CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN, MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

In this chapter, primary resources acquired from The Nigeria Meteorological Agency NiMet

were adopted in the use of the wind speed data analysis and Weibull distribution was used to

determine the probability that the turbine will work as well as estimating the velocity of the wind

speed which was used as a criterion for the selection of the turbine. The chapter starts-off with

description of the project, followed by Description of the components in the Project, Detailed

Drawings, Load Estimation, Design of Solar Panel and selection of its subsystems Wind Speed

Data Analysis from NiMet, Selection, Installation and Testing of Turbine.

3.1 Description of the Project

The Savonious Vertical Axis Wind Turbine was used in this project Figure 3.0 shows the Hybrid

Solar Wind Design Model and Figure 3.1 shows the block diagram that highlights subsystem

blocks in the project. These include, the solar panel, wind turbine, charge controller, battery,

inverter as well as the loads, either DC or AC loads. As shown in the diagram, the outputs from

the wind turbine and solar panel are multiplexed and fed in as input to the hybrid controller.

Furthermore, the hybrid controller’s output is the input to the battery which is connected directly

to the inverter. AC loads are powered by means of the output from the inverter while DC loads

are powered by connecting them directly to the battery. In addition to the block diagram, Figure

3.2 has been included show the actual setup and application of the hybrid system at hand. It

shows how each of the subsystems in the block diagram will be interconnected at the end of the

project.
 Fig. 3.0 Solar wind hybrid dsign model.

DC LOADS

WIND
TURBINE
HYBRID
CONTROLLER BATTERY

SOLAR PANEL

INVERTER

FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT

AC LOADS
3.2 Load Estimations

The power expended by the appliances in the area of interest was estimated with respect to their

operation time to yield the total energy that will be consumed by these appliances. The table

above shows the load estimation and the energy requirements of the appliances to be powered.

Appliances Quantity Power Total Time (hrs) Energy

S/N (watts) Power Consumed

(Watts) (wh)

1 Bulb 12 20 240 10 2400

2 OX Fan 4 135 540 10 5400

3 Laptop 1 65 65 5 325

4 Projector 1 200 200 5 1000

Total 1,045 9,125

Table 3.0 Load estimate

 S/N Appliances Quantity Power Total Time (hrs) Energy

(watts) Power Consumed

(watts) (Wh)

1 Bulb 4 20 80 10 1350

2 OX Fan 2 135 270 5 800

3 Laptop 1 65 65 5 325

4 Projector 1 200 200 5 1000

Total 615 3,475

Table 3.0 Load estimate Scaled down

The Energy requirement = Total Power x Operation Time in (hours) = 3,475 wh/day

From the table above it has been estimated that the total power consumed by these appliances is

0.615 kW and the total corresponding Energy consumed by these appliances gives 3.475 kWh

3.3 System Design

The hybrid system consists of the following:

a) Wind Analysis and Selection of Wind Turbine

b) Sizing and selection of Solar panel

c) Sizing of Charge Controller

d) Sizing and selection Inverter

e) Sizing and selection of Battery

a) Wind Analysis and Selection of Wind turbine

Although the use of wind turbines has become necessary in many parts of the world, the actual

developments in the turbine do not concern countries where the average wind speed is low.

Vertical axis wind turbines are the growing type of wind turbine in the small wind energy

market, they prove to be very promising as in the case of the new rotor design. Vertical axis

wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this

arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective. This

is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable. In this project we will make

use of vertical axis wind turbine, to select the turbine to be used, we need to carry out wind

energy data analysis.

i. Wind data analysis

However, precise prediction of wind is not an easy task since wind, like many other

meteorological parameters often exhibits significant variability over a range of scales, both

spatially and temporally. In the view of wind power development, the variation of wind speed at

a given location is generally characterized by a probability distribution, which indicates the

likelihood that a given wind speed will occur. Most commonly used for wind energy

assessments is the two-parameter Weibull distribution, which has been shown to accurately

capture the skewness of the wind speed distribution, then other statistical functions and has been

used in a number of studies.

