DECLARATION

I Barungi Doreen hereby declare that this work is an output of my efforts and has not been
submitted to any institution of higher learning for the award of a degree, or diploma.

Signed: ……………... Date……………………………….

Barungi Doreen 2600/16

1.1.1

i
 APPROVAL

I certify that this research proposal under the title “THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN UGANDA, CASE STUDY OF DELTA TV” has been
done under my supervision and is ready for submission.

Signed: ……………………………………… Date: ………………………………

Mr. Mwesigwa Henry

ii
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this piece of work to my family members, and above all my daddy, mum and daddy
Abbey Mukiibi who supported in all

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I acknowledge my supervisor Mwesigwa Henry, for his parental encouragement in compiling my

work. I also acknowledge my parents for their financial and moral support, my friends and lovely
teacher to mention but a few, Apollo Morgan Kaggwa, Kiwala Leonard and Baka Joshua.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION...............................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL......................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study...........................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement....................................................................................................................3
1.3 Purpose of the study..................................................................................................................3
1.4 objectives of the study..............................................................................................................3
1.5 Research questions....................................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope of the study.....................................................................................................................4
1.6.1 Subject scope.........................................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Time scope.............................................................................................................................4
1.6.3 Geographical scope................................................................................................................4
1.7 Significance of the study..........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
2.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................5
2.1 Review of key valuables...........................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Media.....................................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Human trafficking..................................................................................................................5
2.2 The role of media in the fight against human trafficking in Uganda........................................6
2.4 Effects of human trafficking as published by media?............................................................11
2.5 Solutions to human tracking as published by media?.............................................................13
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................16

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METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................16
3.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................................16
3.1 Research design......................................................................................................................16
3.2 Population of the study...........................................................................................................16
3.3 Sample size and sampling technique......................................................................................16
3.3.1 Sample size..........................................................................................................................16
3.3.2 Sample selection..................................................................................................................16
3.4 Data sources............................................................................................................................17
3.4.1Primary data source..............................................................................................................17
3.4.2 Secondary data source.........................................................................................................17
3.5 Data collection methods.........................................................................................................17
3.5.1 Desk research.......................................................................................................................17
3.5.2 Internet search......................................................................................................................17
3.5.3 Interview guide....................................................................................................................17
3.5.4 Questionnaire.......................................................................................................................18
3.6 Data analysis and presentation................................................................................................18
3.7 Limitation of the study............................................................................................................18
REFEENCES..................................................................................................................................18
TIME FRAME................................................................................................................................21
BUDGET.........................................................................................................................................22
QUESTIONNAIRES......................................................................................................................23

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 ABSTRACT

This study will be investigating the role of media in the fight against Human Trafficking in
Uganda, a case study of Delta TV.

The study included the following objectives:

To identify the role of media in the fight against human trafficking. To identify the challenges of
human trafficking.

To establish the consequences of human trafficking as published by Media.

To establish the solutions to the causes of human trafficking.

The researcher used was both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. Data sources
included primary and secondary. Methods that were employed to collect data included
questionnaires. Data was analyzed using spss version of data analysis.

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS

NAPTIP National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons

TV Television

LTD Limited

TIP Trafficking in Person

SIU Special Investigation Unit

ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy

AIHW Australian Institute of health and welfare

US United States
ILO International Labor Organization

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The research will be conducted in Kampala district in the central region of Uganda and it shall
cover the role of media in the fight against human trafficking, case study Delta of TV. This
chapter will include the background of study, problem statement, research objectives,
justification, significance, and the scope of the study

1.1 Background of the study

Uganda, like most other countries of the world, is faced with myriad social problems and crimes.
The rate of violent crimes against the human person is alarming in Uganda especially in this
digital age. Human trafficking and child abuse are among the most heinous crimes against the
human person. The menace of human trafficking and child abuse has crept deep into the fabrics
of most riverine areas, especially in the South-South Geo-political Zone of
Uganda. This heinous act is, however, not insurmountable. One of the means of fighting human
trafficking and child abuse is the use of the mass media as well as the statutory agency
established specifically for this purpose. The National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking
in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP) is the public organization vested with the
responsibility of addressing issues of human trafficking and child abuse in Nigeria.

