc99m diphosphonate in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. J. Nucl. Med. 19, 270-275.
Krishnamurthy, G. T., Huebotter, R. J., Walsh, C. F., Taylor, J. R., Kehr, M. D., Tubis, M. and Blahd, W. H. (1975).
Kinetics of 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate and polyphosphate in man. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 109115.
Makler, P. T. and Charkes, N. D. (1980). Studies of skeletal tracer kinetics IV. Optimum time delay for Tc-99m (Sn)
methylene diphosphonate bone imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 641-645.
Rudd, T. G., Allen, D. R. and Hartnett, D. E. (1977). Tc99m methylene diphosphonate versus Tc99m pyrophosphate:
Biologic and clinical comparison. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 872-876.
Subramanian, G., McAfee, J. G., Blair, R. J., Kallfelz, F. and Thomas, F. D. (1975). Technetium 99m methylene
diphosphate-A superior agent for skeletal imaging. Comparison with other technetium complexes. J. Nucl. Med. 16,
744755.
JAICRP 1s: 1-4-n

213
43
Phosphonates
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a &/A,
(1) Normal uptake and excretion

2 hr 0.3
3d 0.4
Bone 0.5 0.25 hr -1.0 3.01 hr
2 hr 0.3
3d
Kidneys 0.02 0.5 hr 8.: 7.5 min
2 hr 0:3
3d 0.4
(2) High bone uptake and/or severely impaired kidney function
Total body 1.0 1.0 8.69 hr
Bone 0.7 oq)25hr -1.0 5.84 hr
co 1.0
214
43
Phosphonates
Tc-LABELLED PHOSPHATES AND

99%c 6.02 hours
PHOSPHONATES
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 1.9B-03 2.7&03 3.9B-03 6.OE-03 l. lE-02

* Bladder wall 5 .OB-02 6.2E-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Bone surfaces 6.3E-02% 8.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 5.3B-01
Breast 0 .a~-04 8 *0E-04 1.4E-03 2.2B-03 4.2E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.2%03 1. SE-03 2. SE-03 3.7B-03 7 .OE-03
* Small intest 2.3B-03 2. BE-03 4.4E-03 6.6B-03 1.2B-02
* ULI wall 2.OB-03 2.5E-03 3.83-03 6.2B-03 l, lE-02
* LLI wall 3.03-03 4.7E-03 7.2B-03 l .OE-02 1.7E-02
* Kidneys 7.3E-03 8.9E-03 1.3%02 1. BE-02 3.3E-02
Liver 1.3B-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.8B-03 7.OE-03
Lungs 1.3B-03 1.6B-03 2.4E-03 3.6B-03 6.9B-03
Ovaries 3.5B-03 4.6B-03 6.6E-03 9.7E-03 1.6E-02
Pancreas 1.6E-03 2.0%03 3,OE-03 4.6B-03 8.5B-03
Red marrow 9.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.OB-02 3.03-02 7.5B-02
Spleen 1.4B-03 1.8B-03 2.83-03 4.3B-03 B . lE-03
Testes 2.4E-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 8.4B-03 1.6B-02
Thyroid l .OE-03 1.6B-03 2.2E-03 3.5B-03 5.6E-03
Uterus 6. HZ-03 7.6B-03 1.2B-02 1.7E-02 2.0E-02
Other tissue 1.9E-03 2 *3%03 3.3E-03 5.OE-03 8.9E-03
Effective
dose equivalent B . OE-03 l . OB-02 1.51-02 2.5B-02 5.OB-02
(=Bv/llBq)
High bone uptake and/or severely impaired kidney function
* Adrenals 3.5B-03 5,OE-03 7.2B-03 l . lE-02 2.1B-02

Bladder wall 2.5B-03 3.5B-03 5.4B-03 7.4E-03 l.SE-02
Bone surfaces 1.2E-01 1.6B-01 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1. OR+00
Breast 2.1&03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 9.63-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.6B-03 3.2E-03 5.1B-03 7.3&-03 1.4E-02
* Small intest 3.1E-03 3. BE-03 5.7E-03 8. SE-03 1.6E-02
ULI wall 2.9E-03 3.6E-03 5.3E-03 8.6E-03 1.5E-02
* LLI wall 3.4E-03 4.2E-03 6.53-03 9.63-03 1. EE-02
* Kidneys 3.OE-03 3.7B-03 5.6E-03 0.7E-03 1.6E-02
Liver 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 4.9E-03 7.5E-03 1.4E-02
Lungs 3.0&03 3.7E-03 5.3E-03 E.lE-03 1.5%02
Ovaries 2.9E-03 4.1E-03 5.9E-03 8.9E-03 1.6E-02
* Pancreas 3.2E-03 4.OE-03 5.9E-03 8.9E-03 1.6E-02
Red marrow 1.8E-02 2,3E-02 3.7E-02 7.2E-02 1.4E-01
Spleen 2.6E-03 3.4E-03 5.1E-03 7.0E-03 1,5E-02
Testes 2.3E-03 2.7E-03 3.9B-03 6.OE-03 l. lE-02
Thyroid 2.4E-03 3 *7B-03 5.4E-03 8.3E-03 1.4E-02
Uterus 2,9E-03 3.7E-03 5.4E-03 0.2E-03 1. SE-02
Other tissue 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.3B-03 0.1E-03 1.53-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 8.2B-03 l . lE-02 1.7B-02 Z.BB-02 6.18-02
(mBv/lras)
215
43
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED AEROSOLS
99mT~
Biokinetic Data
Inhalation of aerosols consisting of particles smaller than 2-3 pm in diameter in well-defined
respiratory breathing patterns results in a deposition mainly in the alveoli, with only minimal
deposition in bronchi and upper airways (Taplin and Chopra, 1978). In free breathing, such
particles are deposited in the bronchii and upper airways. Particles made of readily soluble
substances !tre rapidly cleared from the lungs via the blood stream, while particles made of
slowly dissolving or insoluble material are retained for longer times, up to several weeks or
months, depending upon type of material. During this time the label is slowly released to the
bloodstream. There is thus a need for two variants of the biokinetic model.
Soluble particles are usually prepared from DTPA, although pertechnetate may also be used.
The biological half-time of Tc-DTPA in the lungs is 6@80 min in normal non-smokers; it is
shortened in smokers and in most patients with lung disease (Cook and Lander, 1971; Jones et
al., 1980; Barber, 1985; Coates and O’Brodovich, 1986). A value of 60 min is adopted here.
Substance reaching the blood is eliminated according to the model for intravenously
administered Tc-DTPA.
The other type of particles is usually prepared from an albumin solution, but other materials
such as colloidal albumin, albumin millimicrospheres, sulphur colloid and dry (solid) particles
are also used. (Pircher et al., 1967; Kotrappa et al., 1977; Kiihn et al., 1985). It is assumed that
the label is released in the lung with a biological half-time of 24 hr, and that the activity is
excreted by the kidneys according to the model proposed for pertechnetate when a blocking
agent has been given.
References
Barber, R. W. (1985). Radiation doses from technetium-99m DTPA administered as an aerosol. J. Nucl. Med. 26,
119&l 194.
Coates, G. and O’Brodovich, H. (1986). Measurement of pulmonary epithelial permeability with 99”Tc-DTPA aerosol.
Semin. Nucl. Med. 16, 275-284.
Cook, D. J. and Lander, H. (1971). Inhalation pulmonary scintiphotography using pertechnetate. Am. J. RoenrgenoL
113,682-689.
Jones, J. G., Lawler, P., Crawley, J. C. W., Minty, B. D., Hulands, G. and Veal&N. (1980). Increased alveolar epithelial
permeability in cigarette smokers. Lancet i, 6G68.
Kiihn, H., Klech, H., Angelberger, P., Strigl, A., Zolle, I., Kummer, F. and Mostbeck, A. (1985). Dry aerosol of
monodisperse millimicrospheres for ventilation imaging: Production, delivery system, and clinical results in
comparison with 8lm-krypton and 127-xenon. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10,411-416.
Kotrappa, P., Raghunath, B., Subramanyam, P. S. S., Raikar, U. R. and Sharma, S. M. (1977). Scintiphotography of
lungs with dry aerosol-generation and delivery system: Concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 18, 1082-1085.
Pircher, F. J., Knight, C. M., Barry, W. F., Temple, J. R. and Kirsch, W. J. (1967). Retention, distribution and
absorption of inhaled albumin aerosol and absorbed dose estimates from its 1”’ and Tcppmlabels. Am. J. Roentgenok
100,813-821.
Taplin, G. V. and Chopra, S. K. (1978). Lung perfusion-inhalation scintigraphy in obstructive airway disease and
pulmonary embolism. Radiol. C[in. N. Am. 16, 491-513.
217
43
Aerosol
BiokineticData
(1) Substances with fast clearance from lungs (e.g. DTPA)

Lungs 1.0 1.0 hr 1.0 1.24 hr
Kidneys 1.0 3.8 min
Remaining tissues 1.0 1.0 hr -1.0 1.61 hr
1.67 hr 0.99
7.0d 0.01
(2) Substances with slow clearance from lungs (e.g. albumin)
Lungs 1.0 24 hr 1.0 6.94 hr
Kidneys 1.0 53 s
Remaining tissues 1.0 24 hr -1.0 23.5 min
1.67 hr 0.99
7.0 d 0.01
Tc-LABELLED AEROSOLS
Substances with fast clearance from lungs (e.g. UTPA)
ggmTc 6.02 hours

Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals Z. lE-03 2.9B-03 4.4B-03 6.7E-03 l.ZE-02

Bladder wall 4.7E-02 5.8E-02 8.43-02 l.ZE-01 2.3E-01
Bone surfaces 1.9E-03 2.4B-03 3.5E-03 5.3E-03 9.83-03
Breast 1.9E-03 1.9E-03 3.3E-03 4.83-03 7.8E-03
(X-tract
Stomach wall 1.7E-03 Z. ZE-03 3.5E-03 5.1E-03 8.9E-03
Small intest Z . lB-03 2.6B-03 4.1E-03 6.38-03 l. lE-02
ULI wall 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 3.8B-03 6.1E-03 l .OE-02
LLI wall 3.2B-03 4.2B-03 6.3B-03 8.8E-03 1.5E-02
Kidneys 4.1E-03 5. H-03 7.2E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
Liver 1.91-03 2.5E-03 3.78-03 5.5E-03 9.7B-03
Lungs 1.7E-02 2.6B-02 3.6E-02 5.4B-02 l .OB-01
Ovaries 3.3E-03 4.1E-03 6.1E-03 8.9E-03 1.5E-02
Pancreas Z. lE-03 2.6B-03 4.OB-03 6.lE-03 l. lE-02
Red marrow 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 4 *7B-03 6.2&03 9.6B03
Spleen 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 3.6B-03 5.6B-03 9.9E-03
Testes Z. lE-03 3.1E-03 5,2E-03 7.9B-03 1.5B-02
Thyroid 9.98-04 1.7B-03 2.7E-03 4.4E-03 7.8E-03
Uterus 5.9E-03 7.2&03 l.lB-02 1.6B-02 2.7E-02
Other tissue 1.8E-03 Z.ZE-03 3.2B-03 4.9E-03 8.6E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 7.OB-03 9.1B-03 1.3B-02 Z . OB-02 3.6B-02
(mSv/nes)
218
43
Aerosol
Tc-LABELLED AEROSOLS
Substances with slow clearance from lungs (e.g. albumin)
99%c 6.02 hours

Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 5. x-03 8.1E-03 l.ZE-02 1. BE-02 3.1%02

* Bladder wall 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 6.X-02
Breast 6.43-03 6.4E-03 l . ZE-02 1.7%02 2.41-02
GI-tract
Small intest 8.9E-04 l.ZE-03 Z.lE-03 3.6E-03 7.1E-03
ULI wall 8.?E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-03 4.1E-03 7.6E-03
LLI wall 9.9E-04 1.3E-03 Z.OE-03 3.3E-03 6.3E-03
Kidneys 2.53-03 3.5E-03 5.4E-03 8.3E-03 1.5E-02
* Liver 4.93-03 7.OE-03 9.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02
Lungs 9.3E-02 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.6E-01
Ovaries 1 .OE-03 1.3E-03 Z. lE-03 3.4E-03 6.4E-03
* Pancreas 5.2E-03 6.4E-1!3 9.4E-03 1.4E-02 2.53-02
Red marrow 4.1E-03 6.OE-03 7.81-03 9.9E-03 1.6E-02
* Spleen 4,6B-03 5.9E-03 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.3%02
Testes 5.8E-04 8.4E-04 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 4.6E-03
Thyroid 1.9E-03 3.2E-03 5.53-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02
Uterus l .?E-03 Z. lE-03 3,4E-03 5.2E-03 9.5E-03
Other tissue 2.8E-03 3.5E-03 4.83-03 7.2E-03 1.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l . %-02 Z . ZB-02 3.1E-02 4.6B-02 8. SB-02
(=Sv/lIBq)
219
43
Heparin
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED HEPARIN
99mT~
Biokinetic Model
Kinetic data from studies in humans have been published by Esquerrk et al. (1979) and Utne
et al. (1981). The blood clearance is biphasic with a rapid (T,,,=613 min) and a slow
(T,,, = 3.9-4.1 hr) phase. There is a dominating uptake in the liver, and some further uptake in
spleen and bone marrow, presumably in the reticula-endothelial cells. The label is rapidly
excreted in the urine. No biliary excretion is demonstrable in man. Quantitative organ uptake
measurements in dogs have been performed by Kulkarni et al. (1978).
On the basis of these reports it can be assumed that 80% of intravenously injected substance
immediately leaves the blood by uptake in the liver (30%), spleen (5%), bone marrow (10%)
and other tissues (35%). From all organs and tissues thk activity disappears with a half-time of
4 hr for excretion by the kidneys.
References
Esquerrb, .I. P., Boneu, B. and Guiraud, R. (1979). Kinetics of technetium-labeled heparin in thromboembolism:
Preliminary report. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 6, 215-220.
Kulkami, P. V., Parkey, R. W., Buja, L. M., Wilson III, J. E., Bonte, F. J. and Willerson, J. T. (1978). Technetium-
labeled heparin: Preliminary report of a new radiopharmaceutical with potential for imaging damaged coronary
arteries and myocardium. J. Nucl. Med. 19,810-815.
Utne, H. E., Pors Nielsen, S. and de Schrijver, M. (1981). ““Technetium-Heparin: Radiopharmacokinetic and clinical
aspects. In: Progress in Radiopharmacology, Vol. 2, pp. 193-201. (Cox, P. H. ed.) Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Biokinetic Data
Blood 0.20 4.0 hr 1.0 41.6 min

Liver 0.30 4.0 hr 1.0 1.04 hr
Red marrow 0.10 4.0 hr 1.0 20.8 min
Spleen 0.05 4.0 hr 1.0 10.4 min
Kidneys 1.0 3.3 min
Remaining tissues 0.35 4.0 hr 1.0 1.21 hr
JAICRP 18:1-4-H*
221
Tc BIOKlNETlC MODELS AND DATA
43
Heparin
Tc-LABELLED HEPARIN
99% 6.02 hours
Absorbed doee
Organ
Adrenals 3.4E-03 4.7E-03 7.OE-03 9.8B-03 1.7B-02

* Bladder wall 4.73-02 5.8%02 8.4B-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Bone surfaces 3.6E-03 4.8E-03 7 .?E-03 1.3E-02 2.6E-02
Breast 1.5&03 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 3.7E-03 6.7E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.4E-03 3.1E-03 4.9E-03 7.4B-03 1,3E-02
ULI vall 2.8E-03 3.6E-03 5.7E-03 9.3B-03 1.5E-02
LLI wall 3.6E-03 4.6E-03 7 0OE-03 9.8E-03 1.78-02
Heart 3.6E-03 4.48-03 6.4E-03 9,5E-03 1.6E-02
* Kidneys 5.78-03 6.8E-03 l . OE-02 1.5B-02 2.5E-02
* Liver 1.4E-02 1. x-02 2.5B-02 3.6E-02 6.5%02
Lungs 2.8&03 3.7E-03 5.5E-03 8.3E-03 1.5E-02
Ovaries 3. ?E-03 4.?B-03 6.9B-03 l . OE-02 l. ?E-02
* Pancreas 3 . ?B-03 4.8E-03 ?.3E-03 l . lE-02 1.8B-02
Red marrow 5.7%03 ?.3E-03 l. lB-02 1.7e-02 3.2E-02
* Spleen 1. ?E-02 2.4E-02 3.6%02 5.53-02 9.93-02
Testes 2.2&03 3.2E-03 5.3E-03 8.2B-03 1.5E-02
Thyroid 1.1%03 1. ?B-03 2.6B-03 4.3B-03 7.8E-03
Uterus 6.2E-03 7.6&03 1.2B-02 1.7E-02 2.83-02
Other tissue 1.9E-03 2.3E-03 3.4B-03 5.2E-03 9.23-03
Effective
dose equivalent 7.3B-03 9.3B-03 1.48-02 Z . lE-02 3.83-02
(=Sv/nss)
222
43
MAA
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN

ggmTC
Biokinetic Model
The model for Tc-labelled MAA is the same as that used for iodine-labelled MAA (see p. 293),
with the modification that released technetium is assumed to be excreted by the kidneys
according to the model proposed for pertechnetate when a blocking agent has been given.
Biokinetic Data
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 7.61 hr

contents)
Lungs 1.0 6 hr 0.85 4.89 hr
3d 0.15
Liver 0.25 6 hr -1.0 1.04 hr
5d 1.0
223
43
MAA
Tc-LABELLED MACROAGGREGATED
ALBUMIN
gg%c 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered,(mGy/MBq)
Organ
* Adrenals 5.8&03 8.7E-03 .l .3E-02 1.9E-02 3.lB-02

* Bladder wall l . OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2. BE-02 5.lE-02
Bone surfaces 3.5E-03 4.4B-03 6.4E-03 9.7E-03 1.9&02
Breast 5.6E-03 5.53-03 l .OE-02 1.4&02 2.2B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4 .OE-03 5,2E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02
Small intest 2.lE-03 2.6E-03 4.3E-03 7.OE-03 1.3E-02
ULI wall 2.2E-03 2.9E-03 5.0%03 8.4E-03 1.5E-02
LLI wall 1.6E-03 2.lE-03 3.53-03 5.4E-03 l .OE-02
Kidneys 3.7E-03 4.83-03 7.2E-03 l.lE-02 1. BE-02
* Liver 1*6E-02 2.1E-02 3.OE-02 4.3E-02 7.5E-02
Lungs 6.7B-02 9.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.1e-01 4.OE-01
Ovaries 1.8E-03 2.3E-03 3.7B03 5.9E-03 l . lE-02
* Pancreas 5. BE-03 7.5E-03 1. H-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02
Red marrow 4.41-03 6.2E-03 8.3E-03 l. lB-02 1.7E-02
* Spleen 4.4B-03 5.63-03 8.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02
Testes l. lE-03 1.4E-03 2.3B03 3.78-03 7.lE-03
Thyroid 2.OE-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 9.OB-03 1.6E-02
Uterus 2.4E-03 2.9E-03 4.6E-03 7.1&03 1.3E-02
Other tissue 2.9E-03 3.6B-03 5.2E-03 7. BE-03 1.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l.i!B-02 1. EE-02 2.5B-02 3.8B-02 6.9B-02
(=Sv/llBq)
224
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS TC
43
Markers
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

““‘Tc
Biokinetic Models
Substances labelled with technetium are used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
gastrointestinal tract. For absorbed dose calculations a modified ICRP model for the
gastrointestinal tract is used, as described in Appendix Section A.3.
References
Chadhuri, T. K. (1974). Use of 99m Tc-DTPA for measuring gastric emptying time. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 391-395.
Fisher, R. S., Malmud, L. S., Roberts, G. S. and Lobis, I. F. (1976). Gastroesophageal (GE) scintiscanning to detect and
quantitate GE reflux. Gasrroenterology 70, 301-308,
Meyer, J. H., MacGregor, I. L., Gueller, R., Martin, P. and Cavalieri, R. (1976). 99mTc-tagged chicken liver as a marker
of solid food in the human stomach. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 21, 296304.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs AslAo

GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 31.0min
SI 1.0 2.58 hr
ULI 1.0 3.35 hr
LLI 1.0 1.64 hr
G&tract contents
Stomach 1.0 1.69 hr
SI 1.0 2.21 hr
ULI 1.0 2.87 hr
LLI 1.0 1.41 hr
225
43
Markers
Tc-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
Oral administrationof fluids
ggnspc 6.02 hours

Absorbeddose
Par unit activityadministered(mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals Z.lE-03 3.33-03 5.43-03 8.9E-03 1.5%02
* Bladderwall ?.OE-03 9.OE-03 1.4E-02 Z.ZB-02 3.5B-02
Bone surfaces 2.83-03 3.53-03 5.0&03 7.4E-03 1.4E-02
Breast 4.23-04 4.23-04 9.23-04 1.9E-03 3.83-03
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 2.4E-02 3.OE-02 4.23-02 6.83-02 1.3E-01
* Small intest ?.ZE-02 9.1E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 2.6801 4.1E-01 7.7E-01
* LLI wall 8.83-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 5.5E-01
Kidneys 5.73-03 6.7E-03 l.OE-02 1.5E-02 2.33-02
Liver 4.OE-03 4.93-03 9.33-03 l.bE-02 2.73-02
Lungs 6.73-04 9.1E-04 1.6E-03 2.9E-03 5.78-03
Ovaries 2.6E-02 3.23-02 4.73-02 6.93-02 l.lE-01
Pancreas 6.5%03 7.93-03 1.2%02 1.8B-02 3.1E-02
Red marrow 8.93-03 l.OE-02 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 1.8E-02
Spleen 4.23-03 5.OE-03 7.83-03 l.ZE-02 Z.OE-02
Testes 1.3E-03 Z.OE-03 3.83-03 6.4E-03 l.ZE-02
Thyroid 4.08-05 4.8E-05 1.5E-04 3.83-04 l.lE-03
Uterus 1.5E-02 Z.OE-02 3.1E-02 4.83-02 7.7E-02
Other tissue 3.43-03 4.OE-03 5.9E-03 8.93-03 1.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.4B-02 2.9E-02 4.7B-02 7.31-02 1.3%01
(mSv/lras)
Oral administrationof solids
Adrenals 2.7E-03 4.33-03 6.83-03 l.lE-02 1.8E-02

Bladder wall 6.1E-03 7.93-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02
Bone surfaces 2.73-03 3.43-03 4.83-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02
Breast 6.93-04 6.93-04 1.4E-03 2.73-03 5.1E-03
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 6.lE-02 7.73-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.3E-01
* Small intest 6.23-02 7.93-02 1.3E-01 Z.OE-01 3.5E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2%01 3.5E-01 6.6E-01
* LLI wall 7.63-02 9.43-02 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.8E-01
Kidneys 6.1E-03 7.1E-03 l.lE-02 1.5E-02 2.43-02
Liver 4.23-03 5.1E-03 9.63-03 1.6E-02 2.83-02
Lungs l.ZE-03 1.5E-03 2.33-03 4.OE-03 7.63-03
Ovaries 2.33-02 2.83-02 4.lE-02 6.OE-02 9.73-02
* Pancreas. l.ZE-02 1.3E-02 Z.OE-02 2.7E-02 4.43-02
Red marrow 8.23-03 9.3E-03 l.ZE-02 1.4E-02 1.7%02
Spleen 7.OE-03 8.2E-03 l.ZE-02 1.7E-02 2.63-02
Testes l.lE-03 1.7E-03 3.33-03 5.63-03 l.lE-02
Thyroid 6.43-05 7.4B-05 1.9E-04 5.1E-04 1.4E-03
Uterus 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 4.26-02 6.83-02
Other tissue 3.4E-03 4.OE-03 5.93-03 8.8E-03 1.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.43-02 2.9B-02 4.6E-02 7.1B-02 1.3E-01
(=Sv/W)
226
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Tc
43
Microspheres
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED ALBUMIN MICROSPHERES

QQmT~
Biokinetic Model
Technetium-labelled microspheres, prepared from human serum albumin, are used and
metabolized in the same way as macroaggregated albumin, with the exception that no
appreciable liver uptake has been seen. The kinetics have been studied by Wicks et al. (1981),
whose results form the basis for the MIRD dose estimate report (Blau et al., 1981). The
microspheres are initially trapped in the lungs, and the activity leaves the lungs in the form of
pertechnetate by leaching off the microspheres rather than by their breakup. In the model
adopted here the disappearance rate in the lungs is taken from the MIRD report, and the
pertechnetate set free is treated according to the model proposed for pertechnetate when a
blocking agent has been given.
References
Blau, M., Wicks, R., Thomas, S. R. and Lathrop, K. A. (1982). MIRD dose estimate report No. 10. Radiation absorbed
dose from albumin microspheres labeled with technetium-99m. J. Nucl. Med. 23,915-917.
Wicks, R., Rosenspire, K., Ackerhalt, R., Langan, M., Steinbach, J. J. and Blau, M. (1981). Distribution of Tc-99m
administered as labeled microspheres for lung imaging. In: hoc. Third ht. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry
Symposium, Oak Ridge, 1980, pp. 454463, FDA 81-8166. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &/A,

Lungs 1.0 1.8 hr 0.60 4.26 hr
1.5 d 0.40
227
43
Microspheres
Tc-LABELLED ALBUMIN
MICROSPHERES
gg% 6.02 hours
Absorbed doee
Organ
* Adrenals 4.BB-03 6.9E-03 l . OE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02

* Bladder wall 1.7&-02 Z. lE-02 3.OB-02 4.5E-02 0.2E-02
Bone surfaces 3 *7%03 4.6E-03 6.7E-03 l . OE-02 1.9B-02
Breast 5.2%03 5.2E-03 9. HI-03 1.3E-02 Z . OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 7.2E-03 l . OE-02 1.8E-02
Small intest 2.48-03 3.OE-03 4.7E-03 7.38-03 1.3E-02
ULI wall 2.3E-03 3.OE-03 4.7B-03 7.7E-03 1.3E-02
LLI wall 2.5E-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 7.4E-03 1.4B-02
Kidneys 3.4E-03 4.5&03 6.6B-03 l . OE-02 1.7E-02
* Liver 4.5E-03 6.1E-03 8.6E-03 l .ZE-02 2 *ZE-02
Lungs 5.03-02 8.6&02 1.2%01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01
Ovaries 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.OB-03 7.7g-03 1.4B-02
* Pancreas 4.9E-03 6.OE-03 9.0&03 1.4B-02 2.4E-02
Red marrow 4.6E-03 6.2E-03 8.4E-03 l. lE-02 1.0E-02
* Spleen 4.43-03 5.4E-03 8.1E-03 1.2&-02 Z. lE-02
Testes 1.7%03 2.3%03 3.7E-03 5.7E-03 l . lB-02
Thyroid Z. ZE-03 3. ?E-03 6.1E-03 9. BE-03 1.7B-02
Uterus 3.63-03 4.3E-03 6.7E-03 9.9&-03 1.78-02
Other tissue 3.OE-03 3.7E-03 5.4E-03 B. lE-03 1.5E-02
Effective
dose aquivalant 1.1%02 1.6B-02 2.2E-02 3.3B-02 6.2B-02
(=Sv/wes)
228
43
Platelets
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED TktcTELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for 1l’In-labelled thrombocytes (see p. 253), with the exception of
the excretion half-time which, in view of the short radioactive half-life, is taken as infinite.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a UA,
Blood 1.0 0 0.40 4.90 hr

4d 0.60
Liver 0.30 0 -0.33 57.8 min
4d -0.67
1.0
Red marrow 0.25 ?d -1.0 7.69 min
1.0
Spleen 0.35 0” -0.86 2.64 hr
4d -0.14
1.0
Remaining tissues 0.10 ?d -1.0 3.08 min
aJ 1.0
229
BIOKJNETIC MODELS AND DATA
Tc-LABELLED PLATELETS
(THROMBOCYTES)
gg% 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.2E-02 3.3&02 5.7B-02

Bladder wall 2.4B-03 3.4E-03 5.OE-03 7.5E-03 1.4%02
Bone surfaces 7.3&03 l. OE-02 1.8E-02 3.OE-02 6.OB-02
Breast 3.5E-03 3.6%03 6.2E-03 9.7B-03 1.6E-02
GI-tract
Stomach vall l. lE-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2. SE-02 3.9E-02
Small intest 4.2E-03 5.2E-03 8.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.28-02
ULI wall 4.4E-03 5.5E-03 a. TE-03 1.4B-02 2.3E-02
LLI wall 2.9E-03 3.9E-03 6.3E-03 9.2E-03 1.7%02
* Heart 1.7E-02 Z .OE-02 3.OE-02 4.5E-02 7.6E-02
* Kidneys 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 5.71-02
* Liver 1.7E-02 2.1E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 a.2E-02
Lungs l. lE-02 1.4B-02 2.2E-02 3.5&02 6.4%02
Ovaries 2.9E-03 4.OE-03 6.2E-03 9.7E-03 1.7%02
* Pancreas 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 3.1E-02 4.3%02 6.8%02
Red marrow 7.3E-03 9.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.73-02
* Spleen 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.OE-01 7.6&01 1.4EtOO
Testes 1.7E-03 2.2E-03 3.3E-03 5.1E-03 9.8E-03
Thyroid 3.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02
Uterus 3,1E-03 3.7B-03 6.OE-03 9.1E-03 1.7%02
Effective
dose equivalent Z . ZB-02 2.9B-02 4.4B-02 6.7%02 l . ZB-01
(BSV/llBq)
230
43
WBC
TECHNETIUM-LABELLED WH~~;,“LOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
Biokinetic Model
The same model is used as for indium-labelled leukocytes (see p. 255), with the exception that,
in view of the short physical half-life, the retention half-times are set to infinity.
References
Hanna, R., Braun, T., Levendel, A. and Lomas, F. (1984). Radiochemistry and biostability of autologous leukocytes
labelled with 99mTc-stannous colloid in whole blood. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 2&219.
Kelbaek, H., Fogh, J., Gjorup, T., Billow, K. and Vestergaard, B. (1985). Scintigraphic demonstration of subcutaneous
abscesses with 99mTc-labeled leukocytes. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 302-303.
Schroth, H. J., Oberhausen, E. and Be&rich, R. (1981). Cell labelling with colloidal substances in whole blood. Eur. .I.
Nucl. Med. 6,469-472.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &JA,
Blood 1.0 0 0.60 1.87 hr

7 hr 0.40
Liver 0.20 0 -0.60 1.36 hr
7 hr -0.40
1.0
Red marrow 0.30 0” -0.60 2.05 hr
7 hr -0.40
1.0
Spleen 0.25 0” -0.60 1.70 hr
7 hr -0.40
1.0
Remaining tissues 0.25 0” -0.60 1.70 hr
7 hr -0.40
cc 1.0
231
43
WBC
Tc-LABELLED WHITE BLOOD CELLS

(LEUKOCYTES)
ggmTc 6.02 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 8.9B-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.5E-02 4.2%02

Bladder wall 2.6E-03 3.7E-03 5.6E-03 8.OE-03 1.4E-02
Bone surfaces 1,3E-02 1.7E-02 2.8E-02 5,OE-02 l .OE-01
Breast 3.1%03 3.1E-03 5.1E-03 7,8E-03 1.3E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 8.OE-03 9.6&03 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 3.1%02
ULI vall 4.9E-03 6.OE-03 9.3803 1.4E-02 2.3E-02
LLI vall 3.9E-03 5.OE-03 7.6E-03 1.0%02 1.8E-02
* Heart 9.OE-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02
* Kidneys 9.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.5E-02 4.0&02
* Liver 2.OE-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 5.2E-02 9.2E-02
Lungs 6.9E-03 9.0%03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.6E-02
Ovaries 4.2E-03 5.2%03 7.5E-03 l. lE-02 1.8E-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.3E-02 5.2E-02
Red marrow 2.23-02 2.9E-02 4.5E-02 7.8E-02 1.5E-01
* Spleen 1.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.8E-01 8.7E-01
Testes 1,7E-03 2.3E-03 3.43-03 5.2E-03 9.7E-03
Thyroid 2.48-03 3.7E-03 5.7E-03 9.lE-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 3.83-03 4.5%03 6.8E-03 9.9E-03 1.7E-02
Other tissue 3.4B-03 4.2E-03 6.OE-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.7B-02 2.3B-02 3.5B-02 5.4B-02 9.83-02
(mSv/HBq)
232
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS In
49
Ion
INDIUM
Biokinetic Model
Ionic indium, injected intravenously at a pH of about 2, binds to plasma transferrin. With a
metabolism qualitatively resembling that of iron, it localizes in the red bone marrow and is
partly incorporated into the circulating red blood cells (4% of the injected activity after 12 d, see
McAfee and Subramanian, 1975). Liver accumulation is reported to be greater than that of iron.
In accordance with ZCRP Publication 30 (ICRP, 1980), it is assumed that fractions of 0.3,0.2,
0.07 and 0.01 of the injected activity are deposited in red bone marrow, liver, kidneys and spleen,
respectively. The remaining fraction of indium is assumed to be uniformly distributed through
all other organs and tissues of the body.
The total-body retention function, which is based on measurements in mice (Castronovo and
Wagner, 1971, 1973), has component half-lives of 2 d (0.3) and 70 d (0.7).
References
Castronovo, F. P. and Wagner, H. N. (1971). Factors affecting the toxicity ofthe element indium. &. J. Exp. Pathol. 52,
543-559.
Castronovo, F. P. and Wagner, H. N. (1973). Comparative toxicity and pharmacodynamics of ionic indium chloride
and hydrated indium oxide. J. &cl. Med. 14,677-682.
ICRP (1980). Limitsfir Intakes ofhdionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 2. Pergamon, Oxford.
McAfee, J. G. and Subramanian, G. (1975). Radioactive agents for imaging. In: Clinical Scintillation Imaging, p. 62.
(Freeman, L. M. and Johnson, P. M. eds) Grune and Stratton, New York.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a “‘In 113nqn

Fs
Total body 1.0 2d 0.3 3.25 d 2.37 hr

70 d 0.7
Red marrow 0.3 2d 0.3 23.4 hr 43 min
70 d 0.7
Kidneys 0.07 2d 0.3 5.47 hr 10 min
70 d 0.7
Liver 0.2 2d 0.3 15.6 hr 28 min
70 d 0.7
Spleen 0.01, 2d 0.3 47 min 1.4 min
70d 0.7
233
In BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
49
Ion
INDIUM
2.03 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2.3E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 5.9%01 9.8E-01

Bladder wall 8.21-02 1.1%01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.3E-01
Bone surfaces 3.1E-01 4.3E-01 7 *OR-O1 1.2R+oO 2. SE+00
Breast 8.2E-02 0.1E-02 1.2%01 1.9%01 3.4E-01
GI-tract
ULI wall 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 4.2%01 6.9E-01
LLI wall 1.2R-01 1.5%01 2.3E-01 3.1E-01 5.2E-01
* Kidneys 8.8E-01 1. lE+OO 1,5E+OO 2.lE+OO 3.5E+OO
* Liver 6.1E-01 ?.6E-01 1. lE+OO 1.6E+OO 2.7E+OO
Lungs l. lE-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.2E-01 5.6E-01
Ovaries 1.2E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01
* Pancreas 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 5.4E-01 8.9E-01
Red marrow 6.OE-01 7.6%01 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.9E+OO
* Spleen 3 .OE-01 4.OE-01 6.OE-01 9.OE-01 1.5E+OO
Testes 5.3E-02 7.4E-02 l. lB-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Thyroid 6.4E-02 9.43-02 1.4E-01 2.2%01 4.OE-01
Uterus 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 5.1E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.6B-01 3.3%01 4.9E-01 7.5%01 1.4B+oo
WV/W)
ose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 2.5E+Ol 3.1B+Ol 5.OEtOl a. 6E+Ol 1.0Et02
113rnIn
1.658 hours
* Adrenals 5.33-03 6.83-03 l . OB-02 1. SE-02 2.6E-02

Bladder wall 2.53-03 3.2E-03 5.2B-03 0.1!&03 1.5E-02
Bone surfaces 2. Hz-02 3.0&-02 S. lE-02 9.53-02 2.OE-01
Breast 2.0E-03 2. BB-03 4.6E-03 7.2B-03 1.4B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.4E-03 4.OE-03 6.4E-03 l .OE-02 1.9E-02
Small intest 3.0B-03 4.5E-03 7.1%03 l. lE-02 1.9B-02
ULI wall 3.83-03 4,5E-03 7,1E-03 l. lB-02 2.OB-02
LLI wall 3.4B-03 4 .OB-03 6.2E-03 9.2%03 1,6E-02
* Kidneys S . lE-02 6.33-02 8.9%02 1.3%01 2.4E-01

* Liver 2.RE-02 3.63-02 5.5%02 B . lB-02 1.6&01
Lungs 3.1E-03 4.OE-03 6.1B-03 9.4B-03 1.7B-02
Ovaries 3.4B-03 4.3E-03 6.6B-03 9.9%03 1. BB-02
* Pancreas 4.63-03 5.6%03 B.9E-03 1.3E-02 2.4B-02
Red marrow 4.1E-02 5.7E-02 9.6B-02 1. BE-01 3.8E-01
* Spleen 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 3.1E-02 4.8E-02 0.9B-02
Testes 2.2B-03 2.6E-03 4.2E-03 6.BB-03 1.3B-02
Thyroid 2.33-03 3.OE-03 4.8B-03 7.7E-03 1. SE-02
Uterus 3.1B-03 3,9E-03 6.OB-03 9.3&03 1.7B-02
Other tissue 2.8B-03 3.4%03 5.3E-03 8.4B-03 1.6E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1. JB-02 1.7%02 Z.BB-02 4.6-2 9.2B-02
(=Sv/_)
234
49
Colloid
INDIUM HYDROXIDE (COLLOIDAL)

113rn1~
Biokinetic Model
This colloid belongs to the group of substances discussed in Appendix Section A.8, where
uptake data and organ masses for different patient categories are defined. It is assumed that no
redistribution or excretion of the label takes place.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &I&

Liver 0.70 ai 1.0 1.67 hr
Spleen 0.10 m 1.0 14.4 min
Red marrow 0.10 ‘x 1.0 14.4 min
Remaining tissues 0.10 1.0 14.4 min
(2) Early to intermediate diffuse parenchymal?iver disease
Liver 0.50 co 1.0 1.20 hr
Spleen 0.20 co 1.0 28.7 min
Red marrow 0.15 oj 1.0 21.5 min
Remaining tissues 0.15 1.0 21.5 min
(3) Intermediate to advanced diffuse parenchytal liver disease
Liver 0.30 co 1.0 43.1 min
Spleen 0.30 co 1.0 43.1 min
Red marrow 0.25 cc 1.0 35.9 min
Remaining tissues 0.15 a, 1.0 21.5 min

113mIn
1.658 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 5.9%03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02

Bladder wall 8.6E-04 l.lE-03 2 .OE-03 3.6E-03 6.X-03
Bone surfaces 7.7E-03 l. lE-02 1.83-02 3.3E-02 7.lE-02
Breast 1. BE-03 1.8E-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 9.4E-03
Cl-tract
Stomach wall 3 *5E-03 4.3E-03 7.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02
Small intest 2.4E-03 2.93-03 5.OE-03 8.2E-03 1.5E-02
ULI wall 3. N-03 3.73-03 6.63-03 l. lE-02 2.OB-02
LLI wall l. ZE-03 1.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.OE-03 ?.2E-03
* Kidneys S. lE-03 6.X-03 9.5E-03 1.4E-02 2. M-02
* Liver 9.6B-02 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 5.3%01
Lungs 3.OE-03 4.1E-03 5.9E-03 E.SB-03 1.6E-02
Ovaries 1.3E-03 1.8%03 3.1E-03 5.OE-03 9.1E-03
* Pancreas 7 *OE-03 8,6E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.4E-02
Red nwrrow 1. SE-02 Z.lE-02 3.4E-02 6.3B-02 1.3E-01
* Spleen l.ZE-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.3&01 8.OB-01
Testes 6.4E-04 7.4E-04 1.3E-03 2. N-03 4.2B-03
Thyroid 7.5&04 9.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.7B-03 5.28-03
Uterus 1. z-03 1.7E-03 2.81-03 4.71-03 8.7E-03
Other tissue 1.8E-03 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 4.9E-03 9 1x-03
Effective
dose equivalent 1.7B-02 2.3B-02 3.6B-02 5.71-02 l . lB-01
(eSv/W)
235
49
CoIloid

Barly to intermediate diffuse parenchyaal liver disease
Absorbed dose
113111n per unit activity
1.658 hours Organ administered (mGy/Bgq)
* Adrenals 5.8E-03
Bladder wall l. lE-03
Bone surfaces 1. x-02
Breast 1.9B-03
GI-tract
Stomach vall 4. SE-03
ULI wall 3.OE-03
LLI wall 1.7B-03
* Kidneys 5.7E-03
* Liver 5 *2E-02
Lungs 3.OE-03
Ovaries l . ?E-03
* Pancreas 8.73-03
Bed marrow 2.1%02
* Soleen 1.7&01
Testes 8.78-04
Thyroid 9.8B-04
Uterus 1. SE-03
Other tissue 2.OB-03
Effective
(=Sv/BW
Organ
* Adrenals 5.63-03
Bladder vall l. lB-03
Breast 1. BE-03
GI-tract
Small intest 2. ?B-03
ULI wall 2.8E-03
LLI wall 2. D-03
* Kidneys 6.1B-03
* Liver 5.4&02
Lungs 2.8E-03
Ovaries 2.1B-03
* Pancreas 1.0%02
Red marrow 3. SE-02
* Soleen 2.3E-01
Testes 9.1B-04
Thyroid l. lE-03
Uterus 1 .?B-03
Other tissue 2.OB-03
Effective
douc equivalent 2.4B-02
(=Bv/*)
236
49
DTPA
INDIUM-DTPA
113mIn
“‘In
Biokinetic Model
substance is excreted exclusively by the renal system according to the models for
GFR-substances and the kidney-bladder (see Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
In the normal case, total-body retention is described by a double-exponential function, with
1.0 and the renal transit time is 5 min.
loo0 min and that the renal transit time is increased to 20 min.
References
McAfee, J. G., Gagne, G., Atkins, H. L., Kirchner, P. T., Reba, R. C., Blaufox, M. D. and Smith, E. M. (1974).
Biological distribution and excretion of DTPA labelled with Tc-99m and In-l 11. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 1273-1278.
O’Mara, R. E., Subramanian, G., McAfree, J. G. and Burger, C. L. (1969). Comparison of 113mInand other short lived
agents for cerebral scanning. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 18-27.
Sziklas, J. J., Hosain, F., Reba, R. C. and Wagner, H. N. (1971). Comparison of 169Yb-DTPA, 113mIn-DTPA,
‘%inulin and endogenous creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration. J. Nucl. Biol. Med. 15, 122-125.
Biokinetic Data
11 3yn
Organ (S) Fs T a iilIn

Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 1.67 hr 0.99 3.0 hr 1.21 hr
7.0 d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 5.6 min 2.7 min
Bladder contents 1.0 2.07 hr 44 min
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 16.7 hr 0.99 19.8 hr 2.19 hr
7.0d 0.01
Bladder contents 1.0 1.42 hr 7.28 min
237
49
DTPA
In-DTPA
%” 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 6. SE-03 7 *9E-03 1,2E-02 1.9E-02 3.5B-02

* Bladder wall 2. x-01 3.1E-01 4.4E-01 6.5E-01 1.2Etoo
Bone surfaces 6.8B-03 8.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 3.4E-02
Breast 4.3E-03 4 *3E-03 6.1E-03 9.93-03 1.9E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest l.lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.3E-02 5.7&02
* ULI vall 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 3.OE-02 5.08-02
* LLI vall 1,7E-02 2.3E-02 3.4E-02 5 .OE-02 8.58-02
* Kidneys 1.7E-02 2 .OE-02 2.8E-02 4.1E-02 7.1&02
Liver 5.7E-03 7.1E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.2%02
Lungs 4.7E-03 6.1E-03 9.OE-03 1,4E-02 2.6E-02
Ovaries 1.8E-02 2.23-02 3.3E-02 4.8E-02 8.3E-02
Pancreas 7.1E-03 8.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.6%02
Red marrow 9.2%03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02
Spleen 6.2E-03 7.43-03 l. lE-02 1.8E-02 3.38-02
Testes 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 3,OE-02 4.6E-02 8. BE-02
Thyroid 4.1E-03 6.OE-03 9. SE-03 1.5E-02 2.8E-02
Uterus 3,3E-02 4.1E-02 6.4E-02 9.6E-02 1.7E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.5%02 3.1E-02 4.%x-02 6.7B-02 l . ZB-01
(mSv/BBq)
114mIn (49.51 d) 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.8E-01 1.3EtOO
238
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Is
49
DTPA
In-DTPA
lllIn 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.9E-02 4.8B-02 7.2E-02 l.lE-01 2.OB-01

* Bladder wall 2.OE-01 2.5E-01 3.5E-01 5,2E-01 9.2E-01
Bone surfaces 3.7B-02 4.4B-02 6.6B-02 9.9B-02 1.9E-01
Breast 2.8B-02 2. BE-02 3.9B-02 6.2B-02 1.2B-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.8E-02 4.4B-02 6.9B-02 1.0%01 1.7B-01
* Small intest 4.3E-02 5.2B-02 8.OB-02 1.2B-01 2.1B-01
ULI wall 4.OB-02 5.OB-02 7.3E-02 1.2%01 Z.OB-01
* LLI wall 4.3E-02 5.6E-02 8.5B-02 1.3B-01 2.3B-01
* Kidneys 7.1E-02 8.6B-02 1.2%01 1.7B-01 3.OE-01
Liver 3.5E-02 4.3B-02 6.6B-02 l . OB-01 1. BE-01
Lungs 3.1B-02 3.9B-02 5.83-02 8.9E-02 1.6B-01
Ovaries 4.5E-02 5.8B-02 8.7E-02 1.3B-01 2.3B-01
* Pancreas 4.3E-02 5.OB-02 7.5B-02 l. lB-01 2.OB-01
Red marrow 4.3E-02 5.1E-02 7.5B-02 l. lB-01 1.9E-01
Spleen 3.8B-02 4.4B-02 6.8B-02 l .OB-01 1.8B-01
Testes 3.1B-02 4.2B-02 6.6B-02 l.OB-01 1.9B-01
Thyroid 2.7B-02 3.9B-02 6.3&02 1 .OB-01 l.EE-01
Uterus 5.9B-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2.9E-01
Other tissue 3.1B-02 3.8E-02 5,7B-02 8.8E-02 1.6B-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.83-02 5.9B-02 8.8B-02 1.3B-01 2.3E-01
(=Svnras)
ose equivalent (mSv/RBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 4.2B-01 6.6B-01 1 .OE+OO 1. bB+OO 3.x+00
239
49
DTPA
In-DTPA
113mIn
1.658 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2.9E-03 3.33-03 5.33-03 0.53-03 1.6E-02

* Bladder wall 1.7B-01 2.2E-01 3.3E-01 5.1E-01 9.8E-01
Bone surfaces 2 *5E-03 3.OB-03 4.8E-03 7.7E-03 1.5E-02
Breast 2.4E-03 2.4%03 3. BE-03 6.3E-03 1.3E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.6E-03 3. M-03 5.OE-03 8.1E-03 1.5E-02
* Small intest 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 7.1E-03 l. lE-02 2.1E-02
* ULI wall 3.43-03 4.1E-03 6.5&03 1.18-02 1.9E-02
* LLI wall 5.1E-03 6.43-03 9.78-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02
* Kidneys 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.5&02 3.7E-02 6.6E-02
Liver 2.5E-03 3.1E-03 5.OR-03 8.1E-03 1.6E-02
Lungs 2.3E-03 2.8E-03 4.4E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-02
Ovaries 4.9E-03 6.3E-03 9.5E-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02
Pancreas 2.7E-03 3.3E-03 5.4803 8.7B-03 1,6B-02
Red marrow 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.53-03 8.38-03 1.5E-02
Spleen 2.6E-03 3.23-03 5. M-03 8.2E-03 1.6E-02
Testes 4.1E-03 5.28-03 9. H-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02
Thyroid 2.1E-03 2.8&03 4.68-03 7.5E-03 1. SE-02
Uterus 8.2E-03 1 .OE-02 1.6E-02 2 t 5E-02 4.4E-02
Other tissue 2.9B-03 3.5E-03 5.5%03 8.8E-03 1.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4B-02 1.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.2R-02 7.9B-02
WV/W)
* Adrenals 5.OE-03 5.7E-03 9.1E-03 1.4B-02 2.8E-02

* Bladder wall 3.1&02 3.9E-02 5.9E-02 9.2E-02 1.7E-01
Bone surfaces 4,3E-03 5.1E-03 8.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.6E-02
Breast 4.4E-03 4.4E-03 7.OE-03 l. lE-02 2.3E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 4.9E-03 5.93-03 9.5E-03 1.5E-02 2.9E-02
ULI wall 4.7E-03 5.7E-03 9.OE-03 1.5E-02 2.7E-02
* LLI wall 5.OE-03 5.9E-03 9.5E-03 1.5E-02 2.8E-02
* Kidneys 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 3.3E-02 5.9E-02

Liver 4.4E-03 5,4E-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02
Lungs 4.1E-03 5.1E-03 8.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02
Ovaries 4.8E-03 6.2E-03 9,9E-03 1.6E-02 2.9E-02
Pancreas 4.73-03 5,8E-03 9.3E-03 1.5E-02 2.8E-02
Red marrow 4.6E-03 5.5E-03 8.63-03 1.4E-02 2.63-02

Spleen 4.6E-03 5.5E-03 8.8E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02
Testes 4.5E-03 5.3E-03 8,6E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02
Thyroid 4.OE-03 5,1E-03 8.5E-03 1.4R-02 2.7E-02
Uterus 5.53-03 6.8E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.2E-02
Other tissue 4.1E-03 5.OE-03 8.1E-03 1,3E-02 2.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6%03 8.OE-03 1.2B-02 2.OR-02 3.7R-02
(mSv/llBq)
240
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ill
49
DTPA
INDIUM-DTPA (1NTRAT;ICAL ADMINISTRATION)
Biokinetic Model
for intravenously administered In-DTPA.
Reference
Goodwin, D. A., Song, C. H., Finston, R. and Matin, P. (1973). Preparation, physiology, and dosimetry of
t1 ‘In-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for cisternography. Radiology 108, 91-98.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs &IA,

(2) Cisternal injection
(A & B) Cisterna terminalis and spinal cord space 0.5 8.93 hr
241
Ill
49
DTPA
In-DTPA (Intrathecal administration)

Lumbar injection
l%” 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
Organ administered (mGy/BRq)
* Adrenals 1.6E-01
* Bladder wall 2.OB-01
* Brain 1*3E-01
Breast 1 .OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4,OB-02
Small intest 6.OB-02
ULI wall 4.7E-02
LLI wall 2.4B-02
* Kidneys 1.3E-01
Liver 3.6E-02
Lungs 3.3E-02
Ovaries 3.9B-02
Pancreas 8.2E-02
Red marrow 2.4E-01
Spleen 4.OB-02
Testes l . lB-02
Thyroid 2.1E-02
Uterus 4.4B-02
Bffective
(mSv/llBq)
ose equivalent (mSv/BBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 1.8E+OO
242
49
DTPA
In-DTPA (Intrathecal administration)

Cisternal injection
%l 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Per unit activity
* Adrenals 6.5E-02
* Brain 6.5E-01
Breast 9.6%03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2. ?E-02
ULI wall 1.9E-02
LLI wall 1.5E-02
* Kidneys 5.OE-02
Liver 1.7E-02
Lungs 2.2E-02
Ovaries 2.OE-02
Pancreas 3.5E-02
Red marrow 1.4E-01
Spleen 1.9E-02
Testes 8.5E-03
Thyroid 3.9%02
Uterus 2.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l.ZB-01
(mSv/llBq)
ose equivalent (mSv/RBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 2.1E+OO
243
INDIUM-LABELLED AEROSOLS
lllIn l13”In
Biokinetic Data
The same models are used as for technetium-labelled aerosols (see p. 217), with the
modification that indium slowly released from the lungs is metabolized according to the model
proposed for ionic indium.
References
Isawa, T., Hayes, M. and Taplin, G. V. (1971). Radioaerosol inhalation lung scanning: Its role in suspected pulmonary
embolism. J. &xl. Med. 12.606609.
Fazio, F., Wollmer, P., Lavender, J. P. and Barr, M. M. (1982). Clinical ventilation imaging with In-113m aerosol: A
comparison with Kr-81m. J. NucI. Med. 23,306314.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a “‘In 1‘3”In

Fs
(1) Substances with fast clearance from lungs (e.g. DTPA)

Lungs 1.0 1.0 hr 1.o 1.42 hr 54 min
Remaining tissues 1.0 l.Ohr -1.0 2.98 hr 46 min
1.67 hr 0.99
70 d 0.01
(2) Substances with slow clearance from lungs (e.g. albumin)
Lungs 1.0 l.Od 1.0 1.06 d 2.25 hr
Liver 0.2 l.Od -1.0 8.96 hr 1.8 min
2.0 d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Spleen 0.01 l.Od -1.0 26.9 min 5.5 s
2.0 d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Red marrow 0.3 l.Od -1.0 13.4 hr 2.8 min
2.0d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Kidneys 0.07 l.Od -1.0 3.13 hr 39 s
2.0 d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Remaining tissues 0.42 l.Od -1.0 18.8 hr 3.9 min
2.0 d 0.3
70 d 0.7
AICRP la:l-4-r
245
49
AWXOl
In-LABELLED AEROSOLS
Substances with fast clearance from lungs (e.g. UTPA)
1llIn 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 5.3E-02

* Bladder wall Z.lE-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 5.4E-01 9.6E-01
Bone surfaces 8.OB-03 9.6E-03 1. SE-02 2.2E-02 4.2E-02
Breast 8.2&03 8.2E-03 1.4E-02 Z. lE-02 3. SE-02
GI-tract
* Small intest l . OE-02 1.3E-02 Z . OB-02 3.1E-02 5.5E-02
ULI wall 9.2803 l.ZE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 4.9B-02
* LLI wall 1.5B-02 Z .OE-02 3.OE-02 4. SE-02 7.7B-02
* Kidneys 1.7E-02 Z. lB-02 3.OB-02 4.4E-02 7.7E-02
Liver 8. SE-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2. SE-02 4 * 5E-02
Lungs 5.3E-02 7.8E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 3.OB-01
Ovaries 1.6B-02 Z . OE-02 3 .OE-02 4.3E-02 7.5B-02
* Pancreas 9.9E-03 l.ZE-02 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 5.08-02
Red marrow l . lE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.6E-02 4.2&-02
Spleen 8.8E-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2. SE-02 4.6B-02
Testes l . OE-02 1. SE-02 2.6E-02 4.1B-02 7.7B-02
Thyroid 5.1%03 ?.7E-03 l. ZE-02 2 .OE-02 3.7E-02
Uterus 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 5.5&02 8.3B-02 1.4E-01
Other tissue 8.63-03 l . OE-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.3E-02
Bffective
(mSv/ltes)
ose equivalent (mSv/BBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 3.OE-01 4.2E-01 6.4E-01 .

1 OB+OO Z.OE+OO
246
In
49
Aerosol
Substanceswith slow clearancefrom lungs (e.g. albumin)
lllIn 2.03 days
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/HBq)
Organ
* Adrenals l.EE-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 5.4E-01 9.1E-01

Bladderwall 4.9E-02 6.6E-02 l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Bone surfaces 2.OE-01 2.8E-01 4.5E-01 7.7E-01 1.6E+OO
Breast 1.2E-01 1.2!&01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.98-01
GI-tract
Stomachwall l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 5.2E-01
Small intest 9.1E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.2E-01
ULI wall 9.OB-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.7%01 4.5E-01
LLI wall 7.33-02 9.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.3E-01
* Kidneys 5.2E-01 6.3E-01 8.8E-01 1.3E+OO 2.1EtOO
* Liver 4.OE-01 5.1E-01 7.4E-01 l.OBtOO 1.8E+OO
Lungs 9.6E-01 1.4E+OO 1.9E+OO 2.9E+OO 5.3E+OO
Ovaries 7.4&02 9.73-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01
* Pancreas 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.6E-01 7.9E-01
Red marrow 3.8E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.2EtOO 2.4EtOO
* Spleen 2.2E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-01 6.6E-01 l.lE+OO
Testes 3.1E-02 4.33-02 6.6E-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
Thyroid 5.5B-02 8.53-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.0%01
Uterus 7.33-02 8.63-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.2%01
Other tissue 8.4E-02 l.OE-01 1.573-01 2.2E-01 4.0&01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.9E-01 3.9E-01 5.6B-Of 8.4B-01 1.5B+OO
(mSv/nas)
ose equivalent(mSv/HBqof the impurity)
114mIn (49.51d) 7.8E+OO l.OE+Ol 1.6EcOl 2.7E+Ol 5.5EtOl
247
Substances with fast clearance from lungs (e.g. DTPA)
113rnI”
1.658 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.OE-03 4.OE-03 6.33-03 9.9E-03 1.8E-02

* Bladder wall 9.53-02 l. ZE-01 l.BE-01 2.8E-01 5.3E-01
Bone surfaces 2.2E-03 2.6E-03 4.1E-03 6.6E-03 1.3%02
Breast 3.2E-03 3.2E-03 5. ?E-03 8.6E-03 1.5E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2,6E-03 3.1E-03 4,8E-03 7.5E-03 1.4E-02
Small intes t 2.41-03 3.OE-03 4.8E-03 7.7E-03 1.4E-02
ULI vall 2.3E-03 2,8E-03 4.53-03 7.3E-03 1.4E-02
* LLI wall 3.1E-03 3.9E-03 6,OE-03 9.3E-03 1.7E-02
* Kidneys 9.3E-03 l.ZE-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 4.5E-02
Liver 2.8E-03 3.6E-03 5.5E-03 8.6E-03 1.6E-02
Lungs 7.8E-02 l.ZE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 5,2E-01
Ovaries 3.1E-03 3.9E-03 6.OE-03 9.2E-03 1.7E-02
* Pancreas 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.6E-03 9.OE-03 1.7E-02
Red marrow 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 1.3E-02
Spleen 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 5.4E-03 8.53-03 1.6E-02
Testes 2.5E-03 3.2E-03 5.5E-03 8.8E-03 1.7E-02
Thyroid 1.9E-03 2.5E-03 4.3E-03 7 *0803 1,3E-02
Uterus 4.8E-03 5.9E-03 9.6E-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.8%02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 5.6B-02 l.lB-01
(q Sv/RBq)
Substances with slow clearance from lungs (e.g. albumin)
* Adrenals 3.2E-03 5,OE-03 7.7E-03 l.ZE-02 Z.lE-02

Bladder wall 2.4E-04 3.OE-04 5.5E-04 9.9E-04 Z.OE-03
Bone surfaces 2,7E-03 3.6E-03 5.8E-03 l . OE-02 Z.lE-02
Breast 4.3E-03 4.3E-03 8.2E-03 1.2E-02 1,7E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.4E-03 2.9E-03 4.1E-03 6.1E-03 l .OE-02
Small intest 5.3E-04 7.OE-04 1.3E-03 2.2E-03 4.1E-03
ULI wall 6,2E-04 7.7E-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 4.6E-03
LLI wall 3.3E-04 4.4E-04 7. IE-04 1.3E-03 2.8E-03
* Kidneys 4.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02

* Liver 4.6E-03 6.3E-03 9.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
Lungs 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.3E+OO
Ovaries 3.9E-04 4.6E-04 8.OE-04 1.4E-03 2.8E-03
* Pancreas 3.4E-03 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 9. IE-03 1.6E-02
Red marrow 4.3E-03 6.2E-03 9.5E-03 1.6E-02 3.2E-02

* Spleen 3.4E-03 4.6E-03 7,OE-03 l. lE-02 2.08-02
Testes 1.7E-04 Z. lE-04 3.7E-04 5.9E-04 1.4E-03
Thyroid 1.4E-03 1.9E-03 3.3E-03 5.5E-03 9.4E-03
Uterus 3.1E-04 4.2E-04 7.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.7E-03
Other tissue 1.8E-03 2.2%03 3.1E-03 4.7E-03 8.6E-03
Effective
dose equivalent 2.68-02 3.8%02 5.5E-02 8.5B-02 1.7E-01
WV/W)
248
49
Markers
INDIUM-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

l13mIn
‘“In
Biokinetic Model
Indium-labelled substances can be used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
References
Heading, R. C., Tothill, P., Laidlaw, A. J. and Shearman, D. J. C. (1971). An evaluation of ““3mindiumDTPA chelate in
the measurement of gastric emptying by scintiscanning. Gut 12, 611-615.
Wright, R. A., Thompson, D. and Syed, I. (1981). Simultaneous markers for fluid and solid gastric emptying: New
variations on an old theme: Concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 772-776.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S)

(X-tract contents
SI 1.0 3.82 hr 1.22 hr
ULI 1.0 11.0 hr 36.9 min
LLI 1.0 16.3 hr 6.2 min
(X-tract contents
SI 1.0 3.76 hr 47.8 min
ULI 1.0 10.8 hr 24.2 min
LLI 1.0 16.0 hr 4.0 min
249
49
Markers
In-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE’MARKERS
lllIn 2.03 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2.OE-02 2.8E-02 4.73-02 8,OE-02 1.4E-01

Bone surfaces 3.1E-02 3.81-02 5.5E-02 8.3E-02 1.7E-01
Breast 3.6E-03 3.6E-03 9.4E-03 1.9E-02 3.7E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 5.OE-01 6.3E-01 9.9E-01 1.5E+OO 2.6E+OO
* ULI wall 1. lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.5E+OO 6.4E+OO
* LLI wall 2.1E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.3E+OO 6.8E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Kidneys 4.8E-02 5.9E-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01
Liver 3.4E-02 4.1E-02 E . OE-02 1.4E-0: 2.6E-01
Lungs 5.1E-03 7.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.5E-02 5.3E-02
Ovaries 4.2E-01 5.OE-01 7.6E-01 l.lE+OO 1.9E+OO
Pancreas 4.53-02 5.6E-02 9.OE-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Red marrov 9.7E-02 l.lE-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01
Spleen 3.2E-02 3.9E-02 6.7E-02 l.lE-01 1.9E-01
Testes 3.OE-02 4.OE-02 7.6E-02 1.2.B-01 2.3E-01
Thyroid 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.9E-03 4.53-03 1.3E-02
Uterus 1.7E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01 5.4E-01 9.OE-01
Other tissue 4.23-02 5.OE-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.08-01 3.7E-01 6.OB-01 9.3B-01 1.7B+00
(=Sv/nas)
IFpurifies;
E fectlve ose equivalent (mSv/HBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 3.7E+OO 6.OE+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.8E+Ol 3.6E+Ol

Organ
Adrenals 2.2E-02 3.3E-02 5.43-02 8.9B-02 1.6B-01

* Bladder wall l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.2B-01 5.5&01
Bone surfaces 3.1E-02 3.8E-02 5.6E-02 8.4E-02 1.7B-01
Breast 4.8E-03 4.8E-03 1,2E-02 2.2E-02 4.3B-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 2.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.5E-01 7.2B-01 1.4B+OO
* Small intest 5.OE-01 6.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.5E+OO 2.6E+OO
* ULI wall l.lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.4B+oO 6.3B+OO
* LLI wall 2.uB+oo 2.5E+OO 4.2E+OO 6.7E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Kidneys 5.1E-02 6.33-02 9.6B-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01
Liver 3.5E-02 4.4E-02 8.5E-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Lungs 7.2E-03 9.6E-03 1.7E-02 3.0&02 6.2E-02
Ovaries 4.2B-01 4.9E-01 7.5E-01 l.lB+OO 1.9E+OO
Pancreas 6. W-02 7.9&02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
Red narrow 9.7E-02 l. lE-01 1.5E-01 l.BE-01 2.2B-01
Spleen 4.4E-02 5.2E-02 8.5B-02 1.3B-01 2.3B-01
Testes 3.OE-02 3.9E-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 2.2E-01
Thyroid 6.OE-04 7.1s04 2.1E-03 5.1B-03 1.4E-02
Uterus 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 5.33-01 9.OB-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 3.1s01 3.8B-01 6.1B-01 9.4B-01 1.7B+00
WV/W)
114mIn (49.51 d) 3.8E+OO 6.2E+OO l.lE+Ol 1.8E+Ol 3.7E+Ol
250
49
Markers
In-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
113mIn
1.658 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 1 e7E-03 2.4E-03 3.7E-03 5.9E-03 l .OE-02

Bladder wall 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5.9E-03 9.4%03 1.6E-02
Bone surfaces l.OE-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 2.9E-03 5.7E-03
Breast 4.7E-04 4.7E-04 9.3E-04 1.7E-03 3.1E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 8.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.7E-01 5.5%01
* Small intest 1.4E-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01 5.2E-01 1.OE+OO
* ULI wall 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2,9E-01 4.8E-01 9. SE-01
* LLI wall 3.8E.-02 4.8E-02 8.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.6E-01
Kidneys 3.6E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.3E-03 1.5E-02
Liver 2.4E-03 2.8E-03 5.3E-03 9.2E-03 1.7E-02
Lungs 7.OE-04 8.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 4.4E-03
Ovaries l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.2E-02 3.4E-02 5.7E-02
* Pancreas 6.1E-03 6.8E-03 l .OE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02
Spleen 3.7E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 9.1E-03 1.5E-02
Testes 4.8E-04 7.3E-04 1.5E-03 2.6E-03 5.3&03
Thyroid 6.5E-05 7.3E-05 1.8E-04 3.5E-04 8. SE-04
Uterus 7.6E-03 l.lE-02 1.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.6~-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.78-02 3.3E-02 5.6E-02 9.1B-02 1.8B-01
(=Sv/rn)
Organ Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year l year
Adrenals 2.OE-03 3.3E-03 5.OE-03 ?.5E-03 1.2E-02

Bladder wall 2.1E-03 2.5E-03 4.3E-03 6.9E-03 l.2E-02
Breast 7.9E-04 ?.9E-04 1.5E-03 2.6E-03 4.73-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 2.1E-01 2.6E-01 3.8E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E+OO
* Small intest 9.6E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 6.7E-01
* ULI wall 9.3E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01 3.2E-01 6.3E-01
* LLI wall 2.5E-02 3.2E-02 5.4E-02 9.OE-02 1 .?E-01
Kidneys 3.8E-03 4.4E-03 6.4E-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02
Liver 2.4E-03 3.OE-03 5.6E-03 9.7E-03 1.8E-02
Lungs 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 6.3E-03
Ovaries 7.43-03 l .OE-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.0E-02
* Pancreas 1.28-02 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 2.6E-02 4.1E-02
Red marrow 2.4E-03 2.9E-03 3.83-03 4.7E-03 6.1%03
Spleen 6.5E-03 7.2E-03 l .OE-02 l.4E-02 2.2E-02
Testes 3.3E-04 5.1E-04 l. lE-03 1.9E-03 4.OE-03
Thyroid l .OE-04 1.2E-04 2.4E-04 5.OE-04 1.2E-03
Uterus 5.3E-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.3E-02
Other tissue 1.8E-03 2.2E-03 3.2E-03 4.9E-03 8.7&03
Bffective
dose equivalent 2. EB-02 3.4B-02 5. SB-02 9.1E-02 l.BB-01
(aSv/HBq)
251
49
Platelets
INDIUM-LABELLED PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

“‘In
Biokinetic Model
After intravenous injection some of the platelets are rapidly taken up in the spleen and liver,
due to equilibration with the marginating cell pool in these organs. The residual cells stay in the
circulation for a period determined by the remaining lifetime of the platelets. The normal
lifetime for a newly formed cell is 8-11 d. Dying cells are sequestered in various organs and
tissues. There is a very slow excretion of the radioactive label.
It is assumed that fractions of 0.30 and 0.10 are immediately deposited in spleen and liver,
respectively. The remaining fraction (0.60) is cleared from the blood with a half-time. of 4 d, and
is distributed in the red bone marrow (0.29, liver (0.20), spleen (0.05) and other tissues (0.10).
During their retention in the blood the cells are considered to be distributed in organs according
to their relative blood volumes.
Elimination of activity from the body has been studied only for short periods after injection,
and while it is clear that there is no rapid phase of elimination, it is assumed that there is a slow
excretion with the same half-life as found for indium given in ionic form, i.e. 70 d (see model for
ionic indium).
References
Goodwin, D. A., Bushberg, J. T., Doherty, P. N., Lipton, M. J., Conley, F. K., Diamanti, C. I. and Meares, C. F. (1978).
Indium-11 l-labeled autologous platelets for location of vascular thrombi in humans. J. Nucl. Med. 19, 626-634.
Klonizakis, I., Peters, A. M., Fitzpatrick, M. L., Kensett, M. L., Lewis, S. M. and Lavender, J. P. (1980). Radionuclide
distribution following injection of “‘Indium-labelled platelets. Br. J. Haematol. 46, 595-602.
Robertson, J. S., Dewanjee, M. K., Brown, M. L., Fuster, V. and Chesebro, J. H. (1981). Distribution and dosimetry of
“‘In-labeled platelets. Radiology 140, 169-176.
Scheffel, U., Tsan, M.-F., Mitchell, T. G., Camargo, E. E., Braine, H., Ezekowitz, M. D., Nickoloff, E. L., Hill-Zobel,
R., Murphy, E. and McIntyre, P. A. (1982). Human platelets labeled with In-l 11 I-Hydroxyquinoline: Kinetics,
distribution, and estimates of radiation dose. .I. Nucl. Med. 23, 149-156.
Schmidt, K. G., Rasmussen, J. W. and Rasmussen, A. D. (1985). Kinetics of ” 'In-labelledplatelets in healthy subjects.
&and. J. Haematol. 34, 370-317.
Wessels, P., Heyns, A. du P., Pieters, H., Latter, M. G. and Badenhorst, P. N. (1985). An improved method for the
quantification of the in vivo kinetics of a representative population of “‘In-labelled human platelets, Eur. J. Nwcl.
Med. 10, 522-527.
Biokinetic Data
Blood 1.0 0 0.40 34.4 hr

4d 0.60
Liver 0.30 0 -0.33 17.2 hr
4d -0.67
70 d 1.0
Red marrow 0.25 4d - 1.0 9.76 hr
70 d 1.0
Spleen 0.35 0 -0.86 30.3 hr
4d -0.14
70d 1.0
Remaining tissues 0.10 4d -1.0 3.90 hr
70 d I .o
253
In BIOKlNETIC MODELS AND DATA
49
Platelets
In-LABELLED PLATELETS
(THROMBOCYTES)
lll1” 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.7E-01 4.7E-01 7.2E-01 1.OE+OO 1.8E+OO

Bladder wall 6.6E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2,2E-01 3.9&01
Bone surfaces 2.3E-01 3.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.7E-01 1.8E+OO
Breast l . OE-01 1.1%01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 4.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.5E-01 4.1E-01 6.OE-01 8.3E-01 1.4E+OO
ULI wall 1.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 4.7E-01 E.OE-01
LLI wall 9.7&02 1.3E-01 Z .OE-01 2.9E-01 5 .OE-01
* Heart 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.1E-01 1.OE+OO 1*8E+OO
* Kidneys 4. IE-01 5.OE-01 7.6E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO
* Liver 7.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9EtOO 3.4E+OO
Lungs 2. EE-01 3.6E-01 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+OO
Ovaries 9.8E-02 1.3E-01 2 .OE-01 3.1E-01 5.3E-01
* Pancreas 6,6E-01 7.5E-01 l.lE+OO 1.6EtOO 2.6E+OO
Red marrow 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO 2.1E+OO
* Spleen 7.5E+OO 1 .OE+Ol 1,5E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 4.1E+Ol
Testes 4.3E-02 6.OE-02 9.1E-02 1.4!&01 2.7E-01
Thyroid E. lE-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 5.4E-01
Uterus 9.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.8E-01 4.9E-01
Other tissue l.ZE-01 1.4E-01 Z. lE-01 3.1E-01 5.6E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent l.OE-01 9.3%01 1.4B+oo 2.1E+oo 3.7E+oo
(mSv/KBq)
1;purities;
E fective ose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 8.3EtO1, l.ZE+OZ 2.OEt02 3,2E+02 6.2E+02
254
49
WBC
INDIUM-LABELLED WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

lllIn
Biokinetic Model
The fate of intravenously administered leukocytes depends to a great extent on details in the
preliminary isolation and in vitro labelling of the cells. The cells may become activated and
damaged to a varying degree, resulting in an immediate uptake predominantly in the lungs and
liver. When modern, more innocuous methods are used, there is only a very short transient
holdup in the lungs, and the initial uptake in organs is effected by equilibration with the pools of
marginating leukocytes. Cells initially remaining in the circulation show a blood clearance
which is exponential with a half-life between 5 and 10 hr. There is a very slow excretion of label
in the urine.
For absorbed dose calculations a model is proposed, where 60% of the cells are immediately
distributed in liver, spleen, bone marrow and other tissues, and 40% circulate in the blood with
a half-time of 7 hr, after which they are taken up in the same organs and tissues and in the same
proportions as for the early uptake. The total uptake is taken to be 20% in the liver, 25% in the
spleen, 30% in red bone marrow and 25% in other tissues. From all sites the activity is assumed
to be eliminated with a half-time of 70 d, in analogy with the model proposed for ionic indium.
The model chiefly refers to granulocytes, which normally form the majority of cells in a
preparation of mixed leukocytes. It may be inappropriate for other types of white blood cells,
such as lymphocytes, having somewhat different biokinetics.
The actual white blood cell suspension used for labelling may also contain erythrocytes and
thrombocytes, which become labelled at the same time, and there may also be some unbound
activity. The dose contributions from these other fractions of activity thus have to be added
appropriately.
The l1 ‘In-preparation may be contaminated with 114mInand its daughter ’ 141n.The effective
dose equivalent per unit activity of these radionuclides is therefore presented in the dosimetric
table.
References
Goodwin, D. A., Finston, R. A. and Smith, S. I. (1981). The distribution and dosimetry of In-l 11 labeled leucocytes and
platelets in humans. In: Froc. Third Znt. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge, 1980 (FDA
81-8166), pp. 88-101. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Mountford, P. J., Allsopp, M. J., Hall, F. M., Wells, C. P. and Coakley, A. J. (1985). Leucocyte and contaminant
cell-bound activities resulting from the labelling of leucocytes with “‘In-oxine. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 304307.
Saverymuttu, S. H., Peters, A. M., Keshavarzian, A., Reavy, H. J. and Lavender, J. P. (1985). The kinetics of “‘Indium
distribution following injection of ’ 1IIndium labelled autologous granulocytes in man. Br. J. Haematol. 61,67%85.
Thakur, M. L., Seifert, C. L., Madsen, M. T., McKenney, S. M., Desai, A. G. and Park, C. H. (1984). Neutrophil
labeling: Problems and pitfalls. Semin. Nucl. Med. 14, 107-117.
Weiblen, B. J., Forstrom, L. and McCullough, J. (1979). Studies of the kinetics of indium-11 l-labeled granulocytes. J.
ti. Clin. Med. 94, 246-255.
255
49
WBC
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a UA,
Blood 1.0 0 0.60 3.66 hr

I hr 0.40
Liver 0.20 0 -0.60 18.1 hr
7 hr -0.40
70 d 1.0
Red marrow 0.30 0 -0.60 27.2 hr
7 hr -0.40
70 d 1.0
Spleen 0.25 0 -0.60 22.7 hr
7 hr -0.40
70 d 1.0
Remaining tissues 0.25 0 -0.60 22.7 hr
7 hr -0.40
70d 1.0
In-LABELLED WHITE BLOOD CELLS

(LEUKOCYTES)
lll1” 2.03 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3.1E-01 4,OE-01 5.9E-01 8.2E-01 1.4EtOO
Bladder wall 7.2E-02 l.OE-01 1*6E-01 2,4E-01 4.1E-01
Bone surfaces 3.5E-01 5.OE-01 B.OE-01 1.4E+OO 2.9E+OO
Breast 9.OE-02 9.OE-02 l.SE-01 2.3E-01 3.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 4.9E-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO
Small intest 1.6E-01 1,9E-01 2.9E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-01
ULI wall 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 4.7E-01 7.8E-01
LLI wall 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01
Heart 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.OE-01 4.3E-01 7.3E-01
* Kidneys 3.3E-01 3,9E-01 6.OE-01 8.7E-01 1.4EtOO
* Liver 7.1E-01 8.8E-01 1.3E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.2E+OO
Lungs 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.6E-01 E . lE-01
Ovaries 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 3. SE-01 5.6E-01
* Pancreas 5.2B-01 6.1E-01 9.1E-01 1.3E+OO 2.1E+OO
Red marrow 6.9E-01 8. BE-01 1,3E+OO 2.3E+OO 4. SE+00

* Spleen 5.5E+OO 7.6E+OO l.lE+Ol 1.7E+Ol 3.OEtOl
Testes 4.5E-02 6.43-02 9,9E-02 1.5B-01 2.8.B-01
Thyroid 6.1E-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.lE-01 3.8E-01
Uterus 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.OE-01 5.0%01
Other tissue l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 5.9B-01 7.9B-01 1.2E+oO 1.8B+oO 3.2B+OO
(mSv/HBq)
114mIn (49.51 d) 6.9E+Ol 9.3E+Ol 1.5E+02 2. SE+02 4.9Ec02
256
INDIUM-LABELLED BLEOMYCIN
“lIn
Biokinetic Model
The kinetics of ” ‘In in the human body after intravenous injection of l1 ‘In-bleomycin has
been studied by Thakur et a/. (1973), Trott et al. (1974) and Williams et al. (1975). The initial
distribution is similar to that of cobalt-labelled bleomycin with a rapid disappearance from the
blood into most organs and tissues, an early uptake in the kidneys, and excretion of a large part
during the first 24-48 hr. Later, presumably because of dissociation of the complex with release
of ionic indium, there is a secondary slow uptake in the liver, bone marrow and spleen, with a
long retention of the activity before its final excretion into the urine.
It is assumed that after injection 10% is immediately taken up in the kidneys and that the rest
is evenly distributed in the body. A large fraction (0.54 of injected activity) is excreted with a
half-time of 10 hr. Smaller fractions are translocated to the liver (O.lO), bone marrow (0.06) and
spleen (0.04) with an uptake half-time of 2 d. Activity is then retained in the body with the same
half-times as assumed in the model for ionic indium, i.e. 2 d and 70 d.
References
Thakur, M. L., Merrick, M. V. and Gunasekera, S. W. (1973). Some pharmacological aspects of a new
radiopharmaceutical, ” ‘In-bleomycin. In: Rudiopharmaceuticals and Labelled Compounds, Vol. II, pp. 183-193,
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Trott, N. G., O’Connell, M. E. A., Ross, H. A., Smith, P. H. S. and Taylor, D. M. (1974). Some studies of the dosimetry
and safety ofradiophannaceuticals. In: Radioaktiue Isotope in Klinik und Forschung, Vol. 11, pp. 1-18. (HBfer, R. ed.)
Urban and Schwarzenberg, Miinchen.
Williams, E. D., Merrick, M. V. and Lavender, J. P. (1975). The distribution and dosimetry of “‘In-bleomycin in man.
5r. J. Radiol. 48.275-278.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a &IA,
Liver 0.10 2d -1.0 4.60 hr

2d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Red marrow 0.06 2d -1.0 2.76 hr
2d 0.3
70 d 0.7
Spleen 0.04 2d -1.0 1.84 hr
2d 0.3
70d 0.7
Kidneys (uptake) 0.10 2d 0.7 5.67 hr
70d 0.3
Kidneys (excretion) 1.0 2.6 min
Remaining tissues 0.90 10 hr 0.60 1.14 d
2d 0.28
70d 0.12
257
In-LABELLED BLEOMYCIN
%n 2.83 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 6.5E-01

* Bladder wall 1.7E-01 Z. lE-01 3.1E-01 4.5E-01 8.OE-01
Bone surfaces 0.5E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 5.4B-01
Breast 5.OE-02 5.OE-02 7.4B-02 l.ZE-01 Z.ZE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 4.OE-01
Small intest 8.5E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.2E-01
ULI wall 0.3E-02 l .OE-01 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01
LLI wall 6.8E-02 0.71-02 1.3E-01 Z.OE-01 3.5E-01
* Kidneys 8.4E-01 1. OE+OO 1.4E+OO 2 . OE+OO 3.4E+OO
* Liver Z.lE-01 2.6E-01 3. BE-01 5.3E-01 9.3E-01
Lungs 6.3E-02 8.3E-02 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01
Ovaries 7.3E-02 9.3E-02 1.4E-01 Z. ZE-01 3. BE-01
Pancreas 1.4&01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.6&01 6.OE-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 6.9E-01
* Spleen 5.2E-01 7.1E-01 1. lE+OO 1.6E+OO 2. BE+00
Testes 4.3E-02 5. BE-02 8.9%02 1.4B-01 2.6E-01
Thyroid 4.2E-02 6.2E-02 9.0E-02 1.6B-01 2.8E-01
Uterus 8.3E-02 9.8E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01
Other tissue 5.9E-02 7.1E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.6B-01 Z . OB-01 2.9%01 4.4B-01 7.7&01
(mSv/HBq)
?i!%%
E ect ve ose equivalent,(mSv/MBq of the impurity)
114mIn (49.51 d) 2.5E+Ol 3.7E+Ol 5.8E+Ol 9.5E+Ol 1.9E+02
258
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS I
53
Iodide
IODIDE
1231 1241 1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
The kinetic behaviour of iodide has been studied extensively, and several physiological
kinetic models exist (Berman, 1968; Riggs, 1952). These models contain all known flows and
exchanges, but are unnecessarily detailed for dosimetry purposes.
The mode1 used in the MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 5 (1975) described organ and tissue
retention in terms of exponential functions with up to four components. Normal values of
fractional thyroid uptake used in that report varied between 0.0550.25 and were considered to
encompass a range appropriate to the adult euthyroid population of the United States.
For absorbed dose calculations, an appropriately simple model should include values of
uptake in thyroid, stomach and intestines, together with a urinary excretion component. In
defining such a model, use has been made here of the data in the more complicated models
mentioned above and of other publications (e.g. Kaul et al., 1973). Thyroid uptake has been set
at six different levels in the range 0.05-0.55, the higher values being appropriate to the increased
uptakes which occur in regions of low iodine intake. The half-time of the thyroid uptake phase,
which in the MIRD model is 6-8 hr, has been set at 8 hr, equal to the half-time of renal
clearance. Fractional uptake values in the stomach and small intestine have been defined
according to data given in the MIRD report and the half-time of elimination from these organs
has been set at 8 hr, based on MIRD values and on the data of Takeda and Reeve (1962). The
half-time for discharge from the adult thyroid has been taken to be 80 d, whilst values of 65,50,
40 and 30 d have been used for childr,en aged 15, 10, 5 and 1 yr, respectively (Stather and
Greenhalgh, 1983). Iodide not taken up in the organs discussed above is assumed to be
distributed uniformly throughout the remaining body and excreted by the renal system, with a
half-time of 8 hr, according to the kidney-bladder model.
The model describes the behaviour of administered iodide only and therefore does not include
the effects of organically bound iodine, and iodide produced by catabolism of organically bound
iodine, which is released to the body tissues following discharge from the thyroid. The amounts
of organically bound iodine and recycled iodide produced depend on thyroid uptake values and
discharge rates: they are negligible for short-lived 123I and greatest for rt51, which for the
highest thyroid uptake considered (55%), shows an iodide recycling factor of about 1.18 for a
discharge half-time of 80 d and of about 1.32 for a discharge half-time of 30 d. In particular, for a
55% thyroid uptake of 1251,the effects of circulating organic iodine and recycled iodide are to
increase the self doses to body organs other than thyroid, GI tract and bladder by a factor of
about 10 (80 d discharge half-time) to 17 (30 d discharge half-time). Corresponding values for
1311are 1.8 to 3 and, for 1241, 1.3 to 1.7. However, these effects on doses to body organs and
tissues, other than the thyroid, have negligible influence on the effective dose equivalents of 1241,
12’1 and r311 for which the contribution to the effective dose equivalent from the thyroid dose
alone is 95% or more.
Although the model refers to intravenous administration, radioiodine tests of thyroid
function are usually performed, for convenience, with oral administration. Since absorption of
radioiodine is rapid and complete, the intravenous model is applicable in this case also, but
there is a further radiation dose to the stomach in addition to that due to iodide in gastric and
salivary secretions. Assuming a mean residence time in the stomach of 0.5 hr, the absorbed dose
259
I BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
53
Iodide
to the stomach wall is increased by about 40% for ’ 231and by about 30% for ’ 241, ’ 251and i3 ‘I,
when compared with the intravenous model. Because of its short physical half-life, oral
administration of 123I leads to a decrease of 3% in the absorbed dose to organs and tissues other
than the stomach wall, as compared with the intravenous case. With the other radionuclides
considered here, changes to organ and tissue absorbed doses are very small. The effective dose
equivalent is virtually identical after oral or intravenous administration.
The model for the case of a blocked thyroid is the same as that above, except that there is no
specific uptake in any organ or tissue. Instead, a uniform distribution is assumed, together with
an excretion half-time of 8 hr. Because blocking may not always be complete, calculations have
also been performed with a small residual uptake, in the range 0 to 2%, in the thyroid. Results of
these calculations are only presented with regard to the effective dose equivalent values
obtained. For further information on the effects of blocking, reference should be made to the
publication by Wootton and Hammond (1978).
Hypothyroid patients have a low thyroid uptake, but a prolonged excretion half-time,
resulting in a radiation dose to the thyroid a little larger than for a euthyroid subject with the
same low fractional uptake. In the case of hyperthyroidism, the shorter than normal half-time of
radioiodine in the thyroid leads to a smaller radiation dose than would be extrapolated from the
dose values presented here.
References
(1) Model for adults and children
Berman, M., Hoff, E., Barandes, M., Becker, D. V., Sonenberg, M., Benua, R. and Koutras, D. A. (1968). J. C/in.
Endocrinol. Metab. 28, 1-14.
Kaul, A., Oeff, K., Roedler, H. D. and Vogelsang, T. (1973). Radiopharmaceuticals-Biokinetic Data and Results of
Radiation Dose Calculations. Informationsdienst fur Nuklearmedizin, Berlin.
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 5 (1975). Summary of current radiation dose estimates to humans from lz31, iz41,
12q ‘26I i3’I, i3iI and 13’1 as sodium iodide. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 857-860.
Riggs,‘D. S’(1952). Quantitative aspects of iodine metabolism in man. Pharmacol. Rev. 4, 284370.
Stather, J. W. and Greenhalgh, J. R. (1983). The Metabolism oflodine in Children and Adults, NRPB-R140. National
Radiological Protection Board, Chilton.
Takeda, Y. and Reeve, B. M. (1962). Distribution and excretion of 113’-iodide in men on pharmacologic doses of
iodides. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 60, 944953.
Wootton, R. and Hammond, B. J. (1978). A computer simulation study ofoptimal thyroid radiation protection during
investigations involving the administration of radioiodine-labelled pharmaceuticals. Br. J. Radiol. 51, 265-272.
(2) Dosimetry of the fetal thyroid
Aboul Khair, S. A., Buchanan, T. J., Crooks, J. and Turnbull, A. C. (1966). Structural and functional development of
the human fetal thyroid. Clin. Sci. 31, 415424.
Beierwaltes, W. H., Crane, R., Wegst, A., Stafford, N. B. and Carr, E. A. Jr. (1960). Radioactive iodine concentration in
the fetal human thyroid gland from fallout. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 173, 18951902.
Beierwaltes, W. H., Hilger, M. T. J. and Wegst, A. (1963). Radioiodine concentration in fetal human thyroid from
fallout. Health Phys. 9, 1263-1266.
Book, S. A. and Goldman, M. (1975). Thyroid radioiodine exposure of the fetus. Health Phys. 29, 874-877.
Chapman, E. M., Gomer, G. W., Robinson, D. and Evans, R. D. (1948). The collection of radioactive iodine by the
human fetal thyroid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 8, 717-720.
Costa, A., Cottino, F., Dellepiane, M., Ferraris, G. M., Lenare, L., Magro, G., Pat&o, G. and Zoppett’, G. (1965).
Thyroid function and thyrotropin activity in mother and fetus. Curr. Top. Thyroid Res. 5,738.
Czerniak, P., Soferman, N. and Chajchik, S. (1965). The passage of I-131 and P-32 from mother to fetus (in Hebrew).
Harefiah 69, 158-161.
Dyer, N. C. and Brill, A. B. (1972). Maternal-fetal transport of iron and iodine in human subjects. Adu. Exp. Med. Viol.
27, 354-366.
Eisenbud, M., Mochizuku, Y. and Laurer, G. (1963). I-131 dose to human thyroids in New York City from nuclear tests
in 1962. Health Phys. 9, 1291-1298.
Evans, T. C., Kretschmar, R. M., Hodges, R. E. and Song, Ch. W. (1967). Radioiodine uptake studies of the human fetal
thyroid. J. Nucl. Med. 8, 157-165.
260
53
Iodide
Hodges, R. E., Evans, T. C., Bradbury, J. T. and Keettel, W. C. (1955). The accumulation of radioactive iodine by
human fetal thyroids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 15,661-667.
Johnson, J. R. (1982). Fetal thyroid dose from intakes of radioiodine by the mother. Health Phys. 43, 573582.
Lampe, L., Kertesz, L. and Dzvonyar, J. (1964). Uber die Jodspeicherung der Schilddriise des menschlichen Fetus. Zb.
Gyniikol. 86,905-908.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs
(1) Thyroid blocked, uptake 0%

