Related Literature

1.

on Pili Production

Prepare
d By:
JODIE A.
LLAMASARE
S:
Submitt
ed to:
DR. MILAGROS S. ESPARRAGO
PROFESSOR
 2. 1.TITLE: Demographic Evaluation of Pili Farmers and Their Production
Capacity in Bicol Region, Philippines

The Philippines is well-known for its extensive plantations, which are home to
one of the most valuable crops, the Pili nut. A research was carried out to examine
the demographics and production capacity of 192 Pili farmers from chosen provinces
in the Bicol area of the Philippines. To collect data, a structured interview, focused
group discussion, and key informant survey were employed in conjunction with a
purposeful sampling strategy. According to the study's findings, demographic
indicators like as gender, age, educational level, income, and family structure are
critical in understanding Pili farmers' production capability. Pili production is often
successful, with farmers receiving a high financial return of 127%. There are enough
farm areas in the region where farmers may cultivate Pili to meet local and global
demand for this high-value commodity. The financial security and income of Pili
major stakeholders can be increased with careful attention and investment in
manufacturing operations. The government's essential support and assistance,
particularly from local government entities, is critical to ensuring the Pili industry's
bright future. Similarly, in order to increase overall sector revenue and household
income of Pili farmers, it is necessary to fulfill the critical demands of farmers not just
in the production process but also in the numerous linkages along the supply chain.
As a result, the country will have a more vibrant, sustainable, and competitive Pili
sector.

2.Title: Assessment of Shellac and Lemongrass Oil Blend as Edible Coating to

Prolong Shelf Life of Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum)

The shelf life of ground and tree nuts is frequently determined by their visual appeal, nut
integrity, color, and, most significantly, taste and edibleness. Nuts with a high amount of
rancidity and free fatty acids due to oil degradation indicate expiration or decomposition.
We created a shellac-lemongrass oil blend covering with food-grade components and
tested its ability to enhance the shelf life of Pili nut (Canarium ovatum) kernels. With
different numbers of layers, a glossy, rigid but brittle coating for pili kernels was created.
The average mass of coating applied every dip is 0.10 g, and the thickness of 5-layers
of coating is 0.3 mm.

The obtained reflectance spectra of the coated pili kernels suggested that the coating
was translucent, but that it became opaque as the number of layers grew. At 10 days
following coating application, peroxide value (PV) and free fatty acid value (FFAV) were
also assessed. The nuts with 5 coating layers had the lowest PV, however this
treatment had no effect on FFAV. These findings suggest that our coatings are effective
at preventing peroxide creation, most likely by preventing oxygen penetration and UV
exposure, both of which are critical triggers for the production of peroxide and other free
radicals. More studies and time-series investigations are being planned to evaluate the
dynamics of peroxide levels as well as the overall potential of our coating method for Pili
nut.

3.Usability Heuristics and Explicit Analysis of UI Design for Optimum User

Experience: The Case of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) Information System and
Marketplace

The complexities and dynamics of any software development project are

regarded as dominant characteristics that influence its outcome. However, employing
accepted software development principles and standards explicitly increases the
likelihood of success. This study describes the outcomes of work in the design and
development of the Comprehensive Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) Information System
and Marketplace, focusing on user experiences. The Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) supported this initiative with the goal of creating a dynamic web of
knowledge for the Pili industry, thereby solving the scarcity of easily accessible Pili
information. The development approach adheres strictly to the PiliIS and Marketplace
Software Development Paradigm - researchers created software development
procedures using Agile software development concepts. This paradigm enables explicit
conformity with ISO/IEC 25010 requirements. An internal review team was hired to
examine the user interface and judge its conformity with accepted usability criteria. A
wide set of stakeholders evaluated the system using Jakob Nielsen's interface design
principles. Stakeholders rated the generated software as "highly usable," "highly
acceptable," and "highly reliable," with average ratings of 94.65%, 93.71%, and 93.53%,
respectively, for conforming to these highly recognized software quality standards and
adhering to the researchers' paradigm. Additionally, the system was certified "excellent"
by the Philippine Pili Industry League, Inc. (PhilPili). Given the paucity of research on
the development and evaluation of information systems designed to assist the country's
marginalized sectors, this study sheds light on the software quality principles and
competencies as universal standards that promote favorable customer satisfaction and
optimal user experience.