Trafficking in person is one of the fastest growing organized crimes in the world.
Thousands of women and children all over the world are being abducted, sold, lured into forced
labour and prostitution and involuntary maiTiage. These acts range from blatant or subtle
methods such as organized brothels, sex tour packages, trafficking syndication and forced
marriage to bonded labour, etc. Trafficking in persons is a wide spread phenomenon in Nigeria.
It is multidimensional and multi-faceted to the extent that so many people have become
(defenseless) victims. Apart from engaging the victims in prostitution, marriage and forced

1
labour, some victims are used for rituals, as agents or accomplices in other crimes, beggars, or
even for organ transplant.
The country Uganda has over 40 labor recruitment companies (also called labor export firms or
labor dealers) with no real fiscal and human resource capacity to sufficiently observe their
activities in and out of the country. There is lack solemn penalty for culprits which is a major
problem hindering the struggle against human trafficking. Reports also indicate that also another
reason that there are weak laws and people have anxiety for foreign jobs which blinds job
seekers into the trap.

Following accusations of women ending up in household slavery in countries like Iraq, thanks to
the contracts by Uganda labor recruitment agencies, the government put in place a policy
prohibiting any Ugandan from being sent abroad to do any domestic work. EEU traveled to Iraq
in 2010 to investigate the slavery claims but unfortunately admits to not being able of getting a
full picture.

In the past years, the US TIP report said, Ugandans trafficking victims were reported in the UK,
Denmark, Iraq, South Sudan, Kenya, Thailand and Malaysia. In additional, Interpol reported
Ugandan women trafficked to India, Egypt, Afghanistan, Indonesia, and the United Arab
Emirates. There are many media programs fighting unemployment and labor export. For several
reasons, however, the effectiveness of these campaigns remains contentious. Primarily, the
effectiveness of media in the prevention of labor export like through human trafficking in
Uganda is still debatable. For example Rayner (1996) argues that media campaigns are bloody
expensive and their impact is difficult to determine. Expensive media campaigns may be hard to
justify in a political climate where limited funds and resources are provided to address human
rights needs in Uganda. No company is willing to sponsor for any sensitive programs which
affect questionable firms owned by politicians or relatives of big people in the country.

Further, Calvert (1992) agreed by McDevitt (1996) and cited by O’Keefe (1990) “at best the
media is effective at building citizen awareness of an issue” but more complex attitudinal or
2
behavioral change requires more direct citizen contact and intervention”. Others argue, however
that media campaigns and media coverage of human trafficking perform an important and
significant role in placing issues such as human abuse on the public and political schema.
Lindsey (1993) maintains that: “media has a central role in mediating information and forming
public opinion. The media casts an eye on events that few of us directly experience and renders
remote happenings observable and meaningful.

1.2 Problem statement

The public’s capacity to formulate and express opinion is the basis of democracy. But because
public opinion and media coverage are so closely related and both directly affect policy, it’s vital
that we as consumers exercise due diligence in looking past surface images and news coverage to
find the true answers. It’s also time for journalists to dig deeper into the issue of human
trafficking to portray it more responsibly, sensitively and ethically. Only when these things
happen will the counter-human trafficking community find the answers that best protect, support
and empower all victims and survivors, otherwise human trafficking is still very prevalent,
making the study viable and needed as a way to do away with it.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study is to establish the role of media in the fight against human trafficking in
Uganda.

1.4 objectives of the study

 To identify the challenges of human trafficking as published by media.
 To establish the effects of human trafficking as published by media
 To establish the solutions that are to prevent human trafficking.

1.5 Research questions

 What are the challenges of human trafficking as published by media?

 What are the diverse effects of human trafficking as published by media?
 What are the solutions to human trafficking as published by media.

3
1.6 Scope of the study

1.6.1 Subject scope

The study will cover the role of media in the fight against human trafficking, case study Delta
TV.

1.6.2 Time scope

The research will take a period of six months starting from May 2017 to November 2017.

1.6.3 Geographical scope

The study will be carried out at Delta TV. Delta TV is found in Katwe in the central part of
Uganda.

1.7 Significance of the study

The significance of the study will include the following: -

 The study will assist future researchers on research skills and literatures especially on the
escalating vice of human trafficking.
 The study will enhance the government with the knowledge of how media has worked
with its limited resources to fight human trafficking.
 The study will stimulate improvements in the operations and enforcement of anti- human
trafficking laws internally and externally

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction

This chapter will include a critical look at the existing research and case studies that have
significance with this study. This will be done by consulting other peoples’ research work in
order to understand clearly the entire problem of the research. In conducting literature review,
scholarly articles, books and other sources like journals on the internet with information relevant
to the particular subject in consideration, area of research or theory shall be surveyed.

