Telangana Economy

UNIT-2: DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TELANGANA
Contents
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Size of Population and its Growth in the Telangana State
2.3 Population Growth Rates
2.3.1 Annual Growth Rate of Population
2.3.2 District-wise, Rural-Urban-wise Size of Population (2011)
2.3.3 Samagra Kutumba Survey - 2014 (19th August)
2.4 Demographic Features of Telangana State
2.5 Demographic Dividend
2.6 Demographic Transition
2.6.1 Fertility
2.6.2 Demographic Indicators
2.7 Migration
2.8 Summary
2.9 Check Your Progress - Model Answers
2.10 Model Examination Questions
2.11 Glossary
2.12 Suggested Books
2.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit primarily analyses the broad demographic features of the State. After reading
this unit, you will be able to:
● know the patterns of demographic features of the Telangana State;
● analyse the quantitative, qualitative trends in population; and
● understand the status of Telangana State emerged as 29th State in the Indian Union.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A country’s economic development not only depends on natural resources but also on
country’s human resources. Human capital is equally valuable as physical capital in the process
of economic development. Amartya Sen had also emphasised the importance of human resources’
development and for it he utilised the entitlement, capability approach. When it is viewed that
the country’s progress depends on its human resources, such progress not only depends on the
size of population but also quality of population. The country’s optimum level of population
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will lead to the economic development. Therefore, it can be said that the increase of population
is boon to the country’s economic progress. If the growth of population is beyond the optimum
level, which hinders the process of economic development of the country and in such cases, the
high population may turn as bane to the country’s economic progress. In the context of
globalisation, privatization, liberalization though there is high population, that should be highly
knowledgeable, skilful and then it paves the way for the economic development of the country.
In such context, the high population will definitely be a boon but not a bane to the country’s
progress. Therefore, human resources, its number, efficiency, skills are very much sine –qua-
non to sustain economic development, natural resources, efficient consumption, capital
accumulation, products of agricultural and industrial sectors, foreign trade, education, medical,
creation of health facilities, social system etc. Apart from efficient (skilful) natural resources,
optimum and efficient utilisation of structured human resources will not only promote an increase
in the production but also cause for the country’s economic development in leaps and bounds.
In general, it causes for the overall economic development.
Human resources especially imply that an admixture of country’s population, educational
standards, health, nutritional policies, poverty, unemployment, economic inequalities, the income
distribution of the population. Size of population, composition of population, level of scientific
education, health, availability of nutritious food, policy of income distribution, quality of
environment, pollution free society etc. would determine the quality, efficiencies of human
resources in an economy. If we wish to know how State’s economic development, welfare,
progress is attainable, it is very essential to know the ever changing trends in demographic
transition. Thus, keeping this in view, there is a need to have an idea over the size of population,
changes that have been made in the population transition in the newly formed state of Telangana.
2.2 SIZE OF POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH IN THE

TELANGANA STATE
The growth of population in Telangana is clearly visible. The newly formed Telangana
state with geographical area of 1.2 lakhs square kilometers and having a population of 3.51
crores is the 12th largest state in terms of both area and the size of the population in the country.
The Telangana state is having an area of 3.5 per cent of the India’s geographical area. Remarkable
changes had been taken place in the size of population and its related features from 1961 to
2014 in the state of Telangana. The growth of population from 1961 to 2011 in the Telangana
State is depicted in Table-2.1.
Table-2.1: Pattern of Population Growth in the Telangana State

Census Year Population/ Difference of Population Growth Rate
Number of Persons Growth (in lakhs) (in Percentage)
(in lakhs)
1961 1,26,94,581 18.0 16.5
1971 1,58,17,895 31.2 24.6
1981 2,01,82,438 43.7 27.6
1991 2,60,89.074 59.1 29.3
2001 3,09,87,271 49.0 18.8
2011 3,50,03,674 40.2 13.6
Source: Directorate of Census Operations (DCO), Hyderabad, 2011. 15
Table-2.1 clearly shows that in the year 1961, the population was of 1.27 crores and it
increased to 3.50 crores by 2011. Thus, it can be said that from 1961 to 1991, there is an
increase in the growth of population. The growth rate of population increased from 16.5 per
cent in 1961to 29.27 per cent by 1991. The highest population growth had been registered
during the years 1961-1991. But there is a remarkable decline in the growth rate of population
both in 2001 and 2011 census years. It decreased from 29.3 per cent in 1991 to 18.8 in 2001 and
further to 13.6 per cent in 2011. The data presented in the Table-2.1 reveals the fact that the rate
of increase in the population has a declining tendency and it can be attributed to a decline in
average size of family.
2.3 POPULATION GROWTH RATES

The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population
increase in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, it
refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of
the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period.
2.3.1 Annual Growth Rate of Population

