Professional Documents
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MADRE DE DIOS
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
AUTORES:
SUPERVISOR:
The mammary venous system is essential for the proper functioning of the
mammary gland and lactation. It consists of a series of veins that collect
deoxygenated blood from the blood capillaries within the mammary gland and
carry it back to the heart. These veins form a complex network that drains
blood from the mammary gland and ensures adequate blood flow to maintain
function and milk production.
The mammary venous network extends from the base of the mammary gland
to the larger blood vessels that connect to the general circulation of the body.
During the lactation process, the mammary gland fills with blood and is
adequately irrigated to maintain the blood flow necessary for milk production
and secretion.
Filtering cancer cells: The lymphatic system is also essential for the
detection and elimination of cancer cells that may be present in the
mammary glands. Lymph nodes near the breast act as sentinels and
can trap and destroy cancer cells that try to spread through the
lymphatic system.
In summary, the lymphatic system in the mammary glands fulfills vital
functions to maintain the health and proper function of this structure, both in
normal situations and during lactation or in the presence of mammary
pathologies.
In short, the pituitary gland produces and releases oxytocin, a hormone that
plays a crucial role in childbirth, lactation, and the formation of emotional and
social bonds between people.
Symptoms of udder and teat fistula hematoma may include swelling and pain
in the affected area, a palpable mass near the teat, and the presence of blood
in expressed milk. If the bruise is large enough, it can cause discomfort and
pain in the cow, which can lead to decreased milk production and a general
appearance of malaise.
Treatment of udder and teat fistula hematoma can vary depending on the
severity of the case, but usually involves administration of anti-inflammatories
and analgesics to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. In some cases,
drainage of the hematoma may be necessary to relieve fluid buildup and
facilitate healing. It is also recommended to review the milk extraction
technique to avoid future injuries.
It is important to have a veterinarian examine the cow and determine the best
treatment plan for the milk fistula. In addition, preventative measures can be
taken, such as ensuring that the facilities and equipment used for milk
expression are in good repair and suitable to prevent udder and teat injury.
Treatment for enlarged nipple hole may vary depending on the severity of the
case. Some measures that can be taken include:
• Use of teat shields: Teat shields can be used during milking to prevent
uncontrolled flow of milk.
The nipple sphincter is a muscle that surrounds the nipple canal and controls
its opening and closing. During the milking process, this muscle must relax to
allow milk to flow from the udder into the milking pan. However, when the
sphincter is excessively contracted, it can make it difficult or prevent milk from
coming out of the teat, leading to decreased milk production and can cause
discomfort and pain in the cow.
The management of the "hard milker" may require the application of different
techniques and strategies to relax the sphincter and allow more effective
milking. Some measures that can be taken include:
• Massage and heat: Applying gentle massage and heat to the udder
before milking can help relax the sphincter and facilitate milk letdown.
El esfínter del pezón es un músculo que rodea el canal del pezón y controla
su apertura y cierre. Durante el proceso de ordeño, este músculo debe
relajarse para permitir que la leche fluya desde la ubre hacia el recipiente de
ordeño. Sin embargo, cuando el esfínter está contraído de manera excesiva,
puede dificultar o impedir que la leche salga del pezón, lo que lleva a una
disminución en la producción de leche y puede causar incomodidad y dolor
en la vaca.
• Stress and cortisol: Stress during the peripartum period can lead to
increased levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with the stress
response. Cortisol can suppress immune function, which could make
the cow more susceptible to bacterial infections in the mammary
gland.