2.1 Review of key valuables

2.1.1 Media

In this study, the definition of the term „media‟ is adopted from that provided by the
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP), which defined the media as
„individuals and organizations that communicate with the public via print, radio, television and
internet broadcast, and video and film production‟ (2002)
Theory of media framing suggests that the media holds the power to influence the ideas and
beliefs the public has around issues through the information presented

2.1.2 Human trafficking

refers to the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the
threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of
exploitation (US government, 2000).

Human trafficking is a social problem trending both domestically and abroad with estimates of
millions of victims within a multibillion-dollar industry. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has

5
documented human trafficking as the fastest growing industry of organized crime (Alexandre et.
al., 2014). Furthermore, at least 700,000 persons annually are victims of trafficking within or
across international borders (United States government, 2000)

2.2 The role of media in the fight against human trafficking in Uganda.

Calvert (1992) agreed by McDevitt (1996) and cited by O’Keefe (1990) “at best the media is
effective at building citizen awareness of an issue” but more complex attitudinal or behavioral
change requires more direct citizen contact and intervention”. Others argue, however that media
campaigns and media coverage of human trafficking perform an important and significant role in
placing issues such as human abuse on the public and political schema. Lindsey (1993) maintains
that: “media has a central role in mediating information and forming public opinion. The media
casts an eye on events that few of us directly experience and renders remote happenings
observable and meaningful.

According Alexandre, (2014), although human trafficking has occurred throughout documented
history, it has not been considered a crime until recently with the growth and development
media. Human trafficking is usually generalized as the procurement and maintenance of free
labor by use of force (Wallinger, 2010). There are three main forms of human trafficking:
trafficking for forced labor, trafficking for sexual exploitation, and trafficking of organs. Each
form utilizes the vulnerability of another to limit a person's rights (“Types of human trafficking,
n.d.). According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human trafficking violates
several essential entitlements including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right
to be free from slavery or servitude; freedom from torture or to cruel or degrading treatment; and
the right to work in just and favorable conditions. As a result, trafficking also violate numerous
laws, including laws against kidnapping, slavery, false imprisonment, assault, fraud, and
extortion. (Alexandre et. al., 2014)

6
According to Wanta, (1997), It is further acknowledged that media shape the public
interpretation of such events through a series of decisions on how long and often to cover them
and how The indications of the broad scope of trafficking demand an analysis on why the media
has focused so heavily on isolated occurrences of trafficking and so little on the sociopolitical
forces behind them. There is ample evidence that the rise in global capitalism and the spread of
the corporate manufacturing supply chain into some of the poorest regions of the world has
fueled the rise in transnational human trafficking (Bales 1999; Chang and Kim 2007; Cameron
and Newman 2008; Kempadoo 2005). It is thus acknowledged that media influence which events
have importance over other events. Indeed, John Hartley (1982), observes in Understanding
News, the control that media exercise over information results in a situation where ―it is not the
event which is reported that determines the form, content, meaning or `truth ‘of the news, but
rather the news that determines what it is that the event means.

According to Pajnik's (2010) work with Slovenian newspapers, the text analysis showed four
consistent frames: criminalization, nationalization, victimization, and regularization.
Criminalization describes human trafficking as a highly profitable, illicit industry which could be
eradicated through stricter legislation and more severe punishments. Nationalization depicts
trafficking as a problem with illegal immigration and border control. This frame focuses on
migration and immigration as causes for trafficking. Victimization refers to innocent woman
who have been exploited and harmed by trafficking. Finally, the frame of regularization depicts
the new legislation and training for law enforcement as a mandatory and normal procedure once
the trafficking has occurred, but one that omits prevention and combating trafficking.