The annual growth rate of population reveals an increase or decrease in the percentage of
population during a year. The decline in the rate of growth in population shows about the decline
in the increase in population. Growth rate of population analyses the change in population or
increase in the growth of population during the two terminal years in a particular place. If we
express the change in terms of percentage, which can be known as growth rate of population and
if it is computed for a year, it can be called as annual growth rate of population. The increase and
decrease in the growth rates can be called as positive growth rate and negative growth rate
respectively. Table-2.2 reveals the Telangana State’s annual growth rates of population.
Table-2.2: Annual Growth Rates of Population

Census Year Annual Growth Rate (in percentages)
1951-61 1.7
1961-71 2.2
1971-81 2.5
1981-91 2.6
1991-01 1.7
2001-11 1.4
Source: Various Census Reports; Government of India, New Delhi, 2011.
During 1951-61 the annual growth rate of population was 1.7 per cent and it increased to
2.2 per cent during 1961-71, and further it increased to 2.5 per cent during 1971-81and 2.6
during 1981-91. However, from 1991 onwards the annual growth rate of population had declined.
In 2011 the annual growth rate of population was 1.4 per cent. Thus, the highest annual growth
rate (i.e. 2.6 per cent) was registered during the 1981-1991 years, and the least annual growth
rate (1.4 per cent) was recorded during the inter census years of 2001-2011.
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2.3.2 District-wise Rural-Urban Population (2011) in Telangana
As per 2011 Census, the population of the Telangana state is 3.51 crores. The details of
size of population as per the district-wise and rural-urban-wise had been presented in Table-
2.3. While looking at the district-wise data, Rangareddy district is having the highest population
with 53 lakhs and stood first in the state followed by Maboobnagar (40.5 lakhs), Hyderabad
(39.4 lakhs) stood in second and third places respectively.
Table-2.3: District-wise (earstwhile)

Rural-Urban Population in Telangana-2011 Census
District Population (in Lakhs)
Total Rural Rural Urban Urban
Population Population Population Population
(%) (%)
Mahaboobnagar 40.5 34.45 85.0 6.07 15.0
Ranga Reddy 53.0 15.77 29.8 37.19 70.2
Hyderabad 39.4 - - 39.43 100
Medak 30.3 23.05 76.0 7.27 24.0
Nizamabad 25.5 19.62 76.9 5.88 23.1
Adilabad 27.4 19.80 72.3 7.60 27.7
Karimnagar 37.8 28.25 74.8 9.51 25.2
Warangal 35.1 25.20 71.7 9.92 28.3
Khammam 28.0 21.41 76.6 6.55 23.4
Nalgonda 34.9 28.26 81.0 6.62 19.0
Total 3.51 crores 2.15crores 61.3 1.36 crores 38.7
Source: i. DCO, Hyderabad.
ii. Socio-Economic Outlook, 2015, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.
iii. Census of India, 2011; Provisional Population Tables.
As per Table-2.3, Nizamabad district is having the lowest population with 25.5 lakhs and
placed in the last position among all the Telangana districts. The rural population in Telangana
is 2.15 crores, which is accounting for 61.3 per cent. Mahaboobnagar district is having the
highest rural population with 34.5 lakhs (85 per cent) and stood first. As the Hyderabad district
is the biggest city, there is no trace of rural population in the district. Rangareddydistrict is
having the lowest rural population with 15.8 lakhs (29.8 per cent). The Urban population in the
Telangana State is 1.36 crores accounting for 38.7 per cent of the total population. The Hyderabad
district is having the cent per cent of urban population with 39.43 lakhs followed by the
Rangareddydistrict with 37.19 lakhs (70.2 per cent). Mahaboobnagar district is having the
lowest urban population of 6.07 lakhs with 15 per cent.
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2.3.3 Samagra Kutumba Survey - 2014 (19th August)
For the first time in the annals of the history of India, Telangana State had taken up
Intensive Household Survey (Samagra Kutumba Survey) on one day only i.e. 19th August in the
year 2014 all throughout the State. This can be a tremendous and stupendous survey that had
been ever conducted so far. This was is a unique exercise for data collection in the country. The
important objectives of the survey are to know the individual needs, identification of eligible
beneficiaries, food security, pension, double bed room houses etc; identify the beneficiaries of
government’s social security scheme, selection of eligible households for the formulation of
other developmental activities etc. The objective is to have a single robust database of all the
households of the State, by which the Government of Telangana can build effective
developmental programmes to target the individual needs by identifying deserving beneficiaries.
The survey encompasses both rural and urban household data, inclusive of data on family
details, housing status, family member’s details, disability, chronic diseases, land and livestock
details etc. 3,85,892 enumerators were engaged for this survey and the entire survey was done
voluntarily. The district-wise details of households are presented in Table-2.4.
Table-2.4: Details of Samagra Kutumba Survey