The Weibull distribution

Various mathematical tools have been used for the analysis of wind speed data. Among several

tools, the two parameter Weibull distribution is extensively used function for analyzing
measured wind speed data in a given location over a given time period. The two parameter

Weibull distribution is a special case of the generalized gamma distribution. For the analysis of

wind speed data, the two parameter Weibull probability distribution function is the most

suitable, accepted and recommended distribution function as it gives a better fitting and high

accuracy for monthly probability density distributions of measured wind speed than any other

distribution functions. The Weibull probability density function is expressed as,

( )( ) { ( )}
k−1 k
K V V
F ( v )=¿ exp − (v >0 ; K , C> 0)
C C C

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

Where f(v) is the probability of wind speed, k is shape parameter and c is the scale parameter (in

m/s).

WIND SPEED DATA

For this project, the metropolis of Kano was selected for our wind turbine deployment.

However, ten years wind speed data of Kano city were gotten from Nigeria Metrological

Agency (NIMET) in Knot for the wind data analysis. Conversion was made from knot to m/s

while weekly, monthly and yearly wind average were calculated in m/s.

Average Wind Speed per Months

Month 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

January 7.62 6.72 5.04 6.04 6.79 5.43 5.19 6.26 8.09 7.65

February 4.24 5.69 4.50 5.13 5.99 4.72 4.06 4.33 7.09 7.43

March 7.50 6.97 4.98 5.61 3.87 4.80 3.95 4.23 6.51 6.34
April 5.47 7.18 5.62 6.22 4.70 4.60 4.85 6.10 6.41 6.34

May 5.84 6.99 4.96 5.14 4.81 5.08 6.01 6.34 6.48 6.48

June 6.33 6.58 4.34 5.20 4.80 4.36 5.04 3.31 6.58 6.12

July 5.61 6.60 5.06 5.28 3.34 4.02 3.97 4.60 6.52 6.25

August 6.11 5.43 3.63 3.92 3.80 3.67 2.79 2.67 3.28 3.12

September 4.87 4.66 4.51 3.46 2.61 2.79 3.22 1.78 5.17 4.81

October 4.03 5.44 3.73 2.77 3.42 2.67 4.05 3.53 5.49 6.07

November 6.24 6.55 5.92 5.74 4.54 3.28 5.02 4.54 7.61 6.77

December 7.53 5.09 4.12 6.50 6.62 3.12 5.64 5.81 7.83 6.63

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistical analysis includes calculation of shape parameter, scale parameter and most probable

wind speed for the ten years will be calculation. For estimating shape and scale parameters of

the Weibull distribution, various methods are reported in literature namely least square

regression method.

Weibull factors estimation methods

The Weibull factors were estimated using six different methods.

1. Standard deviation method (STDM)

2. Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM)

3. Maximum Likelihood Method using modified iterative method (MLE-MIM) 

 4. Maximum Likelihood Method using iterative method (MLM-IM)

5. Energy pattern factor method (EPFM)

6. Equivalent energy method (EEM)

In this project, Standard deviation method will be used for our analysis

To get our shape Factor (k);

σ -1.086
k=( )
Vm

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

where k= Shape Factor, σ = Standard Deviation and Vm = Mean velocity

After k, then we find scale factor, to get the scale factor (c);

C 1
0.433 −K
= (0.568+ )
VM k

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

Where c = Scale factor (m/s), V m= Mean of the wind speed.