Media hold the power to steer public to opinions through the information and language
articulated and shared. A number of the articles using media framing and agenda setting theory
present content analysis of the text of newspaper articles each revealing meaning and then
quantifying it (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011). The internet and social media can be powerful
positive forces in young people’s lives. Technology enables youth to connect with each other and
service providers. These connections can provide youth an opportunity to express themselves
and build a sense of belonging and connectedness as well as the opportunity to develop and
sustain positive permanent connections to peers, school, faith-based organizations, and their

7
community. Technology is also used by law enforcement to rescue victims of human trafficking
and by service providers to increase awareness of the issue and provide opportunities for
survivors to seek services. McCombs, Maxwell E., and Donald L. Shaw. (1972).

According to Wallinger. (2010), the media holds the power to influence what the public learns.
The majority of Americans gather their information about events and issues through diverse
forms of popular media. Even in the digital age, journalism and electronic or paper newspapers
are consulted by over 60% of news consumers, rending this medium influential, not only in
providing information, but also in influencing belief and attitude (“The Pressing News Cycle”,
2014). Through media, the public learns about political elections, wars, natural disasters,
sporting events, etc. which would not have been otherwise obtained. The public looks to the
media to inform and interpret these events.

These mythologies manifest through news stories that fail to communicate the severity and
complexity of the problem. Mainstream and informal media outlets have only recently focused
on trafficking with very much consistency—and even now the vast majority of stories are tied
directly to stories of prostitution and human smuggling. A 2004 study of coverage of human
trafficking in the U.S. media found that, on the whole, news outlets provided very little coverage
of human trafficking issues and that when they did, coverage was scattered, piecemeal and
lacked a focus on solutions. Roth (2004, 4). In general, the study indicates, ―media tend to write
about the human trafficking issue with frames that do not fully communicate the scope and
severity of the problem or its relevance to the American people‖ (4).

8
2.3 Challenges of human trafficking?

According to Cameron, Sally, and Edward Newman. (2008), the root causes of trafficking are
various and often differ from one country to another. Trafficking is a complex phenomenon that
is often driven or influenced by social, economic, cultural and other factors. Many of these
factors are specific to individual trafficking patterns and to the States in which they occur. There
are, however, many factors that tend to be common to trafficking in general or found in a wide
range of different regions, patterns or cases. One such factor is that the desire of potential victims
to migrate is exploited by offenders to recruit and gain initial control or cooperation, only to be
replaced by more coercive measures once the victims have been moved to another State or
region of the country, which may not always be the one to which they had intended to migrate.

Some of the common factors are local conditions that make populations want to migrate in
search of better conditions: poverty, oppression, lack of human rights, and lack of social or
economic opportunity, dangers from conflict or instability and similar conditions. Political
instability, militarism, civil unrest, internal armed conflict and natural disasters may result in an
increase in trafficking. The destabilization and displacement of populations increase their
vulnerability to exploitation and abuse through trafficking and forced labour. War and civil strife
may lead to massive displacements of populations, leaving orphans and street children extremely
vulnerable to trafficking. Fishman, Mark. (1997)

These factors tend to exert pressures on victims that “push” them into migration and hence into
the control of traffickers, but other factors that tend to “pull” potential victims can also be
significant. Poverty and wealth are relative concepts which lead to both migration and trafficking
patterns in which victims move from conditions of extreme poverty to conditions of less-extreme
poverty. In that context, the rapid expansion of broadcast and telecommunication media,
including the Internet, across the developing world may have increased the desire to migrate to
developed countries and, with it, the vulnerability of would-be migrants to traffickers. Fishman,
Mark. (1997)

9
According to Dinan, Kinsey Alden. 2008, the practice of entrusting poor children to more
affluent friends or relatives may create vulnerability. Some parents sell their children, not just for
the money, but also in the hope that their children will escape a situation of chronic poverty and
move to a place where they will have a better life and more opportunities
In some States, social or cultural practices also contribute to trafficking. For example, the
devaluation of women and girls in a society makes them disproportionately vulnerable to
trafficking.

According to Associate Press. 2008, added to these factors are the issues of porous borders,
corrupt Government officials, the involvement of international organized criminal groups or
networks and limited capacity of or commitment by immigration and law enforcement officers to
control borders. Lack of adequate legislation and of political will and commitment to enforce
existing legislation or mandates other factors that facilitate trafficking in persons.

Political conditions and War. Political instability, militarism, generalized violence or civil unrest
can result in an increase in trafficking as well like in Kenya and South Sudan. The destabilization
and scattering of populations increase their vulnerability to unfair treatment and abuse via
trafficking and forced labor. Armed conflicts can lead to massive forced displacements of
people. War creates large numbers of orphans and street children who are especially vulnerable
to trafficking. Their families have either passed away or are fighting a war, complicating child-
rearing.