District Households (in Lakh) Population( in Lakhs)
Mahaboobnagar 9.67 42.84
Ranga Reddy 16.56 61.37
Hyderabad 9.77 37.94
Medak 8.52 30.93
Nizamabad 6.97 24.67
Adilabad 8.17 28.25
Karimnagar 12.02 38.38
Warangal 10.91 36.47
Khammam 8.31 26.23
Nalgonda 11.03 35.95
Total 101.9 363.03
Source: Samagra Kutumba Survey, 2014, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad
As per this survey, the total households in the state are 102 lakhs with 3.63 crores
population. The average family size is worked out to be about 3.5. Rangareddydistrict stood
first both in the number of households (16.56 lakh) and population (61.37 lakh) as well. Among
all the districts both in the case of number of households (6.97 lakh) and population (24.67
lakh), Nizamabad is having the last place.
2011 Census had gathered information from more than the 83.58 lakhs households, but
this survey had pulled out the information from the 101.83 lakhs households. People actively
and voluntarily participated and had given the information. The Telangana government had
successfully completed the survey.
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Table-2.4 shows about the details of Samagra Kutumba Survey. As per the survey, among
all the districts in the state, the highest population is in Rangareddy district with 61.37 lakhs
followed by Mahaboobnagar with 42.84 lakhs, Karimnagar with 38.38 lakhs ranks second and
third respectively. Nizamabad is having the lowest population with 24.67 lakhs. The district of
Khammam is having the population of 26.23 lakhs and the population of the Adilabad district
is 28.25 lakhs.
Check Your Progress:

Note: (a) Space is given below for writing your answer.
(b) Compare your answer with the one given at the end of the unit.
1. State the determinants of efficiency of human resources.
...........................................................................................................................................
2. State the tendency in the growth of population in the state of Telangana.
...........................................................................................................................................
3. State the annual growth rates of population in the state of Telangana.
...........................................................................................................................................
4. Write the objectives of Samagra Kutumba Survey.
...........................................................................................................................................
2.4 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE TELANGANA

STATE
Development of any State’s economy depends on the availability of resources in the
economy. Population as a human resource plays a vital role in the production and consumption
of goods and services. Some of the related features of the population of the state are presented
hereunder.
1. Social Composition of the Population: As per the Census, a family or household can
be defined as a set of persons or individuals living together and sharing the common kitchen.
The average size of the family can be obtained by dividing the total population with the number
of households. The average size of family in the state of Telangana is 4.2. As per the Samagra
Kutumba Survey-2014, the average size of the family is 3.6.
Among the social groups of the State’s population, the percentage composition of SC,
ST population is shown in Table-2.5. The percentage of SC population in India is 16.6 per cent,
whereas in the State it is 15.5. The ST population constitutes 8.6 per cent of the total population
of the country, whereas in the State it is 9.3. This reveals the fact that the percentage of SC
population of the country outweighs the percentage of State’s percentage of population. But in
the case of STs, the reversal tendency had been observed.
Of the total population of the State, the percentage of SC population is 15.5. The district
of Karimnagar ranks first with 18.8 per cent of the SC population followed by Nalgonda (18.3
per cent), Adilabad (17.8 per cent) ranks second and third respectively. Rangareddyand
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Nizamabad districts are having the SC population of 12.3 per cent and 14.5 per cent respectively.
The Hyderabad district is having the lowest percentage i.e. 6.3 of SC population. Similarly in
case of ST population, among all the districts in the state, the Khammam district is having the
highest percentage (27.4) of ST population followed by the districts of Adilabad with 18.1 per
cent and Warangal with 15.1 per cent.
Table-2.5 District-wise Social Composition in the Telangana State’s Population