4.Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using immobilized titania in activated

carbon from Canarium ovatum Engl. nut shell
Titania (TiO2) immobilized in activated carbon derived from charred Canarium ovatum
Engl. was used in the present study to determine the photocatalytic treatment of phenol
in an aqueous medium. nutshell through bubble statement strategy. Composite dose,
illumination time, introductory phenol focus, and pH were fluctuated to examine how
percent corruption of phenol would answer. The examination showed that among all
boundaries, just pH has a tremendous impact to the photocatalytic corruption of phenol,
wherein debasement increments as pH esteem diminishes. Also, Plan Expert® showed
that 90.437% phenol corruption will be accomplished utilizing ideal qualities.
Wastewater is characterized as released water that contains squander from modern,
business, and private sources. These wastewaters, to a great extent produced by
enormous businesses like processing plants, are legally necessary to be blessed to
receive eliminate poisons before release. Wastewater can have an impact on the
ecosystem, which includes humans, animals, and plants, if it is not properly handled.
Damage to ecosystems, nutrient contamination of water sources, prohibitions on
outdoor water use, aquatic agriculture prohibitions, and degradation of drinking water
are examples of negative consequences. Phenol is one of the need contaminations
recorded by the US Natural Insurances Organization. Phenol is a colorless, crystalline
substance with a distinctive odor that is soluble in organic solvents and water. As
poison, it is by and large found on modern emanating release delivered to waterways
because of its production. Different wellsprings of phenol incorporate natural
combination, creation of phenolic pitches and oil based goods, burning of wood, and car
fumes. The standard method for recovering phenol from wastewater is separation
through liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). For convergences of 1000mg/L above, LLE
showed 70% - 90% extraction with shifting solvents. Since LLE just isolates phenol from
the water, phenol will take on one more type of contamination while possibly not
appropriately dealt with. Subsequently, obliteration techniques, for example,
photocatalysis, is possibly better over the long haul. Titania, synthetically called titanium
dioxide (TiO2), is known for its extensive variety of use. It has been generally explored
in the space of surface science and is considered to give bits of knowledge into surface
properties. TiO2 is a photocatalyst that does a good job of breaking down organic
material and breaking down water. For photocatalytic degradation of toxic contaminants,
composites like carbon-TiO2 have received very little attention, despite the fact that the
majority of experiments focus on the modification and effectiveness of TiO2. However, it
has been demonstrated that activated carbon and TiO2 may work together to enhance
organic contaminants' photodegradation. Canarium ovatum Engl., referred to in the
Philippines as Pili tree, is a solid rainforest native to the country. The tree bears a
consumable nut which is safeguarded in a thick and extremely hard pointed shell,
shrouded thusly with a thick dark skin when ready. The shell houses a solitary, sweet bit
that is slim with a length and width of 6.35 cm and 1.91 cm individually. The nutshell,
being a waste material in pili nut handling has not been completely concentrated
consequently this review. Through this review, utilizing disposed of result Canarium
ovatum Engl. shells as a source of activated carbon that is used in the TiO2 – activated
carbon composite to treat phenol would open the door to using newer technologies in
waste water treatment that might be cheaper and better for the environment. Besides,
this study will explore the impact of composite measurement, light time, beginning
phenol fixation, and pH in the treatment of phenol box photocatalytic corruption.