Demand for cheap labor. The service industry, particularly restaurants and kitchens, are common
exploiters of human trafficking. There is also a demand for cheap domestic and agricultural
labor. Employees are often initially promised a safe work space and a steady salary, only to later
find that they are paid less than minimum wage and worked over time. Business owners guilty of
this behavior continue to practice these illegal norms because the victims of trafficking can rarely
protect themselves and they have very few alternatives.

Human trafficking generates a huge profit. According to the ILO, the human trafficking industry
generates a profit of $150 billion per year. Two-thirds is made from commercial sexual

10
exploitation, while the remainder comes from forced economic exploitation such as domestic
work and agriculture. Human trafficking is the fastest-growing and second-largest criminal
industry in the world, after drug trafficking.

Cases of human trafficking are difficult to identify. Some challenges in identifying victims of
human trafficking arise because victims are well-hidden or highly traumatized. Those that are
traumatized are unlikely to divulge information to investigators, either because they are scared to
confront law enforcement, or because they are too troubled to respond. Consumers of human
trafficking also contribute to the crime’s hidden nature, according to a report by the Urban
Institute. Both traffickers and consumers are aware of the huge risk they take by participating in
this illegal behavior and will do their best to cover up any illicit activity

2.4 Effects of human trafficking as published by media?

The victims in the process of trafficking in persons are abused and exploited in specific
conditions, which may result in short-term and long-term minor and severe psychological and
physical injuries, diseases and infections, especially sexually transmitted diseases or HIV viruses
and sometimes this can go to the extreme and result even with permanent disability and death.
Any symptoms like: anxiety, depression, alienation, disorientation, aggression and difficulties in
concentration are direct consequences of the long-term and repeated traumatic experiences that
victims suffered during the process of trafficking in persons. Various studies have shown that
injuries and traumas acquired during the process of trafficking in persons can last for a long
period after the person has left the situation of exploitation, especially if there is no appropriate
support and counseling provided.

The rehabilitation and reintegration of victims of trafficking in persons is a long-term and

complex process that cannot guarantee success with any certainty. Even, when it is possible to
resolve any physical problems and to overcome the stigma, the trauma and the psychological
damage hinder the overall process of healing, which is already additionally obstructed by the
problems related to the accessibility of services. Some of the victims can no longer adapt to the
ways of living that they previously considered as “normal”. The rights of victims often continue
to be violated, even after they have left the situation of exploitation and trafficking, i.e. in many

11
cases they are faced with re-victimization. Namely, in many of the countries, the protection
provided to trafficked persons is still directly conditioned by their willingness to cooperate with
the competent authorities. However, such a conditional protection is contrary to the full access
and protection of human rights, since every exploited victim is guaranteed unconditional support
and respect for his or her rights and the use of trafficked persons merely as an instrument in the
criminal proceedings are not allowed.

Psychological Effect. Most traffickers recruit their victims between the ages of 6 to 24, because a
young victim will easily succumb to force and give in. They are forced into heavy physical labor
in hazardous environment. Many are also taught the use of weapons and are recruited as 'soldiers'
in armed conflicts. According to statistics by the U.S. Department of State, globally, 2 million
children are trafficked into the sex trade each year. The children suffer from lack of self-esteem,
emotional disturbance, disorientation, and depression and are scarred for life. They develop deep
psychological disorders that they struggle with for the rest of their lives even if they have been
rescued. Psychological vulnerability hinders them from having a healthy state of mind in the
future. The children are likely to become withdrawn and tend to be suicidal. Any children born to
the victims of prostitution are taken away at the time of birth causing further mental agony to the
mothers. In fact, the longer the victims have been enslaved, greater will be their traumatic
experience.
Health Effects. Human Trafficking, Human Misery', a book written by Alexis Aronowitz, states
that an estimated 80% victims of trafficking are sexually exploited, abused or forced into
prostitution as most victims are young women and children. Such a victim probably might have
to cater to anywhere between 8 to 15 clients in a day. The use of sexual protection is negligible
in this industry, leaving the exploited at a high risk of contracting various sexually transmitted
diseases and HIV/AIDS that they further pass on to the men and their partners. In some cases,
victims are also subjected to substance abuse by being forced to take drugs. Such individuals also
have to constantly battle with drug addiction. Improper supply of meals and the lack of nutritious
food causes malnourishment in these entrapped victims. Poor living conditions also contribute to
the development of various diseases that these victims suffer from in later years. The victims are
not given any medical aid to cure these ailments. Those recruited in chemical factories are
treated like modern-day slaves and when they succumb to occupational diseases, are quickly
replaced by another batch of victims.