Total body 1.0 8 hr 1.0 7.14 hr 10.7 hr 11.5 hr 11.1 hr
(excluding
bladder
contents)
Kidneys 1.0 5.0 min 7.5 min 8.0 min 1.1 min
Bladder
contents 1.0 1.10 hr 1.70 hr 1.83 hr 1.76 hr
(2) Thyroid uptake 5%
Thyroid 0.05 8 hr - 1.0
Adult 80 d 1.o 35 min 6.37 hr 2.46 d 12.1 hr
15 yr old 65 d 1.0 35 min 6.30 hr 2.24 d 11.9 hr
10 yr old 50d 1.o 35 min 6.19 hr 1.96d 11.5 hr
5 yr old 40d 1.0 35 min 6.07 hr 1.72 d 11.1 hr
1 yr old 30 d 1.0 35 min 5.88 hr 1.44 d 10.5 hr
Stomach 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
contents 1.0 1.05 hr 1.61 hr 1.74 hr 1.67 hr
Remaining
tissues 0.7 8 hr 1.o 5.03 hr 7.48 hr 8.04 hr 1.76 hr
Thyroid 0.15 8 hr -1.0
Adult 80d 1.0 1.77 hr 19.1 hr 7.39 d 1.52 d
15 yr old 65 d 1.0 1.76 hr 18.9 hr 6.72 d 1.49d
10 yr old 50 d 1.0 1.76 hr 18.6 hr 5.88 d 1.44d
5 yr old 4Od 1.0 1.75 hr 18.2 hr 5.19 d 1.39d
1 yr old 30 d 1.0 1.75 hr 17.7 hr 4.31 d 1.32 d
SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
contents 1.0 56 min 1.44 hr 1.55 hr 1.50 hr
Remaining
tissues 0.7 8 hr 1.0 5.03 hr 7.48 hr 8.04 hr 1.76 hr
Adult 80 d 1.0 2.94 hr 1.33 d 12.3 d 2.53 d
15 yr old 65 d 1.0 2.94 hr 1.31 d 11.2d 2.48 d
10 yr old 50d 1.0 2.93 hr 1.29 d 9.79 d 2.40 d
5 yr old 40d 1.0 2.92 hr 1.26d 8.62 d 2.32 d
1 yr old 30d 1.0 2.91 hr 1.23 d 7.18 hr 2.20 d
continued
261
53
Iodide
Organ (S) Fs

SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
Remaining
Adult 80 d 1.0 4.12 hr 1.86d 17.2 d 3.54 d
15 yr old 65 d 1.0 4.12 hr 1.84 d 15.7 d 3.47 d
10 yr old 50 d 1.0 4.11 hr 1.80d 13.7 d 3.36 d
5 yr old 40d 1.0 4.09 hr 1.77 d 12.1 d 3.25 d
1 yr old 30 d 1.0 4.08 hr 1.72 d 10.1 d 3.07 d
SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
Remaining
Adult 80 d 1.0 5.30 hr 2.39 d 22.2 d 4.56 d
15 yr old 65 d 1.0 5.29 hr 2.36 d 20.2 d 4.46 d
10 yr old 50 d 1.0 5.28 hr 2.32 d 17.6 d 4.32 d
5 yr old 40 d 1.0 5.26 hr 2.28 d 15.5 d 4.17 d
1 yr old 30 d 1.0 5.24 hr 2.21 d 12.9 d 3.95 d
SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
contents 1.0 36 min 56 min 1.01 hr 58 min
Remaining
Adult 80 d 1.0 6.48 hr 2.92 d 27.1 d 5.57 d
15 yr old 65 d 1.o 6.47 hr 2.89 d 24.7 d 5.45 d
10 yr old 50d 1.0 6.45 hr 2.84 d 21.5 d 5.28 d
5 yr old 40 d 1.0 6.43 hr 2.78 d 19.0 d 5.lOd
1 yr old 30 d 1.0 6.41 hr 2.70 d 15.8 d 4.83 d
SI 0.15 8 hr 1.0 1.08 hr 1.60 hr 1.72 hr 1.66 hr
Bladder
contents 1.0 30 min 46 min 49 min 48 min
Remaining
262
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid blocked, uptake 0%
1231
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals ? .OE-03 8.7E-03 1.4E-02 2,1E-02 3.9B-02

* Bladder wall 9.OE-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.5E-01
Bone surfaces 8.1E-03 9.7E-03 1.5E-02 2.4B-02 4.6E-02
Breast 5.6E-03 5.6E-03 8.1E-03 1.3B-02 2.5B-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6,9E-03 8.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.lE-02 3.7E-02
* Small intest 8.5E-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.6B-02
* ULI wall 8.OE-03 9,9E-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.3E-02
* LLI wall 9.7E-03 1 .ZE-02 1.9E-02 . 2.9E-02 5.4E-02
* Kidneys l.lE-02 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 2.9E-02 5.1E-02
Liver 6.7E-03 8.2E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.7E-02
Lungs 6.1E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.5E-02
Ovaries 9.8E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 5.3E-02
Pancreas 7.6E-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 4.1E-02
Red marrow 9.4E-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.7B-02
Spleen 7.OE-03 8.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.7E-02
Testes 6.9E-03 9.4E-03 1.5B-02 2,5E-02 4.8E-02
Thyroid 5.1E-03 7.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OB-02 3.78-02
Uterus 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.83-02 4.3B-02 ?.6E-02
Other tissue 6.4E-03 7.7E-03 1.2E-02 1.9B-02 3.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.3E-02 1.6B-02 2.4B-02 3.7B-02 6.7B-02
(mSv/HBq)
Incomplete blockage:
Effective dose equivalent (mSv/NBq) at small uptake in the thyroid
uptake: 0.5 % 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3.1E-02 5.2E-02 9.6E-02
uptake: 1.0 % 1.9E-02 2.5E-02 3.8E-02 6.7E-02 1.3E-01
uptake: 2.0 % 2.53-02 3.48-02 5.2E-02 9.9E-02 1.8E-01
263
BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 5%
1231 13.2 hours

Absorbeddose
Organ
Adrenals 6.43-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.73-02
* Bladder wall 8.53-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 4.3E-01
Bone surfaces 6.8E-03 8.43-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 4.OE-02
Breast 4.63-03 4.6E-03 6.93-03 l.lE-02 2.23-02
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 6.83-02 8.53-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.8E-01
* Small intest 4.33-02 5.5E-02 9.23-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 4.63-02 7.83-02
LLI wall l.lE-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.43-02 6.2E-02
Kidneys 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 2.9E-02 5.1E-02
Liver 6.23-03 7.63-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.83-02
Lungs 5.4E-03 6.7E-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02 3.1E-02
Ovaries 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.63-02 4.OE-02 7.OE-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.43-02 3.5E-02 6.1E-02
Red marrow 9.23-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.43-02 4.1E-02
Spleen 9.63-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.53-02 4.4E-02
Testes 5.53-03 7.63-03 1.3E-02 Z.lE-02 4.OE-02
Thyroid 6.3E-01 9.9E-01 1.5E+OO 3.3E+OO 6.2E+OO
Uterus 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3.33-02 S.lE-02 9.OE-02
Other tissue 6.3E-03 7.63-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.51-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.83-02 5.33-02 8.OE-02 1.5B-01 2.9E-01
(mSv/H8q)
Thyroid uptake 15%
Adrenals 6.3E-03 8.3E-03 1.3E-02 Z.OE-02 3.7E-02

* Bladderwall 7.63-02 9.53-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01
Bone surfaces 7.1E-03 9.1E-03 1.4E-02 2.23-02 4.1E-02
Breast 4.73-03 4.73-03. 7.33-03 1.2E-02 2.31-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 4.33-02 5.43-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall 1.8E-02 1.9E-02 2.93-02 4.53-02 7.73-02
LLI wall l.lE-02 1.4E-02 2.23-02 3.3E-02 6.OE-02
Kidneys l.OE-02 1.3E-02 l.BE-02 2.7E-02 4.63-02
Liver 6.23-03 7.63-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.83-02
Lungs 5.7E-03 7.2E-03 l.lE-02 1.8E-02 3.41-02
Ovaries 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.53-02 3.8E-02 6.8E-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.43-02 3.53-02 6.1E-02
Red marrow 9.43-03 ;. y”; 1.7E-02 2.53-02 4.33-02
Spleen 9.53-03 1.7E-02 2.53-02 4.4&02
Testes 5.33-03 7:23-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.8E-02
Thyroid 1.9E+OO 3.OE+OO 4.5E+OO 9.8E+OO 1.9E+Ol
Uterus 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 4.93-02 8.6E-02
Other tissue 6.83-03 8.53-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 7.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.53-01 6.5E-01
(=Sv/llBq)
264
RADIATIONDOSETOPATIENTSFROMRADIOPHARMACEUTICALS I
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 25%
123I 13.2 hours
Absorbeddose
Organ
Adrenals 6.43-03 8.43-03 1.3E-02 2.lE-02 3.83-02

* Bladderwall 6.9E-02 8.5E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01
Bone surfaces 7.53-03 9.93-03 1.5E-02 2.33-02 4.4E-02
Breast 5.OE-03 5.OE-03 7.9E-03 1.3E-02 2.53-02
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 6.8E-02 8.53-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.8E-01
* Small intest 4.33-02 5.43-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall 1.8E-02 1.9E-02 2.93-02 4.5E-02 7.7E-02
LLI wall l.lE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 5.9E-02
Kidneys l.lE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 4.73-02
Liver 6.3E-03 7.78-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02
Lungs 6.1E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.8E-02
Ovaries l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.83-02 6.8E-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.48-02 3.63-02 6.23-02
Red marrow 9.8E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 4.53-02
Spleen 9.63-03 l.lE-02 1.7E-02 2.53-02 4.43-02
Testes 5.2E-03 7.OE-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.73-02
Thyroid 3.2E+OO 5.OE+OO 7.5E+OO 1.6E+Ol 3.1E+Ol
Uterus 1.4E-02 l.BE-02 3.OE-02 4.7E-02 8.33-02
Other tissue 7.4E-03 9.5E-03 1.5E-02 2.43-02 4.43-02
Effective
dose equivalent l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 5.48-01 l.OE+oo
(mSv/lfBq)
Thyroid uptake 35%

Adrenals 6.5E-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.83-02
* Bladderwall 6.OE-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Bone surfaces 7.9E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.63-02
Breast 5.23-03 5.2E-03 8.53-03 1.5E-02 2.73-02
GI-tract
* *all intest 4.23-02 5.43-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall 1.8E--02 1.9E-02 2.91-02 4.5E-02 7.63-02
LLI wall l.OE-02 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.23-02 5.83-02
Kidneys 9.1E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.43-02 4.1E-02
Liver 6.3E-03 7.83-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 4.OE-02
Lungs 6.5E-03 8.63-03 1.4E-02 2.23-02 4.2E-02
Ovaries l.lE-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 3.73-02 6.6E-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.63-02 6.2E-02
Red marrow l.OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.83-02 4.83-02
Spleen 9.63-03 l.lE-02 l.?E-02 2.53-02 4.53-02
Testes 5.OE-03 6.83-03 l.lE-02 1.8E-02 3.53-02
Thyroid 4.5E+OO 7.OE+OO l.lE+Ol 2.3E+Ol 4.3E+Ol
Uterus 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.93-02 4.43-02 7.9E-02
Other tissue 8.OE-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.5E-01 2.3B-01 3.5E-01 7.4E-01 1.4B+OO
(mSv/KBq)
265
43
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 45%
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 6.5E-03 8.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02

* Bladder wall S.lE-02 6.4E-02 9.4E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Bone surfaces 8.2B-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.8L02
Breast 5.4B-03 5.4E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02 2.93-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 6*8E-02 8.58-02 11ZE-01 Z.OE-01 3.9E-01
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.4B-02 9. IE-02 1.4E-01 2.7&01
* ULI wall 1.8E-02 1.9B-02 2.9E-02 4.4E-02 7.63-02
LLI wall l .OE-02 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.1E-02 5.63-02
Kidneys 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 4.33-02
Liver 6.3E-03 7.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.OE-02
Lungs 6.8.R-03 9.1E-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.53-02
Ovaries l .lE-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 6.5E-02
* Pancreas 1.4B-02 1.6E-02 2. SE-02 3.6E-02 6.33-02
Red marrow l *OB-02 1.4E-02 2.OE-02 2.9E-02 4.9E-02
Snleen 9.6E-03 l . lE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4.5E-02
Testes 4.8E-03 6.5E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.3B-02
Thyroid 5.7E+OO 9.OE+OO 1.4E+Ol 3.OE+Ol 5.6E+Ol
Uterus 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 4,2E-02 7.5E-02
Other tissue 8.6E-03 l . lE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 5.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.9E-01 2,9B-01 4.4B-01 9.4B-01 1.8B+00
(mSv/WBq)
Thyroid uptake 55%
Adrenals 6.5E-03 8.51-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02

* Bladder wall 4.3E-02 5.33-02 7.9E-02 l.ZE-01 2.2&01
Breast 5.6E-03 5.6E-03 9.5E-03 1,7E-02 3.lE-02
GI-tract
l Stomach wall 6.8E-02 8.s02 l. ZE-01 2.0&01 3.9E-01
* Small intest 4 *28-02 5.43-02 9. IE-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
* ULI wall 1. aR-02 1.9E-02 2.9E-02 4,4E-02 7.6E-02
LLI wall 9.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.OE-02 5.5E-02
Kidneys 9.1E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 4.1E-02
Liver 6.4E-03 7.93-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.1E-02
Lungs 7.2E-03 9.73-03 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.83-02
Ovaries l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 6.43-02
* Pancreas 1.4E-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 6.3E-02
Red marrow 1.13-02 1.5E-02 2.1E-02 3.OE-02 5.2E-02
Spleen 9.7E-03 l.lE-02 1.7B-02 2.6B-02 4.6E-02
Testes 4.6E-03 6.23-03 l . OE-02 1.6E-02 3.2E-02
Thyroid 7.OE+OO l.lE+Ol 1.7E+01 3.6E+Ol 6.8B+Ol
Uterus l . ZE-02 l.dE-02 2.6E-02 4,OE-02 7.2E-02
Other tissue 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3. IE-02 5.8B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.3B-01 3 - 5B-01 5.3E-01 l.lB+W 2.1&00
Wv/BBq)
266
53
Iodide
IODIDE
1241
4.18 days
Absorbed done
Organ
* Adrenals 7.2E-02 7.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01

* Bladder vail 7.8E-01 9.6E-01 1.4E+OO Z.ZE+OO 4.OE+OO
Breast 5.2E-02 5.21-02 7.7E-02 l .ZE-01 2.4E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.7E-02 7 .OE-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
ULI wall 6. BE-M B.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.OL01 3.5E-01
* LLI wall 8.7E-02 9.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01
* Kidneys l .OE-01 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.5E-01
Liver 5.8E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Lungs 5.1E-CI2 6.3E-02 9.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.8E-01
Ovaries 7.90-02 l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.2E-01
Pancreas 6.1E-02 7,7E-02 1.2E-01 1. BE-01 3.4E-01
Spleen 5.83-02 7. IE-02 l.lE-01 1. ?E-01 3. IE-01
Testes 7.4E-02 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 2,1E-01 4.OE-01
Thyroid 5.OE-02 6.4E-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Uterus 1. IE-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.3E-01 5.8E-01
Other tissue 5.6E-02 6.7E-02 l.OE-01 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent l. lB-01 1.3B-01 Z . OB-01 3.1E-01 5.6B-01
Wv/BW
Effective dose equivalent (mSv/MBq) at small uptake in the thyroid
uptake: 0.5 4; 2.5E-01 3.5E-01 5,3E-01 1 . OE+OO 2 . OE+OO
uptake: 1.0 % 3.8E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 1.8E+OO 3.4E+OO
uptake: 2.0 % 6.6E-01 1. DE+00 1.5E+OO 3.3EtOO 6.2E+OO
267
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 5%
124I
4.18 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 6.6E-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01

Bone surfaces 5.3E-02 6,7E-02 9.9E-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Breast 5.2E-02 5.2E-02 8.5E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.8E-01 7.3E-01 l*OE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.4E+OO
* Small intest 3.7E-01 4.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.3E+OO 2.4E+OO
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.3E-01 5.7E-01
LLI wall 9.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.5E-01
Kidneys l.OE-01 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.4E-01
Liver 5.6&02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01
Lungs 5.7E-02 7.2E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01
Ovaries 9.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.2E-01
* Pancreas l. lE-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 4*8E-01
Spleen 7.9E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01
Testes 5.8E-02 6,8E-02 1. IE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01
Thyroid 4.2E+Ol 6.7E+Ol l.OE+02 2.2E+02 4.OE+02
Uterus 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 3.8E-01 6.6E-01
Other tissue 6.9E-02 8.83-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.9E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.3E+OO 7.OE+OG 1.3B+Ol
(mSv/lIBq)
Thyroid uptake 15%
Adrenals 7.2E-02 8,1E-02 1,3E-01 2.OE-01 3 * 6E-01

* Bladder wall 6.7E-01 8.2E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.5EtOO
Bone surfaces 7.2E-02 l.OE-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01
Breast 7,3E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.8E-01 7,3E-01 1.OE+OO 1.7EtOO 3.4EtOO
* Small intest 3.7E-01 4.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.3EtOO 2.4EtOO
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.9E-01
LLI wall 9.2E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.5E-01
Kidneys 9.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.3E-01

Liver 6.1E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.8E-01
Lungs 8.6E-02 l.lE-01 1*8E-01 2.9E-01 5.OE-01
Ovaries 8.9E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.2E-01
* Pancreas l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
Red marrow 8.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01

Spleen 8.3E-02 9.8E-02 1.5E-01 2.3&01 4.OE-01
Testes 5.7E-02 6.6E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.3E-01
Thyroid 1.3E+02 2.OEc02 3.OE+02 6.5Et02 1.2Et03
Uterus l.lE-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 6.4E-01
Other tissue l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.OE+OO 6.2E+OO 9.3R+OO 2.OE+Ol 3.7E+Ol
(mSv/HBq)
268
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 25%
1241
4.18 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 7.8E-02 8.8E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.1E-01

Bladder wall 6.OE-01 7.3E-01 l.lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.1E+OO
Breast 9.3E-02 9.2E-02 1.7E-01 2.8E-01 S.OE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.8E-01 7.4E-01 1. lE+OO 1. EE+OO 3.5E+OO
Small intest 3.7E-01 4.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E+OO 2.4E+OO
ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3. SE-01 6.OE-01
LLI wall 9.OE-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4. SE-01
Kidneys 9.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.6E-01
Liver 6.6E-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.3E-01
Lungs l.lE-01 1. SE-01 2. SE-01 4.OE-01 6.7E-01
Ovaries 8. t3E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
Pancreas 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01
Red marrow l.lE-01 1. SE-01 1.9E-01 2.7E-01 4.5E-01
Spleen 8.7E-02 1 .OE-01 1.7E-01 2. SE-01 4.4E-01
Testes 5.6E-02 6.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-01
Thyroid 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 5.OE+02 l.lE+03 2.OE+03
Uterus l. lE-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 6.3E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 6.5E+OO 1 .OE+Ol 1.5E+Ol 3.3B+Ol 6.1E+Ol
(;mSv/EBq)
Thyroid uptake 35%

Adrenals 8.3E-02 9.5E-02 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01
* Bladder wall 5.2E-01 6.4E-01 9.6E-01 1. SE+00 2.7E+OO
Bone surfaces l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.3E-01 5.4E-01
Breast l. lE-01 l. lE-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 l.lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.5E+OO
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3. SE-01 6.2E-01
LLI wall 8.8E-02 l.OE-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4. SE-01
Kidneys 9.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.7E-01
Liver 7.1E-02 8.9E-02 1.5E-01 2. SE-01 4.7E-01
Lungs 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.1E-01 S. OE-01 8.5E-01
Ovaries 8.6E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
* Pancreas 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3. SE-01 6.1E-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01 1.BE-01 2.3E-01 3.2E-01 5.3E-01
Spleen 9.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 4.8E-01
Testes 5.4E-02 6.2E-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Thyroid 3.OE+02 4.7E+02 7.OE+OZ 1. SE+03 2.8E+03
Uterus l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.2E-01
Other tissue 1.8E-01 2.5E-01 3.9E-01 6.3E-01 l.lE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 9.1E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.1B+Ol 4.6B+Ol 8.6E+Ol
Wv/W)
269
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 45%
1241
4.18 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/RBq)
Organ
Adrenals 8. BE-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 5.OE-01

* Bladder wall 4.5E-01 5.5E-01 8.2E-01 1.3E+OO 2.3E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 2.7E-01 3.9E-01 6.2E-01
Breast 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.lE-01 7.4E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 5.9E-01 7.5E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.6E+OO
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 6.3E-01
LLI wall 8.6E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4. SE-01
Kidneys 9.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.7E-01
Liver 7.6E-02 9.63-02 1.6E-01 2.7E-01 5.1E-01
Lungs 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.1E-01 1 . OE+OO
Ovaries 8,5E-02 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
Pancreas 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 6.5E-01
Red marrow 1.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01
Spleen 9.4E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.1E-01
Testes 5.2E-02 6.OE-02 9.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.1E-01
Thyroid 3.8E+02 6.OE+02 9.OE+02 2.OE+03 3.6E+03
Uterus l .OE-01 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 6.OE-01
Other tissue 2.1E-01 3.OE-01 4.8E-01 7_7E-01 1.4E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.2E+Ol 1.8B+Ol 2.7E+Ol 6.OK+Ol l.lK+02
(q Sv/nBq)
Thyroid uptake 55%
Adrenals 9.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 5.4E-01

* Bladder wall 3.8E-01 4.6E-01 6.9E-01 1 . lE+OO 2,OE+OO
Breast 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 8.7E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 6.OE-01 7.6E-01 1 .lE+OO 1.8EtOO 3.6E+OO
* ULI wall 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 6.5E-01
LLI wall 8.4E-02 9.9E-02 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.5E-01
Kidneys 7.5E-02 9.63-02 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 4.1E-01

Liver 8.1E-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01 5.6E-01
Lungs 2.OE-01 2.7E-01 4.4E-01 7.2E-01 1.2E+OO
Ovaries 8.4E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.3E-01
Pancreas 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 3.9E-01 6.9E-01
Red marrow 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.OE-01

Spleen 9.8E-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.OE-01 5.5E-01
Testes 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 9.5E-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Thyroid 4.7E+02 7.3E+02 1. x+03 2.4E+03 4.4E+03
Uterus 9.7E-02 1.3E-01 .?. lE-01 3.3E-01 5.9E-01
Other tissue 2.5E-01 3.6E-01 5.7E-01 9*1E-01 1*6E+OO
Kffective
dose equivalent 1.4E+Ol 2.2K+Ol 3.3E+Ol 7.3K+01 1.3K+O2
(mSv/ltKq)
270
53
Iodide
IODIDE
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4.8E-03 6.6E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02 3.7E-02

* Bladder wall l.OE-01 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 5.4E-01
Bone surfaces ?.4E-03 9.3E-03 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 5.7E-02
Breast 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.4E-03 l.ZE-02 2.4E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.3&03 6.5E-03 l .OE-02 1. EE-02 3.5E-02
* Small intest 5.8E-03 6.8E-03 1.2E-02 Z . OE-02 4.lE-02
* ULI wall 5.8E-03 6. EE-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.9E-02
* LLI wall 6.7E-03 E. lE-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 4.83-02
* Kidneys 1 .OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2. EE-02 5.1E-02
Liver 5.4E-03 6.43-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3. SE-02
Lungs 5.5E-03 6.9E-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02 3.7E-02
Ovaries 6.4E-03 7. EE-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 4. EE-02
Pancreas 5.6E-03 6.7E-03 l . lE-02 1.9E-02 3.7E-02
Red marrow 8.3E-03 l .OE-02 1.7E-02 2.9E-02 5.9E-02
Spleen 5.6E-03 6.5E-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3.6E-02
Testes 5.OE-03 6.53-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 4.4E-02
Thyroid 4.7E-03 6.3E-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3.6E-02
Uterus 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 3. EE-02 7.5E-02
Other tissue 5.2E-03 6.3E-03 1 .OE-02 1.7E-02 3.4E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent l . ZE-02 1.5E-02 2.3B-02 3.7E-02 7.3B-02
(mSv/lras)
Effective dose equivalent (mSv/HBq) at small uptake in the thyroid
uptake: 0.5 % 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.4E+OO
uptake: 1.0 % 3,OE-01 4.6E-01 6.9E-01 1.5E+OO 2.8EtOO
uptake: 2.0 X 5.8E-01 9.OE-01 1.4E+OO 3.OE+OO 5.6EtOO
271
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 5%
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.6E-03 5.1E-03 8.8E-03 1.5E-02 3.1E-02

Breast 4.OE-03 4.OE-03 6.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 7.1E-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.3E-01
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.5E-02 9.53-02 l* bE-01 3.OE-01
* ULI wall 1.6E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 4.OE-02 7.6E-02
LLI wall 7.6E-03 9,7E-03 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 5.5E-02
Kidneys 9.2E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 4.7E-02
Liver 4.2E-03 4.9E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02 3.4E-02
Lungs 5.7E-03 7.8E-03 1.6E-02 3.OE-02 6.4E-02
Ovaries 7.OE-03 l.OE-02 1.8E-02 3.2E-02 6.3E-02
Red marrow l .OE-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 4.2E-02 8.OE-02
Spleen 5.8E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.9E-02
Testes 3.7E-03 4,9E-03 9.1E-03 1.7E-02 3.6E-02
Thyroid 4.7E+Ol 6.7E+Ol 8.8E+Ol 1,7E+02 2.7E+02
Uterus 9.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02 4.3E-02 8.6E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4E+O8 2 . OE+OO 2.7E+OO S.lE+oo 8.1E+OO
(mSv/IW)
Thyroid uptake 15%
Adrenals 3.6E-03 5.1E-03 8.9E-03 1.5E-02 3.3E-02

* Bladder wall 8.5E-02 l. lE-01 l.bE-01 2.4E-01 4.6E-01
Bone surfaces 1.6E-02 4.1E-02 5.3E-02 8.OE-02 1.4E-01
Breast 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.5E-03 1.9E-02 5,1E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.53-02 9.5E-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
* ULI wall 1.6E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.6E-02
LLI wall 7.5E-03 9.5E-03 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 5.4E-02
Kidneys 8.6E-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 4.6E-02
Liver 4.2E-03 4.9E-03 9.4E-03 1.7E-02 3.8E-02
Lungs 8.7E-03 1.3E-02 3.1E-02 6.2E-02 1.3E-01
Ovaries 6.9E-03 9.8E-03 1.8E-02 3.1E-02 6.2E-02
Pancreas 9.2E-03 l.OE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 5.7E-02
Red marrow 1.7E-02 3.9E-02 5.1E-02 7.7E-02 1.4E-01

Spleen 5.8E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02
Testes 3,6E-03 4.7E-03 8.83-03 1.6E-02 3.4E-02
Thyroid 1.4E+02 2.OE+02 2.6E+02 5.1E+02 7.9E+02
Uterus 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-02
Other tissue 5.3E-02 7.OE-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.33+00 6.OB+OU 8.OB+OO 1. SE+01 2.4B+Ol
b-/m)
272
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 25%
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Per unit activity administered (mGy/RBq)
Organ
Adrenals 3.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02 3.5E-02

Bone surfaces 2.4E-02 6.4E-02 8.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01
Breast 5.3E-03 5.2E-03 l.lE-02 2.6E-02 7.3E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall J.lE-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.5E-02 9.5E-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
* ULI wall 1,6E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.6E-02
LLI wall 7.4E-03 9.3E-03 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 5.3E-02
Kidneys E. lE-03 9.9E-03 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 4.5E-02
Liver 4.2E-03 5.OE-03 9.9E-03 1.8E-02 4.1E-02
Lungs 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 4.6E-02 9.3E-02 2.OE-01
Ovaries 6.9E-03 9.8E-03 1.8E-02 3,1E-02 6.2E-02
Pancreas 9.2E-03 l.OE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 6 .OE-02
Spleen 5.9E-03 6.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 4.7E-02
Testes 3.6E-03 4. JE-03 8.6E-03 1.6E-02 3.3E-02
Thyroid 2.4E+02 3.3E+OZ 4.4E+02 8.4E+02 1.3E+03
Uterus 8.8E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02 3.9E-02 7.8E-02
Other tissue 8.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 2.8E-01 4.6E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 7.1E+OO l.OE+Ol 1.3E+Ol 2.5E+Ol 4.OE+Ol
(mSv/l!Bq)
Thyroid uptake 35%
Adrenals 3.5E-03 5.OE-03 8.93-03 1.6E-02 3.7E-02

Bone surfaces 3.1E-02 8.61-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2. JE-01
Breast 5.9E-03 5.73-03 1.3E-02 3.2E-02 9.5E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall J.lE-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.53-02 9. SE-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
* ULI wall 1.6E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.5E-02
LLI wall 7.2E-03 9.1E-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02 5.1E-02
Kidneys 7.6E-03 9.33-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 4.4E-02
Liver 4.2E-03 5.OE-03 1 .OE-02 1.9E-02 4.5E-02
Lungs 1.5E-02 2.33-02 6.1E-02 1.2E-01 2.8E-01
Ovaries 6. JE-03 9.63-03 1.7E-02 3.OE-02 6.OE-02
Pancreas 9.23-03 l.OE-02 1.8E-02 2.9E-02 6.1E-02
Spleen 5.83-03 6.63-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 5.1E-02
Testes 3.53-03 4.53-03 8.2E-03 1.5E-02 3.1E-02
Thyroid 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 6.2E+02 1.2E+03 1.9E+03
Uterus 8.31-03 l.lE-02 2.1E-02 3.7E-02 7.4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 9.9B+oo 1.4B+Ol 1.9B+Ol 3.6B+Ol 5.6B+Ol
Wv/ltBq)
273
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 45%
12SI
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.6E-03 5.1B-03 9.1B-03 l.dE-02 3.9E-02

* Bladder wall 5.6E-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01
Bone surfaces 3.83-02 l. lE-01 1.3!3-01 2.OE-01 3.3E-01
Breast 6.6E-03 6.43-03 1.5E-02 3.9E-02 1.2E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall ?. lE-02 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.2B-01 4.4B-01
* Small intest 4.2B102 5.5B-02 9.5E-02 1. !iE-01 3.OE-01
* ULI wall 1,6E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7. SE-02
LLI wall 7.1E-03 9.OE-03 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.OE-02
Kidneys 7.0!3-03 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.0B-02 4.4E-02
Liver 4.2E-03 5.OE-03 l. lE-02 2.1E-02 4.8E-02
Lungs 1.8B-02 2.8B-02 7.6E-02 1.6B-01 3.4E-01
Ovaries 6.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.7B-02 3.OE-02 5.9E-02
Pancreas 9.2E-03 l .OE-02 1.8E-02 3.OE-02 6.4E-02
Red marrow 3.7E-02 9.9B-02 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01
Snleen 5. BE-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 2.OB-02 5.5E-02
Tbs tes 3.4E-03 4.5E-03 8.OB-03 1.4B-02 3.OE-02
Thyroid 4.2E+02 6.OE+02 7.9E+02 1. SE+03 2.43+03
Uterus E.OE-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02 3.5B-02 7.1E-02
Other tissue 1.5E-01 2.OE-01 3.1E-01 4.8B-01 8.1E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.3B+Ol 1.8B+Ol 2.4B+Ol 4.6B+Ol 7.lE+Ol
(m.Sv/HBq)
Thyroid uptake 55%
Adrenals 3.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.2E-03 1.7E-02 4.1B-02

* Bladder wall 4.7B-02 5.8E-02 8.0B-02 1.3B-01 2.5B-01
Bone surfaces 4.5E-02 1.3E-01 1. CE-01 2.4E-01 4.OE-01
Breast 7.3E-03 7.OE-03 1.7E-02 4.6E-02 1.4E-01
GI-tract
* Small intest 4.2E-02 5.5B-02 9.5E-02 1.5B-01 3.OE-01
* IJLI wall 1.6E-02 1.4B-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.5E-02
LLI wall 7.OE-03 8.83-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.9E-02
Kidneys 6.4E-03 7.9B-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02

Liver 4,2E-03 5.1E-03 l. lE-02 2.2E-02 5.2E-02
Lungs 2.1E-02 3.41-02 9. U-02 1.9E-01 4.2E-01
Ovaries 6.6E-03 9.4E-03 1.7E-02 2.93-02 5.8E-02
Pancreas 9.2E-03 l.OE-02 1,8E-02 3.OE-02 6.6E-02
Red marrow 4.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 4.OE-01

Spleen 5.8B-03 6.63-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 5.9E-02
Testes 3.4E-03 4.4E-03 7.7E-03 1.4E-02 2.8E-02
Thyroid 5.2Et02 7.4E+02 9.7E+02 1.9E+03 2.9Et03
Uterus 7.5B-03 l.OE-02 1.9E-02 3.3E-02 6.7E-02
Other tissue 1.8E-01 2.4E-01 3. BE-01 5.9B-01 9.9E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.6B+Ol 2 . ZB+Ol 2.9B+01 5.6B+Ol 8.8E+Ol
(=Sv/llBq)
274
53
Iodide
IODIDE:
131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (atGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 3.7E-02 4.2E-02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01

* Bladder wall 6.1E-01 ?.5E-01 l.lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.4EtOO
Breast 3.3E-02 3.3E-02 5.2E-02 8.5E-02 1.7E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.4E-02 4.OE-02 6.4E-02 l .OE-01 1.9E-01
* Small intest 3.83-02 4.7E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-01
* ULI wall 3.7E-02 4.5E-02 7.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01
* LLI wall 4.3E-02 5.2E-02 8.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* Kidneys 6.5E-02 8.OE-02 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Liver 3.3E-02 4.OE-02 6.5E-02 l.OE-01 2.OE-01
Lungs 3.1E-02 3.8E-02 6.OE-02 9.6E-02 1.9E-01
Ovaries 4.2E-02 5.4E-02 8.4E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Pancreas 3.5E-02 4.3E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 2.1E-01
Red marrow 3.5E-02 4.2E-02 6.5E-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
Spleen 3.4E-02 4.OE-02 6.5E-02 l .OE-01 2.OE-01
Testes 3.7E-02 4.5E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Thyroid 2.9E-02 3.8E-02 6.3E-02 l.OE-01 2.OE-01
Uterus 5.4E-02 6.7E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Other tissue 3.2E-02 3.9E-02 6.2E-02 l .OE-01 1.9E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 7.213-02 8.83-02 1.4B-01 2.1E-01 4.OE-01
Wv/llBq)
Effective dose equivalent (mSv/HBq) at small uptake in the thyroid
uptake: 0.5 % 3.OE-01 4.5E-01 6.9E-01 1.5E+OO 2.8E+OO
uptake: 1.0 % 5.2E-01 E.lE-01 1.2E+OO 2.7E+OO 5.3E+OO
uptake: 2.0 % 9.7E-01 1.5E+OO 2.4E+OO 5.3E+OO 1. OEcOl
275
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 5%
131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.2E-02 3.9E-02 6.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01

* Bladder wall 5.8E-01 7.2E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.2E+OO
Breast 3.1E-02 3. IE-02 5.43-02 8.8E-02 1.7E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 4.5E-01 5.8E-01 8.4E-01 1.4E+OO 2.9E+OO
* Small intest 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 6.2E-01 1.OE+OO 2. OEcOO
* ULI wall 5.9E-02 6.43-02 l.OE-01 1.6~-01 2.7E-01
LLI wall 4.3E-02 5.43-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* Kidneys 6.3E-02 7.7E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Liver 3.OE-02 3.6E-02 6.OE-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
Lungs 3.4E-02 4.3E-02 7.OE-02 1 elE-01 2.lE-01
Ovaries 4.4E-02 6.OE-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Pancreas 5.OE-02 5.9E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01
Red marrow 3.83-02 4.9E-02 7.OE-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01
Spleen 3.9E-02 4.6E-02 7.2E-02 l.lE-01 Z.OE-01
Testes 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 5.9E-02 9.5E-02 1.8E-01
Thyroid 7.2E+Ol l.lE+02 1.7E+02 3.7E+02 6.8E+02
Uterus 5.5E-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3. IE-01
Other tissue 4.OE-02 5.2E-02 8.lE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.3E+OO 3.5E+OO 5.3E+OO 1,lE+Ol 2.1E+Ol
Wv/lW)
Thyroid uptake 15%

Bone surfaces 4.7E-02 6,7E-02 9.4E-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01
Breast 4.3E-02 4.3E-02 8.lE-02 1,3E-01 2.5E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.4E-01 1.5E+OO 2.9EtOO
* Small intest 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 6.2E-01 1.OE+OO 2.OE+OO
* ULI wall 5.9E-02 6.5E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01
LLI wall 4.213-02 5.3E-02 8.21-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* Kidneys 6.OE-02 7.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01

Liver 3.2E-02 4.1E-02 6.8E-02 l.lE-01 2.2E-01
Lungs 5.3E-02 7.lE-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.3E-01
Ovaries 4.3E-02 5.9E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Pancreas 5.2E-02 6.2E-02 l .OE-01 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Red marrow 5.4E-02 7.4E-02 9.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01

Soleen 4.2E-02 5.lE-02 8.lE-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Testes 2.8E-02 3.5E-02 5.8E-02 9.4E-02 1.8E-01
Thyroid 2.lE+02 3.4E+02 5.1E+02 l.lE+03 2.OE+03
Uterus 5,4E-02 6.83-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Other tissue 6.5E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6B+OO l.OE+Ol 1.5E+Ol 3.4E+Ol 6.2E+Ol
(mSv/HBq)
276
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 25%
1311
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.9E-02 4.7E-02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01

Bone surfaces 6.1E-02 9.2E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3 .OE-01
Breast 5.5E-02 5.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+OO 3.OE+OO
* Small intest 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 6,2E-01 1.OE+OO 2 .OE+OO
* ULI wall 5.9E-02 6.5E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.9E-01
LLI wall 4.1E-02 5.2E-02 8.1E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Kidneys 5.8E-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Liver 3.5E-02 4.5E-02 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01
Lungs 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4.4E-01
Ovaries 4.3E-02 5.8E-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Pancreas 5.3E-02 6.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Red marrow ? . OE-02 9.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01
Spleen 4.4E-02 5.5E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01
Testes 2.78-02 3.4E-02 5.6E-02 9.2E-02 1.8E-01
Thyroid 3.6Et02 5.6E+02 8.4E+02 1.9E+03 3.4E+03
Uterus 5.2E-02 6.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Other tissue 9.OE-02 1.3E-01 Z .OE-01 3.1E-01 5.5E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1 .lE+Ol 1.7E+Ol 2.5B+Ol 5.6E+Ol 1 .OE+OZ
(mSv/llBq)
Thyroid uptake 35%
Adrenals 4.2E-02 5.OE-02 8.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.8E-01

