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SALADO

Activity 1: MAJOR TYPES OF TESTS and TESTS IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Major Type of Test Definition Brief Description of the Test Norm Group Test
Name of Tests Developer/Publisher
(No. of Items, Subtest, etc) Reliability Validity
(Link)

Test used to determine a The Binet-Simon Scale was the

person’s level of first version of the Standford-
Binet and was developed in
intelligence by measuring
1905 by Alfred Binet and
Cognitive his or her ability to solve
problems, form concepts,
Theodore Simon. The scale
contained 30 tasks that were
Abilities reason, acquire detail, and
perform other intellectual
arranged in ascending order of
difficulty and focused primarily
tasks. It comprises mental, on verbal and scholastic skills.
verbal, and performance
tasks of graded difficulty
that have been The most popular version of the
Binet-Simon Scale was
standardized by use on a
developed by Lewis Terman and
representative sample of since its initial publication in
the population. 1916 the scale has been revised
several times.

It's age range is 2:0 to 85+ and it

1. Stanford-Binet was designed not only as a
measure of general cognitive
Intelligence Scale ability but also to assist in
psychoeducational evaluation,
the diagnosis of developmental
disabilities and exceptionalities
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and forensic, career,

neuropsychological, and early
childhood assessment.

The development of SB5 was

based on a hierarchical g
(general mental ability) model
that incorporates five cognitive
factors derived from Cattel-Horn-
Carroll theory of cognitive
abilities.

The original Wechsler-Bellevue /

Intelligence Scale was
developed by David Wechsler as
a method for assessing the
intellectual ability of older
adolescents and adults. The
current version of the test, the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale Fourth Edition was
published in 2008 and its age
range is 16:0 through 90:11.
2. (WAIS IV)
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Test The test view intelligence as a
global ability comprised of
numerous interellated functions
that allow the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally
and to deal effectively with
his/her environment.

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The test provides a Full Scale IQ

(FSIQ), scour on four indexes
and scores on 10 core and five
supplemental subtests.

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale

aims to assess the intellectual
ability of children in the age
range 6:0 – 16:11. It is the most
widely used individual
intelligence test for children,
having displaced the Standford-
Binet from its lofty position.

3. (WISC)Wechsler
Intelligence Test In comparison to its
for Children predecessors, WISC-IV is more
closely based on neurocognitive
models of information processing
and measures six of the Cattell-
Horn-Carrol cognitive abilities
namely fluid intelligence,
crystallized intelligence, visual
processing, short-term memory,
processing speed and
quantitative knowledge.

Primary Index Scales:

• Verbal Comprehension Index

(VCI)

• Visual Spatial Index (VSI)

• Working Memory Index (WMI) •

Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI)

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• Processing Speed Index (PSI)

Ancillary Index Scales:

• Quantitative Reasoning Index

(QRI)

• Auditory Working Memory Index

(AWMI)

• Nonverbal Index (NVI)

• General Ability Index (GAI)

• Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI)

• Expanded Index Scores - Verbal

(Expanded Crystallized) Index (VECI)
and Expanded Fluid-3 Index (EFI-3)

Complementary Index Scales:

• Naming Speed Index (NSI)

• Symbol Translation Index (STI) •

Storage and Retrieval Index (SRI)

The PPVT-4 The PPVT-4 PPVT norms are

manual provides manual based on samples
PPVT-4 is an excellent example an excellent attay addresses of 60-200 cases
of a brief, simple test of mental of reliability data. content, per age group for
abilities. It evaluates They include two construct, and 28 age groups from
“comprehension of the spoken types of internal criterion related 2:6 – 2:7 to 81-
word in standard English and consistency vaidity, the later 90+years, for a
thus is a measure of the (split-half and category total of 3,540
examinees’ achievement in alpha), alternate receiving by far cases. Cases were
acquiring vocabulary. form, and test the most selected to be
attention. Most representative of

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4. (PPVT-4) retest. of the criterion

related studies
the US population
in terms of age ,
Peabody Picture The test consists of 228 items. In
each items, the examiner reads
report gender, geographic
correlations region, ethnicitym
Vocabulary Test a single word. The examine Internal
consistency and between PPVT socio-economic
selects form among four pictures and other test of status and
the one that best represents the alternate form
reliabilities for the mental ability. education level.
word.
various age
groups are nearly
all in the PPVT also
mid-.90s, with correlate with
means of .94-.97. the lengthier
measures of
Intelligence.On
Alternate form average, the
reliabilities range correlations are
from .87 - .93. very high.
Overall, reliability Although results
data for PPVT-4 vary across the
are extensive and dozens of
favorable. criterion-related
validity studies,
it is not unusual
to find PPVT
correlations
of .80 with such
measures as the
Wechsler VIQ or
the Stanford-
Binet
Composite.