12
2.5 Solutions to human tracking as published by media?
Prevention: There are many ways you can serve that not only help end trafficking, but also
prevent it before it takes place. Some areas you can get involved in that could help keep future
individuals from trafficking include: services to run away and homeless teenagers; refugee
services; ministries and education to ethnic groups, including conversational English courses;
outreach to female juvenile detention centers or prisons; your local chamber of commerce (to
help stand against local businesses supporting trafficking and adult services); journalism (writing
to speak out against trafficking),  music and other creative arts (supporting the fight against
trafficking through awareness at concerts, art galleries, and other events.), awareness resources:
wearing shirts, sporting bumper stickers, and similar merchandise to let people know about
human trafficking and how they can stand against it. Kempadoo, Kamala. (2005)

Visibility: it's impossible to solve a human rights challenge without it. If the public can't see the
problem, it's difficult to mobilize financial and political support to solve it. For those of us
working to end human trafficking, visibility has been vital to building a vibrant, sustainable
movement. Because trafficking is illegal, it is hidden from view, and it has taken more than a
decade of media relations work to convince the public that slavery really still exists. The
movement has made substantial progress to date, but we need to keep pushing equally hard on a
second front: persuading the world that slavery can be eradicated, even though it has been with
us for thousands of years. To do that, effective media relations is just as important. Unless
politicians and the public see progress, our momentum may stall.
https://www.theguardian.com/info/2016/feb/15/sign-up-to-the-media-briefing

Trafficking is more than a technical problem that can be solved by trained professionals working
quietly behind the scenes. Because slavery has many root causes – such as poverty, corruption
and gender inequality – political will is needed to implement many of the solutions.

That's where the media come in. News coverage helps to bring to the mainstream a cause like
abolition, by engaging people who don't frequent human rights websites. Millions of potential
supporters would take a stand against slavery if they knew it existed and could be overcome.
Their collective voice will help anti-slavery efforts to grow and succeed. It's challenging, of
course, for abolitionists to distil a complex social ill such as slavery into headlines and sound

13
bites. In addition, providing access to rescues and victims runs the risk that insensitive journalists
will push too far and traumatize survivors. But we've found that working proactively with the
media has helped Free the Slaves to spread the word without jeopardizing the integrity of our
projects or the dignity of the people we aim to help. Bauman. A, (2000).

According to Fishman, Mark. (1997), Learn the indicators of human trafficking so you can help
identify a potential trafficking victim. Human trafficking awareness training is available for
individuals, businesses, first responders, law enforcement, educators, and federal employees,
among others.
 

Bales, Kevin. (1999), says If you are in the United States and believe someone may be a victim
of human trafficking, report your suspicions to law enforcement by calling 911 or the 24-hour
National Human Trafficking Hotline line at 1-888-373-7888. This is to iron out all the secrecy of
human trafficking and reduce the trauma of the victimized subjects. Trafficking victims,
including undocumented individuals, are eligible for services and immigration assistance.
 
According to Boztas suggests of host an awareness-raising event to watch and discuss films
about human trafficking. For example, learn how modern slavery exists today; watch an
investigative documentary about sex trafficking; or discover how human trafficking can affect
global food supply chains. Also, check out CNN’s Freedom Project for more stories on the
different forms of human trafficking around the world.
 Work with a local religious community or congregation to help stop trafficking by supporting a
victim service provider or spreading awareness of human trafficking. Businesses: Provide jobs,
internships, skills training, and other opportunities to trafficking survivors.
 