Bladder wall 4.OE-01 5.OE-01 7.6E-01 1 . ZE+OO 2.3E+OO
Bone surfaces 7.6E-02 l. ZE-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01
Breast 6.7E-02 6.6E-02 1.3E-01 Z.ZE-01 4.OE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.6E-01 5.9E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+OO 3.OE+OO
Small intest 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 6,2E-01 1 .OE+OO 2 .OE+OO
ULI wall 5.8E-02 6.5E-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
LLI wall 4.OE-02 5.1E-02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Kidneys 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Liver 3.7E-02 4.9E-02 8.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Lungs 9.OE-02 l.ZE-01 Z. lE-01 3.3E-01 5.6E-01
Ovaries 4.2E-02 5.7E-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Pancreas 5.4E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01
Red marrow 8.6E-02 l .ZE-01 1.6E-01 Z .ZE-01 3.5E-01
Spleen 4.6E-02 5.9E-02 9.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.8E-01
Testes 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 5.4E-02 8.9E-02 1.8E-01
Thyroid 5.OE+02 7.9E+02 l.ZE+03 2.6E+03 4.7E+03
Uterus 5.OE-02 6.3E-02 1 .OE-01 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Other tissue l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 7.1E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.5E+Ol 2.4E+Ol 3.6E+Ol 7.8E+Ol 1.4E+02
(mSv/RW
b.ICilP 18:1-4-J
277
53
Iodide
IODIDE
Thyroid uptake 45%
131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4.6E-02 5.6E-02 9.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.2E-01

Bladder wall 3.4E-01 4.3E-01 6.5E-01 l.OE+OO 1.9E+OO
Breast 7.9E-02 7.9E-02 1.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.6E-01 5.9E-01 8.6E-01 1.5EtOO 3.OE+OO
Small intest 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 6.2E-01 l.OE+OO 2 .OE+OO
ULI wall 5,9E-02 6.83-02 l.lE-01 1. BE-01 3.2E-01
LLI wall 4.OE-02 5.2E-02 8.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01
Kidneys 5.3E-02 7.OE-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Liver 4.OE-02 5.5E-02 9.2E-02 1.6E-01 3.1E-01
Lungs l. lE-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01
Ovaries 4.2E-02 5,8E-02 9.3E-02 1.5E-01 2.8E-01
Pancreas 5.6E-02 7.4E-02 1.3E-01 Z.OE-01 3.6E-01
Red marrow l.OE-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01
Spleen 4.9E-02 6.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Testes 2.6E-02 3.3E-02 5.6E-02 9.2E-02 1. EE-01
Thyroid 6.4E+02 l.OE+03 1.5E+03 3.3E+03 6.1Et03
Uterus 4. BE-02 6.3E-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Other tissue 1.4E-01 Z.OE-01 3.2E-01 5.OE-01 8. EE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.9E+Ol 3.1E+Ol 4.6B+Ol l.OB+O2 1. BE+02
(mSv/lfBq)
Thyroid uptake 55%
Adrenals 4.9E-02 5.8E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.4E-01

Bladder wall 2.9E-01 3.6E-01 5,4E-01 8.5E-01 1.6E+OO
Bone surfaces l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.2E-01 3.2E-01 4.8E-01
Breast 9.1E-02 8.93-02 1.9E-01 3.1E-01 5.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4,6E-01 5.9E-01 8.6E-01 1.5E+OO 3.OE+OO
Small intest 2. BE-01 3.5E-01 6.2E-01 1.OE+OO Z.OE+OO
ULI wall 5.83-02 6.73-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 3.2E-01
LLI wall 3.91-02 4.93-02 7. BE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Kidneys 5.1E-02 6.8E-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Liver 4.33-02 5.83-02 9.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.3E-01
Lungs 1.3E-01 1.8E-01 3.OE-01 4. BE-01 8.OE-01
Ovaries 4.1E-02 5.63-02 9.OE-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Pancreas 5.03-02 7.63-02 1.3E-01 Z.lE-01 3.8E-01
Red marrow l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.9E-01 4.6E-01
Spleen 5.1E-02 6.83-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.3E-01
Testes 2.63-02 3.1E-02 5.2E-02 8.73-02 1.7E-01
Thyroid 7.93+02 1.2E+03 1.9E+03 4.1E+03 7.43+03
Uterus 4.63-02 6.OE-02 9.93-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
Other tissue 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 5.9E-01 l.OE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 2.4E+Ol 3.7E+Ol 5.6B+Ol 1.21+02 2.23+02
(mSv/HBq)
278
53
Amphetamine
IODOAMPHETAMINE (IMP)
1231
Biokinetic Model
N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) is a lipophilic amine developed for brain studies
(Winchell et al., 1980). A related diamine substance called HIPDM (Kung et al., 1983) has the
same field of application. Its kinetics are similar enough to motivate the use of the same
biokinetic model as for IMP.
Quantitative kinetic data from studies in humans have been published by Magistretti et al.
(1982), Kuhl et al. (1982), Moretti et al. (1982) and Wicks et al. (1983). Holman et al. (1983) have
reviewed both human and animal data. After intravenous injection of IMP there is an
immediate first-pass uptake of 70-100% in the lungs, most of which is rapidly washed-out again
into the blood and taken up in the brain, liver, lungs and other tissues. The uptake in the brain is
6-9%, and the activity is essentially constant during the first hour. The substance is slowly
metabolized in the body with release of free iodine, which enters the iodide pool and is excreted
in the urine. 23-28% is excreted after 24 hr, and 40% after 48 hr. In certain animal species,
uptake into the eyes has been observed, due to incorporation into melanin produced by
melanocytes. No such uptake has been found in man (Holman et al., 1984), where synthesis of
melanin in the eyes is presumed to cease at birth or shortly thereafter.
It is assumed that after the initial brief hold-up of the intravenous bolus in the lungs there is
cellular uptake of the substance in the brain (0.08), liver (0.35) and lungs (0.35), with a uniform
distribution of the remainder in all other organs and tissues. The substance is retained with
half-times of 12 hr (0.33) and 2.5 d (0.67) in all organs and tissues. It is further assumed that
thyroid uptake of iodide has been blocked. The released iodine is then excreted via the kidneys
and bladder with a half-time of 8 hr.
References
Holman, B. L., Hill, T. C., Lee, R. G. L., Zimmerman, R. E., Moore, S. C. and Royal, H. D. (1983). Brain imaging with
radiolabeled amines. In: Nuclear Medicine Annual 2983, pp. 131-165. (Freeman, L. M. and Weissmann, H. S. eds)
Raven Press, New York.
Holman, B. L., Wick, M. M., Kaplan, M. L., Hill, T. C., Lee, R. G. L., Wu, J. L. and Lin, T. H. (1984). The relationship
of the eye uptake of N-isopropyl-p-(iz31) iodoamphetamine to melanin production. J. Nucl. Med. 25,315319.
Kuhl, D. E., Barrio, J. R., Huang, S-C., Selin, C., Ackermann, R. F., Lear, J. L., Wu, J. L., Lin, T. H. and Phelps, M. E.
(1982). Quantifying local cerebral blood flow by N-isopropyl-p-(iz31) iodoamphetamine (IMP) tomography. J.
Nucl. Med. 23, 196-203.
Kung, H. F., Tramposch, K. M. and Blau, M. (1983). A new brain perfusion imaging agent: (I-123) HIPDM:
N,N,N’-Trimethyl-N’-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodo~~yl)-1,3-propanediamine. J. Nucl. Med. 24,66-72.
Magistretti, P., Uren, R., Shomer, D., Blume, H., Holman, B. and Hill, T. (1982). Emission tomographic scans of
cerebral blood flow using Iiz3 iodoamphetamine in epilepsy. In: Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Proc. Third World
Congr. Nucl. Med. Eiol., Vol. 1, pp. 139-143. (Raynaud, C. ed.) Pergamon, Oxford.
Moretti, J. L., Askienaxy, S., Raynaud, C., Mathieu, E., Sanabria, E., Cianci, G., Bardy, A. and Leponcin-Lafitte, M.
(1982). Brain single photon emission tomography with isopropyl-amphetamine I-123: Preliminary results. In:
Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Proc. Third World Congr. Nucl. ,Med. Biol., Vol. 1, pp. 135-138. (Raynaud, C. ed.)
Pergamon, Oxford.
Wicks, R., Billings, J., Kung, H. F., Steinbach, J. S., Ackerhalt, R. and Blau, M. (1983). Biodistribution in humans and
radiation dose calculations for the brain perfusion imaging agent I-123 HIPDM. J. Nuci. Med. 24, 95-96.
Winchell, H. S., Baldwin, R. M. and Lin, T. H. (1980). Development of I-123-labeled amines for brain studies:
Localization of I-123 iodophenylalkyl amines in rat brain. J. Nucl. Med. 21, 94G946.
279
53
Amphetamine
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a U%
IMP-bound iodine
Brain 0.08 12hr 0.33 1.08 hr
2.5 d 0.67
Liver 0.35 12 hr 0.33 4.71 hr
2.5 d 0.67
Lungs 0.35 12 hr 0.33 4.71 hr
2.5 d 0.67
Remaining tissues 0.22 12 hr 0.33 2.96 hr
2.5 d 0.67
Released iodine (iodide)
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 12 hr -0.33 2.10 hr
2.5 d -0.67
8 hr 1.0
IODINE-LABELLED AMPHETAMINE
123I 13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 3. EE-02 5.7E-02 9.7E-02

Bone surfaces l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.51-02 6.9E-02
* Brain 2.9E-02 3.1E-02 3.3E-02 3.613-02 4,9E-02
Breast 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 3.3E-02 5.7E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.OE-02 7.4E-02
Small intest 8.7E-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3.OE-02 5.8E-02
ULI wall l .OE-02 1.2E-02 2.2E-02 3.83-02 6.9E-02
LLI wall 6.4E-03 E. lE-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.3E-02
Kidneys 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 3.9E-02 6.6E-02
* Liver l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 2. EE-01 5.1E-01
Lungs 1.2E-01 1. EE-01 2.5E-01 3. EE-01 7.3E-01
Ovaries 6.83-03 8.9E-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.7E-02
* Pancreas 1.7E-02 2.3E-02 3.63-02 5. EE-02 l. lE-01
Red marrow 1.4E-02 1. EE-02 2.63-02 3.83-02 6. EE-02

Spleen l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 6.4E-02
Testes 4.5E-03 5.9E-03 9.6E-03 1.6E-02 3.2E-02
Thyroid 5.9E-03 8.9E-03 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.7E-02
Uterus 8.2E-03 l .OE-02 1.7E-02 2. EE-02 5.3E-02
Other tissue 8.9E-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.9E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.21-02 4.3E-02 6.2E-02 9.4B-02 1.7E-01
(mSv/lras)
1241 (4.18 d) 5.6E-01 7.6E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.1E+OO
1251 (60.14 d) 9.4E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 Z.EE-01 5.5E-01
280
53
Fibrinogen
IODINE-LABELLED FIBRINOGEN
1231 1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
Reports on the biokinetics of fibrinogen, published during the years 1964-1976 and covering
138 normal cases, have shown a mean value of the biological half-life of 3.85 d (range 3.14.6 d),
with 67-82% circulating in the blood. It is assumed here that, after intravenous injection, 25%
leaves the blood with a half-time of 8 hr, to be uniformly distributed in the extra-vascular space.
The biological half-life is set to 4 d in all tissues. It is further assumed that the thyroid is blocked.
Iodine released on catabolism of the fibrinogen molecule is then excreted by the kidneys.
Reference
Regoeczi. E. (1971). Iodine-labelled fibrinogen: A review. Br. J. Haematol. 20, 649663.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs
(1) Fibrinogen-bound iodine
Total body 1.0 4d 1.0 16.5 hr 5.41 d 3.85 d
Blood 1.0 8 hr 0.25 14.2 hr 4.18 d 3.01 d
4d 0.75
(2) Released iodine (iodide)
Total body (excluding bladder 1.0 4d -1.0 51 min 10.8 hr 7.41 hr
contents) 8 hr 1.0
Kidneys 1.0 36 s 7.0 min 5.1 min
Bladder contents 1.0 7.9 min 1.59 hr 1.18 hr
281
53
Fibrinogen
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2,7E-02 3.4E-02 5.5E-02 8,7E-02 1.7B-01

Bladder wall 2 .OE-02 2.63-02 3.83-02 5.6E-02 l.OE-01
Bone surfaces 3.OE-02 4.3E-02 7. EB-02 1.3E-01 2.7E-01
Breast 1.5E-02 1,5E-02 2.4E-02 3. EE-02 6.9E-02
GI-‘tract
Stomach wall 1.6E-02 Z .OE-02 3 .OE-02 4.6.E-02 8.3E-02
Small intest 1.5E-02 1. EE-02 2. EB-02 4.3.E-02 7.9B-02
ULI wall 1.4E-02 1. EE-02 2.7E-02 4.48-02 7.7E-02
LLI wall 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2,6E-02 3. WI-02 7.5&02
* Heart 7 *2E-02 8.7E-02 1*3E-01 2.OE-01 3.5E-01
* Kidneys 2.7E-02 3.3E-02 5.3E-02 8.4E-02 1.6E-01
* Liver 2.4E-02 2.9E-02 4,6E-02 7.2B-02 1.3E-01
Lungs 4.7E-02 6.OE-02 9.6E-02 1.5E-01 2.9E-01
Ovaries 1.4E-02 1. EE-02 2.7E-02 4.28-02 7.7E-02
Pancreas 2.OE-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 5.6E-02 l .OE-01
Bed marrow 2.4E-02 3,OE-02 4.5E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-01
* Spleen 5.OE-02 5.9E-02 9.4&02 1.5E-01 2.9B-01
Testes 9.93-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 5.7B-02
Thyroid 1. EE-02 2.4E-02 4.08-02 6.5E-02 1.2B-01
Uterus 1.5E-02 1. EE-02 2. EE-02 4.38-02 7. EE-02
Other tissue 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 6. EB-02
Bffective
(=Sv/llBq)
i!!Fi%%ose aquivalent, (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
lz41 (4.18 d) 6.5E-01 7.8E-01 1. lE+OO 1.9E+OO 3.6E+OO

1251 (60.14 d) 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 7.7E-01
282
53
Fibrinogen
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
* Adrenals l .OE-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3.9E-01 7.8E-01

* Bladder wall 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 7 .OE-01
Bone surfaces 9.4E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 8.OE-01
Breast 5.5E-02 5.6E-02 9.3E-02 1,5E-01 3.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.6E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 1.9E-01 3.8E-01
Small intest 5.5E-02 6.6E-02 l.lE-01 1. BE-01 3.6E-01
ULI wall 5.6E-02 6.6E-02 1.IE-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-01
LLI wall 5.5E-02 6.5E-02 l.OE-01 1.7E-01 3.5E-01
* Heart 3.2E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 9.1E-01 1.6E+OO
* Kidneys 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 7.7E-01
Liver 9.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3.3E-01 6.4E-01
Lungs 2.3E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.8E-01 1.5EtOO
Ovaries 5.3E-02 6.7E-02 l, lE-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-01
Pancreas 6.5E-02 7.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01
Red marrow l. lE-01 l .bE-01 2.4E-01 4.OE-01 E. OE-01
* Soleen 2.4E-01 2.8E-01 4.6E-01 7.4E-01 1.4E+OO
Testes 4.3E-02 5.5E-02 8.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.9&01
Thyroid 8.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.OE-01 5.9E-01
Uterus 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.8E-01
Other tissue 5.2E-02 6.2E-02 l.OE-01 1.6E-01 3.3E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.2E-01 1.5B-01 2.4E-01 3.9B-01 7.7E-01
(mSv/HLtq)
131I
8.04 days
* Adrenals 6 .OE-01 7.1E-01 1.2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.7E+OO

* Bladder wall 5.5E-01 6.9E-01 1. OB+OO 1.6EtOO 3.OE+OO
Bone surfaces 6.6E-01 9.9E-01 1.9E+OO 3.3E+OO 6.8E+OO
Breast 2.8E-01 2.9E-01 4.6E-01 7.4E-01 1.4E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.7E-01 3.3E-01 5.1E-01 E.OE-01 1.5E+OO
Small intest 2 *6E-01 3.2E-01 S,OE-01 7.9E-01 1.5E+OO
ULI wall 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.5E+OO
LLI wall 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4. EE-01 7.5E-01 1.4E+OO
* Heart 1.5E+OO 1.9EtOO 2.9E+OO 4.6E+OO 8.2E+OO
* Kidneys 5.5E-01 6.6E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.5E+OO
Liver 4.4E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E+OO 2.7E+OO
Lungs l.lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3.7E+OO 7,3E+OO
Ovaries 2.4E-01 3.2E-01 5.OE-01 7.8E-01 1.5E+OO
Pancreas 3.OE-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 9.1E-01 1.7E+OO
Red marrow 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.8E-01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO
* Spleen l.lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2tlE+OO 3.5E+OO 6.8E+OO
Testes 2 *2E-01 2.7E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1,3E+OO
Thyroid 4.3E-01 5.4!3-01 9.OE-01 1.58+00 2.9E+OO
Uterus 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 5.1E-01 8.OE-01 1.5B+OO
Other tissue 2.4E-01 2 *8E-01 4.5E-01 7. HI-01 1.4E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 5.6B-01 6.9B-01 l.lB+oO 1.8B+oo 3.6B+OO
(mSv/RBq)
283
53
Albumin
IODINE-LABELLED ALBUMIN (HSA)

12311251 1311
Biokinetic Model
Extensive studies of the metabolism and distribution of human serum albumin (HSA) in man
have been performed by Takeda and Reeve (1963). The blood disappearance curve could be
described as the sum of three exponential components, having half-times of 6.8 hr (O&l), 1.29 d
(0.22) and 19.4 d (0.38). Weber et al. (1976) derived a whole body curve from the same study.
These values are used in the present model. Uniform distribution of activity outside the blood
pool is assumed. Iodine released when the albumin molecule is catabolized is rapidly excreted in
the urine if thyroid uptake is blocked and is not considered in the adopted model.
(1) Adopted model

Takeda, Y. and Reeve, E. B. (1963). Studies of the metabolism and distribution of albumin with autologous
113’-albumin in healthy men. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 183202.
Weber, D. A., King, M. A. and O’Mara, R. E. (1976). Brain dosimetry-A review and update. In: Rot. Second Int.
Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium, Oak Ridge 1976, HEW Publication FDA 76-8044, pp. 376-389. Oak
Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
(2) Diaplacental transfer
Evans, T. C., Kretzschmar, R. M., Hodges, R. E. and Song, Ch. W. (1967). Radioiodine uptake studies of the human
fetal thyroid. J. Nucl. Med. 8, 157-165.
Hibbard, B. M. and Herbert, R. J. T. (l!XO).Foetal radiation dose following administration of radioiodinated albumin.
Clin. Sci. 19, 337-344.
Biokinetic Data
1231 1251 ,311

Organ (S) Fs T a
Total body 1.0 6.8 hr 0.015 17.9 hr 20.4 d 7.88 d

1.29 d 0.035
19.4 d 0.95
Blood 1.0 6.8 hr 0.40 12.4 hr 8.75 d 3.67 d
1.29 d 0.22
19.4 d 0.38
JAICW 18:1-4-J’
285
53
Albumin
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 2.6&-02 3.3B-02 5.3B-02 8.4B-02 1.6E-01

Bladder wall 1.4B-02 1.8B-02 2.7B-02 4 .OB-02 7.6B-02
Bone surfaces 2.9B-02 4.1B-02 7.3B-02 1*2B-01 2.5E-01
Breast 1.53-42 1.5B-02 2.4B-02 3. EB-02 7.OB-02
CI-tract
Stomach vall 1.6B-02 2.OB-02 3.1B-02 4.8B-02 8.6B-02
Small intest 1.6B-02 1.9B-02 2.9B-02 4. !iB-02 8.3B-02
ULI vall 1.5B-02 1.9B-02 2.9B-02 4.63-02 E . lB-02
LLI vall 1.4B-02 1. BE-02 2. EB-02 4.1B-02 7.9B-02
* Beart 6.4B-02 7. EB-02 1.2B-01 l.EE-01 3.1B-01
* Kidneys 2.73-02 3.2B-02 S. lB-02 E.lB-02 1.5B-01
* Liver 2.4B-02 2.8B-02 4.5B-02 7.OB-02 1.3B-01
Lungs 4.43-02 5.53-02 8. EB-02 1.4B-01 2.7B-01
Ovaries 1.5E-02 1.9B-02 2.9B-02 4.43-02 E. lB-02
Pancreas 2 .OB-02 2.4B-02 3.73-02 5.7B-02 l . OB-01
Red marrow 2.4B-02 3.OB-02 4.6B-02 7.2B-02 1.3B-01
* Spleen 4.6B-02 5.4B-02 8.7B-02 1.4B-01 2.6B-01
Testes 1 .OB-02 1.4B-02 2 *OB-02 3.2B-02 6.OB-02
Thyroid 1 . ?B-02 2.4B-02 4.OB-02 6.4B-02 1,2B-01
Uterus 1. SE-02 1.9B-02 2.9E-02 4.4E-02 E . lB-02
Other tissue 1.3B-02 1.6B-02 2.4B-02 3. ?B-02 7.1B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.6B-02 3.2B-02 5.OB-02 8.OB-02 1.5B-01
(=Sv/llBq)
ose equivalent, (mSv/HBq of the impurity)
1241 (4.18 d) 8.4B-01 1.OB+OO 1*6B+OO 2. SE+00 4.6B+OO
1251 (60.14 d) 3.4B-01 4.1B-01 6.8B-01 1. lB+OO 2.2BtOO
286
53
Albumin

125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
* Adrenals 3.OE-01 3.9%-01 6.7%01 1. lE+OO 2.3E+OO

Bladder wall 2.OE-01 2.5E-01 3.8E-01 6.5E-01 1.4E+OO
Bone surfaces 3.2E-01 4.2E-01 7.3%01 1.2E+OO 2.6E+OO
Breast 2.OE-01 2 *lE-01 3.2E-01 5.4E-01 l.lE+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.1E-01 2.6E-01 4.0%01 7.0%01 1.4E+OO
Small intest 2.1E-01 2.5%01 4.2E-01 6.9%-01 1*4E+OO
ULI wall 2.1E-01 2.5E-01 4.2%01 6.7E-01 1.4%+00
LLI wall 2.OE-01 2.4E-01 3.8E-01 6.3%-01 1.3%+00
* Aeart 6.9E-01 8.OE-01 1.3%+00 2.0%+00 3.6E+OO
* Kidneys 3.3E-01 4.1E-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO 2.2E+OO
* Liver 3.OE-01 3.5E-01 6.OE-01 9.8%01 1.9E+OO
Lungs 5.7E-01 7.2E-01 1,2E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.8E+OO
Ovaries 2.OE-01 2.5E-01 4.2E-01 6.9E-01 1.4E+OO
Pancreas 2.3E-01 2.7E-01 4.6E-01 7. BE-01 1.6%+00
Red marrow 3.7E-01 4.6E-01 7.8&01 1.3E+OO 2.6E+OO
* Spleen 5.9E-01 6.9E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.6E+OO
Testes 1.6%01 2.1%01 3 * 3%-01 5.4E-01 1. lE+OO
Thyroid 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 5.6E-01 9.3E-01 1. BE+00
Uterus 2.OE-01 2 *5%01 4.2%-01 6.8E-01 1.4E+OO
Other tissue 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 6.OE-01 1.2%+00
%ffective
dose equivalent 3.41-01 4.1E-01 6.8E-01 l.lB+00 2.2E+0O
(=Sv/llBq)
131I
0.04 days
Organ
* Adrenals 9.4E-01 1.lE+OO 1.8E+OO 2.9E+OO 5.7E+0O

Bladder wall 4.9E-01 6.OE-01 9.4%-01 1.5EtOO 2.8E+OO
Bone surfaces 9.7E-01 1.4E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.5EtOO 9.2E+OO
Breast 5.5E-01 5.5%01 8.9E-01 1.4E+OO 2.7E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.3E-01 6.4E-01 1 .OE+OO 1.6EtOO 2.9EtOO
Small intest 5.2E-01 6.4E-01 1. OB+OO 1.6E+OO 3. OEtOO
ULI wall 5.2%01 6.3%-01 9.7E-01 1.6EtOO 3.OE+OO
LLI wall 5.0E-01 6.OB-01 9.7E-01 1. SE+00 2.9E+OO
* Heart 1.9%+00 2.4E+OO 3.6E+OO 5.7E+OO 1.OE+Ol
* Kidneys 8,8E-01 1. lE+OO 1.7E+OO 2.8EtOO 5. SE+00
* Liver 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.4E+00
Lungs 1.5E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.OE+OO l.OE+Ol
Ovaries 4.9E-01 6.4E-01 1 . OE+OO 1.6E+OO 3.OE+O0
Pancreas 5.7E-01 7.1E-01 1.lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.3EtOO
Red marrow 6.6E-01 8.28-01 1.3E+OO 2.2EtOO 4.3EtOO
* Spleen 1.5E+OO 1.8E+OO 2.9E+OO 4.8E+OO 9.5E+O0
Testes 4.6E-01 5.4E-01 8.5E-01 1.4EtOO 2.6E+O0
Thyroid 7.OE-01 8.8E-01 1.5E+OO 2.4EtOO 4.7EtOO
Uterus 5.1E-01 6.4%01 1. OE+OO 1.6EtOO 3.OE+OO
Other tissue 4.7E-01 5.6E-01 8.9E-01 1.48+00 2.8E+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 8.6E-01 1 .lB+OO 1.7K+00 2.8B+00 5.4B+00
(mSv/lmq)
287
53
Albumin
IODINE-LABELLED ALBUMIN
(INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION)
1231 1311
Biokinetic Model
administration are considered, viz ,lumbar injection (region A) and cisternal injection
for intravenously administered albumin (HSA). Blocking of the thyroid is also assumed.
Reference
Di Chiro, G., Reames, P. M. and Matthews, W. B. Jr (1964). RISA-ventriculography and RISA-cistemography.
Neurology 14, 185-191.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S)

(A) Cistema terminalis 1.0 7.05 hr 12.9 hr
(B) Spinal cord space 0.5 3.94 hr 12.8 hr
(C) Brain cisterns 0.25 51.4 min 6.71 hr
Blood 1.0 4.68 hr 3.24 d
Total body 1.0 18.6 hr 39.4 hr
(A & B) Cisterna terminalis and spinal 0.5 2.37 hr 13.5 hr
cord space
(C) Brain cisterns 1.0 11.1 hr 26.7 hr
Blood 1.0 3.63 hr 3.14 d
Total body 1.0 18.7 hr 8.42 d
289
53
Albumin
Lumbar injection
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
* Adrenals 7.OE-02
Bladder wall ? .lE-03
Brain 1.9E-02
Breast 6.83-03
GI-tract
Small intest Z.OE-02
ULI wall 1.6E-02
LLI wall 8.3E-03
* Heart 3.OE-02
* Kidneys 4.1E-02
Liver 1.7E-02
Lungs Z.ZE-02
Ovaries l .ZE-02
Pancreas 2.5E-02
Red marrow 7.3E-02
* Spleen 2.6E-02
Testes 4.43-03
Thyroid 9.4E-03
Uterus l . lE-02
Other tissue 9.5E;03
Effective
(mSv/Wq)
%FEl
E ect ve ose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
lz41 (4.18 d) 1. lE+OO
lz51 (60.14 d) 4,1E-01
290
53
Albumin
Cisternal injection
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
Organ administered (mGy/HBq)
* Adrenals 1.9E-02
Breast 5.4E-03
* Brain l.?E-01
GI-tract
ULI wall 5. EE-03
LLI wall 4.5E-03
* Heart 2.2E-02
Kidneys 1.2E-02
Liver 8.31-03
Lungs 1.5E-02
Ovaries 5.1E-03
Pancreas 9.OE-03
* Spinal cord 9.OE-02
Red marrow 3.3E-02
* Spleen 1.5E-02
Testes 3.1E-03
Thyroid 1.2E-02
Uterus 5.1E-03
Effective
(mSv/RBq)
Iqnrities:
E ectrve dose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
1241 (4.18 d) 1 .OE+OO
124I (4.18 d) 4.1E-00
291
53
Albumin
Lumbar injection
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
131I
8.04 days Organ administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 9.6E-01
Brain 5.?E-01
Breast 4.9%01
GI-tract
ULI wall 5.OE-01
LLI wall 4.6E-01
* Heart 1.7E+OO
* Kidneys 9.2E-01
Liver 6.8E-01
Lungs 1.3E+OO
Ovaries 4.6E-01
Pancreas 6.0%01
* Spinal cord 1.9E+OO
Red marrow 8.3E-01
* Spleen 1.4E+OO
Testes 4.1E-01
Thyroid 6.4E-01
Uterus 4.7E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 9.OE-01
Wv/nss)
Cisternal injection
Organ
* Adrenals 8.8E-01
* Brain 1. lE+OO
Breast 4.8E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.7&01
ULI wall 4.6E-01
LLI wall 4.3E-01
* Heart 1.7E+OO
Kidneys 8.1E-01
Liver 6.4E-01
Lungs 1.3E+OO
Ovaries 4.3E-01
Pancreas 5.3E-01
Red marrow 7.2E-01
* Spleen 1.3E+OO
Testes 3.9E-01
Thyroid 6.4E-01
Uterus 4.4%01
Effective
(mSv/lIBq)
292
53
MAA
IODINE-LABELLED MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN

1311
Biokinetic Model
Aggregates produced from human serum albumin having a diameter of 10-l 50 pm, typically
around 50 pm, are immediately and completely trapped in the arterioles and capillaries of the
lungs after intravenous injection. The elimination of the activity from the lungs is effected in two
ways. Most of the activity is released from the aggregate as free iodide. Part of the MAA is
broken down to smaller labelled fragments which are transported in the blood to the liver,
where they are slowly metabolized with release of the iodine.
Quantitative data on the metabolism of iodine- and technetium-labelled MAA in the
literature show a wide variation. Pulmonary clearance is described either as a mono-
exponential process with a biological half-time of l-20 hr, or as a bi-exponential process with
half-times of 3.3-6 hr for the dominating rapid phase and about 3 d for the slower phase. Liver
uptake is reported in the range of (X50% and excretion in urine as 2040% (24 hr) and 42-95%
(48 hr).
In the model adopted here the activity is assumed to leave the lungs with hall-times of 6 hr
(0.85) and 3 d (0.15). The liver takes up a fraction of 0.25 with an uptake half-time of 6 hr and an
elimination half-time of 5 d. Iodide released from the lungs and the liver is excreted by the
kidney according to the iodide model with blocked thryoid.
References
Chandra, R., Shamoun, J., Braunstein, P. and Du Hov, 0. L. (1973). Clinical evaluation of an instant kit for
preparation of p9mTc-MAA for lung scanning. 1. NW!. Med. 14,102-105.
Deland, F. H. (1966). The fate of macroaggregated albumin used in lung scanning. J. Nucl. Med. 7,883~895.
Furth, E. D., Okinaka, A. J., Focht, E. F. and Becker, D. V. (1965). The distribution metabolic fate and radiation
dosimetry of “‘1 labeled macroaggregated albumin. J. Nucl. Med. 6, 506-518.
Gait, J. M. and Tothill, P. (1973). The fate and dosimetry of two lung scanning agents, 1311MAA and 99mTcferrous
hydroxide. Br. J. Radio/. 46,272-276.
Malone, L. A., Malone, J. F. and Ennis, J. T. (1983). Kinetics of technetium 99m labelled macroaggregated albumin in
humans. 3r. J. Radiol. 56,109-l 12.
Monroe, L. A., Thompson, W. L., Anderton, N. S. and Burdine, J. A. (1974). Evaluation of an improved
ppmTc-stannous aggregated albumin preparation for lung imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 15,192-194.
Subramanian, G., Arnold, R. W., Thomas, F. D. and McAfee, J. G. (1972). Evaluation of an instant 99”Tc-labeled lung
scanning agent (Abstract). J. Nucl. Med. 13, 790.
Tow, D. E., Wagner, H. N., Lopez-Majano, V., Smith, E. and Migita, T. (1966). Validity of measuring regional
pulmonary arterial blood flow with macroaggregates of human serum albumin. Am. J. Roentgenol%,664676.
Biokinetic Data
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 2.24 d

Lungs 1.0 6 hr 0.85 18.5 hr
3d 0.15
Liver 0.25 6 hr -1.0 26 hr
5d 1.0
Kidneys 1.0 6.5 min
293
53
MAA
IODINhLABELLED MACRO-
AGGREGATED ALBUMIN
131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.3E-01 4.7E-01 7.7B-01

* Bladder wall 5.2E-01 6.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.5B+OO 2.9B+OO
Bone surfaces 5.81-02 7.2E-02 l. lB-01 1.7B-01 3.4B-01
Breast l .OE-01 1 .OE-01 1.9E-01 2.8&01 4.7B-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.3E-02 1.2E-01 2,OE-01 3.2E-01 6.2&01
ULI wall 8.6E-02 l .OE-01 1. BE-01 3.OE-01 5.7B-01
LLI wall 4.4E-02 5.4E-02 8.9B-02 1.5E-01 2. BE-01
* Kidneys 1.4E-01 1,8E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 6.3%01
* Liver 2.1EtOO 2.7E+OO 4.2B+OO 6.2EtOO 1.2E+Ol
Lungs 2.3E+OO 3.5E+OO 5 *OE+OO 7.7BiOO 1.5E+Ol
Ovaries 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 l. lB-01 1.8E-01 3.4E-01
* Pancreas 1.5E-01 2.OE-01 3.1B-01 4.9B-01 8.5%01
Red marrow 7.2E-02 9.6E-02 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.2B-01
Spleen ?.9E-02 1 .OE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4. BE-01
Testes, 3.4E-02 4.lE-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 2.2B-01
Thyroid 4.4E-02 5.8E-02 9.93-02 1.7%01 3.1E-01
Uterus 5.6E-02 7.3E-02 1.2B-01 2.OE-01 3.8E-01
Other tissue 6.81-02 8.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.6E-01
Effective
dose equivalent S.OB-01 7.OB-01 l.OB+OO 1.6E+OO 3.1E+oo
(mSv/W)
294
53
Markers
IODINE-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

12511311
Biokinetic Model
Iodine-labelled substances can be used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
gastrointestinal tract. For absorbed dose calculations, a modified ICRP model of the
References
Carryer, P. W., Brown, M. L., Malagelada, J. R., Carlson, G. L. and McCall, J. T. (1982). Quantification of the fate of
dietary fiber in humans by a newly developed radiolabeled fiber marker. Gastroenterology 82, 1389-1394.
Gordon, R. S. (1959). Exudative enteropathy. Abnormal permeability of the gastrointestinal tract demonstrable with
labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone. Lancet i, 325-326.
Wright, R. A., Thompson, D. and Syed, I. (1981). Simultaneous markers for fluid and solid gastric emptying: New
variations on an old theme: Concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 772-776.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) 125I 1317

Fs

GI-tract contents
SI 1.0 3.99 hr 3.94 hr
ULI 1.0 12.9 hr 12.2 hr
LLI 1.0 23.5 hr 20.8 hr
GI-tract contents
SI 1.0 3.99 hr 3.91 hr
ULI 1.0 12.9 hr 12.2 hr
LLI 1.0 23.5 hr 20.7 hr
295
53
Markers
IODINE-LABELLED NON-
ABSORBABLE MARKERS
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4.3E-04 4.83-04 1.4%Q3 3.9E-03 l. lE-02

Bone surfaces 8.3E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02 3.6E-02 9 - m-02
Breast 2.2%05 2.2E-05 6.9E-05 3.OE-04 1.3E-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 3.2E-02 3.9E-02 6.2E-02 l. lE-01 2.4E-01
* Small intest 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 4.0&01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO
* ULI wall 5.6E-01 6.9E-01 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.8E+OO
* LLI wall 1.4E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.OB+OO 9.7E+OO
Kidneys 2.6E-03 2.9E-03 i . m-03 1.4B-02 3.1E-02
Liver 2.4E-03 3.1E-03 9.7E-03 2.3E-02 5.4E-02
Lungs 1.2E-04 1.3E-04 3.5E-04 1. m-03 3.8E-03
Ovaries 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 8.9E-01
Pancreas 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 7.9E-03 1.8E-02 4.7E-02
Red tnarrow 3.3E-02 4.2%02 6,8E-02 9.7E-02 1.4E-01
Spleen 1.5E-03 1.8E-03 4.9E-03 l.OE-02 2.9E-02
Testes 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 7.3E-03 1.9E-02 4.9E-02
Thyroid 8.6E-08 1.8E-07 1.4E-06 9.9E-06 9.3E-05
Uterus 1.9E-02 2.9E-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-01 3.1E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.5%01 1.9E-01 3.31-01 5.4B-01 l.OB+OO
(=Sv/nBq)
Adrenals 5.4E-04 7,4E-04 2,OE-03 4.9E-03 1.3B-02

* Bladder wall 1.4E-02 1.9E-02 4.7g-02 8.1E-02 1.7E-01
Bone surfaces 8.4E-03 l. lE-02 2.OE-02 3.7E-02 9.2E-02
Breast 6.OE-05 6.OE-05 1.3&04 5.2E-04 2.OE-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 9.3E-02 1.2E-01 1,7E-01 3.OE-01 6.1E-01
* Small intest 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO
* ULI wall 5.6E-01 6.9E-01 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.8E+OO
* LLI wall 1.4E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.OE+OO 9.7E+OO
Kidneys 2.8E-03 3.23-03 7.63-03 1.5E-02 3.33-02
Liver 2.6E-03 3.33-03 l.OE-02 2.5E-02 5.83-02
Lungs 3.8E-04 3.8E-04 7.6E-04 2.OE-03 5.9E-03
Ovaries 1.2E-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 8.9E-01
Pancreas 7.5E-03 8.3E-03 1.6E-02 3 .OE-02 7 .OE-02
Red marrow 3.3%02 4.2%02 6,8E-02 9.8E-02 1.4E-01

Spleen 3.1E-03 3.53-03 8.2E-03 1.5&02 3.9E-02
Testes 2.1E-03 3.4E-03 7.3E-03 1.9E-02 4.9E-02
Thyroid 1.6E-07 3.3E-07 2.4E-06 1.6E-05 1.3E-04
Uterus 1.9e-02 2.9E-02 6.4E-02 1.3E-01 3.1E-01
Other tissue 6.9E-03 8.6E-03 1.6&02 2.7%02 5.8E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.6%01 2.OE-01 3.4B-01 5.6E-01 l.lB+oo
Wv/ltes)
296
53
Markers
IODINE-LABELLED NON-
ABSORBABLE MARKERS
131I
0.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals Z.ZE-02 3.OE-02 5.OE-02 8.6E-02 1.6E-01

* Bladder wall l. ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 6.3E-01
Bone surfaces 2.9E-02 3.5E-02 5.OE-02 7.5E-02 1.5E-01
Breast 4. n-03 4.7E-03 l.ZE-02 Z . ZE-02 4.4E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall Z .ZE-01 2*7E-01 4,OE-01 6.8E-01 1.3EtOO
* Small intes t 9.4E-01 1.2EtOO 2.OE+OO 3.1E+OO 5.9E+OO
* ULI wall 3.6EtOO 4.5E+OO 7.9E+OO 1.3EtOl 2.6E+Ol
* LLI wall 9.4E+OO l.ZE+Ol Z.OE+Ol 3.4E+Ol 6.7E+Ol
Kidneys 5.OE-02 6.3E-02 9.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01
Liver 3.5E-02 4.3E-02 8.3E-02 1.4%01 2.6E-01
Lungs 6.23-03 8.6E-03 1.6E-02 2.8E-02 6.1E-02
Ovaries 4,2E-01 5.3E-01 7.8E-01 1. l&00 1.9EtOO
Pancreas 4.4E-02 5.7E-02 9.3E-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Red marrow a. 7E-02 9.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 l.EE-01
Spleen 3.5E-02 4.2E-02 7.3E-02 l.ZE-01 Z .OE-01
Testes 3.7E-02 4.5E-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Thyroid 7.4E-04 9.3E-04 2.7E-03 6.1E-03 1.6E-02
Uterus 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 5.7E-01 9.6E-01
Other tissue 4.6E-02 5.5E-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 Z. ZE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 9.3E-01 l.lBtOO 2.OB+oo 3.2B+OO 6.3E+OO
wv/lIBq )
Adrenals 2.4E-02 3.5E-02 5.?E-02 9.6E-02 l. ?E-01

* Bladder wall l. ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 6.3E-01
Breast 6.1E-03 6.1E-03 1,5E-02 2.6E-02 5.1E-02
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 6.1E-01 7. EE-01 l.lE+OO 1.9EtOO 3.9E+OO
* Small intest 9.3E-01 1 . ZE+OO 2 . OE+OO 3.1EtOO 5. EE+OO
* ULI wall 3.6E+OO 4.5E+OO 7.9E+OO 1.3EtOl 2.6EtOl
* LLI wall 9.3EtOO l.ZEtOl 2. OEtOl 3.4E+Ol 6.6EtOl
Kidneys 5.43-02 6.7E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01
Liver 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 8. EE-02 1.5E-01 2.7E-01
Lungs 8.3E-03 l. lB-02 1.9E-02 3.3E-02 7 .OE-02
Ovaries 4.2E-01 5.3E-01 7.8E-01 1. lE+OO 1.9E+OO
Pancreas 6.5E-02 7,9E-02 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.3E-01
Red marrow 8. BE-02 1.0s01 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 1.9E-01
Spleen 4.6E-02 5.48-02 9.0%02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01
Testes 3.7E-02 4.53-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Thyroid 9.OE-04 l. lE-03 3.OE-03 6. EB-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 5.8E-01 9.6E-01
Other tissue 4. Eg-02 5.7E-02 8.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 9.5E-01 1.2E+OO 2.OBtOO 3.3E+Oo 6.5B+OO
Wv/l(Bq)
297
53
Colloid
IODINE-LABELLED MICROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN

12311311
Biokinetic Model
This substance behaves as a colloid and is taken up preferentially in the liver, spleen and red
bone marrow. The model used is set out in Appendix Section A.8. Total blocking of the uptake
of free iodide by the thyroid is assumed.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs
Liver 0.70 3.0 hr 0.8 4.34 hr 17.4 hr
5.0 d 0.2
Spleen 0.10 3.0 hr 37.2 min 2.48 hr
5.0d x.;
Red marrow 0.10 3.0 hr 0:s 37.2 min 2.48 hr
5.0 d 0.2
Remaining tissues (colloid) 0.10 3.0 hr 0.8 37.2 min 2.48 hr
5.0d 0.2
Bladder contents I.0 44.2 min 1.57 hr
Remaining tissues (iodide) 1.0 3.0 hr -0.8 4.83 hr 10.1 hr
5.0 d -0.2
8.0 hr 1.0
(2) I$;: to intermediate diffuse parenchymal liver disease
0.50 3.0 hr 0.8 3.10 hr 12.4 hr
5.0d 0.2
Spleen 0.20 3.0 hr 0.8 1.20 hr 4.96 hr
5.0 d 0.2
Red marrow 0.15 3.0 hr 0.8 0.93 hr l 3.72 hr
5.0 d
Remaining tissues (colloid) 0.15 3.0 hr 8:: 0.93 hr 3.72 hr
5.0d 0.2
Kidneys I .o 3.4 min 7.7 min
Bladder contents 1.0 44.2 min 1.57 hr
5.0 d -0.2
8.0 hr 1.0
(3) kFeydiate to advanced diffuse parenchymal liv;3iseas
3.0 hr 1.86hr 7.44 hr
5.0 d 8,:
Spleen 0.30 3.0 hr 0:s 1.86 hr 7.44 hr
5.0 d 0.2
Red marrow 0.25 3.0 hr 0.8 1.55 hr 6.20 hr
5.0 d
Remaining tissues (colloid) 0.15 3.0 hr 8:: 0.93 hr 3.72 hr
5.0d 0.2
5.0 d -0.2
8.0 hr 1.0
299
I
53
Colloid
IODINE-LABELLED MICRO-
AGGREGATED ALBUMIN
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/~q)
Organ
Adrenals 1. SE-02 2.OE-02 3. N-02 4.3E-02 7.3E-02