District % of SC Population % of ST Population
Mahaboobnagar 17.5 9.0
Hyderabad 06.3 1.2
Medak 17.7 5.6
Nizamabad 14.5 7.6
Adilabad 17.8 18.1
Karimnagar 18.8 2.8
Warangal 17.5 15.1
Khammam 16.6 27.4
Nalgonda 18.3 11.3
Telangana 15.5 9.3
India 16.6 8.6
Source: i. DCO, Hyderabad, 2011.
ii. Socio-Economic Outlook, 2015, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.
2. District-wise Decadal Growth Rates of Rural-Urban Population of the State: The
district-wise decadal growth rates of rural-urban population of the state is shown in Table-2.6.
From this table, it can be seen that the decadal growth rate of rural population is 2.13 per cent
and that of urban urban population is worked out to be 38.11 per cent.
The highest decadal growth rate in rural areas recorded in Mahaboobnagar as 9.6 per
cent followed by Adilabad, 8.4 per cent and Khammam, 3.5 per cent. As Hyderabad is fully
urbanized district, there is no trace of villages in the district of Hyderabad. Both Warangal and
Rangareddydistricts registered negative growth rates of -3.91 per cent and -3.64 per cent
respectively.
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Table-2.6: District-wise Decadal Growth Rates of
Rural-Urban Population (in terms of percentages)
District Percentage of Decadal Variation (2001-2011)
Persons Male Female
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Mahaboobnagar 15.3 9.6 63.6 15.0 9.4 62.0 15.7 9.8 65.3
Ranga Reddy 48.2 -3.6 91.6 46.9 -4.0 89.1 49.5 -3.3 94.9
Hyderabad 3.0 - 2.9 1.9 - 1.9 4.1 - 4.1
Medak 13.6 0.8 89.7 12.6 -0.2 87.9 14.6 1.9 91.8
Nizamabad 8.8 2.2 38.5 7.5 1.2 35.6 10.0 3.2 41.5
Adilabad 10.2 8.4 15.2 9.5 7.7 14.4 10.9 9.07 16.0
Karimnagar 8.2 0.4 40.1 7.6 -0.02 38.5 8.7 0.9 41.8
Warangal 8.2 -3.9 59.2 7.0 -5.1 57.7 9.5 -2.7 60.9
Khammam 8.5 3.5 28.4 6.5 1.9 25.5 10.4 5.3 31.3
Nalgonda 7.4 0.4 53.1 6.5 -0.1 49.2 8.3 0.9 57.3
Total 13.6 2.13 38.11 12.6 1.4 36.3 15.0 2.9 40.0
Source: i. Directorate of Census Operations (DCO), Hyderabad.
ii. Statistical Year Book, 2015; Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Telangana, Hyderabad
The decadal growth rate of urban population in the state of Telangana is 38.11 per cent.
The highest decadal growth rate is registered in Rangareddydistrict with 91.6 per cent followed
by Medak with 89.78 per cent and Mahaboobnagar with 63.64 per cent and ranks second and
third places respectively. The rate is the lowest decadal rate of urban population is found in
Hyderabad district with 2.97 per cent.
The Telangana State as a whole, the decadal growth rate is 13.6 per cent. The highest
growth rate is recorded in Rangareddy(48.2 per cent) followed by Mahaboobnagar (15.34 per
cent). The lowest growth rate is registered in Hyderabad and Nalgonda districts with 2.97 per
cent, and 7.41 per cent respectively.
Gender wise Decadal Growth Rates: The decadal growth rate in respect of males in
Telangana State is 12.6 per cent. This rate is highest in Rangareddydistrict (46.9%) per cent
and lowest in Hyderabad district (1.9%).
The decadal growth rate of male population in rural Telangana is 1.4 per cent. The highest
can be found in Mahaboobnagar with 9.4 per cent followed by Adilabad and Khammam districts
are being 7.7 per cent and 1.9 per cent respectively. And the remaining districts in the State are
having the negative growth rates. In case of urban areas the male decadal growth rate of the
state as a whole is 36.3 per cent. It is found to be highest in Rangareddy(89.12%) and lowest in
Hyderabad (1.9%).
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The decadal growth rate of female population in the state is worked out to be 14.55 per
cent. These rates were found very high in the districts of Rangareddy(49.54 per cent),
Mahaboobnagar (15.65 per cent) and Medak (14.62 per cent). It was found very lowest in
Hyderabad (4.12 per cent). In rural Telangana, the average decadal growth rate of female
population is worked out to be 2.9 per cent. This was found the highest in Mahaboobnagar with
9.9 per cent followed by the districts of Adilabad with 9.1 per cent and Khammam with 5.28
per cent. This growth rate in Hyderabad is zero and Rangareddyand Warangal districts registered
negative growth rates. In urban areas of Telangana on an average the decadal growth rate was
40.03. The highest growth rate can be seen in Rangareddydistrict with 94.9 per cent and the
lowest Hyderabad with 4.12 per cent.
3. Sex Ratio (Male-Female Ratio): This ratio can also be called as Gender ratio. It is
defined as the number females per 1000 males. In
general inadequate sex ratio causes many social, Table-2.7: Sex-Ratios of India
economic evils in the society. As per the estimates and Telangana State
of Jean Dreaz, Amrtya Sen in many countries of the Year Sex Ratio
world, the number of male members preponderate
Telangana India
over the number of female members. This is not an
1951 980 946
exception to the country of India and the State of
1961 975 941
Telangana as well. In the year 2011, the national
1971 969 930
average sex ratio in the country is 940, whereas in
1981 971 934
the Telangana, this ratio is higher than the national
1991 967 927
average that is 988. The trend in sex-ratio of India
2001 971 933
and Telangana is presented in Table-2.7.
2011 988 940
Female infant mortality rate is very high due
Source: Various Census Reports;
to poverty, committing foeticides after the sex
Government of India, New Delhi.
determination, high mortality rates among the
females at the reproductive age, social and Table-2.8: Details of District-wise
economical factors are responsible for declining the sex Sex-Ratio as per 2011 census
ratio not only in the country but also even in Telangana.
District Sex Ratio
Despite this, if we compare the sex ratio of the Telangana
state with that of India, it is higher than India. Mahaboobnagar 977
Ranga Reddy 961
i. District-wise Sex-Ratio: Table-2.8 shows about
Hyderabad 954
district-wise sex-ratios. As per 2011 Census year, the sex-
Medak 992
ratio of the Telangana state is 988. It is remarkable to say
Nizamabad 1040
that in some of the districts, the sex ratio is more than
Adilabad 1008
1000, and these districts are Nizamabad (1040),
Karimnagar 1001
Karimnagar(1008), Khammam (1008), and Adilabad
Warangal 997
(1001). While looking at the data, it can be said the sex-
Khammam 1008
ratio is gradually increasing. The lowest sex ratios can be
Nalgonda 983
seen in the districts of Hyderabad (954), Rangareddy(961),
Total 988
and Mahaboobnagar (977).
Source: Directorate of Census
22 Operations (DCO), Hyderabad, 2011.
ii. Sex-Ratios in Rural-Urban Areas (2011): The rural-urban sex-ratios have been
presented in Table-2.9. In Telangana villages, the sex-ratio is 999, whereas in urban areas, it is
registered as 970. This data confirms the fact
that the sex-ratio in villages outweighs the Table-2.9: Details of Rural-Urban Sex-Ratios
sex-ratio in cities/towns. The sex-ratio in
District Sex-Ratios
rural areas is found very high in Nizamabad
district (1047) followed by the districts of Rural Urban
Karimnagar (1015), Adilabad (1011), Mahaboobnagar 977 973
Khammam (1003) and in Medak (1000).
Ranga Reddy 969 957
The lowest sex-ratio is found in the districts
of Rangareddy(969), Mahaboobnagar (977), Hyderabad - 954
Nalgonda (980). While in urban areas the Medak 1000 966
average sex-ratio is observed as 970. In Nizamabad 1047 1016
urban areas highest sex-ratio with more than
Adilabad 1011 978
1000 is registered in two districts only i.e.,
Khammam (1023) and Nizamabad (1016). Karimnagar 1015 986
The lowest sex-ratios are found in the Warangal 999 990
districts of Hyderabad (954), Rangareddy Khammam 1003 1023
(957) and Medak (966).
Nalgonda 980 995
4. Age-wise Distribution of
Total 999 970
Population: The age-wise classification of
the population helps to analyse the Source: Directorate of Census Operations (DCO),
composition of children, old age people, Hyderabad, 2011.
able bodied persons in a country and with this sort of classification, we can estimate the labour
force in the economy. Age-wise distribution of the population in the Telangana is shown in
Table-2.10. This Table gives us the population figures of 0-4 years, 5-14 years, 15-59 years and
the above 60 years.
5. The Population of 0-4 Years of Age Group: Of the total population of the state, the
population of 0-4 years of age group constitutes 26.87 lakhs. Of them, the males are 13.9 lakhs
and females are 13 lakhs. In rural areas, the male population is 8.4 lakhs and the female
population is 7.9 lakhs. While in urban areas, the male population is 5.5 lakhs and female
population is 5.1 lakhs.
Table-2.10: Age-wise Distribution of the Rural-Urban Population ( in Lakhs)
Age Rural Urban Total
Male Female Male Female Male Female Total
0-4 8.4 7.9 5.5 5.1 13.9 13.0 26.9
5-14 21.8 20.6 12.7 11.9 34.4 32.6 67.0
15-59 65.8 65.9 45.0 43.9 110.7 109.8 220.5
60+ 10.9 12.3 4.6 4.8 15.5 17.2 32.7
Age Not Stated 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.4 2.4 4.8
Total *1.07 *1.07 69.06 67.02 *1.77 *1.74 *3.51
crores crores crores crores crores
Source: Directorate of Census Operations (DCO), Hyderabad, 2011.
* Population including transferred villages of Khammam District. 23
6. The Population of 15-59 Years of Age-Group: The age group of 15-59 years is
considered as the effective working force of the population which paves the ways for economic
development of the country. This age-group influences the level of output, incomes, standard
of living of the people. In Telangana State, this age group constitutes nearly 221 lakhs of
population. Among them, males are 110.7 lakhs and females are 109.8 lakhs. Thus, it can be
said that the male population outnumbered the female population. In rural areas, the male
population of this age group is 65.76 lakhs and females are 65.92 lakhs. Similarly in urban
areas, the male members are 44.98 lakhs and female members are 43.89 lakhs. From the Table-
2.9, by and large, it can be inferred that except rural areas, male members are more than the
female members under the age group of 15-59 both in urban and the state as a whole.
7. The age group of above 60 years: Of the total population of the state, this population
constitutes 33 lakhs. Among them, males are 16 lakhs and the females are 17.15 lakhs. In the
case of urban population, 4.6 lakhs are males and 4.8 lakhs are females.
8. District-wise Population of the Age Group of 15-59 Years: Table-2.12 deals with
the district-wise population of the age-group of 15-59.
Table-2.12: District-wise Population of the Age Group of 15-59 Years
District Rural Urban Total (in lakhs)
Male Female Male Female Male Female Total
Mahaboobnagar 10.4 10.1 2.0 1.9 12.3 12.1 24.4
Ranga Reddy 4.8 4.7 12.4 12.0 17.2 16.6 33.9
Hyderabad - - 12.9 12.5 12.9 12.5 25.4
Medak 7.0 6.9 2.4 2.3 9.4 9.3 18.7
Nizamabad 5.9 6.2 1.9 1.9 7.7 8.0 15.7
Adilabad 5.9 5.9 2.5 2.4 8.4 8.4 16.7
Karimnagar 8.7 8.8 3.2 3.2 11.9 12.0 23.9
Warangal 7.7 7.8 3.3 3.3 11.0 11.1 22.1
Khammam* 6.8 6.9 2.2 2.3 8.0 9.0 18.0
Nalgonda 8.7 8.7 2.2 2.2 11.0 10.8 21.8
Total 65.8 65.9 45.0 44.0 110.7 109.8 220.6
Source: Directorate of Census Operations (DCO), Hyderabad, 2011.
* Population including transferred villages of Khammam District.
As per Table-2.12, rural area of Mahaboobnagar district is having the highest population
of this age group, of which males are 10.4 lakhs and the females are 10.1 lakhs. The lowest
population of this age group can be observed in Rangareddydistrict with males are 4.8 lakhs
males and the females are 4.7 lakh females. In case of urban areas, among all districts, Hyderabad
is having the highest population of this age group constituting 12.9 lakh male and 12.5 lakh
female members. In contrast, lowest urban population with 1.85 lakh male and 1.87 lakh females
under this group are observed in Nizamabad district. In the State as a whole, the population of
24
this age group is 220.6 lakhs. Among them, 110.7 lakhs are male and 109.8 lakh are female
members.
2.5 DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

