Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making.

Unlike modern
industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the
simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their
vessels.

Line The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care:
(5) often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was
crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even
in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay
as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up,
When a pot is fired.
It loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that
(10) helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.

Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the
durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet
hands. Often
a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly
colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later
times. glazes
(15) came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish
during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed
to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then
rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots
were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

(20) Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-
burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few
hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only
bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were
also used for glazing, when two firings were needed, Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool
slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making
(B) How early pottery was made and decorated
(C) The development of kilns used by early potters
(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery

2. The word “ meticulously” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) heavily (B) initially (C) carefully (D) completely

3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?
(A) Adding temper (B) Removing the water
(C) Beating on the clay (D) Mixing the clay with plastic substances

4. The word “durability” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) quality (B) endurance (C) adaptability (D)

1
 applicability

5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the following?
(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels (B) prevent the vessels from leaking
(C) Help the vessels a leather like quality (D) Give the vessels a leather like quality

6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glossy finish?
(A) Smoothing them with wet hands (B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions
(C) Baking them at a very high temperature (D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard
object

7. The word “incised” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) designed (B) carved (C) detailed (D) painted

8. The word “they” in ling 26 refers to

(A) kilns(B) firings (C) pots (D) cracks

9. According to the passage, the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns
(A) required less wood for burning (B) reached higher temperatures
(C) kept ashes away from the pots (D) baked vessels without cracking them

10. Look at the terms “temper” (line 9), “glazes” (line 14), “kilns” (line 23), and “compounds” (line 24).
Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage?
(A) temper (B) glazes (C) kilns (D) compounds

11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood ,the ashes help
(A) prevent the clay from cracking (B) produce a more consistently baked pot
(C) attain a very high temperature (D) give the vessel a glasslike finish

Questions 1-10

One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids,
erect bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans
began
to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it
Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a
(5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth
is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among
nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home
bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological
and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,
(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological
theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this
central chapter in human prehistory.

One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools.

2
 Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible
(15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or
cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and
microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this
method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the
start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly
(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks
caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that
yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger
than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors
began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman
(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what
the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides
with the beginnings of the use of home bases.

1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?
(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices
(B) The creation of stone hunting tools
(C) Social interactions at home bases
(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses

2. According to the passage, bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is

(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates
(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat
(C) an indication of social unity.
(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits

3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) prepared (B) stored (C) distributed (D) eaten

4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to

(A) protect the old tools from being worn out
(B) display examples of the old tools in museums
(C) test theories about how old tools were used
(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools

5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early stone tools
were used EXCEPT to
(A) build home bases (B) obtain food (C) make weapons (D) shape wood

6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) good (B) new (C) simple (D) costly

7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to

(A) issues (B) researchers (C) tools (D) specimens

3
 8. The author mentions "characteristic chippage patterns" in line 16 as an example of
(A) decorations cut into wooden objects
(B) differences among tools made of various substances
(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones
(D) indications of wear on stone tools

9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) identify (B) remove (C) destroy (D) compare

10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) if (B) how (C) why (D) when

PRATICE 19, QUESTION 34-44

Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United
States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and
farm to
city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the
Line beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns
(5) or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after
1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46
percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than
8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. of these, 26 had a
population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people.
Much of the migration
(10) producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States,
but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on
America's "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.

The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other.
The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life
in the city
(15) and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of
people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities
also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and
huge contracts in transportation and construction-as well as the expanded
market in consumer
goods-allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the
(20) Untied States.

Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization.

One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing
steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The
refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting

4
 as well as of the
(25) telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to
rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities.
In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for
country people; the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly
intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Technological developments
(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities
(C) Standards of living
(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization

2. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) working (B) processing (C) arrival (D) attraction

3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss

(A) foreign immigration (B) rural life
(C) the agricultural revolution (D) famous cities of the twentieth century

4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?