Standard Deviation for every month

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

2.13511 2.19827 1.78672 2.32496 1.98712 1.62318 1.45553 1.32433 1.25681

Jan 2 6 1.66643 9 4 7 4 9 9 5

2.45154 2.23349 2.13991 2.04078 1.93089 1.58590 1.80565 1.78997 1.38168 1.15825

Feb 9 5 5 9 4 8 3 4 1 2

2.40094 2.00039 2.25942 1.99826 2.26131 1.91270 1.79530 1.56191 1.51377

Mar 4 9 4 5 2 9 1.36349 8 4 5

Apr 2.75025 2.42590 2.52342 1.65090 1.74433 2.36669 2.16851 1.78569 1.26261 1.30534
 7 3 8 6 9 2 7 6 8 5

Ma 1.88090 2.06947 1.86205 2.04039 1.98583 1.96885 1.70808 1.61245 1.15766 1.03669

y 9 1 6 4 8 9 3 6 9 3

1.78782 2.77310 1.55606 1.61740 2.09424 1.85093 1.40648 2.62185 1.13921 1.50462

Jun 4 9 6 4 1 2 3 1 2 7

2.43226 1.86937 1.37305 1.39566 1.61545 1.03545

Jul 2 7 1.87879 1.66933 5 3 1.65993 3 3 0.91575

2.34882 2.43763 1.53711 1.48897 1.37822 1.73042 1.99911 1.86831 1.27392 1.21037

Aug 8 7 3 3 6 5 9 1 4 2

1.70304 1.50842 1.74014 1.68148 2.15162 1.79690 1.10354 1.03085 1.00838

Sep 1.96104 9 6 9 2 1 3 8 8 6

1.81030 1.93371 1.93636 1.87712 1.41650 1.45998 1.46145

Oct 2.46376 1 7 1.91865 4 2.03355 3 6 5 6

1.88995 1.81207 1.69669 1.57587 2.21596 2.45952 2.04731 1.91084 1.13448

Nov 8 2 8 7 6 1 4 4 1.25648 8

1.72943 2.22784 1.78194 2.37796 2.29317 1.76171 1.02186 1.43486 1.29421

Dec 8 7 5 2 3 2 2.38513 9 7 1

Shape and Scale Factors of each Year

Year 2011

Av. Wind Speed Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month (x) Deviation (K) C

January 7.47 2.135 3.89672786 8.24963954

February 4.24 2.452 1.812592148 4.772308868

March 7.5 2.401 3.445169916 8.339696107

April 5.47 2.75 2.110274402 6.178576526

May 5.84 1.881 3.422457943 6.496135793

June 6.33 1.788 3.94687442 6.985530886

July 5.61 2.432 2.478661549 6.324932722

August 6.11 2.349 2.82398118 6.858905406

Septembe

r 4.87 1.961 2.685503886 5.477317701

October 4.03 2.463 1.706989811 4.520904584

November 6.24 1.89 3.658751766 6.915855893

December 7.53 1.729 4.942583118 8.201329481

Average 3.077547333 6.610094459

Year 2012

Av. Wind Speed Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month (x) Deviation (k) C

