Project Jupyter

Project Jupyter (/ˈdʒuːpɪtər/ ( listen)) is a project to develop

open-source software, open standards, and services for interactive
Project Jupyter
computing across multiple programming languages. It was spun
off from IPython in 2014 by Fernando Pérez and Brian Granger.
Project Jupyter's name is a reference to the three core programming
languages supported by Jupyter, which are Julia, Python and R. Its
name and logo are an homage to Galileo's discovery of the moons
of Jupiter, as documented in notebooks attributed to Galileo.
Project Jupyter has developed and supported the interactive
computing products Jupyter Notebook, JupyterHub, and
Abbreviation Jupyter
JupyterLab. Jupyter is financially sponsored by NumFOCUS.[1]
Formation February 2015

History Type nonprofit

organization
The first version of Notebooks for Purpose Interactive data
IPython was released in 2011 by a science and
team including Fernando Pérez, scientific
Brian Granger, and Min Ragan- computing
Kelley.[2] In 2014, Pérez
Region Worldwide
announced a spin-off project from served
IPython called Project Jupyter.[3]
IPython continues to exist as a Official English
language
Python shell and a kernel for
Jupyter, while the notebook and Website jupyter.org (https://
other language-agnostic parts of jupyter.org/)
IPython moved under the Jupyter
name.[4][5] Jupyter supports execution environments (called "kernels") in
A manuscript ascribed to
several dozen languages, including Julia, R, Haskell, Ruby, and Python (via
Galileo Galilei's
the IPython kernel).
observations of Jupiter (⊛)
and four of its moons (✱),
In 2015, about 200,000 Jupyter notebooks were available on GitHub. By
which inspired the Jupyter
2018, about 2.5 million were available.[6] In January 2021, nearly 10
logo
million were available, including notebooks about the first observation of
gravitational waves[7] and about the 2019 discovery of a supermassive
black hole.[8]

Major cloud computing providers have adopted the Jupyter Notebook or derivative tools as a frontend
interface for cloud users. Examples include Amazon SageMaker Notebooks,[9] Google's
Colaboratory,[10][11] and Microsoft's Azure Notebook.[12]

Visual Studio Code supports local development of Jupyter notebooks. As of July 2022, the Jupyter
extension for VS Code has been downloaded over 40 million times, making it the second-most popular
extension in the VS Code Marketplace.[13]
The Atlantic published an article entitled "The Scientific Paper Is Obsolete" in 2018, discussing the role of
Jupyter Notebook and the Mathematica notebook in the future of scientific publishing.[14] Economist Paul
Romer, in response, published a blog post in which he reflected on his experiences using Mathematica and
Jupyter for research, concluding in part that Jupyter "does a better job of delivering what Theodore Gray
had in mind when he designed the Mathematica notebook."[15]

In 2021, Nature named Jupyter as one of ten computing projects that transformed science.[8]

Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter Notebook can colloquially refer to two different concepts, either the user-facing application to edit
code and text, or the underlying file format which is interoperable across many implementations.

Applications

Jupyter Notebook (formerly IPython Notebook) is a web-based interactive

computational environment for creating notebook documents. Jupyter
Notebook is built using several open-source libraries, including IPython,
ZeroMQ, Tornado, jQuery, Bootstrap, and MathJax. A Jupyter Notebook
application is a browser-based REPL containing an ordered list of
input/output cells which can contain code, text (using Github Flavored
Markdown), mathematics, plots and rich media. Jupyter Notebook interface

Jupyter Notebook is similar to the notebook interface of other programs

such as Maple, Mathematica, and SageMath, a computational interface style that originated with
Mathematica in the 1980s. Jupyter interest overtook the popularity of the Mathematica notebook interface
in early 2018.[14]