5.Philippine Pili (Canarium ovatum, Engl.) varieties as source of

essential minerals and trace elements in human nutrition

Full scale and miniature mineral profiles as well as likely poisonous metals of
both mash and portion of seven Pili nut (Canarium ovatum) assortments were laid out.
In addition, an in vitro method that simulated the gastric and intestinal conditions was
used to evaluate bioavailability. Measurement was finished utilizing Microwave Plasma-
Nuclear Outflow Spectrometry. K and Ca are the primary macrominerals found in pulp,
while the kernel contains K, P, and Mg. Pili nut likewise contains Na, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cu,
Ni, and Cr. Similar to toxic Pb and Cd, potential antioxidant Se is below the
quantification limit. Bioavailability of the mash's and the part's minerals in the small
digestive system is high for Mg (mash: 75.8-90.3%, portion: 54.4-61.2%) and Ca (mash:
15.8-40.9%, portion: 13.7–22.5%). After colonic aging of Pili nut bit, considerable
measures of Mg > Ca > Cu > Mn were as yet accessible for retention. Fe and Zn are not
distinguished in the digestive organ due maybe to a raised phytic corrosive. Tannic
corrosive is higher in mash. Some established parameters showed significant variations
that could be attributed to differences between varieties. The Pili nut is a wellspring of a
few fundamental minerals that are bioavailable for human sustenance.
There are approximately 75 known species of Canarium, nine of which are
endemic to the Philippines and four of the genus that are significant to the economy: C.
ovatum, C. indicum, C. collection and C. luzonicum (Coronel, 1996). According to
Coronal (1996), the Pili nut, or C. ovatum, is the most important species of nut-
producing tree in the country due to its high economic potential. Bicol area is the focal
point of hereditary variety of the tree nut and known as the significant maker of Pili items
in the nearby and global business sectors. Pili nut is one of the natural product crops
that are enlisted under the Public Seed Industry Committee (NSIC). The vast majority of
the enlisted assortments are being developed under a similar field condition at Albay
Innovative work Community situated in Buang, Tabaco city. Various Pili nut tests were
gathered from the various regions of Albay and established in the station and assessed
for development. The Pili nut tree that outperforms the standard is qualified as
assortment. The assortments that are advanced and spread in the station are: ( M.
Orolfo) NSIC 1999 Pl-01; Magnaye) NSIC 1999 Pl-02; Laysa) NSIC 1999 Pl-03;
Lanuza) NSIC 2000 Pl-0; Magayon) NSIC 2000 Pl-05; Mayon#1) NSIC 2003 Pl-06; and
Orbase) NSIC 2012 Pl-12 (NSIC, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2012). From a different report
directed by similar creators of this review, DNA sub-atomic verification showed that the
assortments have a place with the sort Canarium ovatum. Huge contrasts were seen on
a few actual qualities, however the assortments nearly have similar profiles. The
distinctions altogether lied on the focus in general and unsaturated fat profiles that are
ascribed to their unmistakable assortment (Millena and Sagum, 2018).
Due to its high economic value, the most valuable component of the fruit is the pili nut
kernel. Beside the normally realized tree nut piece, send out items got from Pili nut
portion, for example, cakes, confectionaries and entire part is currently arising in the
neighborhood and global business sectors. Oil from Pili nut portion is viewed as wealthy
in monounsaturated unsaturated fat (MUFA). Significant parts of Pili nut portion
triacylglycerol in diminishing focus are: oleic > palmitic > linoleic > stearic corrosive
(Pham and Dumandan, 2015; Zarinah and other, Zarinah et al., 2014a, 2014b; Kakuda
et al., 2000). Beside piece, Pili mash is likewise a palatable piece of the natural product
that is consumed by local people yet ordinarily disposed of as a result during handling.
Pili nut mash same as other canarium species contains a decent wellspring of oil (Bite
et al., 2011; Pham and Dumandan, 2015; Azlan et al., 2010). When compared to the
kernel, the profile of Pili pulp oil has a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids.
Mash oil is similar with olive oil and can be utilized as an option in salad dressing and
other application in food handling (Pham and Dumandan, 2016). A new use for pili pulp
is in the food industry. Pili pomace or the buildup in the wake of extricating oil from the
mash is a magnificent wellspring of dietary fiber and a possible wellspring of
bioavailable phenolic cell reinforcement (Fields and Trinidad, 2017).
Among the plant-determined food sources, nuts and seeds are among the great
wellsprings of minerals. Full scale minerals, for example, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, phosphorus and other fundamental miniature minerals like iron, copper, zinc,
chromium, selenium and a lot more go about as cofactors for some metabolic and
physiological capabilities (Moreda-Piñeiro et al., 2016; Kafaoglu and other, 2016). It is
common knowledge that each mineral plays a unique role in preserving body
homeostasis. Minerals play a crucial role in the absorption of vitamins and production of
energy. Utilization of food varieties that incorporate nuts, can contribute important
minerals expected by our body (Gupta and Gupta, 2014). Nuts contain an exceptionally
insignificant measure of sodium, which can keep risk from cardiovascular related
sicknesses (Segura et al., 2008). Inorganic minerals additionally go through processing
preceding ingestion very much like macronutrients like sugars, protein and fats. It isn't
sufficient to quantify just the aggregate sum of essential particles in food on the grounds
that how much minerals that are accessible for retention is of principal significance. To
obtain a reliable approximation comparable to the more difficult in vivo method, several
in vitro methods were developed to simulate gastric, small, and large intestine
conditions (Trinidad et al., 1996a, Trinidad et al., 1996b; McBurney and Thompson,
1989). Late examinations involving in vitro strategy for various food grids are
additionally accessible (Da Siva et al., 2015; Trinidad and other, 2014; Fu and Cui,
2013; Kafaoglu and other, 2016).
The confined information open on the Pili nut hampers the full utilization of battling in
the overall market potential. Using its various components, the natural product can be
described in numerous ways. The unsaturated fat profile of Pili nut and mash has been
the subject of a few previous studies; however, there is a lack of information regarding
the mineral bioavailability of the nut. A fundamental and crucial step in demonstrating
the quality of the Pili nut is comprehending its mineral commitment. This study will work
on the availability of intelligent data to fill the data opening on the natural item's mineral
association and availability when eaten as food. Due to the higher commercial value of
the processed kernel, the country's Pili nut industry could benefit from an increase in
industrial use of Pili nut crop varieties. Through in vitro gastrointestinal assimilation, the
primary objective of this study is to investigate the mineral components and
bioavailability of Pili nut parts, as well as its contribution to people's daily health
requirements. The confined information open on the Pili nut hampers the full utilization
of battling in the overall market potential. Using its various components, the natural
product can be described in numerous ways. The unsaturated fat profile of Pili nut and
mash has been the subject of a few previous studies; however, there is a lack of
information regarding the mineral bioavailability of the nut. A fundamental and crucial
step in demonstrating the quality of the Pili nut is comprehending its mineral
commitment. This study will work on the availability of intelligent data to fill the data
opening on the natural item's mineral association and availability when eaten as food.
Due to the higher commercial value of the processed kernel, the country's Pili nut
industry could benefit from an increase in industrial use of Pili nut crop varieties.
Through in vitro gastrointestinal assimilation, the primary objective of this study is to
investigate the mineral components and bioavailability of Pili nut parts, as well as its
contribution to people's daily health requirements.