* Bladder wall 6.1E-02 7.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
Bone surfaces 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4.4E-02 9 slE-02
Breast 6.6%03 6.5E-03 1 .OE-02 1.7E-02 3. x-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.6E-02 6.6E-02
Small intest 9.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.08-02 3.1E-02 5.7E-02
ULI wall l.lE-02 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 3.7B-02 6.6E-02
LLI wall 8.4E-03 l .lE-02 1.7E-02 2.6E-02 4. BE-02
* Kidneys 1.7E-02 2.OE-02 3.OE-02 4.4%02 ?.2E-02
* Liver 9.5B-02 1.2E-01 l.EE-01 2.5E-01 4.6E-01
Lungs 9.8&03 1.3E-02 1.9&02 2.9E-02 5.4E-02
Ovaries 8.7E-03 l.lE-02 1. EB-02 2.8B-02 5.1E-02
* Pancreas 1. EE-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 5.6E-02 9.7E-02
Red marrow 1. EE-02 2.4802 3.6E-02 5.9E-02 l. lE-01

* Spleen l . OE-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.3E-01 5.9E-01
Testes 5.5&03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 2 .OB-02 3.8E-02
Thyroid 4.5%03 6.6E-03 l . lE-02 1. EB-02 3.3E-02
Uterus l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.3%02 3.6E-02 6.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 2.4B-02 3.1B-02 4.?B-02 7.2E-02 1.3B-01
Wv/llBg)
mose equivalent, (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
l 1241 (4.18 d) 3.7E-01 4. EE-01 7.3E-01 l.lE+OO 2. OEcOO
1251 (60.14 d) 6. EE-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2,2E-01 4.1E-01
300
53
Colloid
AGGREGATED ALBUMIN
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
1231 Organ
13.2 hours administered (mGy/MBq)
Adrenals 1.5E-02
* Bladder wall 6.1&02
Breast 6.5B-03
GI-tract
Stomachwall 1.2B-02
ULI wall l.OE-02
LLI wall 9.OE-03
* Kidneys 1.7E-02
* Liver 5.2E-02
Lungs 9.51-03
Ovaries 9.23-03
* Pancreas 2.1E-02
Red marrow 2.33-02
* Spleen 1.3E-01
Testes 5.8B-03
Thyroid 4.73-03
Uterus 1.2E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 2.53-02
(mSv/lIBq)
Interdiate to advanceddiffuseparenchymaldisease
Adrenals 1.4B-82
* Bladdervail 6.28-82
Breast 6.4B-03
GI-tract
Stnmachvall 1.4B-02
Small intest l.OB-02
ULI vall l.OB-02
LLI vall 9.7B-03
* Kidneys 1.8B-02
* Liver 5.5B-02
Lungs 9.1B-03
Ovaries 9.8B-03
* Pancreas 2.5B-02
Red marrow 3.3B-02
* Spleen 1.3B-01
Testes 5.83-03
Thyroid 4.8B-03
Uterus 1.2B-02
Other tissue 7.7B-03
Bffective
bSv/lres)
301
53
Colloid
AGGREGATED ALBUMIN
131*
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year I year
Adrenals l.ZE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.6E-01

* Bladder wall 5. SE-01 6.9E-01 1. OE+OO 1.6E+OO 3.1E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.4E-01 l.BE-01 3.OE-01 5.4E-01 1. lE+OO
Breast 5,9E-02 5.9E-02 9.873-02 1.6E-01 3.OE-01
U-tract
Stomach wall 8.5E-02 l .OE-01 1.78-01 2.7e-01 5.2E-01
Small intest 7,3E-02 8. BE-02 1.5E-01 2,4E-01 4.3E-01
ULI wall 8.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 5.1E-01
LLI wall 5.8E-02 7.1E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 3.3E-01
* Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.6E-01 5.8E-01
* Liver 1.4E+OO 1. BE+00 2.8E+OO 4.lE+OO 7.9E+OO
Lungs 7.5E-02 9.8E-02 1.5%01 2.2%01 4.OE-01
Ovaries 5, SE-02 7. BE-02 1.3E-01 2.0%01 3.7E-01
* Pancreas 1*4E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.1E-01 7.OE-01
Red marrow 2. x-01 3.2E-01 5.3%01 9.6E-01 2.OE+OO
* Spleen 1.8E+OO 2.6E+OO 4.OE+OO 6.4E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Testes 4. SE-02 5.3E-02 0.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.8E-01
Thyroid 3.9E-02 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01
Uterus 6.0B-02 B.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.3%01 4. LE-01
Other tissue 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 1.1%01 1.7E-01 3.2E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.1E-01 4-l&01 6.41-01 1. og+Oa 1.9B+oo
Wv/lre4)
302
53
Colloid
AGGREGATED ALBUMIN
Early to Intermediate diffuse parcnchymal liver disease
Abeorbed dose
per unit activity
131I
Adrenals 1.2%01
Breast 6.1E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall l.OE-01
Small intest ?.6E-02
ULI wall 0.1E-02
LLI wall 6.5E-02
* Kidneys 1.4E-01
* Liver 7.5E-01
Lungs 7.4E-02
Ovaries 6.53-02
* Pancreas 1.6E-01
Red marrow 3.3&01
* Spleen 2.5E+OO
Testes 4.0B-02
Thyroid 4.3E-02
Uterus 7.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.88-01
(=Sv/RB@
Intermediateto advanceddiffuseparenchymaldineaae
Organ
Adrenals 1.2B-01
* Bladderuall 5.6B-01
Bone surfaces Z.SB-01
Breast 5.9%02
GI-tract
Stomachuall l.lg-001
Small intest 7.7B-02
ULI vall 7.SB-02
LLI vall 7.1B-02
* Kidneys 1.5B-01
* Liver B.OE-01
Lungs 7.1E-02
Ovaries 7.1%02
* Pancreas 1.8B-01
Red marrov 5.3%01
* Spleen 2.3B+OO
Testes 4.9B-02
Thyroid 4.41-02
Uterus 7.7B-02
Other tissue 6.1K-02
gffective
doae equivalent 3.4B-01
(=Sv/lIBq)
303
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
12311251 1311
Biokinetic Model
Following intravenous administration, the substance is rapidly distributed in the extra-
cellular fluid and excreted entirely by the renal system according to the kidney-bladder model.
Total body retention is described by a monoexponential function with a half-life of 25 min
(1.0) and the renal transit time is 4 min.
When renal function is bilaterally impaired, it is assumed that the clearance rate of the
substance is one tenth of that for the normal case (total body half-life 4.2 hr), that the renal
transit time is increased to 20 min, and that a fraction of 0.04 is retained in the liver with a
half-life of 4.2 hr.
As an example of unilateral renal blockage, it is assumed that a fraction of 0.5 of the
administered radiopharmaceutical is taken up by one kidney and slowly released to the blood
with a half-time of 5 d and subsequently excreted by the other kidney, which is assumed to
function normally.
It is emphasized that Hippuran preparations usually contain free iodide, which has to be
taken into account in the absorbed dose estimation.
References
(1) Adopted model
Blaufox, M. D. (1972). Compartment analysis of the radiorenogram and kinetics of “I-Hippuran. In: Progress in
Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 2, Evoluution of Renal Function and Diseases with Radionuclides. University Park Press.
London.
Elliott, A. T. and B&ton, K. E. (1978). A review of the physiological parameters in the dosimetry of “‘1 and
‘311-labelled Hippuran. ht. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 29, 571-573.
Henk, J. M., Cottrall, M. F. and Taylor, D. M. (1967). Radiation dosimetry of 1311-Hippuran renogram. Br. J. Radio/.
40. 327-334.
O’Reilly, P. H., Herman, K. J., Lawson, R. S., Shields, R. A. and Testa, H. J. (1977). lL310dine: A new isotope for
functional renal scanning. Br. J. 001. 49, 15-21.
O’Reilly, P. H., Shields, R. A. and Testa, H. J. (1979). Nuclear Medicine in Urology and Nephrology, Butterworths,
London.
Laakso, L., Rekonen, A. and Holopainen, T. (1965). Suitability of isotope renography for study of the kidney in
pregnancy. Stand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 17, 395-397.
305
53
Hippuran
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs

Total body (excluding 1.0 25 min 1.0 35.0 min 36.0 mm 36.0 min
bladder contents)
Kidneys 1.0 4 min 4.2 min 4.2 min
Bladder contents 1.0 2.62 hr 2.91 hr 2.89 hr
Total body (excluding 1.0 4.17 hr 1.0 4.55 hr 6.0 hr 5.89 hr
bladder contents)
Kidneys 1.0 16.1 min 21.5 min 21.1 min
Liver 0.04 4.17 hr 1.0 11 min 14.4 min 14.1 min
Bladder contents 1.o 1.41 hr 1.91 hr 1.87 hr
Unilateral renal blockage
Total body (excluding 1.0 25 min 0.5 8.87 hr 3.34 d 2.24 d
bladder contents) 5d 0.5
Normal kidney 2.2 min 3.9 min 3.3 min
Abnormal kidney 5d 1.0 8.58 hr 3.33 d 2.22 d
Bladder contents 1.4 hr 2.26 hr 1.98 hr
HIPPURAN
123I 13.2 hours Absorbed dose
Adrenals 9.2E-04 l. lE-03 1.813103 2.9E-03 5.8E-03

Bladder wall 2.OE-01 2. SE-01 3.7E-01 5. SE-01 1 .OE+OO
Bone surfaces 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2. SE-03 3.9E-03 8.OE-03
Breast 4.4E-04 4.4&04 7.OE-04 1.2E-03 2.5E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.9E-04 9.7E-04 1.8E-03 3.OE-03 5.7E-03
Small intest 3.2E-03 3.9E-03 6. SE-03 l. lE-02 1.9E-02
ULI wall 2.5E-03 3.2E-03 5.3E-03 8.9E-03 1.6E-02
LLI wall 7.X-03 9.83-03 1.5E-02 2.2E-02 3.9E-02
Kidneys 6.4E-03 7.9E-03 l.lE-02 1.6E-02 2.9E-02
Liver 7.2E-04 9.OE-04 1.6E-03 2.7E-03 5.2E-03
Lungs 4.8B-04 6.2E-04 9.0E-04 1.6E-03 3.2E-03
Ovaries 7.3E-03 9.OE-03 1.4E-02 2.1E-02 3,6E-02
Red marrow 2. SE-03 3.OE-03 4.3E-03 5. BE-03 8.7E-03

Spleen 8.2E-04 l .OE-03 1.7E-03 2.8E-03 5.5E-03
Testes 4.6E-03 7.1E-03 1,4E-02 2.2E-02 4.41-02
Thyroid 3.7E-04 5.63-04 9.1E-04 1. SE-03 2.9E-03
Uterus 1,7E-02 2.1E-02 3.5E-02 5.3E-02 9.2E-02
Other tissue 2.2E-03 2,6E-03 4.OE-03 6.3E-03 l. lE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.5s02 1.9E-02 2.0E-02 4.3E-02 7 .a~-02
(mSv/MBq)
?F=Y
E ective ose equivalent (mSv/RBq of the impurity)
1241 (4.18 d) 9.4E-02 l.ZE-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.9E-01
1251 (60.14 d) l.OE-02 1.3E-02 2 .OE-02 3.1E-02 6.OE-02
306
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.9B-02

* Bladder wall l. lE-01 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3 .OE-01 5.5E-01
Bone surfaces 5.1E-03 6.2E-03 9,7E-03 1.5E-02 3.OE-02
Breast 3.41-03 3.4E-03 5 .OE-03 8.1E-03 1.6E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.43-03 5.5E-03 8.83-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
* Small intest 6.OE-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 3.3E-02
ULI wall 5.6E-03 6.93-03 l. lE-02 1. JE-02 3.1E-02
* LLI wall 7.8E-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 2.3L02 4.2E-02
* Kidneys 2. JE-02 3.23-02 4.5E-02 6.53-02 l. lE-01
* Liver 5.9E-03 7.6E-03 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 3.OE-02
Lungs 3.8E-03 4.8E-03 7,3E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02
Ovaries 7.9E-03 9.83-03 1.5E-02 2.4E-02 4.2E-02
Pancreas 5.1E-03 6.3E-03 9.9E-03 1.5E-02 2. BE-02
Red marrow 6.4E-03 7. EE-03 1.2E-02 1. JE-02 3.OE-02
Spleen 4.9E-03 5.9E-03 9.3E-03 1.5E-02 2.6E-02
Testes 5.3E-03 7.43-03 1.3E-02 2. IE-02 4.OE-02
Thyroid 3.OE-03 4.5E-03 7.4E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-02
Uterus 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 4.1E-02 7.2E-02
Other tissue 4.5E-03 5.3E-03 B.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.4E-02
Hffective
dose equivalent I. 3B-02 1,6E-02 2.4E-02 3. JR-02 6. ?B-02
@Sv/nW
* Adrenals 4.OE-02 4.4E-02 7 .OE-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01

* Bladder wall l. lE-01 1.3E-01 Z .OE-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-01
Bone surfaces 5.OE-03 6. JE-03 l.lE-02 1 I BE-02 3.9E-02
Breast 1.2E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 J. lE-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall l.lE-02 l. lE-02 1.9E-02 2.5E-02 3.5E-02
Small intest l .OE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.1E-02 5.4E-02
ULI wall 9. JE-03 1.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 4.5E-02
LLI wall 6.2E-03 E .OE-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02
* Kidneys 7 I EE-01 9.4E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.3E+OO
Liver 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2,4E-02 3.4E-02 5.3E-02
Lungs 2.7E-03 4.1E-03 6.5E-03 l.lE-02 2.1E-02
Ovaries 7.1E-03 8.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.1E-02
* Pancreas 2.OE-02 2.4E-02 3.8E-02 5.5E-02 0.9E-02
Red marrow 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2,2E-02 3.OE-02 4.3E-02
* Spleen 3.1E-02 3.9E-02 6.1E-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01
Testes Z.BE-03 4 .OE-03 7..8E-03 1.3E-02 2 . ?E-02
Thyroid 3.6E-04 5.4E-04 l .OE-03 2.1E-03 3. BE-03
Uterus 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.8E-02 6.5E-02
Other’ tissue 5.8E-03 6.93-03 l.OE-02 1.6E-02 2.8E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 6.21-02 7.5E-02 l . lB-01 1.6B-01 2. JR-01
@Sv/l(Bq)
307
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
L25I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 3.6B-04 4.3B-04 7 e5B-04 1.38-03 2.6B-03

* Bladder wall 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-01 0.2s01
Bone surfaces 4,2B-04 5.5B-04 l . OE-03 1.9E-03 4.9e-03
Breast 2 *3E-04 2.3B-04 3 s4E-04 5. ?B-04 l . lB-03
U-tract
Stomach wall 2.5E-04 3.2B-04 5.3E-04 9.6B-04 Z . OB-03
* Small intest 5.7E-04 ?.4B-04 1.6B-03 3.4E-03 a. 9s03
* ULI wall 4.5E-04 5.9B-04 1.3E-03 2,6E-03 6.3B-03
* LLI wall 2.3B-03 3.1B-03 5.9E-03 l. lB-02 Z . ZB-02
* Kidneys 4.6B-03 5.63-03 7. aB-03 l . lB-02 2 *OR-O2
Liver 2. ?B-04 3.23-04 5.6E-04 9.8B-04 Z .OE-03
Lungs 2.5E-04 3.2B-04 5.3B-04 %.0E-04 l . EE-03
Ovaries 1.8E-03 2.2B-03 4. ?B-03 9.2E-03 Z . OB-02
Pancreas 2.9B-04 3.5B-04 6.1E-04 l . OB-03 2.2B-03
Bed marrow 6.3B-04 0.43-04 1.6E-03 Z.BE-03 5.6E-03
Spleen 3.53-04 4.2B-04 7.3E-04 l. ZE-03 2.4E-03
Testes l. lB-03 1.8B-03 5.1B-03 1, LB-02 2.5E-02
Thyroid 2.2B-04 2.91-04 5.OE-04 0,3B-04 1.6B-03
Uterus 6.93-03 9.1E-03 1.9&-02 3.3E-02 6.4B-02
Other tissue 0.5E-04 l.OB-03 l.EB-03 3.1B-03 6.3B-03
Bffectiwe
doue equivalent l.OE-02 1.3B-02 z.oE-02 3.1E-02 6.OB-02
Wv/ltas)
308
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
1251
60.14 days Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/RBq)
Organ
Adrenals 3.OE-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-03 l. lE-02 2.2%02

* Bladder wall l .OE-01 1.3E-01 1,9E-01 2.9E-01 5.5%01
Bone surfaces 3.7B-03 4.6E-03 B . OE-03 1.4E-02 2.9E-02
Breast 2.5E-03 2.4E-03 3.6E-03 6.0&03 1.2E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.6E-03 3.2E-03 5.1E-03 0.93-03 1.8E-02
Small intest 2.9E-03 3. SE-03 6.2E-03 l . lE-02 2,3E-02
ULI wall 2.9E-03 3.4e-03 6.OE-03 l . OB-02 2.1E-02
* LLI wall 4.OE-03 4.9E-03 a. 4E-03 1.5E-02 3.OE-02
* Kidneys 2.4E-02 2.9E-02 4.2E-02 6.1E-02 l . lE-01
* Liver 4.1E-03 5.2E-03 7.9E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02
Lungs 2.7E-03 3.4E-03 5.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.8E-02
Ovaries 3.6E-03 4.4E-03 8.1E-03 1.4E-02 3.OE-02
Pancreas 2 * 9E-03 3.4E-03 5.9E-03 9.9E-03 2.OE-02
Red marrow 4 e2E-03 5.3E-03 9.OE-03 1. SE-02 3.OE-02
* Spleen 3.1E-03 3.7E-03 6.3E-03 l .OE-02 2.OE-02
Testes 2.7E-03 3.7E-03 7.4E-03 1.4E-02 3.OE-02
Thyroid 2.2E-03 3.OE-03 5.2E-03 8,7E-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 7.OE-03 8.9E-03 1.7E-02 3.OE-02 5.8E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l . OE-02 1.3E-02 2.0&02 3.2B-02 6.OE-02
Wv/lres)
* Adrenals 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 2.9E-01 5.OE-01 1 .OE+OO

* Bladder wall 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.3B-01 3.4E-01 6.4E-01
Bone surfaces I. 3E-02 2.OE-02 4.OE-02 8.1E-02 2.2E-01
Breast 2.1E-04 2.1E-04 1.3E-03 2.6E-03 E.OE-03
GI-tract
Small intest l .lE-02 1.3E-02 3.OE-02 6.1E-02 1.3E-01
ULI wall l . OE-02 l. lE-02 2.4E-02 4.83-02 9.6E-02
LLI wall 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 0.7E-03 1.7E-02 4.1E-02
* Kidneys 5.3E+OO 6.3E+OO .3.8E+OO 1,3E+Ol 2.2E+Ol
Liver 2.6E-02 3.1E-02 6.5E-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01
Lungs 2.OE-03 3.7E-03 8.8E-03 1.9E-02 6.2E-02
Ovaries 2.2E-03 2.7E-03 7.2E-03 1.5E-02 S.OE-02
* Pancreas 4.OE-02 4. BE-02 1.OE-01 1,8E-01 3.3E-01
Red marrow 3.4E-02 4.7E-02 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01
* Spleen 1.2E-01 1,5E-01 2.7E-01 4.5E-01 7.8E-01
Testes 7.6E-04 1.3E-03 3.8E-03 0.5E-03 2.1E-02
Thyroid 5.8E-05 E.OE-05 1.5E-04 3.4E-04 2.2E-03
Uterus 5. BE-03 E.OE-03 1,7E-02 3.3E-02 7.2E-02
Other tissue 1.7E-02 2.OE-02 3.1%02 5.OE-02 9. EE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.58-01 4.2E-01 6.OB-01 8.8B-01 1.6B+Oo
Wv/W)
AICRP 18: I-4-K

309
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2.83-03 3.1E-03 5.OR-03 8.6E-03 1.6%02

* Bladder wall 9.6E-01 1.2E+OO 1.0E+OO 2.8E+OO 5.4E+OO
Bone surfaces 3.OE-03 3.6E-03 5. SE-03 8.5B-03 1.6E-02
Breast 1.7E-03 1.7E-03 2.9E-03 4.9E-03 l .OE-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.5E-03 3.OE-03 5.3E-03 0.63-03 1.7&02
* Small intest 7.8E-03 l .OB-02 1.6&02 2.5E-02 4.5E-02
* ULI wall 6.93-03 0.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.6B-02
* LLI wall 1.7E-02 2.2&02 3.2g-02 4.7E-02 7.6E-02
* Kidneys 3.OE-02 3.7E-02 5.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.4E-01
Liver 2.3E-03 2.8E-03 4.9E-03 8. SE-03 1.6E-02
Lungs 1.6E-03 2.OE-03 3.2E-03 5.4E-03 l-l&02
Ovaries 1.7E-02 2.1E-02 3.OE-02 4.4E-02 7.4E-02
Pancreas 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 5. SE-03 9.2E-03 1.8E-02
Red marrow 4.9E-03 5.9%03 a. 3E-03 l. lE-02 1.7E-02
Spleen 2.4E-03 3.1E-03 4.9E-03 0.1E-03 1.6E-02
Testes 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 3. HI-02 4.9E-02 9.0&02
Thyroid 1.4E-03 1.9E-03 3.1E-03 5.2E-03 l .OE-02
Uterus 3.5&02 4,3E-02 6.8B-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01
Other tissue 5.4E-03 6.5E-03 9 *9E-03 1.5E-02 2.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6B-02 8.3%02 1.3B-01 1.9%01 3.7E-01
(=Sv/W)
310
RADIATION DOSETOPATIENTSFROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
53
Hippuran
HIPPURAN
131I Abnormalrenal function
a.04 days
Absorbeddose
per unit activityedministered(mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 2.1E-02 2.4B-02 3.83-02 6.OE-02 l.lE-01

* Bladderwall 6.3B-01 ?.9B-01 1.2E+oo 1.9B+OO 3.5E+OO
Bone surfaces l.?B-02 2.OE-02 3.1E-02 S.OB-02 9.?B-02
Breast 1.6B-02 1.6&02 2.6B-02 4.3B-02 8.53-02
GI-tract
Stomachwall l.aE-02 2.1E-02 3.43-02 5.413-02 l.OE-01
* Small intest 2.23-02 2.?E-02 4.3B-02 6.8E-02 1.3B-01
ULI wall 2.1B-02 2.5E-02 4.0%02 6.4%02 1.2&01
* LLI wall 2.?B-02 3.33-02 5.1E-02 7.83-02 1.4%01
* Kidneys l.SE-01 1.9E-01 2.7B-01 3.9B-01 J.lE-01
l Liver 2.53-02 3.2B-02 4.8B-02 7.21-02 1.4B-01
Lungs l.SB-02 1.9E-02 3.OB-02 4.93-02 9.411-02
Ovaries 2.6E-02 3.33-02 5.1E-02 ?.9B-02 1.4E-01
Pancreas 1.9E-02 2.4B-02 3.83-02 5.93-02 l.lE-01
Red marrow 1.9E-02 2.33-02 3.53-02 5.33-02 9.aB-02
Spleen 1.9B-02 2.2&02 3.6E-02 5.73-02 l.lB-01
Testes 2.23-02 2.73-02 4.73-02 7.43-02 1.4B-01
Thyroid 1.4B-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 S.lE-02 9.aB-02
Uterus 3.9B-02 4.?B-02 7.63-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01
Other tissue 1.aB-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 5.41-02 l.OB-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 6.5B-02 8.OB-02 1.2B-01 1.9B-01 3.68-01
Wv/l(Bq)
Bladderwall contributesto 58.2 X of the effectivedose equivalent.
Unilateralrenal blockage
* Adrenals 4.?B-01 S.lE-01 a.o~-01 1.2B+OO 2.1Btoo
* Bladderwall 6.?B-01 8.4B-01 1.3E+OO 2.OB+oo 3.8Btoo
Bone surfaces 4.5E-02 5.83-02 6.9B-02 1.4B-01 2.9B-01
Breast 1.8B-02 1.8B-02 4.3E-02 6.3B-02 9.9E-02
CI-tract
Stomachwall 1.4E-01 1.5%01 2.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.5E-01
Small intest 1.2E-01 l.SB-01 2.4&01 3.6E-01 5.9E-01
ULI wall 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01
LLI wall 4.73-02 5.68-02 9.OE-02 l.SE-01 2.3E-01
* Kidneys 2.2E+Ol 2.?E+Ol 3.aE+ol S.JE+Ol l.OE+02
Liver 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.1E-01 6.OE-01
Lungs 3.83-02 5.?E-02 8.53-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Ovaries 6.1E-02 ?.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
* Pancreas 2.?E-01 3.1E-01 4.?E-01 6.6E-01 1.OEtOO
Red marrow l.lE-01 1.3E-01 1.8E-01 2.3B-01 3.1B-01
* Spleen 3.5B-01 4.4B-01 6.?E-01 9.7B-01 l.SB+OO
Testes 1.4E-02 1.8B-02 3.28-02 5.6B-02 1.2B-01
Thyroid 4.6B-03 6.6E-03 l.lB-02 2.SB-02 4.5B-02
Uterus 6.2B-02 ?.4E-02 1.3B-01 2.1B-01 3.4B-01
Other tissue 6.2B-02 ?.3B-02 l.lB-01 1.6B-01 2.88-01
Effective
dome equivalent l.%+OO 1.8B.KKl 2.6B+OO 3.8Btoo 6.0B+OO
(=svmlq)
311
IODOANTIPYRINE
1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
The distribution of antipyrine almost exactly parallels that of body water (Campbell et al.,
1981). Significant quantities of the radioactive label detach from the molecule within 15 min,
according to animal studies (Sullivan and Rose, 1961), and, within 24 hr, 70% of the label is
distributed and excreted as iodide (Flora et al., 1962). Essentially all of the administered
radioactivity is excreted in urine, with an estimated half-time of 6 to 12 hr (Reinmuth et al.,
1965; Talso et al., 1955).
It is assumed that, after intravenous administration, the substance is distributed uniformly in
the body and that the label is eliminated entirely by renal excretion, with a half-time of 10 hr.
The thyroid is assumed to be blocked.
References
Campbell, J. A., Finn, R. D., Boothe, T. E., Djermouni, B., Ginsberg, M. D., Lockwood, A. H., Gilson, A. J. and Ache,
H. J. (1981). Synthesis of C-l 1 Iodoantipyrine for positron emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 538-541.
Flora, J. H., Phillips, D. F., Arcidiacono, F. and Sapirstein, L. A. (1962). Distribution of 4-iodoantipyrine after
intravenous injection in the rat. Circ. Res. XI, 252-256.
Reinmuth, 0. M., Scheinberg, P. and Bourne, B. (1965). Total cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Arch. Neural. 12,
49-66.
Sullivan, J. M. and Rose, J. C. (1961). Loss of ‘s*I tag from radioiodinated 4-iodoantipyrine after its injection in the rat.
J. Lab. Clin. Med. 57,955-960.
Talso, P. J., Lehr, T. N., Spafford, N., Ferenzi, G. and Jackson, H. R. 0. (1955). A comparison of the volume of
distribution of antipyrine, N-acetyl-4-amino-antipyrine and 1311-labeled4-iodo-antipyrine in human beings. J. Lab.
Clin. Med. 46. 619623.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 10 hr 1.0 14.3 hr 13.7 hr

JAICRP IS: l-4-L

313
53
Antipyrine
IODOANTIPYRINE
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.8E-03 8. HZ-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.5E-02

* Bladder wall l . OE-01 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 2 *9E-01 5.4B-01
Bone surfaces 9.1E-03 l.lE-02 2.OE-02 3.3E-02 7.OB-02
Breast 6.2E-03 6.2E-03 9.1E-03 1.5E-02 3.0&02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.4E-03 8.OE-03 1.3%02 2.2E-02 4.3B-02
* Small intest 7.1E-03 8.3E-03 1.4%02 2.4%02 4.9E-02
* ULI wall 7.1E-03 8.3E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.73-02
* LLI wall 8.OE-03 9.5E-03 1.6E-02 2.7B-02 5.53-02
* Kidneys 1.2E-02 1.48-02 2.1E-02 3.1E-02 5.83-02
Liver 6.78-03 7.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.3B-02
Lungs 6.7E-03 8.5E-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4.5E-02
Ovaries 7.6E-03 9.3E-03 1.6E-02 2.8E-02 5.6E-02
Pancreas 6.9L03 8.2E-03 1.4E-02 2.3B-02 4.6B-02
Red marrow l . OE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.5E-02 7.2E-02
Spleen 6.8E-03 8.OE-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.3E-02
Testes 5.9E-03 7.7E-03 1.4B-02 2.5E-02 5.1E-02
Thyroid 5.7E-03 7.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.4B-02
Uterus l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.5E-02 4.2B-02 8.3B-02
Other tissue 6.2E-03 7.6E-03 1.3&02 2.1E-02 4.lE-02
Effective
dose equivalent 1.331-02 1.6B-02 2.6B-02 4.1B-02 8.OB-02
(=Sv/llBq)
131*
8.04 days
Organ
* Adrenals 4.5E-02 5.1E-02 8.lE-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01

* Bladder wall 6.OE-01 7.5B-01 l.lE+OO 1.8E+OO 3.4E+OO
Breast 4.08-02 4.OE-02 6.3E-02 l.OE-01 2.OE-01
GI-tract
* Small intest 4.6E-02 5.6B-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2. JE-01
ULI wall 4.5E-02 5.4E-02 8.4E-02 1.4B-01 2.6E-01
* LLI wall 5.OE-02 6.OE-02 9.6B-02 1.5E-01 2.8E-01
* Kidneys 7.5&02 9.2&02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01

Liver 4.OE-02 4.98-02 7.83-02 1*3E-01 2.4B-01
Lungs 3.7E-02 4.61-02 7.3E-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Ovaries 4.9B-02 6.3E-02 9.8E-02 1.5E-01 2.9E-01
Pancreas 4.2E-02 5.3E-02 8.4E-02 1.3B-01 2.5E-01
Red marrow 4.2B-02 5.OE-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01

Spleen 4.lE-02 4.98-02 7.9E-02 1.3E-01 2.4B-01
Testes 4.4E-02 5.3E-02 8. JE-02 1.4B-01 2. JE-01
Thyroid 3.6&02 4. JE-02 7. JE-02 1.3E-01 2.4%01
Uterus 6.1E-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.4B-01
Other tissue 3.9E-02 4.7B-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 7.88-02 9.5B-02 1.5B-01 2.3B-01 4.4%01
Wv/llBq)
314
53
Iothalamatc
IOTHALAMATE
1251
Biokinetic Model
substance is excreted exclusively by the renal system according to the models for GFR
substances and the kidney-bladder (see Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
half-times of 100 min (0.99) and 7 d (0.01). The fraction excreted by the kidneys is 1.O,and the
renal transit time is 5 min.
References
Klopper, J. F., Hauser, W., Atkins, H. L., Eckelman, W. C. and Richards, P. (1972). Evaluation of 99mTc-DTPA for the
measurement of glomerular filtration rate. J. Nucl. Med. 13, 107-l 10.
Silkalns, G. I., Jeck, D., Earon, J., Edelmann, C. J., Chervu, L. R., Blaufox, M. D. and Spitzer, A. (1973). Simultaneous
measurement of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow using plasma disappearance curves. J. Pediat. 83,
749-751.
Biokinetic Data

7d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 6.2 min
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 16.7 hr 0.99 1.07d
7d 0.01
315
I BIOKINETICMODELSANDDATA
53
Iothalamate
IOTHALAMATE
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2.OB-03 2. JB-03 4.53-03 J.SE-03 1.5E-02

Bone surfaces 2.9&03 3.6B-03 6.3B-03 l.lE-02 2.33-02
Breast 2 .OE-03 2sOE-03 2.93-03 4.JE-03 9.4B-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.OE-03 2.53-03 4.0&03 7 s OB-03 1.4E-02
* Small intest 2.4E-03 2.93-03 5.1E-03 9 .OE-03 1.9B-02
* ULI wall 2.3B-03 2.8B-03 4 a9E-03 8.2B-03 1.7%02
* LLI wall 3.6&03 4.5E-03 7.9B-03 1.4B-02 2.93-02
* Kidneys 7.4B-03 9.OE-03 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 3.4B-02
Liver 2.1B-03 2.5%03 4.2E-03 6.93-03 1.4E-02
Lungs 2.1B-03 2.?E-03 4.4E-03 7.2%03 1.4E-02
Ovaries 3.3%03 3.9E-03 7.4E-03 1.3E-02 2.83-02
Pancreas 2.2B-03 2.63-03 4.4E-03 7.3E-03 1.5E-02
Red marrow 3.3B-03 4.2B-03 7.2&03 1.2B-02 2.4E-02
Spleen 2.2B-03 2.63-03 4.4B-03 7.2E-03 1.4B-02
Testes 2.4g-03 3.33-03 6.9E-03 1.3&02 2.9E-02
Thyroid 1.8B-03 2.43-03 4.2E-03 6.9E-03 1.4E-02
Uterus 7 .OE-03 9.OB-03 1. EE-02 3.1E-02 6 .OE-02
Other tissue 2.3B-03 2.83-03 4. JE-03 7. EE-03 1.5E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 9. JB-03 1.2B-02 1.9B-02 3.OB-02 5.73-02
WV/W)
Adrenals l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.2E-02 8.3B-02

* Bladder wall l .OE-01 1.3E-01 1.9B-01 2.9B-01 S.bE-01
Bone surfaces 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3.5B-02 5.93-02 1.2E-01
Breast l. lE-02 l. lE-02 1.6E-02 2.7E-02 5.3E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2. SE-02 4.2E-02 8.4E-02
* ULI wall 1.3E-02 i. 5E-02 2.5E-02 4.OE-02 E.lE-02
* LLI wall 1.3E-02 1,6E-02 2.5E-02 4.3E-02 8. EE-02
* Kidneys 3.3E-02 4.OE-02 5. JE-02 8. SE-02 1.5E-01
Liver 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.9E-02 7.7E-02
Lungs 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02 E.lE-02
Ovaries 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2. JE-02 4.6E-02 9.1E-02
Pancreas 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4. IE-02 8.2E-02
Red marrow 1. EB-02 2.2E-02 3. EE-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-01

Spleen 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.OE-02 7.9E-02
Testes l . OE-02 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 3. EE-02 7.9E-02
Thyroid 1 .OB-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 3.93-02 7. EE-02
Uterus 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3.5E-02 5.9E-02 1.2E-01
Other tissue l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.21-02 3.6E-02 J . lE-02
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.9B-02 2.4B-02 3.7B-02 6.OB-02 1.2B-01
bBv/lli)g)
316
53
NP 59
IODOMETHYL-19-NORCHOLESTEROL (NP 59)

1311
Biokinetic Model
Total-body retenti,on measurements of iodomethyL19norcholesterol (Kletter et al., 1978)
have shown biological half-lives of 1.4 d (0.2) and 13 d (0.8).
The mean fractional uptake of NP 59 in the adrenals was 0.003 in normal volunteers and
patients without evidence of adrenal disease, but was 0.006 to 0.008 in patients with Cushing’s
disease (Ryo et al., 1978; Carey et al., 1979). Uptake and elimination half-times in human
adrenal glands have been reported as 25 hr (Ice et al., 1976; Carey et al., 1979) and 13 d (Kletter
et al., 1978), respectively. Kletter et al. (1978) measured an uptake of 0.18 in the liver, with
elimination half-times of 1.4 d (0.75) and 13 d (0.25).
After administration of 19-iodocholesterol, O’Connor et al. (1979) observed an uptake of
0.039 to 0.049 in the thyroids of two patients. Barbarino et al. (1975) observed a thyroid uptake
of 0.08 in one patient, in spite of attempts to block the thyroid. Thus, for the thyroid, a fractional
uptake of 0.05 and elimination half-times of 2 d (0.6) and 12 d (0.4), based on the studies of
O’Connor et al. (1979), are assumed.
References
Barbarino, A., Troncone, L., Salvo, D. and Pasargiklian, E. (1975). Thyroidal accumulation of 131-I during adrenal
gland scintigraphy with I 131-iodocholesterol: Effects of thyroid blocking agents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41,
4os.407.
Carey, J. E., Thrall, J. H., Freitas, J. E. and Beierwaltes, W. H. (1979). Absorbed dose to the human adrenals from
Iodomethvl-norcholesterol (I-131) “NP-59”: Concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 20. 6&62.
Ice, R. D., K&cos, L. T., Coffey, J. L.: Watson, E. E., Beierwaltes, W. H. and Sarkar, S. D. (1976). Radiation dosimetry
of 6-1311-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol, NP-59. RudiopftnrmaceuticuI f)usimerry Symposium, Oak Ridge, 1976, HEW
Publication (FDA) 76-8044, pp. 246-255. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Kletter, K., Herkner, K., Kallinger, W. and Nowotny, R. (1978). Strahlenbelastung bei Nebennierenszintigraphie mit
dem neuen Radiopharmakon J-131-NP-59. In: Nuklearmedizin und Biokybernetik, pp. 225-230. (Oeff, K. and
Schmidt, H. A. E. eds) Medico-Informationsdienste, Berlin.
O’Connor, M. K., Cullen, M. J. and Malone, J. F. (1979). High thyroid radiation dose associated with
‘311-19-iodocholesterol NP 59 adrenal scanning. &. J. Radio/. 52, 13&133.
Ryo, U. Y., Johnston, A. S., Kim, J. and Pinsky, S. M. (1978). Adrenal scanning and uptake with
‘311-o-beta-iodomethyl-nor-cholesterol. Radiology 128, 157-161.
Biokinetic Data
Total body 1.0 1.4d 0.2 6.1 d

13d 0.8
Adrenals 0.003 1d -1.0 27.5 min
13d 1.0
Liver 0.18 1.4d 0.75 13.3 hr
13d 0.25
Thyroid 0.05 2d 0.6 5.0 hr
12d 0.4
317
53
NP 59
IODOMETHYL-19-NORCHOLESTEROL
(NP 59)
131I
0.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4 *OE+OO 5.3BtOO 7.7EtOO 1.lE+Ol 1.6BtOl

Bladder wall 3.9E-01 4.7B-01 7.4E-01 1.2B+OO 2.2E+OO
Bone surfaces 3.7E-01 4.4E-01 7.1B-01 1. lE+OO 2.2BtOO
Breast 4.OE-01 4.OE-01 6.3E-01 1. OEtOO 2. OBtOO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.OE-01 4.0E-01 7.7E-01 1.2EtOO 2.3BtOO
* Small intest 4.1E-01 S.OB-01 8.2E-01 1.3EtOO 2.5EtOO
* ULI wall 4.1%01 5.0%01 7.9B-01 1.3EtOO 2.4EtOO
LLI wall 3.9E-01 4.6B-01 7.6B-01 1.2BtOO 2.3EtOO
Kidneys 4.1E-01 4.9E-01 7.9B-01 1.3E+OO 2.4B+OO
* Liver 1.2EtOO 1.5BtOO 2.3E+OO 3.4E+OO 6.5E+OO
Lungs 3.0E-01 4.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.2BtOO 2.3E+OO
Ovaries 3.0E-01 5.OE-01 0.OB-01 1.3EtOO 2.4BtOO
* Pancreas 4.3E-01 5.5B-01 0.7E-01 1.4EtOO 2.6E+OO
Red marrow 3.9E-01 4. BE-01 7. SE-01 l.ZE+OO 2.2BtOO
Spleen 3.9E-01 4.7E-01 7.6B-01 1.2EtOO 2.3E+OO
Testes 3.6&01 4,2B-01 6.7B-01 1. lB+OO 2.1BtOO
Thyroid 3.OE+Ol 4.7E+Ol 7.3EtOl 1.7E+02 3.2Bt02
Uterus 4.OE-01 5.OE-01 0.1B-01 1.3BtOO 2.4BtOO
Other tissue 3.6B-01 4.4E-01 7.1E-01 1.1EtOO 2.2EtOO
Bffective
dose equivalent 1. SE+00 2.2BtOO 3.4E+00 6.BRtOO 1.3B+Ol
(=Sv/lIBq)
318
53
PVP
IODINATED POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)

1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
Iodinated polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), with an average molecular weight of 30 000 to 40000,
is used as a nonmetabolizable substitute for human serum albumin in studies of gastrointestinal
protein loss. In humans, after intravenous administration, approximately half of the
administered activity is excreted via the urine during the first 24 hr (Ravin et al., 1952; Seltzer et
al., 1964), with half-times of 1 hr (0.3) and 6 hr (0.2), according to data obtained by Tothill
(1965). The remainder is retained in the body for a very long time, most of it being located in the
liver (Tothill, 1965).
It is assumed that, after intravenous administration, half the administered activity is lost from
the body via the urine, according to a double-exponential function with component half-times
of 1 hr (0.3) and 6 hr (0.2). The remainder of the administered activity (0.5) is assumed to be
retained indefinitely, mainly in the liver (0.4) and kidneys (0.03). The residual indefinitely
retained fraction (0.07) is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout ail other organs and
tissues.
The thyroid is assumed to be blocked.
References
Miller, J. P., Dalziel, A. and Crawford, L. E. M. (1965). Internal dosimetry studies of radiopharmaceuticals. I.
Tolpovidone I-131 J. Nucl. Med. 6, 59-68.
Ravin, H. A., Seligman, A. M. and Fine, J. (1952). Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidone as a plasma expander; Studies on its excretion,
distribution and metabolism. New Engf. J. Med. 247,921-929.
Seltzer, R. A., Kereiakes, J. G., Saenger, E. L. and Myers, D. H. (1964). Radiation exposure from radioiodine
compounds in pediatrics. Radiology 82, 486494.
Tothill, P. (1965). The retention by the body of I-131-Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its effect on radiation dose. J. Nucl.
Med. 6. 582-587.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 1 hr 0.3 43.5 d 5.89 d

6 hr 0.2
W 0.5
Liver 0.4 03 I.0 34.7 d 4.64 d
Kidneys 0.03 w 1.0 2.61 d 8.35 hr
319
53
PVP
IODINATED POLYVINYLPYRRO-
LIDONE (PVP)
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 6.7B-01 8.8B-01 1.5B+OO 2.2B+OO 4.1B+OO