Kaufman Test consist of the KABC has been KABC has been The KABC has
Kaufman Assessment Battery for shown to have shown by been standardized
Children, Second Edition (KABC- high test-retest numerous on a large and
II). The KABC-II is a measure of reliability, validity studies diverse sample of
cognitive ability for children ages indicating that to have children ensuring
3:0 through 8:11and was scores are stable construct that the test is
designed to be a culture- fair test validity, which appropriate doe
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by minimizing verbal instructions over time. means that it use with a wide
and responses. measures the range of
cognitive individuals. The
Internal abilities it is test was
It provides scores on five scales: consistency designed to standardized using
Simultaneous, Sequential, reliability is also measure. nationally
Planning, Learning, and high, which representative
5. Kaufman Knowledge. means that the samples, which
different subtests The test battery means that it is
Assessment of KABC also tested to appropriate for use
Battery for Interpretation of scores can be measure the have high with children from
different regions of
same underlying criterion related
Children (KABC) based on one of two models: the
Cattel-Horn-Caroll (CHC) model construct of validity which the country.
of cognitive abilities or Lurias cognitive ability. means that it is
neuropsychological processing able to predict
model. important
outcomes such
as academic
achievement.

any norm-referenced SAT10 is a. vast system of .

standardized test
intended to measure an
1. Stanford
individual’s current level
of skill or knowledge in a
given subject. Often the
distinction is made that
achievement tests
emphasize ability
Achievement acquired through formal
Test learning or training.
measures rather than a single
test which features learning
Achievement areas designed for different
levels and different grades such
Test 10th as Reading Comprehension,
Edition Vocabulary, Word Analysis,
Mathematics, Language Skills,
Spelling, Science, Social
Studies.
A typical subtest of SAT10
contains about 40 items to be
administered in 35 items.
Subtests are aggregated into
area totals that typically have 75-
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100 items.

SAT10 offers almost every type

of derived score such as
percentile ranks, stanines,
scaled scores, grade equivalents
and normal curve equivalents.

2. Collegiate CAAP is a standardized test Studies have

designed to assess the general shown that the
Assessment education skills of college CAAP has high
of Academic students. It measures knowledge levels of internal
Proficiency and skills in various subject consistency, with
areas, including writing, Cronback’s alpha
(CAAP) mathematics, critical thinking, coefficient
and science. ranging from 0.75
to 0.91 across
different test
sections.

3. Basic BASI 2 is a series of norm- Specific reliability Specific validity The specifics of the
referenced and formative coefficients can coefficients can norm sample can
Achievement achievement assessments that be in its manual. be in its manual. be in the test’s
Skills Survey inform learning and guide manual.
–2 instruction conveniently in group,
individual, or self-administration
(BASI 2) modes.

It is designed for use with

students ages 8-18 years old
and adults up to age 80. Math
and verbal skills are assessed
and can be administered

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together or independently.

The BASI-2 Survey can be

administered in 25 minutes for
each of the Math Skills and
Verbal Skills area.

4. Wechsler Includes 16 subtest in such The WIAT has The WIAT has
areas as Word Reading, Essay demonstrated shown to have
Individual Composition, Spelling, and Math high levels of strong evidence
Achievement Fluency- Addition, and eight internal of validity
Test (WIAT) composite scores in such areas consistency through various
as Oral Language, Written reliability with studies,
Expression, Basic Reading, coefficient alpha including
Mathematics, And Total values ranging content validity,
Achievement. from .85 to .97 for criterion-related
various subtests. validity, and
Test-retest construct
The test provides norms for ages reliability validity.
4-51 years. The principal goal of coefficients have
the WIAT is to investigate ability- been reported to
achievement and differences range from .75 The test has
among subtest scores. to .95. been found to
ne highly
correlated with
other measures
of academic
achievement
such as
Woodcock-
Johnson Test of
Achievement,
and has been
shown to be
sensitive to
differences in
academic