JupyterLab is a newer user interface for Project Jupyter, offering a flexible user interface and more features
than the classic notebook UI. The first stable release was announced on February 20, 2018.[16][17] In 2015,
a joint $6 million grant from The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, The Gordon and
Betty Moore Foundation, and The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation funded work that led to expanded
capabilities of the core Jupyter tools, as well as to the creation of JupyterLab.[18]

GitHub announced in November 2022 that JupyterLab would be available in its online Coding platform
called Codespace.[19]

JupyterHub is a multi-user server for Jupyter Notebooks. It is designed to support many users by spawning,
managing, and proxying many singular Jupyter Notebook servers.[20]

Documents

A Jupyter Notebook document is a JSON file, following a versioned schema, usually ending with the
".ipynb" extension. The main parts of the Jupyter Notebooks are: Metadata, Notebook format and list of
cells. Metadata is a data Dictionary of definitions to set up and display the notebook. Notebook Format is a
version number of the software. List of cells are different types of Cells for Markdown (display), Code (to
execute), and output of the code type cells.[21]
While ".ipynb" and JSON are the most common and default format it is possible to forgo some features
(like storing images and metadata), and save notebook as markdown documents using extension like
JupyText.[22] Jupytext is often in conjunction with version control to make diffing and merging of
notebook simpler.

Awards
In 2012, Fernando Pérez received the Free Software Foundation Award for the
Advancement of Free Software for his work on IPython, the precursor to Project
Jupyter.[23][24]
The steering committee of Project Jupyter received the 2017 ACM Software System Award,
an annual award that honors people or an organization "for developing a software system
that has had a lasting influence, reflected in contributions to concepts, in commercial
acceptance, or both".[25]

See also
Free and open-
source software
portal

Binder Project
GNU Data Language
GNU Octave
RStudio
Scilab
Spyder (software)