Bladder wall l.OE-01 1.3B-01 2.OB-01 3*4B-01 7.6B-01
Bone surfaces 2.1E-01 2.8E-01 5.OB-01 9.OB-01 2.2E+OO
Breast 9.0B-02 9.7B-02 1.9B-01 3.6B-01 8.3E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.5&01 2.2E-01 5.6B-01 1.3B+OO 3.OB+OO
Small intest 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.9B-01 8.4B-01 1.9B+OO
* ULI wall 2.3&01 2.8E-01 6.8B-01 1.5E+OO 3.OB+OO
LLI wall 7.3&02 8.6E-02 1.4B-01 2.7B-01 6.1B-01
* Kidneys 4.4B+OO 5.3E+OO 7.7B+OO 1. lE+Ol 2.OB+Ol
* Liver 1.2B+Ol 1.5E+Ol 2.2B+Ol 3.3B+Ol 6.1BtOl
Lungs 3 *7B-01 5.7B-01 9.OE-01 1*5B+OO 3 *OBtoo
Ovaries 7.5B-02 9.4B-02 1.7B-01 3.4B-01 E. lB-01
* Pancreas 3.8&01 6.2E-01 1.3B+OO 2.6B+OO 5.1B+OO
Red marrow 2.3E-01 3.78-01 6,3E-01 1. OB+OO 2.1EtOO
Spleen 1.7B-01 2.2B-01 4.2&01 7.4B-01 1.5BtOO
Testes 5.8B-02 7.2B-02 1.2E-01 2.OB-01 4.1B-01
Thyroid 6.1B-02 0.3E-02 1.4&01 2.5B-01 5.1B-01
Uterus 7.4B-02 9.2E-02 1.7B-01 3.2B-01 7.8B-01
Other tissue l.EE-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 5 *8B-01 1.2EtOO
Effective
dose equivalent 1.2BtoO 1.5B+OO 2.3B+OU 3.5B+OO 6.6B+00
Wv/llBq)
131I
0.04 days
Organ Adult 15 year LO year 5 year 1 year
* Adrenals 5.6B-01 7.3E-01 1. 1BtOO 1.5BtOO 2.3BtOO

* Bladder wall 4.2B-01 5.3B-01 8.2B-01 1.3B+OO 2.5BtOO
Bone surfaces 1.3B-01 1.7B-01 2.5B-01 3.9B-01 7.0B-01
Breast 1. BE-01 1.8B-01 3,OB-01 4 * 9B-01 9.2B-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.5B-01 3.2B-01 5.7B-01 9.5B-01 1.9BtOO
Small intest 2 * 2B-01 2.7B-01 4. BE-01 0*OB-01 1.4BtOO
ULI wall 3.OE-01 3.5B-01 6.4B-01 1. OBtOO 2.OB+OO
LLI wall 9.93-02 1.2B-01 2.1E-01 3.7B-01 6.9B-01
* Kidneys 3.8EtOO 4.7BtOO 6.7BtOO 9. SE+00 1.7EtOl

* Liver 9 .OBtOO l.lB+Ol l.EB+Ol 2.6B+Ol 5. OBtOl
Lungs 2.7E-01 3.7B-01 5*3B-01 7.9B-01 1.4BtOO
Ovaries 1 .OB-01 1.6B-01 2.8B-01 4.8E-01 9.2E-01
* Pancreas 4. BE-01 6.4B-01 1. OBtOO 1.6BtOO 2.7BtOO
Red marrow l.EE-01 2.3B-01 3.38-01 4.6B-01 7,6B-01

Spleen 2.OB-01 2.7&01 4.4B-01 6.9B-01 1.2BtOO
Testes 7.3B-02 0.2B-02 1.4B-01 2.4B-01 4.0B-01
Thyroid 7.3B-02 9.3B-02 1.6B-01 2.7B-01 5.3B-01
Uterus 1.2B-01 1.6E-01 2. BE-01 4.9B-01 9*2B-01
Other tissue 1.6B-01 1.9B-01 2.9B-01 4.5B-01 8.5B-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 9.7B-01 1.2BtOO l.EB+OO 2.7BtOU 5.1BtOo
WV/W)
320
53
T4
THYROXINE (T4)
1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
Intravenously administered thyroxine (tetra-iodo-thyronine, T4) is bound to specific
transport proteins in the blood and rapidly distributed throughout the extracellular fluids. The
primary metabolic disposal route is deiodination, whereby free iodide is formed. In the case of
complete blocking of the thyroid, the iodide is excreted via the kidneys and bladder, with a
half-time of 8 hr. A fraction of the thyroxine (0.17) is excreted via the biliary tract and intestines.
The half-life of thyroxine has been measured in several studies and found to be 5 to 9 d, with
most values around 6 d.
Other thyronines of medical interest, such as triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine
(rT3) and diiodothyronines (T2), follow the same pathways in the body, the only difference
being the rate of turnover.
The model used here is similar to that of Hays (1985), with the addition of the blocked thyroid
model (see the biokinetic model for iodide).
References
Bernstein, G., Hasen, J. and Oppenheimer, J. H. (1967). Turnover of i3iI-Thyroxine in patients subject to surgical
trauma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 7, 741-744.
Faber, J., Lumholtz, I. B., Kirkegaard, C., Siersbaek-Nielsen, K. and Friis, T. (1982). Isolation of radioactive
iodothyronines for kinetic studies: A comparison of two methods. Acta Endocrinol. 99, 6471.
Hays, M. T. (1985). Radiation dosimetry of radioiodinated thyroid hormones. J. iVuc2. Med. 25, 1068-1074.
Hays, M. T. and McGuire, R. A. (1980). Distribution of subcutaneous thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and albumin in
man: Comparison with intravenous administration using a kinetic model. J. C/in. Endocrinol. Metab. 51.1112-l 117.
Inada, M. and Sterling, K. (1967). Thyroxine turnover and transport in active acromegaly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
27, 1019-1027.
McConnon, J., Row, V. V. and Volpe, R. (1971). Simultaneous comparative studies of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine
distribution and disposal rates. J. Endocr. 51, 17-30.
Oddie, T. H., Meade, J. H. and Fisher, D. A. (1966). An analysis of published data on thyroxine turnover in human
subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 425-436.
Thomson, J. A. and Wallace, T. J. (1966). Anomalous values for the half-life of radiothyroxine in dyshormonogenetic
goiter. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 875-877.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a 125I ,311

Fs
TCbound iodine
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract) 1.0 6.0 d 1.0 7.87 d 4.96 d
GI-tract contents
SI 0.17 37 min 23 min
ULI 0.17 2.00 hr 1.22 hr
LLI 0.17 3.58 hr 1.96 hr
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 0.83 6.0 d -1.0 8.68 hr 5.27 hr
8.0 hr 1.o
Kidneys 0.83 6.0min 3.3 min
JUCRP Le.: l-4-L’

321
53
T4
THYROXINE (T4)
125I
60.14 days
Absorbeddose
Per unit activityadministered(mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals E.OE-02 l.lB-01 1.9%01 3.1B-01 6.28-01
* Bladderwall 1.4E-01 1.J&01 2.6E-01 4.2E-01 8.6E-01
Bone surfaces 1.3B-01 1.6B-01 2. EE-01 4.JB-01 9.8E-01
Breast 8.9E-02 8.81-02 1.3E-01 Z.lE-01 4.2E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 9.1B-02 l. lE-01 1. EE-01 3.1E-01 6.1B-01
Small intest 5.2E-02 5.5E-02 l.OE-01 l.JE-01 3.4B-01
* ULI wall 1.4B-01 l.JE-01 3.OE-01 4.9E-01 9. JE-01
* LLI wall Z.EB-01 3.5E-01 5.8B-01 9. JE-01 1.9B+OO
Kidneys 8.9B-02 l.lE-01 l.JE-01 2.6B-01 4.9B-01
Liver 9.43-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 6.OE-01
Lungs 9.53-02 l. ZB-01 Z.OE-01 3.2&01 6.4B-01
Ovaries l.lE-01 1.3E-01 Z.ZB-01 3. JE-01 ?.2B-01
* Pancreas 9.?B-02 l. ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.2B-01 6.4B-01
Red marrow 1.4E-01 1. EE-01 3.OE-01 5.OB-01 1.OE+OO
* Spleen 9.5E-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 6,OE-01
Testes 7.73-02 9. JE-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01
Thyroid E.lE-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01
Uterus 9.53-02 1. ZB-01 Z.OE-01 3.3E-01 6.6E-01
Other tissue 8.43-02 l.OB-01 l.JB-01 2.JB-01 5.48-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.2%01 1.4B-01 2.3B-01 3. EB-01 7.6B-01
(=Sv/nas)
131I
8.04 days
Organ
* Adrenals 4.1E-01 4,6E-01 7,4E-01 l.ZE+OO 2. PE+OO

* Bladder wall 5.1B-01 6.3E-01 9. JB-01 1. SE+00 2.8EtOO
Bone surfaces 3.6&01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 1. lE+OO 2. lE+OO
Breast 3. JB-01 3. JB-01 5,9B-01 9.6B-01 1.9E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 J.ZE-01 1. lE+OO 2. lE+OO
Small intest 1. JE-01 Z. lB-01 3.2B-01 4. EE-01 E.OE-01
* ULI wall 6.OE-01 7.4E-01 1. ZB+OO 2. lB+OO 3.9B+OO
* LLI wall 1. lE+OO 1.4B+OO 2.4E+OO 3.9B+OO 7. JE+OO
Kidneys 3.8E-01 4.6E-01 6.JE-01 9. EE-01 1. JEtOO
Liver 3.7&01 4.5B-01 J.ZE-01 1. 1EtOO 2.2BtOO
Lungs 3.5E-01 4.3E-01 6. JB-01 1. lE+OO 2.1EtOO
Ovaries 3.9&01 5.1E-01 E.OE-01 1.3E+OO 2.4BtOO
* Pancreas 3.9B-01 4.8E-01 J.JE-01 1. ZE+OO 2.3E+OO
Red marrow 3.JB-01 4.5E-01 J. lE-01 1 . lE+OO Z.lE+OO
Spleen 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 J. ZB-01 1. lE+OO Z.ZE+OO
Testes 3.5B-01 4.1E-01 6.6E-01 1 . lE+OO 2.1BtOO
Thyroid 3.3E-01 4.3E-01 J. lE-01 1.2BtOO 2.2EtOO
Uterus 3.9E-01 4.9B-01 ?.9B-01 1 . ZB+OO 2.3B+OO
Other tissue 3 *4E-01 4.18-01 6.6B-01 1 . lE+OO 2.1BtOO
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.4B-01 5.2J.b01 8.5B-01 1.4B+OO 2.6BtOO
WV/W)
322
53
T3
TRIIODOT+;YftiNINE (T3)
I I
Biokinetic Model
The model is the same as that described for thyroxine (T4) (see p. 321), except that the
degradation half-life of T3 is assumed to be 24 hr.
References
(1) Adopted model
Bianchi, R., Zucchelli, G. C., Giannessi, D., Pilo, A., Mariani, G., Carpi, A. and Toni, M. G. (1977). Evaluation of
triiodothyronine (Ts) kinetics in normal subjects, in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients using specific antiserum
for the determination of labeled T, in plasma. J. Ch. Endocrinol. Metnb. 46,203-214.
Cavalieri, R. R., Steinberg, M. and Searle, G. L. (1971). Metabolic clearance rate of L-triiodothyronine in man: A
comparison of results by single-injection and constant infusion methods. J. C/in. Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 624-629.
iodothyronines for kinetic studies: A comparison of two methods. Acta Endocrinol. 99, 64-71.
Hays, M. T. and McGuire, R. A. (1980). Distribution of subcutaneous thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and albumin in
man: Comparison with intravenous administration using a kinetic model. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51,1112-l 117.
McConnon, J., Row, V. V. and Volp&, R. (1971). Simultaneous comparative studies of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine
distribution and disposal rates. J. Endocr. 51, 17-30.
Oddie, T. H., Fisher, D. A., Dussault, J. H. and Thompson, C. S. (1971). Triiodothyronine turnover in euthyroid
subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33, 653-660.
Laakso, L., Rekonen, A. and Holopainen, T. (1965). Suitability of isotope renography for study of the kidney in
pregnancy. Stand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 17, 395-397.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a 125I ,311

Fs
T3-bound iodine
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract) 1.0 l.Od 1.0 1.42 d 1.28 d
GI-tract contents
SI 0.17 40 min 36 min
ULI 0.17 2.16 hr 1.85 hr
LLI 0.17 3.93 hr 3.15 hr
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 0.83 l.Od -1.0 9.39 hr 8.09 hr
8.0 hr 1.0
323
53
T3
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
125I
60.14 days
Absorbeddose
per unit activityadministered(mGy/BBq)
Organ
Adrenals 1.8B-02 2.53-02 4.2E-02 7.OE-02 1.4E-01
* Bladderwall 9.53-02 1.2E-01 1.8%01 2.8E-01 5.5E-01
Bone surfaces 3.OE-02 3.73-02 6.4E-02 l.lE-01 2.3E-01
Breast 1.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 4.73-02 9.3E-02
GI-tract
Stomachwall 2.1E-02 2.73-02 4.3B-02 7.43-02 1.5E-01
* Small intest 3.5B-02 4.33-02 7.63-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
* ULI wall l.lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 7.2E-01
* LLI wall 2.58-01 3.2E-01 5.4E-01 8.98-01 1.7EtOO
* Kidneys 2.38-02 2.9B-02 4.43-02 6.81-02 1.3E-01
Liver 2.1&02 2.5E-02 4.23-02 7.OE-02 1.4B-01
Lungs 2.18-02 2.6B-02 4.33-02 7.1E-02 1.4R-01
Ovaries 4.1B-02 5.3B-02 8.93-02 1.5E-01 2.8E-01
Pancreas 2.2E-02 2.63-02 4.43-02 7.33-02 1.5E-01
Red marrow 3.63-02 4.53-02 7.53-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01
Spleen 2.1E-02 2.53-02 4.213-02 6.81-02 1.4E-01
Testes 1.8E-02 2.23-02 3.7E-02 6.4%02 1.3B-01
Thyroid 1.8E-02 2.43-02 4.1E-02 6.98-02 1.4E-01
Uterus 2.63-02 3.33-02 5.93-02 l.OE-01 2.1E-01
Other tissue 2.OE-02 2.43-02 3.9E-02 6.43-02 1.3B-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.9E-02 6.1B-02 l.OB-01 1.7B-01 3.3R-01
(mSv/tW)
131I
8.04 days
Organ
Adrenals 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.88-01 7.2E-01

* Bladderwall 5.2E-01 6.5B-01 9.9E-01 1.5EtOO 2.9EtOO
Bone surfaces l.lE-01 1.4&01 2.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.7E-01
Breast 1.2E-01 1.2B-01 1.8E-01 3.OB-01 5.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomachwall 1.3E-01 l.SE-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 7.2E-01
* Small intest 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 5.4E-01 9.81-01
* ULI wall 6.2E-01 7.7E-01 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 4.3E+OO
* LLI wall 1.5EtOO 1.9EtOO 3.2EtOO 5.4EtOO l.lE+Ol
* Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.5E-01 3.8E-01 6.7E-01
Liver 1.2E-01 1.4B-01 2.3&01 3.8%01 7.2B-01
Lungs l.lE-01 1.3&01 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 6.6E-01
Ovaries 1.8B-01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 5.5E-01 l.OBtOO
Pancreas 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 7.5B-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01 l.SE-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 6.8E-01
Spleen 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.3%01 3.7%01 7.1E-01
Testes 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3.7E-01 7.1E-01
Thyroid l.OE-01 1.4E-01 2.2%01 3.6E-01 7.OE-01
Uterus 1.6E-01 2.08-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 9.OB-01
Other tissue l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2*2E-01 3.5E-01 6.8&-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 2.7B-01 3.3R-01 5.41-01 8.7R-01 1.7B+GO
(=Sv/nes)
324
53
Reverse T3
REVERSE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (rT3)

1251 1311
Biokinetic Model
degradation half-life of rT3 is assumed to be 2 hr.
References
iodothyronines for kinetic studies: A comparison of two methods. Acta Endocrinol. 99,64-71.
Geola, F., Chopra, I. .I., Solomon, D. H. and Maciel, R. M. B. (1979). Metabolic clearance and production rates of
3’,5’-diiodothyronine and 3,3’-diiodothyronine in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48,297-301.
Smallridge, R. C., Wartofsky, L., Desjardins, R. E. and Burman, K. D. (1978). Metabolic clearance and production
rates of 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine in hyperthyroid, euthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 47,
345-349.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fx
rT3-bound iodine
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract) 1.0 2.0 hr 1.0 2.88 hr 2.86 hr
GI-tract contents
SI 0.17 41 min 40 min
ULI 0.17 2.19 hr 2.06 hr
LLI 0.17 4.00 hr 3.50 hr
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 0.83 2.0 hr -1.0 9.55 hr 9.12 hr
8.0 hr 1.0
325
53
Reverse T3
REVERSE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (rT3)

125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.2&03 7.2E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 4.2E-02

* Bladder wall 8.7E-02 l*lE-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.8E-01
Breast 5.5E-03 5 *5E-03 8.1E-03 1.3E-02 2.7E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.3E-03 8.93-03 1.5E-02 2.73-02 5.6E-02
* ULI wall 9.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 6.7E-01
* LLI wall 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 5.3E-01 8.7E-01 1.7E+OO
* Kidneys l . OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.9E-02 5.4E-02
Liver 6.3E-03 7.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 4.6E-02
Lungs 6.OE-03 7.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 4.1E-02
Ovaries 2.73-02 3.7E-02 6.3E-02 l .OE-01 2.OE-01
Pancreas 6.3&03 7.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.7E-02
Soleen 6.2E-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02
Testes 5.63-03 7.43-03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02 5.3&02
Thyroid 5.1E-03 6.93-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.9E-02
Uterus 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 3.2E-02 5.7E-02 1.2E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.6B-02 4.61-02 ?.7B-02 l . ZB-01 2.4B-01
WV/W)
131*
8.04 days
Organ
Adrenals 4.3E-02 5.OE-02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01

* Bladder wall 5.3E-01 6.5E-01 1.OE+OO 1*!%too 2.9B+OO
Bone surfaces 3.98-02 4.7E-02 7.4E-02 l . ZE-01 2.3B-01
Breast 3.63-02 3.63-02 5.8E-02 9.5E-02 1.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.93-02 5.93-02 9.38-02 1.51-01 2.7E-01
* Small intest 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.5%01 5,6E-01 1. OEtOO
* ULI wall 6.3B-01 7.9E-01 1.4E+OO 2.3EtOO 4.5EtOO
* LLI wall 1.6EtOO 2. OEtOO 3.5EtOO 5.8E+OO 1. l&t01
* Kidneys 7.OE-02 8.63-02 1.3E-01 1.98-01 3.3%01
Liver 4.1E-02 5.OE-02 8.3E-02 1.3B-01 2.6E-01
Lungs 3.4%02 4.2B-02 6.?E-02 l . lE-01 Z . lE-01
Ovaries 1.1%01 1.4%01 2.1E-01 3.2E-01 5.6%01
Pancreas 4.3B-02 5.5E-02 8.8E-02 1.48-01 2.6E-01
Red marrow 5.1B-02 6.1E-02 9.1B-02 1.3E-01 2.3B-01

Spleen 4.1&-02 5.OE-02 8.1E-02 1.3E-01 2,5E-01
Testes 4.5B-02 5.43-02 9.1E-02 1.5E-01 2.8%01
Thyroid 3.2E-02 4.2E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 2.2B-01
Uterus 8.1E-02 1 .OE-01 1.7E-01 2.6B-01 4.5%01
Other tissue 4.2E-02 5.OB-02 8.0&02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent Z . ZB-01 2.7B-01 4.5%01 7.3%01 1.4B+O0
Wv/lces)
326
53
T2
DIIODOTHYRONINE
12511311
Biokinetic Model
degradation half-life of T2 is assumed to be 1 hr.
References
iodothyronines for kinetic studies: A comparison of two methods. Acta EndocrinoL 99, 64-71.
Galeazzi, R. L. and Burger, A. G. (1980). The metabolism of 3,3’-diiodothyronine in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
50, 148-151.
Geola, F., Chopra, I. J., Solomon, D. H. and Maciel, R. M. B. (1979). Metabolic clearance and production rates of
3’,5’-diiodothyronine and 3,3’-diiodothyronine in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48, 297-301.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F.S
T2-bound iodine
Total body (excluding contents of GI tract) 1.0 1.Ohr 1.o 1.44 hr 1.44 hr
G&tract contents
SI 0.17 41 min 40 min
ULI 0.17 2.19 hr 2.07 hr
LLI 0.17 4.00 hr 3.52 hr
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 0.83 1.0 hr - -1.0 9.55 hr 9.17 hr
8.0 hr 1.0
327
53
T2
DIIODOTHYRONINE
125I
60.14 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4.6E-03 6.4E-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3.78-02

* Bladder wall 8.7E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2. SE-01 4.8E-01
Bone surfaces 8.53-03 l. lE-02 1.9&02 3.2E-02 7.OE-02
Breast 4.93-03 4.93-03 7.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.7&03 E. lE-03 1.4E-02 2.4E-02 5.2E-02
* ULI wall 9.83-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 6.7E-01
* LLI wall 2.5l.k01 3.1E-01 5.3E-01 8.7E-01 1.7E+OO
* Kidneys 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 1. EE-02 2.7E-02 5.08-02
Liver 5.6E-03 6.73-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 4.2E-02
Lungs 5.3E-03 6.7E-03 l.lE-02 1. EB-02 3.6E-02
Ovaries 2.7&02 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 l .OE-01 1.9E-01
Pancreas 5.6E-03 6.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 4.2E-02
Red marrow 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 2. EE-02 4.43-02 E.OE-02
Soleen 5. SE-03 6.5E-03 l.lE-02 1.9E-02 3.83-02
T& tes 5.OE-03 6.7E-03 1.2E-02 2.3E-02 4.9E-02
Thyroid 4.5E-03 6.1E-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02 3.4E-02
Uterus 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 3. DE-02 5.5E-02 1.2E-01
Other tissue 6.OE-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.1B-02 4.1E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.6B-02 4.5E-02 7.6B-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01
(=Sv/lIBq)
131I
8.04 days
Organ
Adrenals 3.9E-02 4.58-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.2&01

* Bladder wall 5.2E-01 6,5E-01 9.9E-01 1.5E+OO 2.9EtOO
Bone surfaces 3.53-02 4.2E-02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Breast 3.2E-02 3.28-02 5.2E-02 8. SE-02 1.7E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.4E-02 5.43-02 8.5E-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01
* Small intest 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.5E-01 1. OE+OO
* ULI wall 6.3E-01 7.9R-01 1.4E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.5B+OO
* LLI wall 1.6EtOO 2. OEtOO 3.5E+OO 5. EE+OO 1. lE+Ol
* Kidneys 6.7E-02 8.23-02 1.2E-01 1. EE-01 3.1E-01
Liver 3.7E-02 4.5E-02 7.5E-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Lungs 3.OE-02 3.83-02 6.OE-02 9.7E-02 1.9E-01
Ovaries l. lE-01 1.4E-01 2.1B-01 3.1E-01 5.4E-01
Pancreas 3.9&02 4.9E-02 E.OE-02 1.3B-01 2.4E-01
Red marrow 4.7E-02 5.63-02 8.3E-02 1.2E-01 2.1E-01

Soleen 3.78-02 4.5E-02 7.3E-02 1.2B-01 2.2E-01
Testes 4,1E-02 5.OE-02 8.43-02 1.3%01 2.6%01
Thyroid 2. EE-02 3.7E-02 6.1E-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
Uterus 7.7B-02 9.98-02 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.3B-01
Other tissue 3. EE-02 4.68-02 7.3B-02 1.28-01 2.2E-01
Effective
dome equivalent 2.2R-01 2.7%01 4.48-01 7.2B-01 1.4E+W
@k/W)
328
RADIATIONDOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
53
MIBG
METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE (MIBG)
12311311
Biokinetic Model
MIBG is an analogue of the adrenergic blocking agent guanethidine, having uptake and
storage mechanisms similar to those of norepinephrine. It has an affinity for chromaffin storage
granules in adrenal medulla, myocardium and other tissues richly supplied with sympathetic
nerves.
From the publications cited below the following model can be constructed. After intravenous
injection there is a rapid uptake mainly in the liver (0.33), and smaller uptakes in lungs (0.03),
heart (O.OOS),spleen (0.006) and salivary glands (0.004). The uptake in normal adrenals is very
low (0.0003). Hypexplastic adrenals and tumours like pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma and
other tumours with neurosecretory granules show a high uptake.
According to the report by Jacobsson et al. (1986) total body retention can be described by
half-times of 3 hr (0.36) and 1.4 d (0.63), with a small fraction (0.01) retained in the liver with a
half-time which is long in comparison with the physical half-life of the radionuclides used. The
retention data for the specified organs have been derived from the same study. Blocking of the
thyroid is assumed.
References
Jacobsson, L., Mattsson, S., Johansson, L., Lindberg, S. and Fjglling, M. (1986). Biokinetics and dosimetry of
‘3’I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). In: Proc. Fourth ht. Rndiophnrmuceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak
Ridge 1985, Oak Ridge Assoc. Universities CONF-851113, pp. 389-398. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee.
Kline, R. C., Swanson, D. P., Wieland, D. M., Thrall, J. H., Gross, M. D., Pitt, B. and Beierwaltes, W. H. (1981).
Myocardial imaging in man with I-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine. J. Nucl. Med. 22, 129-132.
Swanson, D. P., Carey, J. E., Brown, L. E., Kline, R. C., Wieland, D. M., Thrall, J. H. and Beienvaltes, W. H. (1981).
Human absorbed dose calculations for iodine-131 and iodine-123 labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG): A
potential myocardial and adrenal medulla imaging agent. In: Proc. Third ht. Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry
Symposium, Oak Ridge 1980, HHS Publication FDA 81-8166, pp. 213-224. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee.
Wieland, D. M., Brown, L. E., T&es, M. C., Rogers, W. L., Marsh, D. D., Mangner, T. J., Swanson, D. P. and
Beierwaltes, W. H. (1981). Imaging the primate adrenal medulla with lz31 and 1311metaiodobenzylguanidine. J.
Nucl. Med. 22, 358-364.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs T a 1231 1311
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 3 hr 0.36 9.91 hr 1.26d

1.4d 0.63
co 0.01
Adrenals o.ooo3 1.4d 1.0 15s 45 s
Heart wall 0.008 5d 1.0 8.1 min 51.2 min
Liver 0.33 3 hr 0.40 3.23 hr 11.1 hr
1.4d 0.57
0.03
Lungs 0.03 :4d 1.0 24.3 min 1.24 hr
Salivary glands 0.004 1.4d 1.0 3.2 min 9.9 min
Spleen 0.006 5d 1.0 6.1 min 38.4 min
329
53
MIBG
METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE
(MIBG)
123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ per unit activity administered (mGy/MBq)
Adrenals l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.2E-02 3.1E-02 5.1E-02

* Bladder wall ?.OE-02 8.7E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01
Bone surfaces 7.6E-03 9.3E-03 1.5E-02 2.3%02 4.5E-02
Breast 6.2E-03 6.23-03 9 :8E-03 1.6E-02 3.0%02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.0E-03 l .OE-02 1.7E-02 2. EE-02 5.1E-02
Small intest 8.3E-03 l .OE-02 1.7E-02 2.7E-02 5.OE-02
ULI wall a. 9E-03 l. lE-02 1. EE-02 3.1E-02 5.6E-02
LLI wall 7.7B-03 9. EE-03 1.6E-02 2.48-02 4.5E-02
Heart l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.1B-02 3.1B-02 5.6B-02
* Kidneys 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 3.6E-02 6.OE-02
* Liver 7.1E-02 8.9E-02 1.3%01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
Lungs 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4. EB-02 9.1E-02
Ovaries E.OE-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 2.6E-02 4,7E-02
Pancreas l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 3.9E-02 6.9E-02
* Salivary glands 1.7802 2.2E-02 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 7.2E-02
Red marrow 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 4.5%02
* Spleen 2.OE-02 2. EE-02 4.3E-02 6.6E-02 1.2E-01
Testes 5.43-03 7.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.83-02
Thyroid 4.2%03 6.2E-03 l.OE-01 1.7%01 3.1E-01
Uterus l. lE-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.6E-02 6.5E-02
Other tissue 6.5E-03 7. EE-03 1.2E-02 1.9%02 3.5E-02
Effective
dose equivalent l.EB-02 2.3%-02 3.4E-02 5.0%02 9.OE-02
(=Sv/KW
1241 (4.18 d) 2.4E-01 3.OE-01 4.4E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+OO
1251 (60.14 d) 4.9E-02 6.3E-02 9. EE-02 1.5E-01 2.9E-01
330
53
MIBG
METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE
(MIBG)
1311
0.04 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (uIGY/I~B~)
Organ
Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year I year
* Adrenals 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 3 * 3E-01 4.5E-01 6.9E-01

* Bladder wall 5.9E-01 7.3E-01 1 1 lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.3E+UO
Bone surfaces 6.1E-02 7.2%02 l. lE-01 1.8&01 3.6E-01
Breast 6.9E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.7E-02 9.3E-02 1.5E-01 2.5%01 4.7E-01
Small intest 7.4E-02 9.1E-02 1.5E-01 2.4&01 4.5B-01
ULI wall 8.OE-02 9.6%02 1,6E-01 2.6&01 4.8E-01
LLI wall 6. BE-02 8.1E-02 1.3E-01 2.1E-01 3.9E-01
Heart 7.2E-02 9.1E-02 1.4E-01 2.OE-01 3.5E-01
Kidneys 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.OE-01 5.1E-01
* Liver 8.3E-01 1. lE+OO 1.6E+OO 2.4B+OU 4.6E+OO
Lungs 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 3.9&01 b.OB-01 1.2E+OO
Ovaries 6.6E-02 8.8E-02 1.4E-01 2.3B-01 4.2E-01
Pancreas l .OE-01 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.2B-01 5.7E-01
* Salivary glands 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 5 * lE-01 7.5E-01
Red marrow 6.7E-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01
* Spleen 4.9E-01 6.9E-01 1 . lE+OO 1.78+00 3.2E+OO
Testes 5.9E-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.6E-01
Thyroid 5.OE-02 6.5E-02 l. lE-01 1.83-01 3.5E-01
Uterus 8.0%02 l . OE-01 1.6E-01 2.6%01 4.8E-01
Other tissue 6.2E-02 7.5E-02 l . ZE-01 1 t 9E-01 3.7E-01
Effective
dose equivalent Z . OE-01 2.6%01 4.OB-01 6-l&01 1 .lE+OO
(mSv/llBq)
331
53
Rose bengal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

1231 1311
Biokinetic Model
Rose bengal is a halogenated fluorescent dye, sodium-tetrachloro-tetraiodo-fluorescein, used
for testing hepato-biliary function. Its biokinetics are similar to the Tc-labelled iminodiacetic
acid (IDA) derivatives (see p. 201). The biokinetic model and the clinical conditions considered
are defined in Appendix Section A.9.
Reference
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 7 (1975). Summary of current radiation dose estimates to humans from iz31, iY,
1261,1301and i3iI as sodium rose bengal. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 12141217.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a 1231 ,311

Fs
(1) Normal hepato-biliary conditions

Blood 1.0 7.5 min 1.0 10.7 min 10.8 min
Liver 0.95 7.5 min -1.0 1.75 hr 2.04 hr
90 min 1.0
Gallbladder 0.10 19.9 min 29.0 min
GI-tract content
SI 0.95 2.75 hr 3.71 hr
ULI 0.95 5.31 hr 11.5 hr
LLI 0.95 4.33 hr 19.6 hr
Kidneys 0.05 15 s 15s
Bladder contents 0.05 9.1 min 9.9 min
(2) Parenchymal liver disease
Blood 1.0 20 min 1.0 28.1 min 28.8 min
Liver 0.35 20 min -1.0 1.51 hr 1.98hr
4 hr 1.0
Gallbladder 0.03 6.48 min 13.4 min
GI-tract content
SI 0.35 50.8 min 1.35 hr
ULI 0.35 1.64 hr 4.18 hr
LLI 0.35 1.34 hr 6.99 hr
(3) Occlusion of the cystic duct
Blood 1.0 10 min 1.0 14.2 min 14.4 min
Liver 0.70 10 min -1.0 1.34 hr 1.50 hr
1.5 hr 1.0
Gallbladder 0 -
GI-tract content
SI 0.70 2.05 hr 2.74 hr
ULI 0.70 3.96 hr 8.50 hr
LLI 0.70 3.18 hr 14.2 hr
Bladder content 9.30 53.3 min 58.3 min
continued
333
53
Rose bengal
Organ (S) T a 12q 131I

Fs
(4) Occlusion of the common bile duct

Blood 1.0 7.5 min 1.0 10.7 min 10.8 min
Liver 0.95 7.5 min -1.0 16.9 hr 5.49 d
8d 1.0
Gallbladder 0 - -
GI-tract contents
SI 0 - -
ULI 0 -
LLI 0 -
Kidneys 1.0 33 s 2.63 min
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL
1231 13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 7.OE-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.2E-02

Bone surfaces 6.9E-03 8.83-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 4.4E-02
Breast 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 3 .OE-03 5. SE-03 l. lE-02
Gall bl wall 1.2E-01 1,4E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.2E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.6E-02 2.OE-02 3.2E-02 5.3E-02 9.93-02
Small intest 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 5.OE-01 9,OE-01
ULI wall 3.5E-01 4.3E-01 7.2E-01 1.2EtOO 2.2E+OO
LLI wall 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 8.2E-01 1.3E+OO 2. SE+00
Kidneys 1.3E-02 1.5E-02 2.4B-02 3.6&02 5.9E-02
Liver 4.53-02 5.6E-02 8.83-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Lungs 2.8E-03 4.OE-03 6.2E-03 l .OE-02 2.OE-02
Ovaries 7.1E-02 9.OE-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01
Pancreas l. lE-02 1.5E-02 2.6E-02 4.3B-02 7.9E-02
Red marrow 2.1E-02 2.5E-02 3.43-02 4.3E-02 5.7E-02
Spleen 5.93-03 7.5E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.1E-02
Testes 4.OE-03 5.7E-03 l.lE-02 1.8E-02 3.7E-02
Thyroid 3 .OE-04 3.9E-04 8.4E-04 1.7E-03 3,9E-03
Uterus 3.1E-02 4.3E-02 7.1E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Other tissue 8.3E-03 l .OE-02 1,5E-02 2.4E-02 4.3E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 7.6B-02 9.4B-02 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.7E-01
(&J/BBq)
ii!!%%ose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
lz41 (4.18 d) 1.lE+OO 1.3E+OO 2.2E+OO 3. bE+OO 6.9E+OO

1251 (60.14 d) 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 5.3E-01 1 .OE+OO
334
53
Rose kngal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

Parenchysal liver disease
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
par unit activity administered (mGy/MFSq)
Organ
Adrenals 4.6E-03 6.5E-03 l.OE-02 1.5E-02 2.5E-02

* Bladder wall 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.673-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01
Bone surfaces 3.5E-03 4.4E-03 6.6%03 l. lE-02 2.2E-02
Breast 1.2E-03 1.2E-03 2.2&03 3. BE-03 7.5E-03
* Gall bl wall 4.X-02 5.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-01 3.4E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 6.1E-03 7.8E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 4.18-02
* Small intest 5.OE-02 6.3E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.9B-01
* ULI wall l. lE-01 1.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.7&01 6.9E-01
* LLI wall 1.3%01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 E. lE-01
Kidneys l . OE-02 1.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 4.7%02
Liver 3.5E-02 4.33-02 6.6E-02 9.78-02 1. EE-01
Lungs 2.2E-03 3.1E-03 4.6E-03 7 *3E-03 1.43-02
Ovaries 2.7%02 3.4E-02 5.2E-02 E.OE-02 1.4E-01
Pancreas 5.5E-03 7.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.2E-02 3.9E-02
Red marrow 8.78-03 1 .OE-02 1. SE-02 1.9E-02 2.6E-02
Spleen 2.8E-03 3.6B-03 6.3E-03 l .OE-02 1.9E-02
Testes 4.4E-03 6.5E-03 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 4.1E-02
Thyroid 4.5E-04 6.5E-04 l. lE-03 2.OE-03 4.1E-03
Uterus 2.1E-02 2.7E-02 4.6E-02 7.1&02 1.3B-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 3.4B-02 4.2E-02 6.78-02 l . OB-01 2.0%01
(mSv/nBq)
335
53
Rose bengal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.2&03 7.5E-03 1*2E-02 l .EE-02 3.2E-02

* Bladder wall 8.1&02 l .OE-01 1. SE-01 2.3E-01 4.1E-01
Bone surfaces 5.4E-03 6.83-03 l .OE-02 1.6E-02 3.4B-02
Breast l . lE-03 l. lE-03 2 .‘3E-03 4.2E-03 8.5E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3. EE-02 7.1E-02
* Small intest 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 2’. 4E-01 3.7e-01 6.7E-01
* ULI wall 2.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.4E-01 8.6E-01 1.6&+00
* LLI wall 2.9E-01 3.6E-01 6.OE-01 9.8E-01 1.9E+OO
Kidneys l.lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.2E-02 5.2&-02
* Liver 3.43-02 4.2E-02 6.53-02 9.83-02 1. EE-01
Lungs 2.1E-03 3.OE-03 4.7E-03 7.7E-03 1.5E-02
Ovaries 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2. EE-01
Red marrow 1.6E-02 1.9E-02 2.6E-02 3.4E-02 4.4E-02
Spleen 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.9e-03 1.6E-02 3.1E-02
Testes 4.3E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 2 .OE-02 4.OE-02
Thyroid 3.OE-04 4.1E-04 E . OE-04 1.5E-03 3.5E-03
Uterus 2. EE-02 3.83-02 6.3E-02 l . OE-01 l.EE-01
Other tissue 6.6E-03 E.OE-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.4B-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5 . ?B-02 7.OE-02 l . lE-01 l.EB-01 3.4E-01
(=Sv/llBq)
* Adrenals 3.1E-02 4.4E-02 6.5E-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01

Bone surfaces 6.823-03 8.9E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 4.53-02
Breast 6.8E-03 6. EE-03 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.9&02
GI-tract
Stomach wall l. lE-02 1.7E-02 3.2E-02 5. EE-02 l.lE-01
ULI wall 1.5E-02 1.9E-02 3.7E-02 6.88-02 1.2E-01
LLI wall 2,1E-03 2. EE-03 5.7E-03 l. lE-02 2.2E-02
* Kidneys 2.5E-02 2.9E-02 4.7E-02 6.7E-02 l.OE-01
* Liver 3.6E-01 4.5E-01 6.6E-01 9.5E-01 1,7E+OO
Lungs 1.7E-02 2.4E-02 3.4E-02 5.OE-02 8,9E-02
Ovaries 3.2E-03 4.9E-03 9. EE-03 1. EE-02 3.6E-02
* Pancreas 2.5E-02 4.OE-02 6.5E-02 l.lE-01 l.EE-01
Red marrow 9.4E-03 1.4E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-02 4.3E-02
Spleen 5.3E-03 8.3E-03 1.5E-02 2.5E-02 4.4E-02
Testes 9*4E-04 l.lE-03 2.2E-03 4. SE-03 l .OE-02
Thyroid l. lE-03 1.2E-03 2.5E-03 4.9%03 l . OE-02
Uterus 3.9E-03 5.6E-03 l. lE-02 2 .OE-02 4.OE-02
Other tissue 7.1E-03 8.6E-03 1.3E-02 2,OE-02 3.7E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 3.3E-02 4.2E-02 6.3B-02 9.2B-02 1.7B-01
(mSv/nas)
336
53
Rose bengal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

123I
13.2 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
Adrenals l.OE-01
CI-tract
* Small intest 3.9E-01
* ULI wall 2,4E+Ol
LLI wall 6.1E-02
* Kidneys 7.9E-01
* Liver 3.9E+OO
Lungs 2.OE-01
Ovaries 2.7E-01
Pancreas 2 .OE-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01
Spleen 6.2E-02
Testes 8.1E-02
Thyroid 3.43-02
Uterus l.lE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.8I?+OO
(mSv/IIBq)
331
53
Rose bcngal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 2.9E-02 4.OE-02 6.3E-02 l .OE-01 1.8B-01

Bladder wall 1.7E-01 2. IE-01 3.5E-01 5.1E-01 9.OE-01
Bone surfaces 2,9E-02 3.5E-02 5.OE-02 7.5E-02 1.5E-01
Breast 6.5E-03 6.6E-03 1.5E-02 2.7E-02 5.3E-02
* Gall bl wall 7.1E-01 8.4E-01 1. lE+OO 2.OE+OO 6.8E+OO
GI-tract
* Small intest 8.9E-01 1. lE+OO 1.9E+OO 3.OE+OO 5.6E+OO
* ULI wall 3.4E+OO 4.2E+OO 7.4E+OO 1.2E+Ol 2.4E+Ol
* LLI wall 8.8E+OO 1. lE+Ol 1.9B+Ol 3.2EtOl 6.3E+Ol
Kidneys 5.6E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 1.6E-01 2,5E-01
* Liver 2.OE-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.1E-01 1.2E+OO
Lungs 9.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 7.7E-02
Ovaries 4.OE-01 5.OE-01 7.4E-01 1. lE+OO 1.8E+OO
Pancreas 4.5E-02 6.OE-02 l .OE-01 1.7E-01 2.9E-01
Red marrow 8.4E-02 9.6E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01
Spleen 3.2E-02 3.9E-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Testes 3.6E-02 4.4E-02 8.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.7E-01
Thyroid 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 3.7E-03 7.9E-03 1.9E-02
Uterus 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 3.6E-01 5. SE-01 9.2E-01
Other tissue 4.6E-02 5.43-02 8.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 9.1B-01 1.lB+OO 1.9E+OO 3.2E+oo 6.3E+OO
(mSv/lIBq)
Parenchymal liver disease
Adrenals 1. BE-02 2.4E-02 3.63-02 5.6E-02 9.6E-02

* Bladder wall 6.9E-01 8.6E-01 1.3E+OO 2.OE+OO 3.9E+OO
Bone surfaces 1.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.4E-02 3.6E-02 7.OE-02
Breast 5.1E-03 5.1E-03 l.OE-02 1.7E-02 3.4E-02
* Gall bl wall 3.5E-01 4.2E-01 5.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.3E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.lE-02 3.9E-02 6.2E-02 l .OE-01 1. BE-01
* Small intest 3.3E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1. lE+OO 2.1E+OO
* ULI wall 1.2E+OO 1.5E+OO 2.7E+OO 4.5E+OO 8.9E+OO
* LLI wall 3,2E+OO 3.9E+OO 6.8E+OO 1. lE+Ol 2.2E+Ol
Kidneys 4.7E-02 5,9E-02 0.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01