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Objective Personality
Tests present examinees
with multiple-choice
questions or other
Objective unambiguous stimuli and
are often self-report
Personality measures.
Tests
1. Minnesota
The defining characteristic
of an objective personality
Test is its use of a
selected response format.
Also it is typically has
short statements for item
stems.
Objective personality tests
find practical application
in a wide variety of areas,
including counseling,
personnel and research
work.
Objective personality test
can be classified into
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achievement
across different
groups, such as
age, gender,
and ethnicity.
The original MMPI was
developed as a method for
deriving psychiatric diagnoses,
and an empirical criterion keying
strategy was used to construct
the test’s original clinical scales.
The original MMPI contained 566
statements to which the
Multiphasic examinee answered either “
Personality true”, “false” or cannot say” and
Inventory provided scores on 10 clinical
( MMPI) scales.
The MMPI-2 provides scores on
the original clinical and vadility
scales, additional validity scales,
and a number of content scales
and sub scales. While the
original clinic scales were
developed on the basis of
empirical criterion keying, the
new content scales were derived
from a rational analysis, which
entailed first selecting items on
the basis of their content and
then including in a scale those
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comprehensive items that had correlation of .50

inventories and specific or above with the total score and
domain test. Some tests low correlations with total scores
focus on normal on other scales.
personality traits while
others focus on abnormal 2. 16 Moderate to good Validity studies
reliability have conducted have
characteristics, especially Personality Cattell’s Sixteen Personality been reported for supported
pathological conditions.
Factor Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) the 16PF. Based construct
was constructed on the basis of
Inventory factor analysis, which identified
in a sample of validity. The
10,261 test’s applied
(16PF) 16 primary personality traits. individuals. validity to
counseling,
career
One method for interpreting the Internal development,
16 PF compare the examinee’s consistenct personality
profile with the profiles reliabilities are on assessment and
associated with specific groups. average .76 for clinical problems
(deliquents, neurotics, workers in the primary has been
various occupations) scales and a supported.
range of .68
to .87 for all 16
The most recent version of the scales. The 16 PF is an
test (5th Edition) contains 185 established
multiple choice items and instrument
provides scores on 16 primary receiving
scales, 5 global scales, and thousands of
three response bias (validity Test-retest publications and
scales) reliabilities over a qualified
2 week period recommendation
showed scores .
ranging
from .56- .79.
This data can be
found and
supported in the
16 PF 5th Edition
Manual by Conn

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Projective personality
tests differ in terms of
content, format and
interpretation compared to
objective test they all
share several
characteristics on
measuring personality.
First, their use is based
on the assumption that
ambiguous and
unstructured stimuli can
elicit meaningful
information about ab
examinee’s personality
and underlying conflicts.
This assumption is
referred to as the
projective hypothesis.
Second, projective tests
Projective are generally less
Tests susceptible than
structured tests to “faking”
and response sets.
Third, while structured
test typically identify
specific “surface” aspects
of personality, projective
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& Rieke.
The test grew out of Hermann
Rorschach’s belief that the way a
person interprets an inkblot
reveals something about his/her
mental state. It consists of 10
cards, each containing a
bilaterally symmetrical inkblot
printed on a white background.
Five of the inkblots are black and
grey, two contains areas of
1. Rorschach bright red and three contain
several pastel colors. The test
Inkblot Test can be administered to people
ages 2 and older.
Analysis of
existing data
TAT is a widely used projective reveals that the
test for the assessment of
study of specific
children and adults. It is variables, such
2. Thematic designed to reveal an as the
Apperception individual’s perception of achievement
Test (TAT) interpersonal relationships.
need, produces
respectably high
reliability figures.
TAT was introduced in 1935 by Test-retest
Christina Murray and Henry reliabilities
Murray of Harvard University. It appear to
is based on Murray’s theory, fluctuate,
which distinguishes 28 human however, and to
needs, including the needs for diminish as the
sex, affiliation, and dominance. interval between
two testing
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tests tend to reveal more sessions

unconscious, global increases.
aspects. TAT is more structured and less
ambiguous than the Rorschach.
It consists of pictures that depict
a variety of scenes. There are 30 The median test-
pictures and one blank card. retest correlation
across studies is
only
approximately .30
Specific cards are designed for
male subjects, other for
female .Some of the cards are
appropriate for older people,
other for young ones.