6. Canarium Ovatum Recognition utilizing Mask R-CNN and Lightweight

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Canarium Ovatum, regularly known as Pili Tree in the Philippines, was known for its true
capacity for food creation and other usage prospects. Pili was broadly filled in enormous
regions since they developed taller and required sufficient dividing for their crown
distance across. These Pili trees are currently being monitored and inventoried
manually, which is costly and time-consuming. On the other hand, the widespread
application of Remote Sensing technology to forestry and agriculture is currently taking
place. Nonetheless, albeit dependable and practical, this innovation is as yet costly for
commonplace usage. This study investigates the presentation of the Veil R-CNN model
on orthomosaic information got from a light Automated Flying Vehicle (UAV). To
accomplish this, a Veil R-CNN model was prepared utilizing the preparation datasets
from the pre-handled orthomosaic got utilizing a DJI Flash, its underlying camera, and
Pix4D. A framework UI was likewise evolved to work with the stacking of the information
and approve the model's exhibition. The data from splitting the orthomosaic and
comparing it to the ground-the-truth data were then used to confirm the model's initial
output. Involving the created interface in python, the model can perceive the Pili tree
with a precision of 89% and a f1-score of 0.9231.

7. Bioactive Compounds of Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.)

Pili (Canarium ovatum) is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines where its focal
point of hereditary variety is situated in the Bicol Locale. As a nut, Canarium ovatum is
viewed as the evaluated ware, and it is many times utilized in the sweet shop industry.
The mash, which is completely disposed of as waste, contains significant amounts of
bioactive mixtures present in the mash feast as well as in the oil. This section portrays
the portrayal of the multitude of parts of Canarium ovatum organic product as wellspring
of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive mixtures with high cell reinforcement usefulness.
The double-dealing of this underutilized natural product gives an extraordinary expected
wellspring of phytochemicals cell reinforcements functionalities.

8. Technical Report on the notification of nuts of Canarium

ovatum Engl. as a traditional food from a third country
pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283

A warning from DOMENICODELUCIA SPA (Italy) was submitted to the European

Commission under Article 14 of Guideline (EU) 2015/2283 to put available nuts of
Canarium ovatum Engl. as a conventional food from a third nation (TF). The European
Commission asked EFSA, in accordance with Article 15(2) of that Regulation, if there
were legitimate safety concerns that prevented the TF from being sold in the European
Union. The TF is made up of Canarium ovatum Engl. nuts. that, as per the candidate,
have been consumed for over 25 years in the Philippines. It is proposed that the TF be
sold in the European Union dried and without the shells, which must be removed before
eating. The EFSA believes that the TF's composition and usage history do not raise
safety concerns. Taking into account the accessible information, EFSA doesn't mention
security criticisms regarding the putting available of the TF (nuts of Canarium ovatum
Engl.) inside the EU.