Demographic dividend refers to a period – usually 20 to 30 years – when fertility rates
fall due to significant reductions in child and infant mortality rates. As women and families
realize that fewer children will die during infancy or childhood, they will begin to have fewer
children to reach their desired number of offspring, further reducing the proportion of non-
productive dependents. This fall is often accompanied by an extension in average life expectancy
that increases the portion of the population that is in the working age-group. This cuts spending
on dependents and spurs economic growth.
Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
means, the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure,
mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-
age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older). In other words, it is a boost in
economic productivity that occurs when there are growing numbers of people in the workforce
relative to the number of dependents. UNFPA stated that, a country with both increasing numbers
of young people and declining fertility has the potential to reap a demographic dividend.
In near future, India will be the largest individual contributor to the global demographic
transition. A 2011 International Monetary Fund Working Paper found that substantial portion
of the growth experienced by India since the 1980s is attributable to the country’s age structure
and changing demographics. The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that India will surpass China
as the world’s largest country by 2025, with a large proportion of those in the working age
category. Over the next two decades the continuing demographic dividend in India could add
about two percentage points per annum to India’s per capita GDP growth.
During the course of the demographic dividend, there are four mechanisms through
which the benefits are delivered. They are:
I. Increase in Labour supply: The magnitude of this benefit appears to be dependent on the
ability of the economy to absorb and productively employ the extra workers rather than
be a pure demographic gift.
II. Increase in savings: As the number of dependents decreases individuals can save more.
This increase in national savings rates increases the stock of capital in developing countries
already facing shortages of capital and leads to higher productivity as the accumulated
capital is invested.
III. Human capital: Decreases in fertility rates result in healthier women and fewer economic
pressures at home. This also allows parents to invest more resources per child, leading to
better health and educational outcomes.
IV. Increase in domestic demand: It is brought about by the increasing GDP per capita and
the decreasing dependency ratio.
25
Table-2.11: Details of the Population with in the Age Group of 20-30 Years
Category The population in the In Percentages
Age Group of 20-30 Telangana India
years (in Lakhs)
Total 66.4 18.9 17.6
SC Population 10.4 19.1 17.7
ST Population 6.0 18.3 17.0
Source: Statistical Year Book, 2015, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.
If we consider the demographic dividend as the age group of 20-30 years, as per the 2011
Census, in the State of Telangana, this age group population constitutes 66.43 lakhs and their
percentage is worked out to be 18.9, while for India it is worked out be 17.6 per cent. The
details of the population of this age group for India and Telanagana are shown in Table-2.11. As
per these details, in case of SC population, 19.1 per cent in Telangana, 17.7 per cent in India
fall under this group. Similarly, in case of ST population, 18.3 per cent in Telangana and 17 per
cent in India constitute 20-30 years of age group.
2.6 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