The test is useful as part of a

comprehensive study of
personality and in the
interpretation of behavior
disorders, psychosomatic
illnesses, neuroses, and
psychoses.

3. Word The use of word association The validity of In the first attempt
tests dates back to Galton ad WAT has been to standardize word
Association was first used on a clinical basis subject to association
Test by Jung (1910) and GH Kent and debate. Some procedures, Kent
Rosanoff. researches and Rosanoff
argue that the developed a list of
test can provide 100 standard words
An objective scoring system was valuable insights and presented to a
developed and Kent-Rosanoff into an sample of 1000
word association test enjoyed individual’s normal adults who
moderate popularity in the unconscious were partially
1920’S and 1930’s. thoughts and stratified by
emotions, while geographic
others question location, education,
the test’s ability occupation, age,
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Administering a word-association to accurately and intelligence.

test is relatively uncomplicated, a measure
list of words is presented one at personality
a time to the subject who is traits.
asked to respond with the first
word or idea that comes to mind.
Many stimulus words may
appear to be emotionally neutral
(e.g. building, tree, first), of
special interest are words that
tend to elicit personalized
reactions (e.g. Mother, hit, love)

4. Sentence Another family of projective

techniques involving words is
Completion incomplete sentence tasks.
Task These tasks provide a stem that
the subject is asked to complete.

Example:

- Rotter Incomplete
Sentence Blank
- Washington University
Sentece Completion
Test
5. Draw- A- .
Person Test

a self-report inventory in 1. Strong SII contains 291 items in six

which the participant is categories namely Occupation,
required to express likes Interest Subject Areas, Activities, Leisure
or dislikes for a range of Inventory (SII, Activities, people,

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activities and attitudes. 2005) Characteristics. SII uses a fove

These are then compared point response scale, whereas
with the interest patterns all previous version use a three-
of successful members of point scale.
different occupations as a
means of assessing the
participant’s suitability for The SII takes 35-40 minutes to
different types of work complete. It is intended for high
school and college students, as
well as adults.

2. Kuder Is for high school Juniors and Test retest R.F Mooney The machine https://www.kuder.com/
seniors, college students, and reliabilities of the (1969) used the scored version of solutions/kuder-career-
Occupational adults. It was developed on the scale scores Survey to the survey was planning-system/
Interest basis of empirical criterion were obtained discriminate administered to a assessments
Interests Survey keying, but unlike the SW did not
include a general reference
from samples of
junior and senior
between the
vocational
sample of students
grades 6 through
(KOIS, 1985)
and group. Instead, items selected high students, preferences of 12 in schools
for inclusion in the test were retested , on 1114 high across the country
Attitudes those that distinguished between average, within a school females. for approximately
different occupational groups. 2 week period. He found that one year (Spring
Correlations are the analysis of 1986-1987).
higher for senior variance applied
The KOIS provides scores on high than junior to the 10 scales
four scales namely: high students. gave A total of 13,007
Occupational Scales, College The lowest test- significantly students in 76
Major Scales, Vocational Scales, retest reliabilities different interest elementary, middle,
Vocational Interest Estimates in the junior high patterns among junior and senior
and Dependability Indices. sample tend to the 8 classes of schools from 45
be those for vocational cities in 18 states
scales for which preference, participated during
the interest areas irrespective of the one year
are opposite of grade level. period.
the stereotypical
interest areas for
the respective In another study
sexes. ( males (1982) of the
least reliable on congruent
literary and
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clerical interest, validity of the

while females in survey with the
the mechanical California
area Occupational
Interest System,
87 male and 90
female 8th
graders were
tested with both
inventories. 89%
of the sample
found at least
one of their top
three interest
area congruent
on the two
measures, and
25% would be
directed to the
same top three
interest areas
for further
exploration.

( .