Liver 1.7E-01 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 9.9E-01
Lungs 7.2E-03 9.9E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 4.83-02
Ovaries 1,6E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 7.1E-01
Pancreas 2.3E-02 3.OE-02 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.4E-01
Red marrow 3.5E-02 4.OE-02 5.3E-02 6,5E-02 0.3E-02
Spleen 1.4E-02 1.8E-02 3.2E-02 5.1E-02 9.2E-02
Testes 2,1E-02 2,7E-02 5.3E-02 8.1E-02 1.6E-01
Thyroid 1.9E-03 2.4E-03 4.4B-03 0.2E-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 8.2E-02 l. lE-01 1. EE-01 2.7E-01 4.5E-01
Other tissue 2.1E-02 2.6E-02 3. EE-02 5.9E-02 l.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.8B-01 4.6%01 7.8%01 1.3B+oo 2_6B+OO
WV/W)
338
53
Rose bengal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

131I
8.04 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals Z. lE-02 2.9E-02 4,6E-02 7.5E-02 1.3E-01

* Bladder wall 4.1E-01 5.OE-01 7.9E-01 l.ZE+OO Z.ZE+OO
Bone surfaces Z.ZE-02 2.6E-02 3. EE-02 5 e7E-02 l. lE-01
Breast 5.2E-03 5.2E-03 l.ZE-02 Z. lE-02 4.1E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.43-02 6. EE-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
* Small intest 6.5E-01 E.lE-01 1.4E+OO 2. ZE+OO 4.1E+OO
* ULI wall 2.5E+OO 3.1E+OO 5.5E+OO 9.1E+OO 1. EE+Ol
* LLI wall 6.4E+OO 7.9E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.3E+Ol 4.6E+Ol
Kidneys 4.9E-02 6,2E-02 9.4E-02 1.4E-01 2.3E-01
* Liver 1.5E-01 1. EE-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 8.5E-01
Lungs 7.3E-03 l ,OE-02 1.7E-02 2.83-02 5.83-02
Ovaries 3.OE-01 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 E.OE-01 1.3E+OO
Pancreas 3.2E-02 4,2E-02 7 .OE-02 l. lE-01 Z .OE-01
Suleen 2.3E-02 2.9E-02 5.1E-02 E. ZE-02 1.5E-01
Testes 3.OE-02 3.7E-02 7.3E-02 l. lE-01 Z.ZE-01
Thyroid 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 3.7E-03 7.4E-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 1.3E-01 l.EE-01 2.8801 4.3E-01 7.2E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 6.6E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.5B+OO
Wv/IIB9)
* Adrenals 5.OE-01 6.9E-01 9.8E-01 1.3E+OO 1.9E+OO

* Bladder wall 3.6E-01 4,5E-01 7.OE-01 1.28+00 2,2E+OO
Bone surfaces 8.2E-02 l .OE-01 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.6E-01
Breast 1.3E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 3. EE-01 6.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.9E-01 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 8.5E-01 1. EE+OO
Small intest 1.7&01 Z .OE-01 3.8&01 6.5E-01 1. lE+OO
ULI wall 2.6E-01 3.OE-01 5. BE-01 9.5E-01 1. EE+OO
LLI wall 3.5E-02 4.5E-02 8.7E-02 1. EE-01 3.4E-01
* Kidneys 4.OE-01 4.8E-01 7.3E-01 1.lE+OO 1.5E+OO
* Liver 1. lE+Ol 1.3E+Ol 2.1E+Ol 3.1E+Ol 5.9E+Ol
Lungs 2.5E-01 3.4E-01 4.8E-01 7.OE-01 1.2E+OO
Ovaries 4.OE-02 8.3E-02 1.7E-01 2.9E-01 5.7E-01
* Pancreas 4.4E-01 6.1E-01 9.8E-01 1.5E+OO 2. SE+00
Red marrow l.ZE-01 1.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.9E-01 4.3E-01
Spleen l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-01 7.4E-01
Testes 1.5E-02 1.4E-02 3.1E-02 6.4E-02 1.4E-01
Thyroid Z. lE-02 2.4E-02 4.3E-02 8.7E-02 1.8%01
Uterus 5.4E-02 8. EE-02 1.7E-01 3.1E-01 5. EE-01
Other tissue l. lE-01 1.4E-01 Z .OE-01 3.OE-01 5.5E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 8.2B-01 l.oB+oo 1.6B+oo 2.4B+oo 4.5B+OO
(=Sv/ltBg)
339
53
Rose bengal
SODIUM ROSE BENGAL

1311
0.04 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
Adrenals 9.3E-01
* Bladder wall 5.9E+OO
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.9B+OO
Small intest 2.6E+OO
* ULI wall 7. lE+OO
LLI wall ?.2E-01
* Kidneys 3.1E+OO
* Liver 1.3EtO2
Lungs l.BE+OO
Ovaries B.6E-01
Pancreas 3.OE+OO
Red marrow 1.3E+OO
Spleen 9.2E-01
Testes 0.2E-01
Thyroid 5.1E-01
Uterus 1 . OE+OO
Effective
dose equivalent 9.9B+oU
WIv/llBq)
340
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Xe
54
Gas/Solution
XENON
12’Xe ‘33Xe
Biokinetic Model
Radioactive xenon can be administered as a gas by inhalation or as xenon dissolved in saline
through intravenous injection. Xenon gas is inhaled as a single breath or it can be contained in a
closed spirometer system from which the patient is rebreathing for 2-60 min, usually 5 or 10
min. There are also other techniques which can be regarded as combinations of the methods
described.
The MIRD-model (Atkins et al., 1980) which is partly based on the references given below, is
adopted here. The total body retention of xenon has been described as a sum of four exponential
functions associated with xenon retention in the lungs, (air and tissue), lean body mass and fat
(two fat components). For the purpose of absorbed dose calculations it is assumed that xenon
not present in the lungs is uniformly distributed in the rest of the body. The rate of uptake in the
rest of the body during breath-hold and rebreathing is assumed to be the same as the elimination
rate observed after discontinuing the xenon administration.
References
Ackery, D. M. and Goddard, B. A. (1975). Radiation doses from lJJXe and ‘*‘Xe used for lung function investigations.
In: Radioaktive Isotope in Klinik und Forschung 1 I. Band. pp. 3143. (HGfer, R. ed.) Urban und Schwarzenberg,
Miinchen.
Atkins, H. L., Robertson, J. S., Croft, B. Y., Tsui, B., Susskind, H., Ellis, K. J., Loken, M. K. and Treves, S. (1980).
Estimates of radiation absorbed doses from radioxenons in lung imaging. Mird Dose Estimate Report No. 9. J. Nucl.
Med. 21,459-465.
Goddard, B. A. and Ackery, D. J. (1975). Xenon-133, 12’Xe and ‘*‘Xe used for lung function investigations: A
dosimetric comparison. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 780-786.
Susskind, H., Atkins, H. L., Cohn, S. H., Ellis, K. J. and Richards, P. (1977). Whole body retention of radioxenon. J.
Nucl. Med. l&462471
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a “‘Xe la3Xe
(1) Single inhalation with 30 s breathhold, or i.v. injection with 30 s breathhold

Lungs 0.98 22 s 0.98 36 s 36 s
3.1 min 0.02
Remaining tissues 0.02 24 min 0.50 4.8 min 4.6 min
2.7 hr 0.35
11 hr 0.15
(2) Rebreathina for 5 min
Lungs - 0.86 22 s 0.91 46 s 46 s
3.1 min 0.09
Remaining tissues 0.14 24 min 0.50 34 min 32 min
2.7 hr 0.35
11 hr 0.15
(3) Rebreathing for 10 min
Lungs 0.77 22 s 0.88 46 s 46 s
3.1 min 0.12
Remaining tissues 0.23 24 min 0.50 55 min 53 min
2.7 hr 0.35
11 hr 0.15
341
XC BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
54
Gas/Solution
XENON GAS
Single inhalation or i.v. injection, with 30 s breathhold
12’Xe 36.41 days
Absorbed done
per unit activity adminirtcrcd (mGy/mq)
Organ
* Adrenal8 1.3B-04 1.68-04 2.48-04 3. ‘B-04 6. ‘B-04

Bladder wall l . lB-04 1.4E-04 2.1E-04 3.1E-04 5. ‘B-04
Bone surfaces 1.2B-04 1.48-04 2.3B-04 3.5Ba04 6. ‘B-04
Breast l.lE-04 1.18-04 1.6E-04 2.5B-04 4.6E-04
* G1-tract
Stomach wall 1.2E-04 1.4B-04 2.2B-04 3.38-04 5.83-04
* Small intest 1.2E-04 1.5E-04 2.38-04 3.5&04 6.38-04
ULI wall 1.2E-04 1.48-04 2 *lE-04 3.48-04 5.98-04
LLI wall 1.18-04 1.4B-04 2,2B-04 3.2E-04 6.08-04
Kidneys l. lE-04 1.38-04 2.18-04 3.2E-04 5.88-04
Liver 1.28-04 1.5E-04 2.2B-04 3.4E-04 6.2B-04
Lungs 3.48-04 5 *OB-04 6.9B-04 1.08-03 1.9E-03
Ovaries l . lE-04 1.5B-04 2.3E-04 3.5B-04 6.3E-04
* Pancreas 1.4B-04 1.6B-04 2.5&04 3.88-04 6.98-04
Red marrow 1.4B-04 1.78-04 2.5B-04 3. ‘B-04 6. ‘E-04
* Spleen 1.28-04 1.4B-04 2.2E-04 3.48-04 6.3B-04
Testes 8.3E-05 l. lB-04 1.6E-04 2.6B-04 4.‘E-04
Thyroid 8.98-05 1.38-04 2.18-04 3.4E-04 6.28-04
Uterus 1.2B-04 1.58-04 2.3B-04 3.W-04 6.3B-04
Other tissue 9.9E-05 1.2B-04 1.88-04 2-88-04 5.28-04
Effective
dose equivalent 1.4B-04 1.8B-04 2. ‘B-04 4.1B-05 7.5B-04
Wv/nas)
342
54
Gas/Solution
XENON GAS
Rebreathing for 5 minutes
127X8 36.41 days

Absorbed dose
Organ
l Adrenals 8 .OE-04 9. ‘E-04 1.5B-03 2.3B-03 4.2%03

Bladder vall 7. ‘B-04 l .OB-03 1.5%03 Z . ZB-03 3.9B-03
Bone surfaces 0.1B-04 9.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.3B-03 4.4B-03
Breast 6.5E-04 6.4E-04 9.3B-04 1.5E-03 2.0E-03
GI-tract
l Stomach wall 8.lE-04 9.4E-04 1.5E-03 Z . ZB-03 3.8E-03
* Small intest 0.5E-04 l .OE-03 1.6E-03 2.4B-03 4.3B-03
l ULI wall B . OE-04 9.9B-04 1.5B-03 2.4B-03 h. lB-03
LLI vall 7. ‘B-04 9.6E-04 1.5E-03 Z . ZE-03 4.2g-03
Kidneys 7.5E-04 9.OB-04 1.4B-03 2.1%03 3.9E-03
Liver 7. XL04 9.2B-04 1.4B-03 Z . ZB-03 4.OB-03
Lungs 0.2B-04 l . lE-03 1.6E-03 2.4B-03 4.4B-03
Ovaries 8.OE-04 l . OE-03 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 4.48-03
* Pancreas 8. m-04 l.OE-03 1.6E-03 2. hB-03 4.4E-03
Red marrow 9.OE-04 l.lE-03 1.6B-03 2.4B-03 4.4B-03
Spleen ‘.0E-04 9.2E-04 1.4E-03 Z . ZE-03 4 .OB-03
Testes 5.03-04 7.242-04 l.lE-03 1*8B-03 3.3B-03
Thyroid 6.OE-Oh a,‘B-04 1.4E-03 Z.ZB-03 4.1B-03
Uterus a. ‘R-04 l .OE-03 1.6E-03 2.4B-03 4.43-03
Other tissue 6.5E-04 7 .‘B-04 l . ZB-03 1.9B-03 3.4E-03
Bffcctive
dose equivalent 7.7B-04 9.4B-04 1.4B-03 2.2B-Q3 4.OB-03
(=Sv/)W
* Adrenals 1.3E-03 1.6B-03 2.4B-03 3.7B-03 6. BB-03

Bladder wall 1.3E-03 1.6E-03 2.43-03 3.6B-03 6.5B-03
Bone surfaces 1.3B-03 1.6B-03 2.4B-03 3.8B-03 ? . ZB-03
Breast l . OE-03 l .OB-03 1.5B-03 2.41-03 4.5B-03
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.3E-03 1.5B-03 2.4B-03 3.68-03 6.28-03
* Small intest 1.4E-03 1. ‘B-03 2.6E-03 3.91-03 ‘ . lB-03
* ULI vall 1.31-03 1.6B-03 2.4E-03 3.93-03 6. ‘E-03
LLI vall 1.3E-03 1.6g-03 2.5E-03 3. ‘B-03 6.86-03
Kidneys l .ZE-03 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 3.5B-03 6.48-03
Liver 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.3B-03 3.5B-03 6.5E-03
Lungs 1.13-03 1.5E-03 Z. lE-03 3.2B-03 5.8E-03
Ovaries 1.3E-03 1. ‘E-03 2.6E-03 4.08-03 ‘.2E-03
l Pancreas 1.4E-03 1. ‘E-03 2.6E-03 4.OB-03 ‘. lB-03
Red marrov 1.5E-03 1.0E-03 2. ‘E-03 4.OB-03 ‘.ZB-03
Soleen 1.3E-03 1.5E-03 2.3g-03 3*5B-03 6.5B-03
Testes 9.6E-04 l . ZE-03 1.9E-03 2 *98-03 5.4E-03
Thyroid 9. m-04 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3. ‘B-03 6. ‘E-03
Uterus 1.4E-03 1. ‘E-03 2.61-03 4.OE-03 7.2&-03
Other tissue l. lE-03 1.3E-03 1.9E-03 3.OE-03 5.6B-03
Effective
dose equivalent l-23-03 1.51-03 2.233-03 3.5B-03 6.3B-03
WV/W)
343
XC BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
54
Gas/Solution
XENON GAS
Single inhalation or i.v. injection, with 30 s breathhold
133Xe 5.245 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity edminirtered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals l . OE-04 1.3E-04 2.2B-04 3.7B-04 7.4B-04

Bladder wall l . OB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
Bone surfaces 1.2B-04 1.4B-04 2.4B-04 4.OB-04 8.2B-04
Breast 1.2E-04 1.2E-04 2.1B-04 3.4B-04 6.9B-04
GI-tract
Stomach wall l . OB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6E-04 7.3B-04
* Small intest l. lE-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
* ULI wall l . lB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
LLI wall 1.1%04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
Kidneys l . OB-04 1.3B-04 2.1E-04 3.6B-04 7.2B-04
* Liver l. lB-04 1.3B-04 2.23-04 3.6E-04 7.3B-04
Lungs 7.7B-04 1.2B-03 1.7B-03 2.6B-03 5.3B-03
Ovaries l . OB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
* Pancreas l. lB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.7B-04 7.4E-04
Red marrow 1.2B-04 1.5B-04 2.5B-04 4.1E-04 8.2B-04
* Spleen l . lB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3B-04
Testes 9.93-05 1.2B-04 2 .OB-04 3.43-04 6.9B-04
Thyroid 9.9E-05 1.3E-04 2.2B-04 3.6B-04 7.3E-04
Uterus l. lB-04 1.3B-04 2.2B-04 3.6E-04 7.33-04
Other tissue l . OB-04 1.2E-04 2.lB-04 3.5E-04 7 .OB-04
Effective
dose equivalent 1.9E-04 2.6B-04 4.OB-04 6.4B-04 1.3B-03
(=Sv/rres)
344
54
Gas/Solution
XENON GAS
133Xe 5.245 days

Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals J. lE-04 9.OR-04 1.58-03 2.5E-03 5.OE-03

Bladder wall 7.3B-04 9.1E-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.1%03
Bone surfaces 8.0%04 9.9E-04 1.78-03 2.8E-03 5.6E-03
Breast 8.3E-04 8.3E-04 1.4E-03 2.38-03 4. JE-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.2&04 9.OE-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.0X&03
* Small intest 7.4E-04 9.OE-04 1.5E-03 2. !.iE-03 5.1E-03
* ULI wall 7.4E-04 9. HI-04 1.5E-03 2.58-03 5.OE-03
* LLI wall 7.4E-04 9.OE-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.1E-03
Kidneys 7.2E-04 8.8E-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.OE-03
* Liver 7.3E-04 8.98-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.OE-03
Lungs l . lE-03 1. JE-03 2.4E-03 3. JE-03 7.5E-03
Ovaries 7.3E-04 9.1E-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.1E-03
* Pancreas 7.4E-04 9. IE-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.1E-03
Red marrow a. 4E-04 l .OE-03 1. JE-03 2.8E-03 5,6E-03
Spleen 7.3E-04 8.9E-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.0&03
Testes 6.9E-04 8.5&04 1.4E-03 2.48-03 4.8E-03
Thyroid 6.9E-04 8.8E-04 1.5E-03 2.58-03 5.OE-03
Uterus 7.4E-04 9.1E-04 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 5.1E-03
Other tissue J . OE-04 8.6%04 1.4E-03 2.4E-03 4. BE-03
8ffective
dose equivalent 8.0%04 1.0%03 1.6E-03 2.73-03 5.4B-03
Wv/lIBq)
Adrenals 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.28-03 8.4B-03

* Bladder wall 1.2E-03 1.58-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 8.5E-03
Breast 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 2.3E-03 3.83-03 7.8E-03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.2&03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.lE-03 8.3E-03
* Small intest 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2. SE-03 4.2E-03 8.4E-03
* ULI wall 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.2E-03 8.4E-03
* LLI wall 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.2E-03 8.4E-03
Kidneys 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 8.2E-03
Liver 1.2E-03 1,5E-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 0.3E-03
Lungs 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 2.5E-03 3.9E-03 7.8E-03
Ovaries 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.2E-03 8.4E-03
* Pancreas 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.2E-03 8.4%03
Red marrow 1.4E-03 1. JE-03 2.8E-03 4. JE-03 9,3E-03
Spleen 1.2E-03 1.5B-03 2.5E-03 4.1E-03 0.3E-03
Testes l. lE-03 1,4E-03 2.4E-03 4.OB-03 8.OE-03
Thyroid l. lE-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.2E-03 0.3E-03
Uterus 1.2.8-03 1.5E-03 2.5E-03 4.28-03 8.4E-03
Other tissue 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 2.48-03 4.08-03 0.OE-03
Bffective
dose equivalent 1.31-03 1.5B-03 2.58-03 4.1B-03 8.38-03
Wv/nBq)
*ICaP 18: 14-M

345
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS CS
55
CAESIUM
iOIl
i29cs 13OcS 131cS 134mcS
Biokinetic Model
According to NCRP Report No. 52 (1977) caesium is distributed throughout body tissues,
muscle being among the tissues of higher concentration, with bone and fat having lower than
average concentrations. However, the concentrations in most organs and tissues are within a
factor of about two of the average concentration in the total body.
In a report on a study by Kaul et al. (1966), on the distribution of 137Cs in man, relative
activity concentrations in several organs and tissues, normalized to that in muscle, are given.
Using a mass of 28 kg for muscle, a fractional uptake of 0.7 for that tissue may be derived.
For adults, total body retention half-times of 2 d (0.1) and 110 d (0.9) are adopted from ICRP
Publication 30 (ICRP, 1979) and are used also for muscle. Age-dependent data for total body
and muscle retention have been taken from Leggett (1983).
The production and dose from 134Cs, the daughter of 134mC~,has been taken into account,
but at the time of administration, 134mC~is assumed to be free from contamination with 134Cs.
If the administered 134mC~is contaminated with known quantities of 134Cs, the additional dose
equivalent can be calculated from the data given at the bottom of the dose tables for 134mC~.
References
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes ofRadionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
Kaul, A., Nay, V., Rajewsky, B., Stahlhofen, W. and Unnewehr, F. (1966). Distribution of cesium 137 in the human
organism and in the human fetus. Nature (London) 209, 1310-1312.
Leggett, R. W. (1983). Metabolic Data and Retention Functions for the Intra-cellular Alkali Metals, Report
ORNLFM-8630. Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
NCRP Report No. 52 (1977). Cesium-137from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose. National Council on
Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC 20014.
Biokinetic Data
&/A,
Organ (S) Fs T a ‘=Cs ‘Ys ‘3’Cs 134mC~andiJ4Cs
Total body 1.0 2.0 d 0.1 1.84d 43.1 min 11.8d 4.15 hr 29 min
110d 0.9
Muscle 0.7 2.0d 0.1 1.29d 30.2 min 8.26 d 2.91 hr 20 min
110d 0.9
15 yr old
Total body 1.0 3.2d 0.18 1.80d 43.1 min ll.Od 4.15 hr 23 min
96 d 0.82
Muscle 0.7 3.2 d 0.18 1.26.d 30.2 min 7.73 d 2.91 hr 16 min
96 d 0.82
10 yr old
Total body 1.0 7.0d 0.36 1.79 d 43.1 min 9.65 d 4.15 hr 17 min
52 d 0.64
Muscle 0.7 7.0d 0.36 1.25 d 30.2 min 6.76 d 2.91 hr 12 min
52d 0.64
5 yr old
Total body 1.0 8.8 d 0.44 1.77 d 43.1 min 8.94 d 4.15 hr 12 min
32 d 0.56
Muscle 0.7 8.8 d 0.44 1.24 d 30.2 min 6.26 d 2.91 hr 8.6 min
32 d 0.56
1 yr old
Total body 1.0 10d 0.51 1.74d 43.1 min 7.89 d 4.15 hr 7.8 min
16d 0.49
Muscle 0.7 10d 0.51 1.22d 30.2 min 5.52 d 2.91 hr 5.4 min
16d 0.49
347
CS BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
55
Ion
CAESIUM
lZ9Cs 32.06 hours

Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/RRq)
Organ
* Adrenals 5.2E-02 5.8E-02 8.6E-02 1.3g-01 Z . ZE-01

* Bladder wall 5.1E-02 5.9E-02 8.8B-02 1.4E-01 2.3E-01
Bone surfaces 4.2E-02 5.3E-02 8.1E-02 l.ZE-01 2.4E-01
Breast 3.63-02 3.2E-02 4.8E-02 7 .OE-02 1.3E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 7.5E-02 l. lE-01 2.0%01
* Small intest 5.1E-02 5.7&-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
ULI wall 4.98-02 5.4E-02 0.OB-02 l.ZE-01 2.2E-01
* LLI wall 5.1E-02 5.7B-02 0.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
Kidneys 4.6E-02 5.2E-02 7.6E-02 l. lE-01 Z .OB-01
Liver 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 6.0B-02 1 .OE-01 1.8%01
Lungs 4.4E-02 5.2E-02 7.58-02 1.1%01 Z .OE-01
Ovaries 5.4E-02 6.5E-02 l.OE-01 1.5E-01 2.7B-01
* Pancreas 5.4E-02 6.3E-02 9.3E-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01
Red marrow 5.43-02 6.3E-02 9.4E-02 1.4E-01 2.4E-01
Spleen 4.03-02 5.5E-02 E.OE-02 l .ZE-01 Z. lE-01
Testes 4.OE-02 S.OE-02 7.5E-02 l.ZE-01 Z. lE-01
Thyroid 4.2B-02 5.9E-02 9.5B-02 1.6E-01 2. BE-01
Uterus 5.03-02 6.5E-02 l.lB-01 1.6E-01 2.8B-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.7B-02 5.4B-02 8.1B-02 1.2B-01 Z . ZB-01
Wv/=l)
130cs 29.9 minutes
Organ
* Adrenals 2.6&03 2.8E-03 4. H-03 6.1E-03 l . ZE-02

* Bladder wall 2.5E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 6.4E-03 l .ZB-02
Bone surfaces Z. lE-03 2.4E-03 3.6B-03 5,4E-03 l. lE-02
Breast 2.4E-03 Z .OE-63 3.1R-03 4.7E-03 9.3%03
GI-tract
Stomach wall 2.3B-03 2.6E-03 3.83-03 5.7B-03 l. lE-02
* Small intest 2.5E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 6.2E-03 l.ZE-02
ULI wall 2.4E-03 2.7B-03 4.OE-03 6.1E-03 l . ZB-02
* LLI wall 2.5E-03 2.7E-03 4.2E-03 6.3E-03 l . ZB-02
Kidneys 2.3E-03 2.6B-03 3.9B-03 5.8B-03 l. lE-02

Liver 2,2E-03 2.4E-03 3.6E-03 5.43-03 l . lE-02
Lungs Z.ZE-03 2.5E-03 3.7E-03 5.6E-03 l. lB-02
Ovaries 2.5E-03 2.9E-03 4.5B-03 6.8E-03 1.3E-02
* Pancreas 2. SB-03 2.9E-03 4-33-03 6.4E-03 l.ZE-02
Red marrow 2.3E-03 2.68-03 3.0E-03 5.6B-03 l. lE-02

Spleen 2.4E-03 2.6E-03 4.OB-03 5 a9E-03 l. lB-02
Testes 2.3E-03 2.5E-03 3.9B-03 5*8B-03 l. lB-02
Thyroid Z. ZE-03 2.7E-03 4.3%03 6. BE-03 1.3B-02
Uterus 2. SE-03 2.9B-03 4.713-03 7.OE-03 1.3B-02
Other tissue 5.2B-03 4.9B-03 0 * 3B-03 1,4B-02 2.8B-02
Bffectivc
dose equivalent 2.4B-03 2.6B-03 3.9B-03 5.9B-03 l . lB-02
(=Sv/BW
348
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS CS
55
Ion
CAESIUM
131CS 9.69 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4.6E-02 5.4E-02 7.5E-02 l.lE-01 1.9E-01

* Bladder wall 4.63-02 5.2E-02 7,3E-02 l.lE-01 2.1e-01
Bone surfaces 5.OE-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.3%01
Breast 3.5E-02 2.9E-02 4.OE-02 5.&z-02 l .OE-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 4.3E-02 4.7E-02 6,3B-02 9.6E-02 1.7E-01
* Small intest 4.63-02 4.6B-02 6.83-02 l.OE-01 1.9E-01
ULI wall 4.5E-02 4.6E-02 6.6E-02 9.7E-02 1.8%01
LLI wall 4.63-02 4.7E-02 6.71-02 l .OE-01 1. se-01
Kidneys 4.43-02 4.7E-02 6.4E-02 9.4E-02 1.6E-01
Liver 4.OB-02 4.OE-02 5.7%02 8 a2E-02 1.5E-01
Lungs 4.9E-02 5.8E-02 7.8E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Ovaries 5.3E-02 5.7E-02 8.6B-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
* Pancreas 5.3E-02 5.7E-02 E. lE-02 1,2E-01 2.1%01
Red marrow ?.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.3B-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
* Spleen 4.8E-02 5.OE-02 7. HI-02 l.lE-01 1.0&01
Testes 3.5%02 4.6E-02 6.7E-02 l.OE-01 1. EE-01
Thyroid 4.5E-02 6.1E-02 9.2E-02 1.5E-01 2. SE-01
Uterus 5.7E-02 5.6E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-01 2.4%01
Other tissue 6.7E-02 6.7E-02 9.0E-02 1,5E-01 2.6E-01
Bffective
dose equivalent 4.9E-02 5.4B-02 7.0B-02 1.2L01 2.18-01
Wvfrn )
MCRP 18:1-4-N
349
cs BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
55
Ion
CAESIUM
134nlOs
2.90 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 5.41-03 5.2&-03 6.0E-03 0.9E-03 1.6E-02

* Bladder wall 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 6.9B-03 9.3B-03 1.6E-02
Bone surfaces 4.6E-03 4.7B-03 6.4E-03 0.03-03 1.6B-02
Breast S . OE-03 3.03-03 5.2E-03 7 .OE-03 1.3E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.OB-03 4.93-03 6.3%03 0.4B-03 1.5E-02
* Small intest 5.3B-03 5. x-03 6.0E-03 9.OE-03 1.6E-02
ULI wall 5.3B-03 5.OE-03 6.63-03 0.0B-03 1.5B-02
* LLI wall 5.4E-03 5.1E-03 6.9E-03 9.1E-03 1.6E-02
Kidneys 5.OE-03 4.9E-03 6.4E-03 0.4E-03 1.5E-02
Liver 4. BE-03 4.6E-03 6.OE-03 0.OE-03 1.4E-02
Lungs 4.0E-03 4.0B-03 6.2E-03 0.3E-03 1.5E-02
Ovaries 5.4E-03 5.6B-03 7.4&03 9.0B-03 1.7E-02
* Pancreas 5.3B-03 5.4E-03 7.1E-03 9.23-03 1.6B-02
Red marrow 5.2E-03 5.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.2E-03 1.6E-02
Spleen S. lE-03 5.OE-03 6.5B-03 0.6E-03 1.5E-02
Testes 4.03-03 4.0E-03 6.4E-03 0.6E-03 1.5E-02
Thyroid 4.7E-03 5.2B-03 7.1E-03 9.0E-03 1.7E-02
Uterus 6.OE-03 5.6E-03 7.7B-03 l . OB-02 1.7E-02
Other tissue l . OE-02 9.23-03 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 4,4E-02
Effective
dose equivalent 5.18-03 4.9B-03 6.63-03 0 -73-03 1.5B-02
(=Sv/ltas)
mose equivalent, (mSv/HBq of the impurity)
134Cs (2.062 a) 1.6E+Ol 1,5E+Ol 1. lE+Ol 1 .OE+Ol 9.6E+OO
350
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ba
56
Ion
BARIUM
133mga 135mBB
“‘Ba
Biokinetic Model
Radioisotopes of barium are assumed to be distributed and retained in the body in
accordance with the model developed by the Task Group on Alkaiine Earth Metabolism in
Adult Man (ICRP, 1972) and values of the time integrals of retention functions have been taken
from that publication. The ingrowth and dosimetry of the radioactive daughters of 13iBa
(13iCs) and 133mBa(133Ba) have also been taken into account, but at the time of administration
the parent radionuclides are assumed to be free from daughter activity. If the parent
radionuclide is contaminated with known quantities of the corresponding daughter, the
additional dose equivalent can be calculated by reference to the appropriate dose tables (i.e.
131Ba and 133mBa).
According to the ICRP (1972) model, intravenously administered barium is cleared rapidly
from the blood, with less than 1% remaining after a few hours. A fraction of about 0.1 is taken
up by the skeleton, where it is roughly equally divided between cortical and trabecular bone.
Following an initial loss from bone surfaces during the first 10 d, about two thirds of the bone
content is retained for a time which is long in comparison with the physical half-lives of the
isotopes of barium considered here. A fraction of 0.7 of the administered barium is initially
distributed in soft tissues and a fraction of 0.9 of this is excreted within 10 d, the remainder being
eliminated much more slowly.
In accordance with ICRP criteria concerning the distribution of bone-seeking radionuclides
(ICRP, 1979), all three of the radioisotopes of barium considered here are assumed to be
distributed over bone surfaces at all times following their deposition in the skeleton.
For the estimation of radiation doses to the GI tract and bladder, resulting from excretion of
intravenously administered radioisotopes of barium, a faecal to urinary excretion ratio of 9: 1 is
assumed.
References
radium following intravenous injection into healthy man. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 13, 235-247.
ICRP (1972). Task Group Report on Alkaline Earth Metabolism in Adult Man, ICRP Publication 20. Pergamon,
Oxford.
ICRP (1979). Limitsfor Intakes of Rudionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 30: Part 1. Pergamon, Oxford.
Rundo, J. (1967). The retention of barium-133 in man. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 13, 301-302.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) i3’Ba and i3iCs isamBa and ‘ssBa 13smga
Total body (excluding contents of 2.45 d 1.61 d 18.2 hr 1.0 hr 15.1 hr

bladder and GI tract)
Cortical bone 13.0 hr 11.7 hr 2.3 hr 38 min 1.7 hr
Trabecular bone 10.7 hr 9.2 hr 2.1 hr 17 min 1.5 hr
Bladder contents 10 min 1.7 min 7.7 min 0.1 s 7.1 min
GI tract contents
SI 3.0 hr 2 min 2.2 hr 1.7s 2.0 hr
ULI 9.6 hr 28 min 5.9 hr 5.6 s 5.0 hr
LLI 16.7 hr 1.9 hr 7.6 hr 10.3 s 5.9 hr
351
Ba BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
56
Ion
BARIUM
131Ba 11.8 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/BBq)
organ
Adrenals 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 7.8E-01

* Bladder wall Z.ZE-01 2.6E-01 4.4E-01 6.6E-01 1 . lE+OO
Bone surfaces 1.5E+OO 2 .OE+OO 3.2E+OO 5.4E+OO 1.3E+Ol
Breast 8.33-02 8.3E-02 1.3E-01 2 .OE-01 3.9E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.6E-01 Z.OE-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 8.6E-01
* Small intest 5.8E-01 7.2E-01 l.lE+OO 1.7E+OO 3.OE+OO
* ULI wall 1.ZE+OO 1.5EtOO 2.5E+OO 4.OE+OO 7.4E+OO
* LLI wall 2,7E+OO 3.4E+OO 5.6E+OO 9.1E+OO 1.7E+Ol
Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 4.2E-01 7.6E-01
Liver l.ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 7.4E-01
Lungs 9.9802 l.ZE-01 1.9E-01 3.OE-01 5.7E-01
Ovaries 5.3E-01 6.9E-01 1. OE+OO 1.5E+OO 2.7E+OO
Pancreas 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 2,7E-01 4.3E-01 7.9E-01
Red marrow 4.OE-01 5.OE-01 7.7E-01 1. ZE+OO 2.3E+OO
Spleen l.ZE-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 3.7E-01 7.OE-01
Testes l .ZE-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 6.9E-01
Thyroid 8.7E-02 l.ZE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 5.1E-01
Uterus 2.5E-01 3.4E-01 5.5E-01 8,7E-01 1. SE+00
Other tissue 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 2.5E-01 3,8E-01 7.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 5.OE-01 7.OE-01 l.lE+OO 1.8B+OO 3.4E+OO
(mSv/BBq)
1;trritie.s:
E ective dose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
131Cs (9.69 d) 4.9E-02 5,4E-02 7.8E-02 l.ZE-01 Z. lE-01
352
56
Ion
BARIUM
133mBa
38.9 hours
Absorbed dose
per unit activity edminietered (mGy/MBq)
Organ
Adrenals 3.3E-02 4.2E-02 7.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01

Bone surfaces 2,2E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-01 9.4E-01 2.2EiOO
Bteas t 3.6E-02 3.6E-02 6.OE-02 1 .OE-01 2.1E-01
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 3.7E-02 4.63-02 7.6E-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01
* ULI wall 1.8E+OO 2.3E+OO 4.OE+OO 6.8!3+00 1.4E+Ol
* LLI wall 3.7EcOO 4.6E+OO 8.1E+OO 1.4E+Ol 2.7E+Ol
Kidneys 3.5E-02 4.3E-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01
Liver 3.4E-02 4.1E-02 7.1E-02 l.ZE-01 2.4E-01
Lungs 3.1E-02 3.9E-02 6.5E-02 1. lE-01 2.2E-01
Ovaries 7.3E-02 9.1E-02 1.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.3E-01
Pancreas 3.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01
Spleen 3.3E-02 4.1E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 2.3E-01
Testes 3.21-02 4.OE-02 6.8E-02 l.lE-01 2.3E-01
Thyroid 3.OE-02 3.8E-02 6. SE-02 l. lE-01 2.1E-01
uterus 4.5E-02 5.8E-02 9.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.2E-01
Other tissue 3.4E-02 4.23-02 7.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.3E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.1E-01 6.4B-01 1. lB+oo 1. se+00 3.8E+oo
(mSv/nBq)
Ir;;uri ties;
E ective ose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
133Ba (10.74 a) 3.5E+OO 8.2E+OO 1.3E+Ol 2.2E+Ol 4.8E+Ol
353
BARIUM
135mBa
28.7 hours
Absorbeddose
Organ
Adrenals 2.6B-02 3.2B-02 5.4B-02 9.OE-02 1.8B-01
* Bladderwall 5.7B-02 7.1E-02 1.2E-01 1.8B-01 3.6B-01
Bone surfaces l.lE-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-01 3.9B-01 9.2B-01
Breast 2.9B-02 2.93-02 4.8B-02 8.OE-02 1.6B-01
GI-tract
* Stomachwall 2.93-02 3.6B-02 6.OB-02 l.OB-01 2.OB-01
* Small intest 3.3E-01 4.1E-01 7.4E-01 1.2B+OO 2.4B+OO
* ULI wall 1.4E+OO 1.8E+OO 3.2B+OO 5.4B+OO l.lB+Ol
* LLI wall 2.7B+OO 3.3E+OO 5.9B+OO 9.9E+OO 2.OE+Ol
Kidneys 2.73-02 3.33-02 5.6B-02 9.3B-02 1.8E-01
Liver 2.6B-02 3.3B-02 5.6B-02 9.43-02 1.9E-01
Lungs 2.5&02 3.OB-02 5.18-02 8.5B-02 1.7B-01
Ovaries 5.633-02 7.OE-02 l.lB-01 1.8E-01 3.3B-01
Pancreas 2.73-02 3.3B-02 5.6B-02 9.4B-02 1.9B-01
Red marrow 9.6B-02 1.3E-01 2.2B-01 3.9B-01 8.0%01
Spleen 2.6B-02 3.2B-02 5.4B-02 9.OB-02 1.8B-01
Testes 2.5B-02 3.1E-02 5.3B-02 8.913-02 1.8B-01
Thyroid 2.4B-02 3.OB-02 5.1E-02 8.5B-02 1.7B-01
Uterus 3.53-02 4.5B-02 7.7B-02 1.3E-01 2.5B-01
Other tissue 2.73-02 3.3B-02 5.5B-02 9.1B-02 1.8B-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.1B-01 3.8B-01 6.7B-01 l.lB+fm 2.3B+OO
(mSv/lIBp)
354
56
Markers
BARIUM-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE MARKERS

131Ba
Biokinetic Model
Insoluble barium compounds can be used as non-absorbable markers in studies of the
References
Ditchburn, R. K., Smith, A. H. and Hayter, C. J. (1974). The assessment of fat absorption in Man utilizing single stools
or incomplete faecal collections after oral administration of radioactive triolein with an unabsorbed radioactive
marker. ht. J. Appl. Rad. Isotopes 25, 167-176.
Shafer, R. B. and Onstad, G. R. (1975). Measurement of fat absorption utilizing *3’iodine-triolein and nonabsorbable
radioactive markers. Am. J. Med. Sci. 269. 327-33 1.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs 13’Ba ‘s’cs

GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 33 min 3.2 s
SI 1.0 3.96 hr 3.2 min
ULI 1.0 12.5 hr 37.8 min
LLI 1.0 21.7 hr 2.53 hr
GI-tract contents
Stomach 1.0 2.09 hr 47 s
SI 1.0 3.94 hr 4.3 min
ULI 1.0 12.4 hr 41 min
LLI 1.0 21.6 hr 2.63 hr
355
Ba BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
56
Markers
Ba-LABELLED NON-ABSORBABLE
MARKERS
13188 11.8 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mCy/HBq)
organ
Adrenals 2.5E-02 3.51-02 5.9E-02 1 .OE-01 1.9E-01

l Bladder wall 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.9E-01 8.6E-01
Bone surfaces 4.1E-02 5.OE-0% 7.5E-02 l.ZE-01 2.4E-01
Breast 5.63-03 5.6E-03 1.4E-02 2.61-02 5.3E-02
GI-tract
* Small intest 6.7E-01 8.4E-01 1.3E+OO Z.OE+OO 3.5E+OO
* ULI wall 1.5E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.1E+OO 4.9E+OO 9.2E+OO
* LLI wall 3.4E+OO 4.3E+OO 7.lE+OO 1.2E+Ol 2.2E+Ol
Kidneys 6.OE-02 7.6E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01
Liver 4.2E-02 5.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.8E-01 3.4E-01
Lungs 7.43-03 l .OE-02 1.9E-02 3.3E-02 7.5E-02
Ovaries 5.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.lE+OO 1.6E+OO 2. PE+OO
Pancreas 5.3E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 Z.OE-01 2.6E-01 3.2E-01
Spleen 4.2E-02 5.1E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.6E-01
Testes 4.5E-02 5.63-02 l.lE-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-01
Thyroid 8.83-04 l.lE-03 3.1E-03 7.1E-03 1.8E-02
Uterus Z.lE-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 7.7E-01 1.4E+OO
Other tissue 5.9E-02 7.OE-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.5&01 6.6E-01 l.lE+OO 1.7B+oO 3.18+00
~mSv/nBq)
131Cs (9.69 d) 6.OE-02 7.6E-02 1.3E-01 Z.lE-01 3.9E-01

Organ
Adrenals 2,8E-02 4.1E-02 6.7E-02 l.lE-01 2.1E-01

* Bladder wall 1*6E-01 1.9E-01 3.4E-01 5.OE-01 8.6E-01
Bone surfaces 4.1E-02 5.1E-02 7! 6E-02 1.2E-01 2.5E-01
Breast 7.2E-03 7.2E-03 1.7E-02 3.1E-02 6.1E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 3.2E-01 6. DE-01 5.8E-01 9 *3B-01 1. EE+OO
* Small intest 6.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.3E+OO Z.OE+OO 3.5E+OO
* ULI wall 1,5E+OO 1.9E+OO 3.1E+OO 4.9E+OO 9.1E+OO
* LLI wall 3.4E+OO 4.3E+OO 7.lE+OO l.lE+Ol 2.2E+Ol
Kidneys 6.5E-02 E.lE-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 3.1E-01
Liver 4.53-02 5.6E-02 l. lE-01 1.9E-01 3.6.E-01
Lungs l . OE-02 1.3E-02 2.3E-02 6.OE-02 8.6E-02
Ovaries 5.7E-01 7.4E-01 1.lE+OO 1.6E+OO 2. BE+00
Pancreas B.OE-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 4.3E-01
Red marrow 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 2.1E-01 2,6E-01 3.3E-01
Spleen 5.63-02 6.6E-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Testes 6.5E-02 5.6E-02 l.lE-01 1. BE-01 3.6E-01
Thyroid l.lE-03 1.3E-03 3.53-03 7.93-03 2.OE-02
Uterus 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 6.8E-01 ?.8E-01 1.4E+OO
Other tissue 6.1E-02 7.33-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 4.6B-01 6.7E-01 l.lE+Oo 1.71+00 3.2B+oU
(=Sv/=I)
k.F?%
ect ve ose equivalent (mSv/HBq of the impurity)
131Cs (9.69 d) 6.1E-02 7.8E-02 1.3E-01 2. n-01 4.OE-01
356
LANTHANUM-DTPA
140La
Biokinetic Model
GFR-substances and the kidney-bladder (see Appendix Sections A.6 and A.5, respectively).
In the normal case, total body retention is described by a double-exponential function, with
Reference
Bianchi, C. and Blaufox, M. D. (1968). r3tI-hypaque and r4’La-DTPA for the measurement of glomerular filtration
rate in dog. J. Nucl. Viol. Med. 12, 117-120.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) T a &/A,