The demographic transition of any country or state is likely to be influenced by the
factors like birth, death, infant mortality rates, life expectancy at birth, and fertility rates of that
country or the state. Furthermore, all these factors play a vital role in economic development of
any country or the state. The growth of population occurs because of birth, death rates and the
migration levels of the people of the region. Further, it can be said that the growth of population
occurs due to the differences between birth and death rates. Birth, death and infant mortality
rates can be computed with the help of under mentioned principles. They are:
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total number of births
CBR = × 1000
Total Population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths
CDR = × 1000
Total Population
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of deaths to live born infants under one year age
IMR= × 1000
Number of births
26
Table-2.13: Estimated Birth, Death and Infant Mortality Rates
Particulars 2011 2012 2013
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Crude Birth
Rate(per 1,000
Population) 17.8 16.6 17.5 17.9 16.6 17.5 17.7 16.7 17.7
Male - - - - - - - - -
Female - - - - - - - - -
Crude Death
Rate(per 1,000
Population) 8.5 5.2 7.5 8.4 5.1 7.4 8.3 5.0 7.3
Male - - - 9.7 5.4 8.4 9.2 5.6 8.1
Female - - - 7.2 4.8 6.4 7.4 4.5 6.6
Infant Mortality
Rate(per 1,000
Live Births) 47 31 43 46 30 41 44 29 39
Male - - - 45 27 40 43 28 39
Female - - - 47 33 43 45 30 40
Source: i. Statistical Year Book, 2015; Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Telangana, Hyderabad. ii. Sample Registration System Bulletins, 2012, 2013 and 2014.
Note: These rates pertain to combined State. Telangana State specific rates are not available.
Estimated rural-urban birth, death and infant mortality rates are shown in Table-2.13. The
crude birth rates (per 1000 population) for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 are more or less remained
stable. In the year 2011, crude birth rate was 17.5 and it increased to only 17.7 for the year 2013,
which implies almost all these rates were stabilized. Marginal differences can be found between
rural and urban areas during 2011, 2012 and 2013 and thus, it can be said the similar tendency had
been observed both in rural and urban areas of Telangana. Similarly, in case of crude death rates
(per 1000 population), it was 7.5 in the year 2011 but for the year 2013, it slightly decreased to
7.3. Thus, it can also be said that during these years the death rates were also stabilized. But there
are clear differences between the death rates of rural and urban areas. In all these years, the death
rates in rural areas were between 8.5 and 8.3, whereas in urban areas these rates were between 5.2
and 5. Thus, it can be concluded that the death rates in rural areas are more than the urban areas.
This might be due to the extension medical facilities in the urban areas.
The death rates in urban areas are less in number than the death rates in the rural areas
due to the availability of improved medical facilities in the urban areas. From the Table-2.13, it
can be said that the male death rates are higher than the female death rates. Perhaps, this might
be due to the fact that males are prone to have all sorts of food habits than the females. The
male members of the families accustomed to have the alcoholic beverages, alcohol, adulterated
taddy, pan masala, gutka etc. Irrespective of the male and female differences, the death rates
are more in rural areas than urban areas.
27
In the case of infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births), this was 43 in the year 2011, but
it slightly declined to 41 for the year 2012 and further declined to 39 for the year 2013. Despite
the decline of infant mortality rates, from the Table-2.13, there were stark differences between
the rural and urban areas. This was 47 in rural areas, whereas it was 31 in urban areas during
the year 2011. These rates were 46, 30 and 44, 29 respectively for the years 2012 and 2013.
Overall, the infant mortality rates in urban areas are less in number as compared to rural areas
and this might be due to the availability of improved medical facilities.
2.6.1 Fertility
The fertility rate depends on the age of women at marriage. The marriage age in our
country is lesser. The lesser marriage age leads to the higher birth rates. In India, in the year
2011 the average marriage age for female is18.3 years, whereas for males it is 22.6 years. The
higher marriage age leads the decrease of delivery rate, which in turn leads to the decline of
birth rates. The following principle is used to compute fertility rate:
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
= Σ (Five year age specific birth rates per females aged 15 to 49 years) × 5
The General Fertility Rate (GFR)
= Average number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years.
Table-2.14 deals with the rural –urban area-wise estimated age specific fertility rates.
From the Table-2.14, it can be said that the fertility rates are very high in the age group of 20-
24 years, whereas the lowest fertility rates can be found in the age group of 45-49 years. These
rates are high in the females of rural areas than the females of urban areas. The fertility rates
had a declining tendency from the year 2011 to 2013. For instance, in the year 2011, the fertility
rate of females in the age group of 45-49 years was 2.8, but for the year 2013 it had gone down
to zero. Similarly, in the age group of 25-29 years, the fertility rate in the year 2011 was 153.4
but for the year 2013, it had declined to 102.4. By and large, from the Table-2.14, it can be
surmised that the fertility rates have been declining gradually.
Table-2.14: Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rate