Any of various clinical 1. Luria- The Luria-Nebraska Split-half

instruments for assessing Neuropsychological Battery is a reliability
Nebraska srandardized battery of test that estimates
cognitive impairment,
Neuropsycho is used to assess various areas previously
including those measuring
logical of cognitive functioning, such as reported for the

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Neuropsycho memory, language,
learning, attention, and
logical Tests visuospatial and
visuoconstructive
functioning.
There are two main
approaches to
neuropsychological
assessment. The first is
the fixed battery
approach, the second is
called flexible battery.
In Fixed Battery, same set
of test is used for each
examinee. The battery
consists of many subtests.
On the other hand,
flexible battery allows
clinician to choose the
subtest he or she believes
are best suited to assess
each examinee.
2. Halstead-
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Battery attention, memory, language,
and spatial skills.
LNNB summary
scales have been
(LNNB)
uniformly high,
but their
LNNB is A collection of magnitude
depends upon
Qualitative analyses of patient
behaior built on the work of the method of
Russian neuropsychologist item grouping for
Alesandr R. Luria (1920-1977). the half-test
compared.
LNNB was modified to produce
scores for clinical scales, 2 Alpha reliability
coefficients for
sensorimotor scales, 6 additional
the LNNB
localization scales, and 5
summary scales. Twenty-eight summary and
additional factor scales allow for localization
determination of more specific scales remained
cognitive and sensory consistently high
in recent validity
functioning.
studies.
There are 2 essentially
equivalent forms of the test, with Alpha reliability
Form II having an additional coefficients for
clinical scale. This test is the LNNB factor
designed for individuals aged 15 scales were quite
and older. There is also a variable, but most
children’s form for uses with scales have
adequate
ages 8-12 years.
preliminary
values for
research work
and clinical
hypothesis
confirmation
HRNB is a comprehensive Over the years,
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Reitan neuropsychological assessment the HRNB has

tool developed by Ralph Reitan been subjected
Neuropsycho and his collegues in the mid 20th to many validity
logical century. The HRNB designed to studies to
Battery assess various cognitive evaluate its
functions such as attention, utility as a
(HRNB) memory, language, sensory- neuropsychologi
perceptual abilities, and execute cal assessment
functions. tool.

The battery consist of 10 test

namely: Aphasia Screening Test,
Category test, Finger Tapping
test, Grip strength, Rhythm test,
Sensory Perceptual
Examination, Speech-sounds
perception test, Tactile Form
Recognition test, Tactual
performance test, and Trail-
making Test.

Performance of the five of these

tests determines the Impairment
Index, which provides a cutoff
point to represent the presence
or absence of neurological
deficits.

3. Bender The Bender Visual-Motor Early research on The Bender-

Gestalt Test 2nd Editiion the test Gestalt is a
Visual-Motor ( Bender-Gestalt II) is a brief suggested that it considered a
Gestalt Test measure of visual motor had a good inter- valid screening
integration for individuals ages 3 rater reliability device for brain

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and older and is used as a which means that damage, but to

measure of visual-motor different raters avoid false
development and screening tool who scored the negatives
for neuropsychological same test would should be used
impairment. come to the in conjunction
same with other
conclusions sources of
It consist of 16 stimulus cards about an information.
containing geometric figures. individual’s There is also
Administration involves two performance. evidence that is
phases – the copy phase in However, more useful for
which the examinee is shown recent research assessing
each design and asked to copy it has brought the school
“ as best as you can”, and the test’s reliability, readiness in first
recall phase in which the meaning that an graders,
examinee is asked to draw as individual’s score predicting
many of the designs as possibke on the test can academic
from memory. The Global vary significantly achievement, ad
Scoring System entails depending on identifying
evaluating the overall quality of when the test is emotional
an examinee’s designs during taken. Others problems and
both phases of administration suggested that learning
using a rating scale that ranges the test has poor disabilities.
from 0 (no resemblance) to 4 inter-rater
(nearly perfect). reliability, with
different raters
assigning
different scores
to the same
performance.

Despite these
mixed findings,
the BGVMT

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Activity 2: Uses of Tests in Different Settings

Settings How It Is Used?

1. Educational Setting

A.

2. Clinical and Counseling Settings

3. Industrial Organizational Settings

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Activity 3:

1. What are the Issues and Trends in Testing?

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