Construction Engineering

(CE2308)
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
Types of Hydraulic Structures

There are different types of hydraulic structures available. Some of them

are given;
1. DAM
2. BRIDGES
3. CULVERTS
4. SLUICE GATES
5. AQUEDUCTS
6. SIPHONS
DAM

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What is Dam?

A dam is a barrier that impounds water or

underground steams.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose
of retaining water, while other structures
such
as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes)
are used to manage or prevent water flow
into specific land regions. Hydropower and
pumped- storage hydroelectricity are often
used in conjunction with dams to generate
electricity. A dam can also be used to collect
water or for storage of water which can be
evenly distributed between locations.

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A dam must be watertight so
that water does not leak out of
the dam and escape
downstream.
A dam wall must have
sufficient strength to stand permanently under
its own weight especially when at least part of
the dam wall is saturated with water and to
resist the water pressure in the lake upstream
of the dam.

Watertight Sufficient Strength

How Does
Dam Work?
Releasing Flood Water
Water Flow

A dam must have some way of
releasing water in controlled
amounts as it is needed an outlet
valve of some type.
A dam must have some means whereby
these large volumes of flood water can flow
around the dam without causing damage to
the dam itself.
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 Syncrude Tailings Dam,
Canada
Storage Capacity of
350×106 m3

producing up to 250,000
tons a day of tailings

Embankment ratio about

4:1

SOME OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST DAMS

Tarbela Dam, Pakistan

Holding 11,600,000
acre feet of water

Discharge capacity
of 18,406 cubic
meters/s
The main dam wall
stretching 2,743
meters 9
7 To provide a
supply of
water for
towns, cities
and mining
sites

To generate
To provide a
Why Dam electricity in
supply of
hydro-
water for the is electric
irrigation of Important? power
crops
stations

To help
control or
mitigate
floods
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BRIDGES
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As the hydraulic fluid is How Does a A bridge has the
pushed under pressure,
the fluid travels through Bridge Work? ability to handle
varying loads
pipes eventually leading
(wind/ice) and
to a vertical shaft
possesses smooth
leading to the mid-span
acceleration and
of the bridge.
deceleration
Fluid
Travelling Varying
to Mid- Loads
Span

Horizontal Pinned
Sideway
Direction Connection In arch bridges
In Arch based at the midpoint
bridges the main of the arch there
forces are is a pinned
directed in a connection,
horizontal essentially
sideways making it a three
direction. hinged arch
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1
2 The Uses of Hydraulic Bridges

Pedestrian Water
Transportat
Footbridge ion

Vehicular
Light
Transportat
Vehicles
ion
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Golden Gate
Bridge, San
Francisco

World’s Famous Bridge

Sydney
Harbor
Bridge
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CULVERTS
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What is a Culvert?
A culvert is a structure
that allows water to
flow under a road,
railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction.
Typically embedded
so as to be
surrounded by soil, a
culvert may be made
from a pipe,
reinforced concrete
or other material.
Types of Culverts

 Pipe Single or Multiple

 Pipe Arch Single or Multiple
 Box Culvert Single or Multiple
 Bridge Culvert
Box Culvert
 Arch Culvert

Bridge culvert Pipe culvert Arch culvert

 For inlet control, the control section is at the
upstream end of the barrel, whereas for outlet
control, it is at the downstream end of the
culvert Roadway
overtopping
deals with the
rising of
headwater to
Roadway
Overtopping the elevation
Inlet and
Outlet of the roadway
Control

Performance
Curves
The culvert
performance curve
is made up of the
controlling portions
of the inlet, outlet
and roadway
How Does a overtopping
Culvert Work? performance curve
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Culvert is used to
The Uses convey water from one
area to another, usually
of Culvert Conveying
from one
side of a road to the
Water other side.

Safe
Passage
in arable
farm
Carrying
Culvert is an traffic
integral part of
any arable farm
providing a safe
passage over Culvert is used to form a
ditch fields into
bridge-like structure to carry
arable fields
traffic.
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SLUICE GATE
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0 A gate

What is Sluice
Gate?
A frame A power
mechanism

A sluice gate is a mechanism

used to cut off or obstruct the
passage of a fluid, normally
water. They have three main
parts: a gate, a frame and a
power mechanism. They can
be designed for different
loads of water and operating
heights, according to the
requirements of the
installation.
Many sluice gates are moved by When gates are used in applications
with a large amount of water
means of a threaded rod system,
pressure, they are raised and lowered
which needs to be regularly by hydraulic systems to control the
cleaned and greased. sluice gate flow.

Threaded rod Hydraulic System

system
How Does
Sluice Gate
Work?
Manual Raise and Electrically driven
Lowering hoisting system

Sometimes in smaller uses,

such as in cranberry bogs, At other times than manual, an
the gates are raised and electrically-driven hoisting
lowered manually. system is used.
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Sewage Treatment
Irrigation Channels
Stations (WWTP)

What is the Use of

Sluice Gate?

Drinking Water Treatment Sewers and

Stations (ETAP) Reservoirs
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AQUEDUCT
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What is an AQUEDUCT?
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to
convey water. The term aqueduct is used for any
system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other
structures used for this purpose. The simplest
aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth.
Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines.
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Aqueduct is a
structure How Aqueducts Work ?
constructed at the
intersection of two
waterways.

OPEN
carries the CHANNEL
discharge of one
waterway above the
other.

Usually the smaller UNDER

waterway’s GROUND PIPE
discharge passes TUNNEL
above the large one.
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Uses of Aqueducts ?

Supply
Irrigation of drinking
croplands water

Help
drought
Control prone areas
flood with water
supplies
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SIPHON
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What is
Siphon?
Siphon refer to a wide variety of
devices that involve the flow of liquids
through tubes, but in the narrower
sense it refers specifically to a tube in
an inverted U shape which causes a
liquid to flow uphill, above the surface
of the reservoir, without pumps,
powered by the fall of the liquid as it
flows down the tube under the pull of
gravity and is discharged at a level
lower than the surface of the reservoir
whence it came.
 A restatement of
How conservation of energy
Siphon Bernoulli’s principle in that the sum
of all energy at any
Principle
Works given point in the siphon
flow is constant.

Energy Unlike a
Difference Manometer
A siphon works because
gravitational potential Operates as a
energy difference between measurement of two
liquid in the upper pressures in static balance
reservoir and lower when the inlet and the
reservoir leaves reduced outlet are at the same
pressure at the top of the level.
siphon proportional to the
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height differences.
 Self-constructed

How Siphon is
siphons, made of
pipes or tubes, can be
Important? used to evacuate
water from cellars
after flooding.
Evacuating Water
Siphoning is common
in irrigated fields to
transfer a controlled
Transferring Water amount of water from
a ditch, over the ditch
wall, into furrows.
Large siphons are
used in municipal
waterworks and
industry. Their size
Waterworks and industry requires control via
valves at the intake
and outlet of the
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THANK YOU

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