Jan 6.72 2.198 3.365743078 7.48160941

Feb 5.69 2.233 2.761587244 6.393026431

March 6.97 2 3.880004432 7.699349298

April 7.18 2.426 3.249075037 8.008303314

May 6.99 2.069 3.751339068 7.736245708

June 6.58 2.773 2.555934747 7.412373359

July 6.6 1.869 3.936017428 7.284645174

August 5.43 2.438 2.386019647 6.127169262

Sept 4.66 1.703 2.983788239 5.218883834

Octobe

r 5.44 1.81 3.303858759 6.062389569

Nov 6.55 1.812 4.037181308 7.21888599

Dec 5.09 2.228 2.452785776 5.740124882

Average 3.221944564 6.865250519

Year 13

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor

Month Speed Deviation (k) Scale Factor C

Jan 5.04 1.667 3.325197928 5.614756042

Feb 4.5 2.14 2.241606783 5.082200183

March 4.98 2.259 2.359598109 5.620542011

April 5.62 2.523 2.386335514 6.34154759

May 4.96 1.862 2.897978585 5.561976853

June 4.34 2 3.046431579 4.855881017

July 5.06 1.879 2.932398429 5.671223798

August 3.63 1.537 2.542908741 4.089799686

Sept 4.51 1.508 3.28618393 5.02737458

Octobe

r 3.73 1.933 2.041869575 4.212099612

Nov 5.92 1.697 3.884247481 6.539067305

Dec 4.12 1.782 2.48480673 4.644759032

Average 2.785796949 5.271768976

Year 2014

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Speed Deviation (K) C

Jan 6.04 1.787 3.753175315 6.684640133

Feb 5.13 2.041 2.720808373 5.76703939

March 5.61 1.998 3.068505965 6.274719423

April 6.22 1.651 4.222630072 6.83730638

May 5.14 2.04 2.728020223 5.77771969

June 5.2 1.617 3.555662648 5.772316166

July 5.28 1.669 3.492953935 5.866797727

August 3.92 1.489 2.861178988 4.398120589

Sept 3.46 1.74 2.109600208 3.908198747

Octobe

r 2.77 1.919 1.489750729 3.067867614

Nov 5.74 1.576 4.070354807 6.323170583

Dec 6.5 2.378 2.980285267 7.279943673

Average 3.087743878 5.663153343

Year 2015
 Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Av. Wind Speed Deviation K C