References
1. "NumFOCUS Sponsored Projects" (https://numfocus.org/sponsored-projects). NumFOCUS.
Retrieved 2021-10-25.
2. Vu, Linda (June 14, 2021). "Project Jupyter: A Computer Code that Transformed Science" (ht
tps://cs.lbl.gov/news-media/news/2021/project-jupyter-a-computer-code-that-transformed-sci
ence/). Berkeley Lab Computing Sciences. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
3. "Project Jupyter // Speaker Deck" (https://speakerdeck.com/fperez/project-jupyter).
4. "The Notebook, Qt console and a number of other pieces are now parts of Jupyter" (https://gi
thub.com/ipython/ipython). GitHub. 29 May 2021.
5. "The Big Split™" (https://blog.jupyter.org/the-big-split-9d7b88a031a7). 28 August 2017.
6. Perkel, Jeffrey M. (October 30, 2018). "Why Jupyter is data scientists' computational
notebook of choice" (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07196-1). Nature. 563
(7729): 145–146. Bibcode:2018Natur.563..145P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Nat
ur.563..145P). doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07196-1 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-07
196-1). PMID 30375502 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30375502). S2CID 256770398 (htt
ps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256770398). Retrieved August 15, 2022.
7. LIGO Scientific Collaboration (2016). "LIGO Open Science Center" (https://losc.ligo.org/even
ts/GW150914/). losc.ligo.org. doi:10.7935/K5MW2F23 (https://doi.org/10.7935%2FK5MW2F
23). Retrieved 2018-05-04.
 8. Perkel, Jeffrey M. (January 20, 2021). "Ten computer codes that transformed science" (http
s://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00075-2). Nature. 589 (7842): 344–348.
Bibcode:2021Natur.589..344P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.589..344P).
doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00075-2 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-00075-2).
PMID 33473232 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33473232). S2CID 231663425 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231663425). Retrieved August 15, 2022.
9. Gallagher, Sean (August 15, 2022). "Machine learning, concluded: Did the "no-code" tools
beat manual analysis?" (https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/08/no-code-wr
apped-our-ml-experiment-concludes-but-did-the-machine-win/). Ars Technica. Retrieved
August 15, 2022.
10. Sherrer, Kara (May 25, 2022). "Google Colab vs Jupyter Notebook: Compare data science
software" (https://www.techrepublic.com/article/google-colab-vs-jupyter-notebook/).
TechRepublic. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
11. "Nerds rejoice: Google just released its internal tool to collaborate on AI" (https://qz.com/111
3999/nerds-rejoice-google-just-released-its-internal-tool-to-collaborate-on-ai/amp/). Quartz.
Retrieved 2018-09-06.
12. Wayner, Peter (May 5, 2022). "Essential data science tools for elevating your analytics
operations" (https://www.cio.com/article/309758/essential-data-science-tools-for-elevating-y
our-analytics-operations.html). CIO. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
13. Ramel, David (July 12, 2022). "VS Code and Python: A Natural Fit for Data Science -" (http
s://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2022/07/12/python-vs-code.aspx). Visual Studio
Magazine. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
14. Somers, James. "The Scientific Paper Is Obsolete" (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/arc
hive/2018/04/the-scientific-paper-is-obsolete/556676/). The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
15. Romer, Paul. "Jupyter, Mathematica, and the Future of the Research Paper" (https://paulrom
er.net/jupyter-mathematica-and-the-future-of-the-research-paper/). paulromer.net. Retrieved
2018-04-15.
16. "JupyterLab is Ready for Users" (https://blog.jupyter.org/jupyterlab-is-ready-for-users-5a6f03
9b8906). Jupyter Blog. 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
17. Brust, Andrew (February 24, 2018). "Data science notebooks get real: JupyterLab releases
to users" (https://www.zdnet.com/article/can-data-science-notebooks-get-real-jupyter-lab-rel
eases-to-users/). ZDNet. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
18. "UC Berkeley and Cal Poly to Expand and Enhance Open-Source Software for Scientific
Computing and Data Science | Helmsley Charitable Trust" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00103220158/https://helmsleytrust.org/news/uc-berkeley-and-cal-poly-expand-and-enhance
-open-source-software-scientific-computing-and-data). helmsleytrust.org. Archived from the
original (https://helmsleytrust.org/news/uc-berkeley-and-cal-poly-expand-and-enhance-open
-source-software-scientific-computing-and-data) on 2020-01-03. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
19. "Using Codespaces with JupyterLab (Public Beta) | GitHub Changelog" (https://github.blog/c
hangelog/2022-11-09-using-codespaces-with-jupyterlab-public-beta/). The GitHub Blog.
Retrieved 2022-11-11.
20. Lahoti, Sugandha (May 6, 2019). "JupyterHub 1.0 releases with named servers, support for
TLS encryption and more" (https://hub.packtpub.com/jupyterhub-1-0-releases-with-named-s
ervers-support-for-tls-encryption-and-more/). Packt Hub. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
21. Toomey, Dan (2016). Learning Jupyter (1st ed.). Birmingham - Mumbai: Packt. p. 21.
ISBN 978-1-78588-487-0.
22. Wouts, Marc (2022-11-11), mwouts/jupytext (https://github.com/mwouts/jupytext), retrieved
2022-11-11
23. 2012 Free Software Award winners announced (http://www.fsf.org/news/2012-free-software-
award-winners-announced-2)
24. "Free Software Awards für IPython und OpenMRS | heise open" (http://www.heise.de/open/
meldung/Free-Software-Awards-fuer-IPython-und-OpenMRS-1829598.html) (in German).
25. "Software System Award" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160505152017/http://awards.acm.
org/software_system/year.cfm). ACM Awards. Association for Computing Machinery.
Archived from the original (http://awards.acm.org/software_system/year.cfm) on 2016-05-05.
Retrieved April 28, 2016.

External links
Official website (https://jupyter.org/)
Jupyter on GitHub (https://github.com/jupyter)
Jupyter kernels (https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/Jupyter-kernels)
Jupyter Tutorial (https://jupyter-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)

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