Age Group 2011 2012 2013
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
15-19 35.3 16.5 30.7 36.3 16.7 31.5 31.1 16.9 27.0
20-24 216.8 143.8 196.7 210.6 140.4 191.9 219.9 173.1 205.4
25-29 163.7 129.6 153.4 164.8 131.4 154.6 100.4 106.4 102.4
30-34 74.6 58.8 69.8 68.3 55.6 64.5 20.3 35.2 25.0
35-39 30.2 16.8 26.4 27.5 15.4 23.9 4.9 4.1 4.6
40-44 10.9 3.6 8.7 10.1 3.7 8.2 1.4 0.6 1.1
45-49 3.6 1.0 2.8 2.8 0.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Source: i. Statistical Year Book, 2015; Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Telangana, Hyderabad. ii. Sample Registration System Bulletins, 2012, 2013 and 2014
28
2.6.2 Demographic Indicators
Table-2.15 shows about the projected demographic indicators from 2001-2005 to 2021-
25. The growth rate of population during 2001-05 was 1.2 per cent; it was projected to decline
up to 0.5 per cent during 2021-25. The birth rates during the period 2001-05 was 19.2 per cent
and it was estimated to decline to 16.2 per cent during 2011-15 and this rate may further estimated
to decline to 13.7 per cent during 2021-25. Thus, it can be said that the growth rate of population
declines due to a decline in the crude birth rates. Similarly, in the case of crude death rate
during 2001-05 and 2006-10 was 7.4 per cent. But this rate had a very marginal increase i.e. 0.1
per cent only during 2011-15. During 2016-20, this was 7.7 per cent and when compared this
with 2006-10, the estimated increase is only 0.3 per cent. During 2021-25, the projected crude
death rate is 8.0 per cent and when we compare this rate with 2006-10, the projected increase
would be of only 0.6 per cent. Therefore, from the estimated figures, it can be inferred that in
almost all these years, the death rates are approximately stabilized.
Table-2.15: Demographic Indicators: 2001-05 to 2021-25