(A) Five percent (B) Eleven percent
(C) Twenty-eight percent (D) Forty-six percent

5. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning to

(A) expensive (B) exceptional (C) supreme (D) necessary

6. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to

(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants (B) farms and small towns
(C) growth of cities and industrialization (D) industry and transportation

7. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) forced (B) prepared (C) limited (D) motivated

8. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in lines 24-25?
(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution
(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life
(C) They were developed by the same individual.
(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.

9. The word "them" in line 26 refers to

(A) urban areas (B) rural Americans (C) farms (D) cities

10. The word "era" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

5
 (A) period of time (B) location (C) action (D) unique
situation

11. The word "intriguing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) profitable (B) attractive (C) comfortable (D) challenging

PRACTICE 22

Question 10-19
Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It
can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent,
or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused,
durable yet
Line fragile, and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its
(5) optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms - as table ware,
containers, in architecture and design - glass represents a major achievement in
the history of technological developments.

Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass lias been used for making
various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an
alkali such as
(10) soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the
development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated, the mixture
becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast
array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then
cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals,
for instance), glass lacks the
(15) crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the
random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it
progressively stiffens

until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals

customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily
when
dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture,
(20) and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after
manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling.

Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes
as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or
"freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises,
(25) going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup.
Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms,
by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape
achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-
forming techniques than most other materials.
1. Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in lines 1-5?

6
 (A) To demonstrate how glass evolved
(B) To show the versatility of glass
(C) To explain glassmaking technology
(D) To explain the purpose of each component of glass

2. The word "durable"' in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) lasting (B) delicate (C) heavy (D) Plain

3. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass?
(A) They were the same for centuries. (B)
They are liquid
(C) They are transparent (D) They are very heavy.

4. According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most other
rigid substances?
(A) It has an interlocking crystal network. (B) It has an unusually low melting
temperature.
(C) It has varying physical properties. (D) It has a random molecular structure.

5. The word "customarily" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) naturally (B) necessarily (C) usually (D) certainly

6. The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in meaning to

(A) hardened by (B) chilled with (C) subjected to (D) deprived of

7. What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture?
(A) the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled.
(B) the glass must be cooled quickly.
(C) The glass must be kept moist until cooled.
(D) The glass must be shaped to its desired form immediately

8. The word "induced" in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) joined (B) missed (C) caused (D) lost

9. The word "it" in line 22 refers to

(A) feature (B) glass (C) manner (D) viscosity

10. According to the passage, why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals
(A) It resists breaking when heated
(B) It has better optical properties.
(C) It retains heat while its viscosity changes.
(D) It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises.

QUESTIN 31-40

7
 The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things
depends on the existences of other organisms. This interdependence is sometimes
subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straight forward dependence of one
Line species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things
(5) and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is
widespread. A multitude of microorganisms( including viruses and bacteria)
and an army of invertebrates - or creatures lacking a spinal column (including
crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms ) -make their livings
directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living
things have evolved a variety of
(10) defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms.

Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as
antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or
inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area, thereby
eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in
(15) defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when
attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce
chemicals that help to ward off the invaders.

Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense

mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary
considerably, all major
(20) groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of
"foreign" cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain
types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates (creatures possessing a spinal
column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an
animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely
related individuals.

(25) The ability to distinguish between "self" and "nonself", while present in all
animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune
system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes
action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign
cells.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) how parasites reproduce
(A) how organisms react to invaders
(B) how antibiotics work to cure disease
(C) how the immune systems of vertebrates developed

12. The word "intricate" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) difficult (B) widespread (C) critical (D) complex

13. The expression "an army" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) an illness (B) an attack (C) a large number (D) a distinct type
14. According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to

8
 (A) prevent disease in humans (B) aid digestion
(C) fight off other organisms* (D) create new types of nutrients

Questions 1-9

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior

(B) Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons

(C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons

(D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.

2. The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing (B) perfect (C) visible (D) fascinating

3. In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell” in order to help readers

(A) visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images

(B) appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewing Europa from far away

(C) understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system

(D) recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons

4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979

(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa

(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons

(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available

(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered

5. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?