7.0 d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 5.5 min
7.0 d 0.01
AICRP 18:1-4-N*
357
La BlOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
57
DTPA
La-DTPA
140La 40.272 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 4. aB-02 4.6E-02 7.2&02 l. lE-01 2.1E-01

* Bladder wall 2.2EtOO 2.7EtOO 4.1E+OO 6.3E+OO 1.2E+Ol
Breast 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 4. ag-02 7.7E-02 1.5E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.4E-02 4.4B-02 6.7E-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
* Small intest 5.7E-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.1E-01
* ULI wall 5.OE-02 6.2E-02 1 .OE-01 1.6&01 2.9E-01
* LLI wall 9.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.2E-01
* Kidneys 1.4E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 6.3E-01
Liver 3.5E-02 4.2E-02 6. BE-02 l. lE-01 2.OE-01
Lungs 2.8E-02 3.6E-02 5.6E-02 8.9E-02 1.7E-01
Ovaries 9.1E-02 l.lE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.OE-01
Pancreas 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 7.3E-02 1.2E-01 2,2E-01
Red marrow 4.OE-02 4. BE-02 7.3E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01
Snleen 3.4E-02 4.5E-02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 2.0%01
Testes 6.9E-02 9.4E-02 1.6&01 2.5E-01 4.7E-01
Thyroid i. 8E-02 3. se-02 5.9E-02 9.5E-02 1.8E-01
Uterus 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.1e-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01
Other tissue 4.3%02 5.2E-02 a. OE-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-01
Effective
Wv/llBq)
* Adrenals 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 6,4E-01 1.2EtOO

* Bladder wall 1.5EtOO 1.8EtOO 2.7E+OO 4 *2gtO0 7.8EtOO
Bone surfaces 1.8E-01 Z. ZB-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 1.OE+OO
Breast 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.?E-01 8.9E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 1. lE+OO
* Small intest 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-01 6.BE-01 l.ZE+OO
ULI wall 2.2E-01 2.7E-01 4.2E-01 6.5E-01 1.2EtOO
* LLI wall 2.5E-01 2. BE-01 4.4E-01 7 .OE-01 1. ZE+OO
* Kidneys 5.OE-01 6.1E-01 a.ag-01 1.3E+00 2.3E+OO
Liver Z.OE-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 6.OE-01 1.lEtOO
Lungs 1 .aB-01 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.4E-01 1. OEtOO
Ovaries 2.5E-01 3.OE-01 4.6E-01 7.2E-01 1.3E+OO
Pancreas Z. lE-01 2.7E-01 4.2E-01 6.5E-01 l.ZEtOO
Red marrow Z.OE-01 2.4E-01 3.6E-01 5.5E-01 1. OB+OO

Spleen Z .OE-01 2.5E-01 3.9&01 6.1E-01 1. l&00
Testes Z.ZB-01 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.3E-01 l.ZE+O0
Thyroid 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 3 .?B-01 6 .OE-01 1 .lEtOO
Uterus 2.8E-01 3.5E-01 5.6E-01 a. 4E-01 1.5E+OO
Other tissue 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 5.6B-01 l.1Bt00
Bffective
dose equivalent 3.18-01 3.61-01 5.5B-01 8.6B-01 1.6B+oo
Wv/rras)
358
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Yb
70
DTPA
YTTERBIUM-DTPA
i6’Yb
Biokinetic Model
GFR-substances and the kidney-bladder (see Appendix Sections A.6 and AS, respectively).
In the normal case, total body retention is described by a double-exponential function, with
References
Hosain, F., Reba, R. C. and Wagner, H. N. (1968). Ytterbium-169 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complex. A new
radio-pharmaceutical for brain scanning. Radiology 91, 1199-1203.
Hosain, F., Reba, R. C. and Wagner, H. N. (1969). Measurement of glomerular filtration rate using chelated
Ytterbium-169. ht. J. Appl. Radiat. Isotop. 20, 517-521.
Biokinetic Data

7.0d 0.01
Kidneys 1.0 6.2 min
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 16.7 hr 0.99 1.05 d
7.0 d 0.01
359
Yb BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
70
DTPA
Yb-DTPA
16’Yb 32.01 days
Absorbed dose
per unit activity administered (mGy/WBq)
Organ
Adrenals l . OE-02 1.4B-02 2.1E-02 3.4E-02 6.5E-02

* Bladder wall 5.2E-01 6.5E-01 9.8B-01 1.5E+OO 2. BE+00
Bone surfaces 1.4g-02 1.7~~02 2.6B-02 4.2E-02 8.1B-02
Breast 9.2E-03 9.2E-03 1.4%02 2.48-02 4.6g-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.3E-02 6.4B-02
* Small intest 1.5&02 1.9E-02 3.OE-02 4.0B-02 8.9B-02
* ULI wall 1.4E-02 1.7E-02 2.0E-02 4.6B-02 B .3E-02
* LLI wall 2.2E-02 2. BB-02 4.4E-02 6.6602 1, x8-01
* Kidneys 3.%-02 4.3E-02 6.1E-02 9.OE-02 1.6%01
Liver l . OE-02 1.2E-02 2.OE-02 3.2E-02 6.2E-02
Lungs 9.4E-03 1.2E-02 1. BE-02 2.9E-02 5.63-02
Ovaries 2.1E-02 2.83-02 4.3E-02 6.5E-02 l.lB-01
Pancreas 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 3.5E-02 6.7E-02
Red marrow 1.7E-02 2.1E-02 3.2E-02 4.8E-02 8.3E-02
Spleen l. lE-02 1.3E-02 2.1E-02 3.3E-02 6.2E-02
Testes 1.6E-02 2.2E-02 3.8B-02 6.OE-02 l. lE-01
Thyroid 8.63-03 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 5.9E-02
Uterus 3.9E-02 4.7E-02 7.4E-02 l.lE-01 1.9E-01
Bffective
dose equivalemt 4.6B-02 5.8B-02 8.9L02 1.4B-01 2.56-01
(mSv/llBq)
Abnormalrenal function
Adrenals 5.6E-02 7.6E-02 1.2B-01 1.9E-01 3.6E-01

* Bladder wall 4.6E-01 5. BE-01 8.7E-01 1.3E+OO 2. SE+00
Breast 5.3E-02 5.3E-02 8.3E-02 1.3&01 2.6E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 5.9E-02 7.4E-02 1,2E-01 1 *BE-01 3.4E-01
it Small intest 6.6E-02 8.OE-02 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 3.8E-01
ULI wall 6.4E-02 8.OE-02 1.2E-01 2.OE-01 3,7E-01
* LLI wall 7.Og-02 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.OE-01
* Kidneys 1.5%01 1.9E-01 2.7E-01 3.9E-01 7.OE-01

Liver 5. BE-02 7.OE-02 1, lE-01 1. BE-01 3.4E-01
Lungs 5.4E-02 6. BE-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-01
Ovaries 6.7E-02 8. BE-02 1.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.OE-01
* Pancreas 6.63-02 7. BE-02 1.2E-01 1,9E-01 3.6E-01
Red marrow B. lE-02 l .OE-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.2E-01

Spleen 6.OE-02 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 1. BE-01 3.4E-01
Testes 5.4&02 6.9E-02 l. lE-01 1. BE-01 3.5E-01
Thyroid 5.OE-02 6.7E-02 l.lE-01 1. EE-01 3.4E-01
Uterus 0.6E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.%-01 4.6E-01
Other tissue 5.3E-02 6.4B-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 9.2B-02 l.lE-01 1.7E-01 2.7B-01 5. M-01
(=Sv/llBq)
360
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Yb
70
DTPA
YTTERBIUM-DTPA (INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION)

169Yb
Biokinetic Model
(region C). It is assumed that activity reaching the blood follows the model for intravenously
administered Yb-DTPA.
Reference
Deland, F. H., James, A. E. Jr, Wagner, H. N. Jr and Hosain, F. (1971). Cistemography with ‘69Yb-DTPA. J. Nucl.
Med. 12,683689.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) Fs AdA@

contents)
(A & B) Cisterna terminalis and
spinal cord space 0.5 19.9 hr
contents)
361
Yb BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
70
DTPA
Yb-DTPA (Intrathecal administration)

Lumbar injection
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
16’Yb 32.01 days Organ administered (mGy/MBq)
* Adrenals 1.4E-01
* Bladder wall 5.OE-01
* Brain 2.7E-01
Breast 1.6E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 7.9%02
ULI wall 6.6%02
LLI wall 3.5E-02
* Kidneys 2.OB-01
Liver 4.8E-02
Lungs 4.63-02
Ovaries 5.6E-02
Pancreas l. lE-01
Red marrow 5.8E-01
Spleen 5.6E-02
Testes 1.7E-02
Thyroid 3.6E-02
Uterus 6.1E-02
Effective
(mSv/HBq)
Cisternal injection
Organ
Adrenals 9.4E-02
* Bladder wall 5.OE-01
* Brain 8.4E-01
Breast 1.7E-02
GI-tract
* Stomach wall 1.2E-01
Small intest 4,1E-02
ULI wall 3.3E-02
LLI wall 2.6E-02
* Kidneys l.OE-01
Liver 3.OE-02
Lungs 3.9E-02
Ovaries 3.4E-02
Pancreas 6.2E-02
Red marrow 3.8E-01
Spleen 3.3E-02
Testes 1.6E-02
Thyroid 5.2E-02
Uterus 4.6E-02
Effective
(mSv/RBq)
362
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AU
19
Colloid
GOLD COLLOID
198A~
Biokinetic Model
This colloid belongs to the group of substances discussed in Appendix Section A.8, where
uptake data and organ and tissue masses for different patient categories are defined. It is
assumed that no redistribution or excretion of the administered activity occurs.
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) FS T a klA0

Liver 0.70 co 1.0 2.72 d
Spleen 0.10 CC 1.0 9.34 hr
(2) Early to intermediate diffuse parenchyzal liver disease
Liver 0.50 cc 1.0 1.94d
Spleen 0.20 CC 1.0 18.7 hr
Red marrow 0.25 03 1.0 23.3 hr
(3) Intermediate to advanced diffuse parezhymal liver disease
Liver 0.30 CC 1.0 1.17 d
Spleen 0.30 CC 1.0 1.17d
Red marrow 0.30 CC 1.0 1.17d
Remaining tissues 0.10 co 1.0 9.34 hr
GOLD COLLOID
19’Au 2.696 days
Absorbad dose
Organ
* Adrenals 3 *5B-01 4.9B-01 7.1B-01 9.4B-01 1.4B+OO

Bladder wall 4.58-02 6.1B-02 l. lB-01 Z.OB-01 3.6B-01
Bone surfaces 9. BE-01 1.4B+OO 2.4B+OO 4.4&+00 9.3B+OO
Brcas t l. lB-01 l. lB-01 1.9B-01 3.OB-01 5.5B-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall Z.lB-01 2.6B-01 4.2B-01 6.8B-01 1.3B+fxl
Small intest 1.5B-01 1.7B-01 3.OB-01 4.9B-01 8.5B-01
ULI wall 1*9B-01 Z.ZB-01 4.OB-01 6.3B-01 1 . ZB+OO
LLI wall ?.6B-02 9.2B-02 1*5B-01 2.3B-01 4.1B-01
* Kidneys 3.1E-01 3.8B-01 5.7B-01 8,2B-01 l.ZB+OO
* Liver 8.2&+00 l*OB+Ol 1.6BtOl 2.4B+Ol 4.7B+Ol
Lungs 1.8B-01 2 *4B-01 3.5B-01 5.1B-01 8.8B-01
Ovaries ?.9B-02 l.lB-01 1.9B-01 2,9B-01 S.ZB-01
* Pancreas 4.2B-01 5.2B-01 8.1B-01 1.2B+oa 2 . OB+OO
Red marrow 1.9B+OO 2.7B+OO 4.6B+OO 8.5B+OO 1.8B+Ol
* Spleen 1 .lB+Ol 1,6B+Ol 2.5B+Ol 3.9B+Ol 7.3B+Ol
Testes 3.1B-02 3.7B-02 6.38-02 l.lB-01 2.28-01
Thyroid 4 *OB-02 5.2B-02 8.3B-02 1.4B-01 2.7B-01
Uterus 6.9B-02 9.8B-02 1.6B-01 2.7B-01 4.9B-01
Other tissue 1. OElOl l.ZB-01 1. SE-01 2. BB-01 5*1B-01
Bffective
dome equivalent 1.5B+oo 2.1&00 3.3B+oo 5.3B+oo l.OB+ol
WV/_)
363
AU BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
79
Colloid
GOLD COLLOID
Absorbed dose
per unit activity
* Adrenals 3.4E-01
Bladder wall 4.73-02
Bone surfaces 1. bE+OO
Breast l.OE-01
GI-tract
ULI wall 1.8E-01
LLI wall 9.93-02
Kidneys 3.4E-01
Liver 4.4E+OO
Lungs 1.7E-01
Ovaries l.lE-01
Pancreas 5.1E-01
Red marrow 3.1E+OO
Spleen l.SB+Ol
Testes 3.23-02
Thyroid 4.4%02
Uterus 8.1E-02
Other tissue l.lE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 1.7B+oO
(mSv/l(Bql
Organ
* Adrenals 3.46-01
Bladder wall 6.7%02
Bone surfaces 1.9P+OO
Breast l.lE-01
GI-tract
ULI wall l.EE-01
LLI wall 1.3E-01
* Kidneys 3.7E-01
* Liver 4.6E+OO
Lungs 1.7E-01
Ovaries 1.4E-01
* Pancreas 6.2E-01
Red marrow 3.8E+OO
* Spleen 2.OE+Ol
Testes 5.3E-02
Thyroid 6.4E-02
Uterus l.lE-01
Other tissue 1.3)s01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.1B+oo
Wv/l(Bq)
364
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Hg
80
Chloride
MERCURY (II) CHLORIDE

19’Hg
Biokinetic Model
A variety of results from measurements are available for the deposition and retention of
mercuric chloride in the human kidney. The data of Raynaud and Ricard (1976) indicate a
fractional uptake of 0.4 in normal subjects and in patients with unilateral nephropathy or sound
solitary kidneys. Lower values are reported for patients with a pathological solitary kidney and
for children under the age of 4 yr (2 months, 0.05; 1 yr, 0.155; 3 yr, 0.19). As to retention, a
biological half-time of 45 d is reported by Raynaud et al. (1963), confirmed by human data of
Rahola et al. (1972). The intercept of this component of the retention function is taken as 0.8,
from animal experiments (Berner, 1973). These experiments gave similar total body and kidney
retention half-lives in rats and demonstrated a 2 d (0.2) component of the total body retention
function. On this basis, the following components of the total body retention function are
assumed: 2 d (0.2) and 45 d (0.8).
Raynaud et al. (1963) suggested that liver deposition accounted for 80% of the extra-renal
activity, i.e. 0.2. In a more recent publication, Raynaud and Ricard (1976) reported a much
lower value of kidney deposition and did not mention liver deposition. In experiments on rats,
Berner (1973) observed a liver uptake of 0.15, with retention half-times of 1 d (0.8) and 10 d
(0.2). These half-time values are used herein.
References
Bemer, W. (1973). Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zum Problem der Dekorporierung von radioaktiven
Metallionen. M.D. Thesis, Freie Universitiit, Berlin.
Raynaud, C., Desgrez, A. and Kellershohn, C. (1963). Exploration r&ale &l’aide de la nkohydrine et du bichlorure de
mercure marquirs aux mercures radioactifs Hg-197 et Hg-203. In: Radioaktiue Isotope in Klinik und Forschung, Vol. 5,
pp. 317-345. (Fellinger, K. and Hiifer, R. eds) Urban and Schwarzenberg, Miinchen.
Raynaud, C. and Ricard, S. (1976). Results. In: The Renal Uptake ofRadioactive Mercury (‘9’HgCZ2), American Lecture
Series, Publication No. 975, pp. 84-108. (Raynaud, C. ed.) Charles P. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Rahola, T., Aaran, R. D. and Miettinen, J. K. (1972). Half-life studies of mercury and cadmium by whole-body
counting. In: Assessment ofRadioactive Contamination in Mun, pp. 55F562. International Atomic Energy Agency,
Vienna.
Biokinetic Data
Kidneys 0.4* 2d 0.2 1.3 d

45 d 0.8
Kidneys 0.15 2d 0.2 11.7 hr
(1 yr old) 45 d 0.8
Liver 0.15 Id 0.8 5.21 hr
10d 0.2
Remaining tissues 0.45 2d 0.2 1.46 d
45 d 0.8
(1 yr old) 45 d 0.8
*Applicable for adults with normal kidney status, with unilateral nephro-
pathy or with sound solitary kidney, and for children aged 4 yr or more.
365
His BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
80
Chloride
MERCURY CHLORIDE
19’Hg 64.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adult 15 year 10 year 5 year i year
* Adrenals 9. ‘E-02 l. lE-01 1.8E-01 2.8E-01 4. ‘E-01

Bladder wall 3.3E-02 4.3E-02 6.9E-02 l.lE-01 3.8E-01
Bone surfaces S.OE-02 6.23-02 l .OE-01 1. ‘E-01 4.6E-01
Breast 3. SE-02 3. SE-02 5. ‘E-02 9.6E-02 3.1E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall S.OE-02 6.2E-02 l .OE-01 1. SE-01 3.9E-01
Small intest 4.83-02 5.9E-02 9.8E-02 1.6E-01 4.OE-01
ULI wall 4.8E-02 6.OE-02 9.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.9E-01
LLI wall 3.6&02 4.43-02 ‘.4E-02 1.2E-01 3.8E-01
* Kidneys 4. SE+00 5.6E+OO 8.OE+OO 1.2E+Ol 8. X8+00
* Liver 1. ‘E-01 2.2E-01 3.3E-01 4.9E-01 9.OE-01
Lungs 3.6E-02 4.73-02 7.6&02 1.2E-01 3.6E-01
Ovaries 3. ‘E-02 4.6E-02 7 .‘E-02 1.3E-01 3.8E-01
* Pancreas ‘. lE-02 8.83-02 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.3E-01
Red marrow 6.9E-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 2.OE-01 4.6E-01
* Spleen 8.4E-02 l .OE-01 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.3E-01
Testes 2.9E-02 3. SE-02 5.8E-02 9. ‘E-02 3.3&01
Thyroid 2.9E-02 3.88-02 6.4B-02 l. lE-01 3. SE-01
Uterus 3.‘E-02 4. SE-02 ‘.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.8E-01
Other tissue 3. ‘E-02 4. SE-02 7.28-02 1.2E-01 3. SE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.2E-01 4.0%01 5.8B-01 8.7B-01 8.8B-01
(mSv/llBq)
366
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Hi%
80
BMHP
BROMO-MERCURI-HYDROXYPROPANE (BMHP)
’ “Hg
Biokinetic Model
Biokinetic data for BMHP-labelled red blood cells have been published by Wagner et al.
(1964) and Croll et al. (1965). For absorbed dose calculations, it is assumed that the activity is
completely localized in the spleen for the first 6 hr after administration. Thereafter, the
metabolic behaviour of mercury in ionic form is taken to apply.
References
Croll, M. N., Brady, L. W., Brodsky, J. and Stanton, L. (1965). A new agent for splenic imaging: BMHP. Radiology 84,
492495.
Wagner, H. N., Weiner, J. M., McAfee, J. G. and Martinez, J. (1964). 1-Mercury-2-hydroxypropane (MHP). A new
radiopharmaceutical for visualisation of the spleen by radioisotope scanning. Arch. Int. Med. 113, 696701.
Biokinetic Data
(1) First 6 hr after administration

Spleen 1.0 5.81 hr
(2) More than 6 hr after administration
Liver 0.15 Id 0.8 4.88 hr
10d 0.2
Kidneys 0.40 2d 0.2 1.21 d
45 d 0.8
Kidneys 0.15 2d 0.2 10.9 hr
(1 yr old) 45 d 0.8
45 d 0.8
(1 yr old) 45 d 0.8
367
Hg BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA
80
BMHP
BROMO-MERCURI-
HYDROXYPROPANE (BMHP)
1971ig 64.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 9.7B-02 1.2E-01 l.EE-01 2 *8E-01 4.4E-01

Bladder wall 3.2!&02 4.1E-02 6.5E-02 l. lE-01 3.2E-01
Bone surfaces 4.0B-02 6.OE-02 9.8E-02 1.6E-01 4.OE-01
Breast 3.3E-02 3.3%02 5.5E-02 9.2E-02 2.7E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall S.EE-02 7 * lE-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 3.7E-01
Small intest 4.6E-02 5.6E-02 9.53-02 1.5%01 3.5E-01
ULI wall 4.6&02 5.8E-02 9.63-02 1,5E-01 3.5E-01
LLI wall 3.4B-02 4.2B-02 7.1E-02 l.lE-01 3.3E-01
* Kidneys 4.2E+OO 5.3E+OO 7. SE+00 l.lE+Ol 7.6E+OO
* Liver 1.6B-01 2.OE-01 3.1&01 4.7B-01 8.5E-01
Lungs 3.7B-02 4.7&02 7.6B-02 1.2E-01 3.2E-01
Ovaries 3.5B-02 4.4B-02 7.3&02 1.2B-01 3.3E-01
* Pancreas 8.0B-02 l. lE-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 4.4E-01
Red marrow 6.7B-02 8.33-02 1.3E-01 1.9E-01 4.1E-01
* Spleen 1.5E+OO 2.2B+OO 3.4E+OO 5.4E+OO 9.9EtOO
Testes 2.7B-02 3.3E-02 5.5E-02 9.1E-02 2. WI-01
Thyroid 2. BE-02 3.08-02 6.0&02 l.OE-01 3.OE-01
Uterus 3.5E-02 4.2B-02 7.2B-02 1.2E-01 3.3E-01
Other tissue 3.6&02 4.4B-02 7.OE-02 l. lE-01 3.OE-01
Effective
dose equivalent 3.9B-01 5.OB-01 7.5B-01 1.lB+OO 1.4EtOo
(=Sv/ltBg)
368
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Hg
80
Chlormerodrin
CHLORMERODRIN
r9’Hg ‘03Hg
Biokinetic Model
The metabolic model from the MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 6 (1975), which is based on
human data, is adopted here without change. For details, the reader is referred to the MIRD
publication.
It may be possible to reduce absorbed doses to some extent by administration of blocking
agents, as also mentioned in the above publication.
References
(1) Adopted model
MIRD Dose Estimate Report No. 6 (1975). Summary of current radiation dose estimates to humans from r9’Hg- and
203Hg-labeled chlormerodrin. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 10951098.
Sy, W. M., Rosen, H., Griffin, N. E., Fink, H., Vasicka, A., Lorber, St. A. and Solomon, N. A. (1972). Radiation dose to
a human fetus following use of Hg-197. Radiology 103, 13&141.
Biokinetic Data
197H
Organ (S) Fs T a g *03Hg
Total body (excluding bladder contents) 1.0 1.0 hr 0.10 1.46d 12.0 d
6.0 hr 0.53
7.0 d 0.10
70.0 d 0.27
Bone 0.04 70.0 d 1.0 3.56 hr 1.62 d
Kidneys
cortex 0.50 8.0 hr 0.76 14.1 hr 3.35 d
30.0 d 0.24
medulla 0.006 40.0 d 1.0 31 min 4.48 hr
Liver 0.15 40.0 d 1.0 13.0 hr 4.67 d
Muscle 0.03 70.0 d 1.0 2.67 hr 1.21 d
Ovaries 9 x lO-6 70.0 d 1.0 2.9 s 32 s
Testes 4 x lO-5 70.0 d 1.0 13 s 2.3 min
369
Hg BIOKINETW MODELS AND DATA
80
Chlonnerodrin
CHLORMERODRIN
197ii11 64.2 hours
Absorbed dose
Organ
* Adrenals 4. x-02 5.3&02 8.OE-02 1.1%01 1.9E-01

* Bladder wall 1.4%01 1.7E-01 2.7B-01 5.4E-01 1 . OE+OO
Bone surfaces 3.0%01 3.9E-01 6.4E-01 1.lE+OO 2*6E+OO
Breast 5.97%03 5.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.48-02 2.8E-02
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1. SE-02 1.9E-02 3.1E-02 4.8E-02 8.473-02
ULI wall 1. SE-02 1.9E-02 3.3B-02 5.3E-02 9.3E-02
LLI wall 6.7E-03 a. lE-03 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 4. x-02
* Kidneys 2.1E+OO 2.6EtOO 3.8EtOO 5.6E+OO l.OEt01
* Liver 3.7E-01 4.7E-01 7.2E-01 1. 1EtOO 2.1EtOO
Lungs l.lE-02 1. SE-02 2.2E-02 3.3E-02 5.9E-02
Ovaries 9.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.4g-02 4.4B-02 9.43-02
* Pancreas 2.9E-02 3.9E-02 6.2&02 0.9E-02 1. SE-01
Red marrow 4. EE-02 6. SE-02 l.OE-01 2 .OE-01 3. BE-01
Spleen 2.9E-02 3. SE-02 5.6E-02 7.9E-02 1.3E-01
Testes 6.6E-03 1.3%02 8.3E-02 l.OE-01 1.4E-01
Thyroid 3.2E-03 4.1E-03 6.73-03 l . OE-02 2.OE-02
Uterus 9.3E-03 l.lE-02 2.OE-02 3.4B-02 6.3E-02
Other tissue l .lE-02 1.3E-02 2.OE-02 3.1E-02 5.9E-02
Bffective
dose equivalent l.EB-01 2.3B-01 3.4E-01 5.2B-01 9.8%01
(=Sv/lIBq)
20311g 46.60 days
Organ
* Adrenals 0.1E-01 l.OEtOO 1. SE+00 2.1EtOO 3.6EtOO

Bladder wall 3.7E-01 4.7E-01 7.2E-01 1.2EtOO 2.2EtOO
Bone surfaces 6.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+OO 2.OE+OO 4.6EtOO
Breast 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.1E-01 7.0E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 3.3E-01 4.OE-01 6.6E-01 9.9E-01 1.7EtOO
Small intest 3.1E-01 3.7E-01 6.OB-01 9.3E-01 1.6E+OO
ULI wall 3. SE-01 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1. 1EtOO 1.9E+OO
LLI wall 1. SE-01 1.8E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-01 8.3E-01
* Kidneys 1.9BtOl 2.3EtOl 3.3E+Ol 4.8EtOl 0.7E+Ol
* Liver 5.1EtOO 6.5BtOO 9.9EtOO 1. SE+01 2.8E+Ol
Lungs 2.6%01 3. SE-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.3g+oo
Ovaries 1.9%01 2. SE-01 4.7E-01 0.OE-01 1.6E+OO
* Pancreas 5.9E-01 7.7E-01 1.2EtOO 1.7E+OO 2.8EtOO
Red marrow 5.9E-01 7.8E-01 1.2EtOO 2.2EtOG 4.3EtOO
* Snleen S.OE-01 6.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.4E+OO 2.3EtOO
Tktes 1.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.3E+OO 1.6EtOO 2.3E+OO
Thyroid l .OE-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 3.1E-01 5.7E-01
Uterus 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 3. SE-01 5.6E-01 1. OBtoo
Other tissue 2.3E-01 2.7E-01 4,1g-01 6.4E-01 1.ZE+OG
Effective
dose equivalent 1.7B+GG 2.2B+oU 3.3B+oO 4.9B+oo 8.8&W
(=Sv/nBp)
370
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Tl
81
IOIl
THALLIUM
“rT1
Biokinetic Model
Intravenously injected ionic monovalent thallium rapidly leaves the blood by uptake in the
cells of all organs and tissues. The distribution is largely determined by the magnitude of the
regional bloodflow, and is therefore dependent on the degree of physical activity. Compared
with the situation at rest, which is considered in the present model, uptake in muscles increases
2-3 fold during exercise with a corresponding reduction in other tissues.
The organ uptake data in the model are based on the reports by Samson et al. (1978), Atkins
et uI. (1977) and Chen et al. (1983). Bartlett et al. (1984) have shown that 80% of thallium is
excreted by way of the gastrointestinal tract and 20% by the renal tract. The whole-body
retention curve can be represented by a two-exponential function with half-times equal to 7 d
for 63% and 28 d for 37% of the injected activity (Chen et al., 1983). It is assumed here that all
organs and tissues have a similar retention kinetics, with the exception of the heart, which shows
a more rapid initial clearance (Freeman et al., 1986).
The situation is unclear with regard to the uptake in testes. Direct organ measurements at
autopsy in two cases by Samson et al. (1976) showed 0.1 l-0.12%, while Hosain and Hosain
(1981) and Gupta et al. (1981) have derived values of 0.8-1.0% from gamma camera images of
the testicular-scrotal region. A value of 0.8% has been chosen in this model.
The “lT1 preparation may be contaminated with “‘Tl and 202T1. The effective dose
equivalents per unit activity of these radionuclides are therefore also presented in the dosimetric
table.
References
Atkins, H. L., Budinger, T. F., Lebowitz, E., Ansari, A. N., Greene, M. W., Fairchild, R. G. and Ellis, K. J. (1977).
Thallium-201 for medical use. Part 3: Human distribution and physical imaging properties. J. Nucl. Med. 18,
1333140.
Bartlett, R. D., Lathrop, K. A., Faulhaber, P. F. and Harper, P. V. (1984). Transfer of thallous ion to and from
gastrointestinal sections. J. Nucl. Med. 25, P 92.
Chen, C. T., Lathrop, K. A., Harper, P. V., Bartlett, R. D., Stark, V. J., Fultz, K. R. and Faulhaber, P. F. (1983).
Quantitative measurement of long term in vivo thallium distribution in the human. J. Nucl. Med. 24, P 50.
Freeman, M. R., Kanwar, N. and Armstrong, P. W. (1986). The variability of thallium half life at rest as compared to
exercise. .I. Nucl. Med. 27, 997.
Gupta, S. M., Herrera, N., Spencer, R. P., Hosain, F. and Crucitti, T. (1981). Testicular-scrotal content of 201T1and
67Ga after intravenous administration. Int. J. Nact. Med. Biol. 8, 211-213.
Hosain, P. and Hosain, F. (1981). Revision of gonadal radiation dose to man from thallium-201. In: Proc. Third ht.
Radiopharmaceutical Dositnetry Symposium, Oak Ridge 1980 (FDA 81-8166), pp. 333-345. Oak Ridge National
Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Samson, G., Wackers, F. J. Th., Becker, A. E., Busemann Sokole, E. and van der Schoot, J. B. (1978). Distribution of
thallium-201 in man. In: Nuklearmedizin und Biokybernetik, Vol. I, pp. 385-389. (Oeff, K. and Schmidt, H. A. E. eds)
Medico-Informationsdienste, Berlin.
371
Tl
81
IOIl
Biokinetic Data
Organ (S) F, T a &I‘%
Total body 1.0 7d 0.63 3.39 d

28 d 0.37
0.06 7d 0.63 4.89 hr
28 d 0.37
GI tract
Stomach wall 0.006 7d 0.63 29.3 min
28 d
SI wall 0.03 7d 0.37 2.44 hr
28 d
SI contents 0.8 0.701 hr
ULI contents 0.8 2.03 hr
LLI contents 0.8 3.05 hr
Heart wall 0.04 10 hr 0.50 1.98 hr
7d 0.32
28 d 0.18
Kidneys 0.06 7d 0.63 4.89 hr
28 d 0.37
Liver 0.09 7d 0.63 7.33 hr
28 d 0.37
Lungs 0.04 7d 0.63 3.26 hr
28 d 0.37
Muscles 0.41 7d 0.63 1.39 d
28 d 0.37
0.003 Id 0.63 14.7 min
28 d 0.37
Red marrow 0.06 7d 0.63 4.89 hr
28 d 0.37
Spleen 0.007 7d 0.63 34.2 min
28 d 0.37
Testes 0.008 7d 0.63 39.1 min
28 d 0.37
Thyroid 0.002 7d 0.63 9.77 min
28 d 0.37
372
RADIATION DOSE TO PATIENTS FROM RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Ti
81
IOll
THALLIUM
*‘lTl 3.044 days
Absorbed dose
Organ
Adrenals 5.1E-02 6.6E-02 9.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.5E-01

Bladder wall 3.6E-02 4.8E-02 7.1E-02 l.OE-01 2.OE-01
Bone surfaces 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 7.3E-01 1.3E+OO 2.9E+OO
Breast 2.8E-02 2.5E-02 4.1E-02 6.4E-02 1.2E-01
GI-tract
Stomach wall 1.2E-01 1*6E--01 2.4E-01 4.OE-01 7,. 8E-01
Small intest 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.7E-01 1. lE+OO
* ULI wall 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 4.OE-01 6.5E-01 1.2E+OO
* LLI wall 3.6E-01 4.5E-01 7.8E-01 1.3E+OO 2. SE+00
* Heart 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 3.9E-01 1.2E+OO 2.1E+OO
* Kidneys 5.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.4E+OO 2.5E+OO
* Liver 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.1E-01 9.6E-01
Lungs 1.2x-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 4.1E-01 7.9E-01
Ovaries 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 5.4E-01 1.2E+OO
Pancreas 5.4E-02 6.5E-02 1 .OE-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01
Red marrow 1.8E-01 2.4E-01 3.9E-01 6.9E-01 1.4B+OO
Spleen 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 2.9E-01 4.6E-01 8.3E-01
Testes 5.6E-01 l.ZE+OO 9.7EtOO 1. lE+Ol 1.5E+Ol
Thyroid 2.5E-01 4.OE-01 6.2E-01 1.4E+OO 2.7E+OO
uterus 5.OE-02 5.6E-02 9.1E-02 1.3E-01 2.4E-01
Effective
dose equivalent 2.3E-01 3.61-01 1. SB+OO 2.OE+oo 3.OB+OO
Wv/nas)
IFpuriFies:
E fectivaose equivalent (mSv/MBq of the impurity)
*“Tl (26.1 h) 3.1E-01 4.7E-01 1.2E+OO 1.5E+OO 2.3E+OO

*‘*Tl (12.23 d) 8.OE-01 1. lE+OO 3.1E+OO 4.2E+OO 6.5E+OO
373
INDEX OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Page numbers of primary entries refer to radiopharmaceutical biokinetic models and data; secondary entries refer
to the dosimetric data for the radionuclide shown.
Aerosol 217. 245 Carbon monoxide 43. 65

“‘In 246 “C 44
‘““In 248 I50 66
“VmT~ 2 I8 Chloride 87
Albumin 173. 285 ““Cl 87
‘liI 286 ‘“Cl 88
‘I51 287 -VI 88
13’1 287 Chromium III chloride 103
““mTc 173 “Cr 104
Albumin (intrathecal) 175, 289 Chlormerodrin 369
lz31 290, 291 “)‘Hg 370
‘“‘I 292 2”1Hg 370
“mTc 176 Citrate 141. 177
Albumin (macroaggregated) 223. 293 ‘*Ga 142
“‘I 294 “‘Ga 142
w’mTc 223 “‘Ga 143
Albumin (microaggregated) 299 “Ga 143
‘? 300. 301 “““Tc I78
12’1 302 Colloid 179. 363
Albumin microspheres 227 ‘“XAu 363
U’mTc 228 “‘,Tc 180
Ammonia 61 Copper ion I35
lZN 62 “CU 136
Arsenate/Arsenite 145 “CU 136
“As 145
“As I46
‘“As I46
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) 187.
237. 357
Barium ion 351 “‘In 238, 239
“‘Ba 352 “““In 240
‘32mBa 353 ““La 358
‘.lsmBa 354 +““Tc I88
Bleomycin 125. 257 u+‘Yb 360
“Co 126 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
“‘In 258 (intrathecal) 189. 241. 361
Bromide I55 “‘In 242. 243
“‘Bi I55 “‘jmTc 190
“Br I56 ‘““Yb 362
“Br I56 Diiodothyronine 327
Bromo-mercuri-hydroxypropane 367 I’sI 328
“‘Hg 368 “‘I 328
Bromospiperone I57 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) I85
“Br I58 W’mTc 186
Caesium ion 347

‘Ws 348 Err$ro;;tes 51. I I I, 209
‘Ws 348
‘“‘Cs 349 “Cr 112
‘3Ws 350 ““Tc 210
Calcium ion 95 Erythrocytes (denatured) 113, 167, 21 I
‘sCa 97 ‘Cr II4
“Ca 98 “Rb 167
Carbon dioxide 47. 67 ‘WmT~ 212
“C 48 Ethylene diaminetriacetic acid (EDTA) I05
“0 68 “Cr 106, 107
375
376 INDEX OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Fibrinogen 207, 281 Ni;;;ge;r 57
“‘I 282
“‘1 283 Nif:;ge;;as in solution 59
13’1 283
““Tc 208 Non-absorbable markers 99, 117. 225. 249, 295. 355
Fluoride 73 “‘Ba 356
“‘F 74 “Cr 118
Fluoro-deoxy-o-glucose 75 “‘1 296
“F 76 ‘s’I 297
“‘In 250
“smIn 251
Gl;~~;te;G$coheptonate 193 JhSC 100
?Sc 101
Gl;;rn;; 63 uymTc 226
Norcholesterol, iodomethyl (NP59) 317
“‘I 318
Heparin22 1
wmTc 222
Hi&ra& ‘ii7
“sI 308: 309
Penicillamine 195
“I 310, 311
Hydroxide (colloidal) 235 ““Tc 196
“7mIn 235, 236 Pertechnetate 197
wmTc 199, 200
Plm;pha8: 83
Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) derivatives 201
“P 84
WmTc 203205
Phosphates/Phosphonates 213
Indium ion 233
‘)‘)mT~ 215
“‘In 234
“‘“In 234 Plasmin 191
wmTc 192
Inulin 41. 55
Platelets 109, 229. 253
‘H 42
“‘Cr 109
“C 56
“‘In 254
Iodide 259
‘“mTc 230
lz31 263-266
“‘I 267-270 Po$inyl;rrolidone (PVP) 319
lzsI 271-274
‘s’1 320
13’1 275-278
Pottqiu;o ion 89. 91
Iodoamphetamine 279
lz31 280
“K 92
Iodoantipyrine 313
‘sK 93
‘?sI 314
‘j’r 314
Iothalamate 315 Reverse triiodothyronine 325
“‘1 316 ‘asI 326
Iron ion 119 ‘“‘I 326
‘“Fe 121. 122 Rose bengal, sodium 333
ssFe 123 ‘231 334-337
“‘Fe 124 Is’1 338-340
Rubidium ion 161, 163
“Rb 164
Krypton gas 159 *‘Rb 162
‘“Kr 160 X4Rb 164
X6Rb 165
Mtgnesium ion 81
Mg 82 SeHCAT 153
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) 329 “Se 154
“‘I 330 Selenite 147
‘“‘I 331 “Se 148
Mercury II chloride 365 Selenomethionine 149
““Hg 366 ‘sSe 149
INDEX OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS 377
Selenomethylcholesterol 151 Water 39
‘sSe 152 ‘H 39
Sodium ion 77 White blood ceils 115. 231, 255
“Na 78 s’Cr 116
‘JNa 79 “‘In 256
Spiperone 53 ““Tc 232
“C 53
Strontium ion 169
“Sr 170
x’mSr 170
“Sr 171 Xenon gas/solution 341
Striphate 85 “‘Xe 342, 343
s 86 “Xe 344
Tetraiodothyronine 321
‘251 322
“‘I 322
Thallium ion 371 Ytterbium 359
““TI 373 lhvb 360
Triiodothyronine 323
“‘1 324
‘3’1 324
Zinc ion 137

Vitamin B,> 127 “Zn 138
57co 12x “Zn 139
??o 128 hymZrl 139

ICRP 53 Radiation Dose To Patients From Radiofarmaceuticals

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ICRP 53 Radiation Dose To Patients From Radiofarmaceuticals

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t-t-Irgl dutrYf

orNouor ' o^>Ior ' AaNCIAS ' O'InVd OYS

U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc.. Maxwell House, Fairview Park,

3. SELECTION OF ORGANS AND TISSUES FOR DOSE

in radiopharmaceuticals currently used in nuclear medicine do not concentrate in the tissues of

4. BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DATA

Radionuclide Half-life Radionuclide Half-life

28Mg 20.9 hr 2sAI 2.24 min

5. METHODS FOR CALCULATING ABSORBED DOSE

5.1. Calculation of Absorbed Dose

5.2. Calculation of Cumulated Activity

(dq4) = - ~iiqi(t)- i,qi(t) + ~ ljjqj(t) (5.5)

A,(t) = i k,e-(*n+ A8 P-6)

where ki is a constant; and li is the biological elimination constant of the exponential

Or, if the reduced eqn (5.10) is integrated:

5.3. Uncertainties in Absorbed Dose Estimates

6. EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT

6.1. Use of Effective Dose Equivalent in Nuclear Medicine

Table 6.1. Weighting factors for

*The weighting factor for the remainder

6.2. Calculation of the Effective Dose Equivalent

7. IMPURITIES IN RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

7.1. Radionuclide Impurities

radiopharmaceutical. When a daughter radionuclide is administered, various amounts of the

7.2. Radiochemical Impurities

47Ca 47Sc (daughter)

APPENDIX A: SPECIAL BIOKINETIC MODELS

A.l. Organ and Tissue Masses for Different Ages

A.2. Blood Volume and Blood Flow Models

Adrenals 14 10.5 7.22 5.27 3.52

Blood content per Fractional

Total body 1.00 74 1.00

A.3. Gastrointestinal Tract Model

Fig. A.1 Mathematical model used to describe the kinetics of

Mass of Mass of Mean residence

Stomach (ST) 150 250 l/24 24

*From ICRP Publication 23 (ICRP, 1975).

A.4. Lung Model

AS. Kidney-Bladder Model

A,,= i a, exp(-(li+A,)t) (A.11

A.6 Model for Radiopharmaceuticals Used to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate

A.7. Models for Bone Seeking Radionuclides Administered as Radiopharmaceuticals

Table A.3. Organ mass (kg): based on MIRD (1975a)

*Normal liver; tearly to intermediate diffuse parenchy-

Table A.4. Uptake values (fractions) for large colloids (100-1000 nm

Liver 0.70 0.50 0.30

*Examples: 99mTcsulphur colloid; 99mTctin colloid; 99mTcmicroag-

Liver 0.70 0.50 0.30

*Examples: 99mTc minimicroaggregated albumin; 99mT~antimony

A.9. Model for the Liver and Biliary Excretion

A.10. Model for Cerebrospinal Fluid Space

Fig. A.3. Model of cerebrospinal fluid space

A.1 1. Models for Very Short-lived Positron-emitting Radionuclides

APPENDIX B: CALCULATION OF ABSORBED DOSE TO ORGANS

B.1. Embryo and Fetus

B.4. Salivary Glands

B.5. Lymph Nodes

“Se Selenomethylcholesterol 151

Table of Absorbed Dose per Unit Activity

Organ (S) FS T a ASIA,

* Adrenals 1.6B-02 1.6E-02 1. BE-02 2.4B-02 4.5B-02

Kidneys 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4E-02 4.5E-02

Red marrow 1.6E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.4B-02 4.5B-02