Jan 6.79 2.325 3.202397539 7.578820625

Feb 5.99 1.931 3.419211612 6.663324988

March 3.87 2.261 1.79260126 4.353589638

April 4.7 1.744 2.934801929 5.26754904

May 4.81 1.986 2.613389211 5.414783195

June 4.8 2.094 2.461769078 5.412614367

July 3.34 1.373 2.625901671 3.759373968

August 3.8 1.378 3.008987168 4.254119335

Sept 2.61 1.681 1.612519793 2.915113613

Octobe

r 3.42 1.936 1.855124828 3.853065937

Nov 4.54 2.216 2.179083645 5.128194705

Dec 6.26 2.293 2.976328907 7.011563817

Average 2.556843053 5.134342769

Year 2016

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Speed Deviation K C

Jan 5.43 1.987 2.979543506 6.08162096

Feb 4.72 1.586 3.268675093 5.262902478

March 4.8 1.913 2.71572335 5.396428398

April 4.6 2.367 2.057669864 5.194975965

May 5.08 1.969 2.799091812 5.70467184

June 4.36 1.851 2.53558957 4.912667355

July 4.02 1.396 3.153871026 4.490402976

August 3.67 1.73 2.263128833 4.14444852

Sept 2.79 2.152 1.325743367 3.033919151

Octobe

r 2.67 2.033 1.344479042 2.911066534

Nov 3.28 2.46 1.366732331 3.586591627

Dec 3.12 1.762 1.859899498 3.515416103

Average 2.305845608 4.519592659

Year 2017

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Speed Deviation (K) C

Jan 5.19 1.623 3.533994246 5.763139534

Feb 4.06 1.806 2.410259484 4.580343377

March 3.95 1.363 3.175718115 4.41071604

April 4.85 2.17 2.395081285 5.472296063

May 6.01 1.708 3.920810511 6.634916555

June 5.04 1.406 4.000621866 5.557606306

July 3.97 1.66 2.577799332 4.471074487

August 3.42 1.999 1.791718 3.847265632

Sept 3.22 1.797 1.884049309 3.62973372

Octobe

r 4.05 1.877 2.305228367 4.572574697

Nov 5.02 2.047 2.649050635 5.648676574

Dec 5.64 2.385 2.546459202 6.354145888

Average 2.765899196 5.078540739

Year 2018

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Speed Deviation (K) C

Jan 6.26 1.456 4.874010637 6.823669257

Feb 4.33 1.79 2.609921613 4.874637054

March 4.23 1.795 2.536831625 4.766122999

April 6.1 1.786 3.795988964 6.746715298

May 6.34 1.612 4.424564224 6.950183209

June 3.31 2.622 1.287947329 3.578499366

July 4.6 1.615 3.116589773 5.141237946

August 4.36 1.868 2.510539417 4.91400716

Sept 1.78 1.104 1.679932023 1.994625911

Octobe

r 3.53 1.416 2.696675174 3.969628817

Nov 4.54 1.911 2.559254939 5.114117998

Dec 5.81 1.022 6.601332482 6.225784775

Average 3.224465683 5.091602483

Year 2019

Av. Wind Standard Shape Factor Scale Factor

Month Speed Deviation K C

Jan 8.09 1.324 7.139400456 8.633382

Feb 7.09 1.382 5.904866409 7.64384

March 6.51 1.562 4.712065899 7.110233

April 6.41 1.263 5.836114198 6.915251

May 6.48 1.158 6.489077498 6.950122

June 6.58 1.139 6.717513627 7.044345

July 6.52 1.035 7.379852285 6.946172

August 6.05 1.274 5.429656283 6.553642

Sept 5.17 1.031 5.760389092 5.581605

Octobe

r 5.49 1.46 4.213940166 6.035583

Nov 7.61 1.256 7.074259535 8.124984

Dec 7.83 1.435 6.313702425 8.410531

Average 6.080903156 7.162474

Year 2020

Month Av. Wind Speed Standard Deviation Shape Factor K Scale Fcator C

Jan 7.65 1.257 7.108503916 8.16565315

Feb 7.43 1.158 7.528463623 7.907709721

March 6.34 1.514 4.73644211 6.922464297

April 6.34 1.305 5.565650339 6.858091325

May 6.48 1.037 7.315343554 6.906633244

June 6.12 1.505 4.587830936 6.694759064

July 6.25 0.916 8.048356673 6.630029869

August 5.8 1.21 5.485015875 6.279185587

Sept 4.81 1.008 5.458224759 5.208851184

October 6.07 1.461 4.696050775 6.630987348

Nov 6.77 1.134 6.961607229 7.234166439

Dec 6.63 1.294 5.896619004 7.14846465

Average 6.115675733 6.882249657

Shape and Scale factors for ten years average

How we will find the average of the parameters, from our analysis we just one shape and scale

parameters for the cumulative Weibull distribution function.

Year Shape factors (K) Scale factors C (m/s)

 2011 3.0778 6.6101

2012 3.2219 6.8652

2013 2.7858 5.2718

2014 3.0877 5.6632

2015 2.5568 5.1343

2016 2.3058 4.5196

2017 2.5465 5.0785

2018 3.2245 5.0916

2019 6.0809 7.1625

2020 6.1157 6.8822

2.91695 5.8279

However, our average Shape parameter for the ten years is approximately 2.92 and the average

Scale parameter for the ten years is approximately 5.83m/s. Therefore, we are working with

these values for Turbine selection in in Kano state.

V(m/s) k c k/c v/c (V/C)^k-1 (k/c)(v/c)^k-1 (v/c)^k (-(v/c)^k) Exp f(v)

0.00581 0.99420

1 2.92 5.83 0.500858 0.171527 0.033877892 0.016968001 1 -0.00581 6 0.01687

0.95697

2 2.92 5.83 0.500858 0.343053 0.128201754 0.064210827 0.04398 -0.04398 3 0.061448

 0.14369 0.86615

3 2.92 5.83 0.500858 0.51458 0.279247429 0.139863206 5 -0.1437 2 0.121143

0.33286

4 2.92 5.83 0.500858 0.686106 0.485144998 0.242988575 1 -0.33286 0.71687 0.174191

0.63861 0.52802

5 2.92 5.83 0.500858 0.857633 0.744627006 0.37295212 7 -0.63862 2 0.196927

1.08755 0.33704

6 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.02916 1.056736664 0.529274624 1 -1.08755 1 0.178387

1.70582 0.18162

7 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.200686 1.420707299 0.711572095 4 -1.70582 3 0.129238

2.51924

8 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.372213 1.835900541 0.919524799 6 -2.51925 0.08052 0.07404