(A) The definition is not precise. (B) The discussion lacks necessary information.

(C) The differences are probably significant. (D) The comparison is quite appropriate.

9
6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following?

(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.

(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.

(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.

(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.

7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) new (B) final (C) temporary (D) continuous

8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?

(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.

(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.

(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.

(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.

9. According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?

(A) A long period of extremely high tides

(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice

(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice

(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky core

Question 10-19

Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of the Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C)
were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild
plant foods. In both Line areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding

(5) and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods. By the end of the Archaic
era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called
goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important
sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.

(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the Midwest and the Southeast,
with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago.

10
Although the term “Neolithic” is not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same
major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period

(15) elsewhere in the world. Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the
continent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is little evidence that people
lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated foods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of
hunting, fishing, and gathering

(20) wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some
early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather than for food. One archaeologist has pointed out
that the early domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that
would form around human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and

(25) dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated themselves,
that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their
distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because
ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant food and had detailed knowledge
of plants.

10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?

(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet

(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology

(C) Their development of agriculture

(D) Their distribution of work between men and women

11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to

(A) seeds (B) river valleys

(C) the Midwest and the Southeast (D) experimentation and domestication

12. According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?

(A) 7,000 years ago (B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago

(C) Long after the Neolithic period (D) Before the Archaic period

13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) sufficient (B) healthful (C) varied (D) dependable

14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the cultivation of plants in

11
eastern North America?

(A) Lack of enough wild food sources

(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements

(C) Provision of work for an increasing population

(D) Desire for the consistent availability of food

15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) in addition to (B) instead of (C) as a replacement (D) such as

16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to

(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value

(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant

(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down

(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate

17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) stayed (B) originated (C) grew well (D) died out

18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated plants?

(A) They were varieties of weeds.

(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.

(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.

(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.

19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating plants were

(A) medical workers (B) leaders of ceremonies

(C) women (D) hunters

Questions 20-29

12
Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed
because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a
source of food, it marks the route Line by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny
amount of trail

(5 ) pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes. These trails
incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction. Unlike some other
messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other species.
It is not surprising then that ant species use

(10) a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.
Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this
substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth. The vapor of the evaporating pheromone
over the trail guides an ant along the way,

(15) and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the
highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant
moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then
the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.

(20) The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right
antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The mass migration of ants (B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail

(C) Different species of ants around the world (D) The information contained in pheromones

21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) look up (B) walk toward (C) revolve around (D) search for food

22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) periodically (B) incorrectly (C) rapidly (D) roughly

23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single

(A) message (B) dead ant (C) food trail (D) species

24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?

(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals

13
(B) To attract different types of ants

(C) To protect their trail from other species

(D) To indicate how far away the food is

25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out

(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail

(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce

(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world

(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone

26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?

(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.

(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail

(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.

(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.

27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) include (B) provide (C) cover (D) select

28. The word “oscillating“ in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) falling (B) depositing (C) swinging (D) starting

29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found

(A) in the receptors of the ants (B) just above the trail

(C) in the source of food (D) under the soil along the trail

Questions 20-29

14
Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large
species, provided major components of human diets. An important controversy centering on the question of human
effects on prehistoric wildlife Line concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near
the end

(5) of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led to the mass extinctions.
Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove many of those species to extinction through
overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill hypothesis," they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence
between the arrival of prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths,

(10) giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct. Perhaps the human
species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history. Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to
Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been
suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early

(15) agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large carnivores such as the
saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable to compete with the increasingly sophisticated
hunting skills of Pleistocene people. Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to
the extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf

(20) prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of young. Some human
hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals in proportion to their actual occurrence. If
such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to
survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded,

(25) they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche, forcing the less
hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters played an indirect role in Pleistocene
extinctions by hunting one species more than another.

21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to

(A) occasionally (B) unexpectedly (C) previously (D) certainly

22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) parts (B) problems (C) changes (D) varieties

23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?

(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.

(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.

(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.

(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.