Students: Take action on your campus. Join or establish a university club to raise awareness
about human trafficking and initiate action throughout your local community. Consider doing
one of your research papers on a topic concerning human trafficking. Request that human
trafficking be included in university curricula. AIHW (2002)
 

14
Journalists: The media plays an enormous role in shaping perceptions and guiding the public
conversation about human trafficking. Here are some media best practices on how to effectively
and responsibly report stories on human trafficking. The movement has made substantial
progress to date, but we need to keep pushing equally hard on a second front: persuading the
world that slavery can be eradicated, even though it has been with us for thousands of years. To
do that, effective media relations is just as important. Unless politicians and the public see
progress, our momentum may stall. Baran, Chase and Court right (1979).

15
 CHAPTER THREE:

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the different techniques and methods that will be used to achieve the
objectives stated and eventually lead to the development of the research of the effectiveness of
media in the fight against human trafficking in Entebbe Municipality. This chapter will include;
research design, population of study, sample size and selection, sources of data, data collection
methods and research instruments.

3.1 Research design

The researcher will use a case study research design where both descriptive and quantitative
research design will be employed.

These shall be quantified for easier interpretation and for that matter descriptive shall be used.
These designs will enable the researcher to process and analyze the findings for easy
interpretation.

3.2 Population of the study

The researcher is targeting Kampala district and a population of 100 people for statistical human
trafficking crime. The lawyers, students (University), journalists and traders (business class)
shall be the target and selected.

3.3 Sample size and sampling technique

3.3.1 Sample size

A sample size of 70 respondents shall be used (Krejcie and Morgan 1970) from the total number
of people amongst the lawyers, students (University), journalist and traders living in Katwe
village

3.3.2 Sample selection

Random sampling shall be employed. Systematic area random sampling will be applied to collect
sample size data.

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3.4 Data sources

The following will be the data sources

3.4.1Primary data source

This data shall be obtained from the respondents who will provide the information to the
researcher through answering questions that will asked and observation by researcher on the
scene.

3.4.2 Secondary data source

This data shall be got from already existing documents like books. They will found in the library
and on the internet.

3.5 Data collection methods

This phase is aimed at coming up with a list of requirements necessary for the development of
the research. Data and information shall be collected from the intended research area and users of
media both locally and internationally. This information will also help to clearly define the scope
of the intended research and thus the following methods will be used to collect this data.

3.5.1 Desk research

The method shall involve reading written materials which shall include text books, magazines,
journals and documents from International Institute of Business and Media Studies (IIBMS)
library and other available sources which may contain information on the proposed research that
is the effectiveness of media in the fight against human trafficking.

3.5.2 Internet search

This method shall involve visiting various websites in order to get more relevant literature about
the different existing systems available that are related to the effectiveness of media in the fight
against human trafficking
3.5.3 Interview guide.
In this method an interview schedule will be used to gather all relevant information beneficial for
the research where people will be approached with questions and respond to them with adequate
face to face reaction

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3.5.4 Questionnaire

This will be used to acquire relevant information from respondents especially those that will be
readily available more so during the interview process with the help of predesigned questions.

3.6 Data analysis and presentation

Data will be coded, edited and checked for accuracy. Data will be analyzed in local categories in
order to present it meaningfully so that interpretation becomes quite easy and understandable to
people. This will be done immediately once data is collected and it will be aimed at eliminating
errors and ensure that all questions are answered.

Coding is the representation of data collected into meaningful categories, so the researcher will
have to do coding immediately data will be analyzed using the spss version or it will be
presented in form of frequency tables, graphs, charts and bar – graphs.

3.7 Limitation of the study.

Language barrier may hinder some people from answering the questions as they are preset in
English, even translating may change the meaning of some basic questions.

Suspicion, some respondents may be suspicious when in answering some questions in fear of
their job security, personal image and among other issues hence may give incomplete
information

18
 REFEENCES
(Bales 1999; Chang and Kim 2007; Cameron and Newman 2008; Kempadoo 2005). The rise in

global capitalism and the spread of the corporate manufacturing supply chain into some of

the poorest regions of the world has fueled the rise in transnational human trafficking.

(Denzin and Lincoln, (2011). Media framing and agenda setting theory present content analysis
of the text of newspaper articles each revealing meaning and then quantifying it.
(ICHRP, 2000) the definition of media.

(Roth 2004, 4). Media’s coverage is just a piecemeal which does not focus on solutions.
(Wallinger, 2010). Human trafficking is usually generalized as the procurement and maintenance

of free labor by use of force.

AIHW (2002), Children Protection Australia 2000-01, Australian Institute of health and welfare,

Canberra.