3.55333 0.02862

9 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.543739 2.301770358 1.152859253 3 -3.55333 9 0.033005

4.83334

10 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.715266 2.817840293 1.411336819 5 -4.83335 0.00796 0.011234

6.38431 0.00168

11 2.92 5.83 0.500858 1.886792 3.383688149 1.694746037 7 -6.38432 8 0.00286

8.23108 0.00026

12 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.058319 3.998935205 2.002897221 4 -8.23108 6 0.000533

3.05E-

13 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.229846 4.663238322 2.335618508 10.3983 -10.3983 05 7.12E-05

12.9104 2.47E-

14 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.401372 5.376284016 2.692752886 6 -12.9105 06 6.66E-06

1.39E-

15 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.572899 6.13778388 3.074155906 15.7919 -15.7919 07 4.26E-07

19.0668 5.24E-

16 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.744425 6.947470983 3.479693871 2 -19.0668 09 1.82E-08

 19.0668 5.24E-

16 2.92 5.83 0.500858 2.744425 6.947470983 3.479693871 2 -19.0668 09 1.82E-08

26.8932 2.09E-

18 2.92 5.83 0.500858 3.087479 8.710429793 4.362685248 7 -26.8933 12 9.12E-12

31.4925

19 2.92 5.83 0.500858 3.259005 9.663251631 4.839913338 9 -31.4926 2.1E-14 1.02E-13

36.5809

20 2.92 5.83 0.500858 3.430532 10.66335742 5.340823959 9 -36.581 1.3E-16 6.93E-16

Probability density functions of Weibull distributions (F(v))

Future and available wind potential is very important to build of wind energy conversion

system. For this reason, estimation parameter results of distribution are studied monthly.

Optimum model can be chosen according to performance criteria

( )( ) { ( )}
k−1 k
K V V
F ( v )=¿ exp − (v >0 ; K , C> 0)
C C C

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

Estimation of monthly and annual parameters for Kano region are implemented by using

average monthly wind speed data between 2011 and 2020. The Standard Deviation Method was

used for determining Weibull parameters. Below is the Weibull distribution function graph;
 Weibull Distribution Function
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Graph: Weibull distribution function

Selection of Turbine

Base on the wind data analysis, we selected a vertical axis wind turbine with the specifications

below;

Model

Rated Output 300W

Peak Output 310W

Rated voltage 12v AC

Start-up wind speed 2.0 m/s

Cut-in Wind Speed (Vc) 2.5 m/s

Rated Wind Speed (Vr) 8 m/s

Cut-off wind speed (Vf) 45 m/s

Number of blades 10

Rotor Diameter 0.46m

Blade Material Casting aluminum alloy

Generator type 3-phase Maglev with high performance Neodymium Magnet

Generator case Casting aluminum alloy

Net weight 14kg

Tower Connector Flange

Flange Size DN25

Working temperature From -40oC to 60oC

range

Product life 15 years

No. Accessories Qty

1 Main Generator 1
 2 Blades 12pcs

3 Blade shaft 7

4 Shaft 12

5 Blades screw 28

6 Flange screw 4

The probability that the selected wind turbine will work is

{ ( )} { ( )}
k k
Vc Vf
P ( V c <V <V f ) = exp − −exp −
C C

Where;

Vc = Cut-in wind speed

Vf = Cut-off wind speed

C = Scale factor

K = Shape factor

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

After substituting the specifications of the selected turbine, the probability that the turbine will

work is;

{( ) } {( ) }
2.92 2.92
P ( V c <V <V f ) = exp − 2.5 −exp −
45
5.83 5.83

P ( V c <V <V f ) = 0.9190 ≅ 0.92

Therefore, the probability is 92%.

Capacity Factor of the selected wind turbine

Capacity Factor is an indicator of how much energy a particular wind turbine makes in a

particular place.