9. Extraction, Profiling, and Characterization of Phytosterols and

Triterpenoids from Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl.) Pulp Oil Exhibiting

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties

Pili (Canarium ovatum Engl. ), an indigenous tree found in the Philippines, is well-known
for its fruit due to its great economic worth. The pulp is frequently thrown as trash during
processing, despite the fact that it contains significant quantities of oil and bioactive
minor lipid components. The current work investigated the antioxidant and antibacterial
capabilities of pili pulp oil saponified diethyl ether extract and linked this activity to the
type of chemicals contained in the extract using GCMS. The extract revealed the elution
of 18 main chemicals, the majority of which are cyclic triterpenic (-and -amyrin,
lupenone, and -amyrone) and phytosterol (-sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol)
in nature. The extract's bioactivity was characterized by strong antioxidant activities
evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging (EC50: 74.45 1.29 g/mL) and lipid peroxidation
inhibition (EC50: 3.02 ± 0.06 μg/mL) activities that were comparable with that of α-
tocopherol. Moreover, an observed bactericidal activity was demonstrated by the extract
against E. coli and S. typhi with MIC
Canarium ovatum Engl., privately known as pili, is a native tree ordinarily found in
the Philippines which is developed for its eatable natural product. Pili nut piece is the
most significant piece of the natural product because of its high monetary worth
attributable to its rising seriousness in the worldwide candy parlors market. The pulp of
pili nuts is frequently discarded as waste during processing, despite the fact that it
contains significant amounts of oil and important minor lipid species like carotenoids,
phytosterols, and tocopherols. Due to their bioactivity, which is crucial for the creation of
high-value products, these nutritionally advantageous minor lipid compounds have
attracted a lot of attention.
Antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds are important in the food industry
because bacterial growth and lipid oxidation are the primary causes of food quality loss
and shelf-life degradation. Synthetic additives such as BHA/BHT are frequently added
to food goods to reduce lipid oxidation and microbiological development and to improve
shelf-life. However, a shift to naturally derived chemicals has been seen and is
increasingly being pursued by many industries due to the potential negative
consequences of long-term exposure to synthetic compounds. Phytosterols, as well as
other cyclic triterpenes that make up the majority of unsaponifiable fractions of seed
oils, are known to have a variety of bioactive properties that have implications for
human health, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, cholesterol-

lowering, and anticarcinogenic properties. Triterpenoid extracts high in lupeol, betulinic

acid, and amyrin, on the other hand, have been demonstrated to limit the development
of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, notably methicillin-resistantS. E. aureus. Amoussa et
al. and Nzogong et al investigate P. faecalis and P. aeruginosa. Phenolic chemicals
have been demonstrated to bind to extracellular soluble proteins of the microbial cell
wall, inhibiting microbial growth and/or causing oxidative damage.

As a result, the present investigation looked into the possibility that pili pulp oil's
minor lipid components could be a source of phytosterols and cyclic triterpenoids that
have antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The interest in these normally determined
accumulates isn't simply because of their organic movement yet additionally to augment
the financial capability of pili mash oil.
10. Fungal endophytes across tissue layers of Canarium ovatum
(Burseraceae) fruit

Canarium ovatum (Burseraceae) fruit fungal endophytes, which are locally

referred to as pili, were isolated, characterized, and identified. After being surface
sterilized, Exo/Mesocarp, Endocarp, and kernel tissue samples were plated on potato
dextrose agar and incubated for seven to ten days. After being transferred to agar
slants, each colony was grown for seven days at 25–30 °C. Morphological
characteristics, supported by existing keys, and molecular sequencing of the ITS were
used in the identification process. Fifteen parasites were recognized, four of which were
meiosporic ascomycetes while the rest were mitosporic organisms. Fusarium
oxysporum was the most elevated supporter of the endophyte local area. From the peel
to the kernel, the number of fungal endophytes decreased; comparability records were
higher with neighboring tissues than with strip piece. In all three tissue types, only
Aspergillus aculeatus and Aspergillus tubingensis were found. All detaches, aside from
Talaromyces atroroseus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, are accounted for to be
microorganisms of many yields. Because no fungal disease of the pili fruit was recorded
or observed in the samples used in this study, all of the isolates were categorized as
endophytic.
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