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24. The word "Besides" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) caused by (B) whereas (C) in addition to (D) in favor of

25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore that

(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch

(B) was unusually large for its time

(C) was not able to compete with humans

(D) caused the extinction of several species

26. The word "they" in line 20 refers to

(A) human hunters (B) game animals

(C) other predators (D) large mammals

27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by some humans and the

hunting done by gray wolves?

(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.

(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.

(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.

(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young

animals.

28. The word "favored" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) large (B) escaping (C) preferred (D) local

29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from

(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals

(B) large animals moving into a new environment

16
(C) humans hunting some species more than others

(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals

17
STRUCTURE

1. The professor instructed the students __________ the essay

without preparing an outline first.
A. to not write
B. not to write
C. do not write
D. to no write

2. It is not clear when __________, although there are many

different theories.
A. dinosaurs becoming extinct
B. dinosaurs extinction
C. dinosaurs became extinct
D. did dinosaurs become extinct

3. If the driver’s own car __________ damaged, the favorite

probably would have won the race.
A. had not been
B. not
C. no had been
D. has no be

4. Most of _____ archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures

is based on studies of material remains.
(A) these
(B) what
(C) which
(D) their

5. In her time, Isadora Duncan was _____ today a liberated

woman.
(A) calling what we would
(B) who would be calling
(C) what we would call
(D) she would call it.

6. Hanya Holm is a dancer, choreographer, and _____ .

(A) dance that she teaches
(B) her teaching of dance
(C) to teach dancing
(D) dance teacher

7. During an eclipse of the Sun, _____ in the shadow of the Moon.

(A) the Earth lies
(B) the Earth when lying
(C) that the Earth lies
(D) the lying Earth

8. Under the influence of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle became

associated with the Imagists and _____ into one of the most
original poets of the group.
(A) developed
(B) to be developing
(C) who developed
(D) developing it

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9. _____all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground;
some of it is lost through evaporation.
(A) Nowhere
(B) Not
(C) No
(D) None

10. In an area first explored by Samuel de Champlain, _____ .

(A) establishment of the city of Halifax in 1749
(B) in 1749 the city of Halifax established
(C) in 1749, establishing the city of Halifax
(D) the city of Halifax was established in 1749

11. A nation’s merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships

and the personnel _____.
(A) they operate them
(B) who operate them
(C) they operate whom
(D) who do they operate

12. Neither Professor Johnson nor any other faculty member

__________ to apply for the dean’s position.
A. intend
B. intends
C. are intending
D. has intend

13. ……….Burmese breed of cat was developed in the US during

the 1930’s.
a. The
b. When the
c. While the d. Since the

14. Along the rocky shores of New England………and tidal marsh.

a. are where stretches of sandy beach ?
b. stretches of sandy are there
c. are stretches of sandy beach ?
d. stretches of sandy beach are

15. The tongue can move and play a vital role in chewing, …..…, and
speaking.
a. to
b. swallowing
c. for
d. of
16. Instead of being housed in one central bank, the Federal
Reserve System is ….. into twelve districts.
a. dividingb. divided
c. division d. divides
3. Those species are cultivated for their…….follage.
a. beautifully b. beau
c. beauty d. beautiful

17.___to the united states House of Representatives in 1791,

Nathaniel Macon remained in office until 1815.
A. Election
B. Why he was elected

19
C. Elected
D. Who was elected

LISTENING

1. A.The woman and the man have plans to eat out tougether
2. D. The calendar shows the wrong mount
3. B. They will arrive late for dinner
4. B. Their team nearly lost the game.
5. D. The man can buy detergent at the stor
6. B. It is nicer than the Holiday Motel.
7. B. His private lessons did not help him.
8. A. The committee has just begun to write the report
9. B. They will probably have to play in the gym
10. A. Find another sociology
11. C. He sometimes gets headaches after computer
12. A. The man will find a job if he continue to look
13. Chomsky
14. (other food)
15. (order sandwich)
16. library near health care
17. disappointed university
18. (he borrow her book)
19. tell the prof schadule every week
20. exhibition to Nevada
21. join him and mary at the movie

22. he is canceling the choir rehearsal because of illness

23.

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