{ ( )} { ( )} ( )
k k
V V
exp − c −exp − r
C
[ ] C k
Vf
CF = −exp
( ) ( )
Vr k V c k
C
−
C C

Source: Journal for renewable and sustainable energy University of Birmingham

However, after substituting the wind turbine parameters, the capacity factor of the wind turbine

in Kano region is

{( ) } {( ) }
2.92 2.92
2.5 8
exp − −exp −
5.83 5.83
[( ) ]
2.92
CF = 45
−exp
( ) ( ) 5.83
2.92 2.92
8 2.5
−
5.83 5.83

= 0.344.

Therefore, the capacity factor is 34.4%

Based on the capacity factor of 34.4% the total energy gotten from the turbine would be

100 × 12 ×0.95 = 1140 Wh

Solar panel sizing and selection

 2335× 1.25
solar panel capacity = = 583.75W
5

using 180W panels, the number of panels required is given by;

583.75
No. of panels = = 3.25 ≈ 4 panels
180

Table 3.1 Solar Panel Specifications

S/N Characteristic Rating

1 Maximum Power 180W

2 Open Circuit Voltage 24.01V

3 Maximum Voltage 19.71V

4 Short Circuit Current 9.51A

5 Maximum Current 9.13A

6 Dimensions 1480 x 670 x 25mm

Battery sizing and selection

For stability and energy demand during the night, the battery has been sized as follows;

800 ×1.25 ×1
Storage capacity = = 166.67Ah
0.5 ×12

Using a 220Ah tubular battery (DR-2500-XXT) 12V-220Ah @ C20 at 27 ⸰C, the number of

batteries required is given by;

116.67
No. of Batteries = = 0.76 ≈ 1 battery
220
Inverter selection

Based on the total power requirement of the system (615W), 1kW inverter with the following

specifications was selected;

Table: Inverter specifications

Max. continuous load 800W

Inverter output AC220V

Charger power input AC 160V – AC 260V

Charging current 0-15A

CHAPTER 4

4.0 Introduction

After selecting the best position to mount the system, the system was tested and results were

gotten for wind turbine and the solar panel. The results are presented in this chapter and

subsequently discussed. Graphs have also been included to put the relationships between relevant

variables in perspective.

4.1 Wind turbine Testing

This section provides the result obtained when the wind turbine was tested. To get the wind

speed at any given time, an anemometer was used. Also, to get the output current corresponding

to a particular wind speed, a digital multi-meter was used to measure the current generated by the

wind turbine for each wind speed based on a known load. Subsequently, the power output of the

wind turbine was calculated for each of the wind speed measurements recorded. These results

were taken at ten minutes intervals for thirty minutes. To enhance better analysis, the

measurements were taken in the morning, afternoon and evening. Having the system voltage to

be 12V and applying a load of 100W, the output currents over different wind speeds were

calculated using the relations below;

P=I×V

Where;
P: power (Watts)
I: current (Amps)
V: voltage (volts)
The results of this measurements are presented in table below;

Time Wind Speed (m/s) Output current (A) Power (W)

7:20 am 2.24 0.23 2.76

7:30 am 1.22 0.06 0.72

7:40 am 3.82 0.86 10.32

7:50 am 2.76 0.52 6.24

8:00 am 2.12 0.27 3.24

 Time Wind Speed (m/s) Output current (A) Power (W)

1:20 pm 1.12 0.02 0.24

1:30 pm 2.04 0.26 3.12

1:40 pm 1.86 0.25 3.00

1:50 pm 2.43 0.43 5.16

2:00 pm 2.15 0.39 4.68

Time Wind Speed (m/s) Output current (A) Power (W)

6:00 pm 3.16 0.63 7.56

6:10 pm 4.02 1.46 17.52

6:20 pm 3.96 1.23 14.76

6:30 pm 4.25 2.42 29.04

6:40 pm 3.56 0.72 8.64

 The Graph of Power output against Wind
speed
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
 The Graph of wind speed against time
12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12