Alexandre, (2014), the growth and development of media criminalized human trafficking.

Associated Press. (2008). Court: Immigrants Subject to Smuggling Law. The Arizona Republic.

Boztas, S. (1999), ‘Prince Andrew launches crusade against human cruelty’. The daily
Telegraph, (23/3/1999).
Calvert (1992) agreed by McDevitt (1996) and cited by O’Keefe (1990) “at best the media is

effective at building citizen awareness of an issue”.

Cameron, Sally, and Edward Newman. (2008), the root causes of trafficking are various and

often differ from one country to another.

Dinan, Kinsey Alden. 2008, the practice of entrusting poor children to more affluent friends or
relatives may create vulnerability.
Fishman, Mark. 1997. News and Nonevents: Making the Visible Invisible. In Social Meanings of

News: A Text Reader, ed. Dan Berkowitz, 210-229. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

19
John Hartley (1982), observes in Understanding News.
Kempadoo, Kamala, ed. 2005. Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on
migration, Sex Work, and Human Rights. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Kempadoo, Kamala. 2005. Introduction: From Moral Panic to Global Justice: Changing
Perspectives on Trafficking. In Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered.
McCombs, Maxwell E., and Donald L. Shaw. (1972). the use of technology in fighting human
trafficking.
Pajnik's (2010) work with Slovenian newspapers.
Wallinger. (2010), the media holds the power to influence what the public learns.
Wanta, (1997), It is further acknowledged that media shape the public interpretation of such

events through a series of decisions on how long and often to cover them.

Markman, Joe. (2009). Prostitution Raids Rescue 52 Youths; Federal Officials Arrest Almost
700People, Including 60 Suspected Pimpos, in a Three-Day Nationwide Crackdown.
Lo Angeles Times, October 26, home edition, sec. A.
McCombs, M., and D. Evatt. 1995. Issues and Attributes: Exploring a New Dimension and
Agenda Setting. Comunicacion y Sociedad8, no. 1: 7-32.

20
 TIME FRAME
MONTHS

ACTIVITIES APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018

Project title
identification

Proposal
writing

proposal
presentation

Data and
information
gathering,
collection and
recording
Data and
information
sorting,
editing,
analysis and
selection

Report writing

Project
presentation

Report
binding and
submission

21
 BUDGET

ITEM TIMESPAN AMOUNT PER MAN TOTAL

(WEEKS) (2) men team (UG Shs)

PREPARATION &RESEARCH

Stationery 2 20,000 40,000/=

Consultation 3 20,000 60,000/=

Airtime 7 20,000*2 40,000/=

Ink 1 15,000 15,000/=

Lodging – 2 2(months) 80,000 160,000/=

men

Feeding – 2 2(months) 600,000 600,000/=

men

Transport – 2 2(months) 30,000* 2 120,000/=

men

RESEARCH PUBLISHING

Computer 1 60,000 60,000/=

Printer 1 I0,000* 2 20,000/=

GRAND 1115000/=
TOTAL

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 QUESTIONNAIRES

The data given will be treated with a lot of confidence.

I Barungi Doreen, a student of International Institute of Business and Media Studies doing
journalism and am now doing my research. In this I ask for your assistance that you take some
time and answer these few questions for me. They are to help me in completing my course at the
institute.

PART A: PERSONAL DATA

Tick in the appropriate box
1. Age 15 – 22

23 – 35

36 – 45

Education level
Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

University

Gender
Male

Female
PART B

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HOW HAS MEDIA PERFORMED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING
1 (a) Do you think media fights against human trafficking?
Yes

No.
(b) If yes how?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) How does media fight human trafficking in Entebbe municipality?

Publishing images of victims

Interviewing victims.

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS PUBLISHED BY MEDIA

What are the causes of human trafficking as published by media?
Existence of fake/ illegal labor exporting firms

The desire of potential victims to migrate/travel abroad

Demand for cheap labor

Poverty and wealth

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WHAT ARE THE SOLUTIONS TO THE CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS
PUBLISHED BY MEDIA
What can be the best solution to the above problems faced by the print media?
Learningthe indicators of human trafficking

Hosting an awareness-raising event to watch and discuss about human trafficking.

Working with a local religious community or congregation to help stop trafficking

Including human trafficking in university curriculum.

Any other
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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