Indicator 2001-05 2006-10 2011-15 2016-20 2021-25
Population Growth rate 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 19.2 17.4 16.2 15.1 13.7
Crude Death Rate (CDR) 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.7 8.0
Infant Mortality Rate(IMR) 59.1 53.1 47.9 43.3 39.5
Under -5 mortality rate 67.6 60.7 54.9 49.7 45.4
Total Fertility Rate 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8
Life Expectancy of Males 63.4 65.4 66.9 68.4 69.4
Life Expectancy of Females 67.9 69.4 70.9 72.1 73.3
Source: Census of India, 2001; Population Projections of India and States 2001-2026; Report of the
Technical Group on Population Projections Constituted by the National Commission on Population,
May 2006. Office of the Registmrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India.
As per the Table-2.15, the infant mortality rate during 2001-05 was 59.1 per cent and it
decreased to 47.9 per cent during 2011-15. The estimated decline is 43.3 per cent and 39.5 per
cent for the years 2016-20 and 2021-25 respectively. The mortality rate of children under-5
years (q-5) during 2001-05 was 67.6 per cent, and it declined to 60.7 per cent for the years
2006-10. Further, it was estimated to decline to 54.9 per cent during 2011-15, 49.7 per cent
during 2016-20 and further estimated to decrease to 45.4 per cent for during 2021-25. During
2001-05 the fertility rate was 2.1 per cent and it decreased to 1.8 per cent for the years 2011-15.
Further, it was estimated to stabilize during 2016-20 and 2021-25. The life expectancy at birth
of males was 63.4 years during 2001-05 and it has increased to 66.9 years for the years 2011-
15. It was estimated that this may be further increased to 69.4 years for the years 2021-25. The
similar tendency can also be discerned even in the case of life expectancy at birth of females.
This was 67.9 years during 2001-05 and it has increased to 69.4 years for the years 2006-10.
29
Further, it was estimated to increase 70.9 years, 72.1 years and 73.3 years for the years 2011-
15, 2016-20 and 2021-25 respectively.
2.7 MIGRATION
The higher growth of urban population in the state of Telangana is primarily due to the
migration of population from Andhra and partly from other states. The share of Telangana in
the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh was 42 per cent in 2011. From 1961 to 2011, total migration of
population is 62 lakh. Rangareddy district stood first in urbanisation with 70 per cent people
living in towns, which is mainly due to the development of towns and sub-urban areas around
Hyderabad that fall in Rangareddy.

5. Define the concept of Sex Ratio.
...........................................................................................................................................
6. Define the concept of demographic dividend.
...........................................................................................................................................
7. State the factors which influence the demographic transition.
...........................................................................................................................................
8. List out the demographic indicators.
...........................................................................................................................................
2.8 SUMMARY
The study of human resources is very important in view of economic welfare of the state
especially it is a sine-qua-non to have an idea over the tendencies that take place in the
demographic transition. Therefore, it is an essential to know the qualitative and quantitative
aspects of population. The development of human resources and the process of economic
development both may proceed together and reinforce one another. Thus, development is a
process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. The size of population, its growth
pattern and its rate determines the process of economic development. Keeping this in view, this
chapter has thrown light on the aspects like demographic features, demographic dividend,
demographic transition and demographic indicators, human development etc. of Telangana
state as per the 2011 census.
Tremendous changes had been taken place in the size of population, demographic features
in the state of Telangana during 1961 to 2011. The annual growth rate of population was 1.69
per cent during 1951-61; however, during 2001-2011 it declined to 1.35 per cent. Similarly, the
decadal growth rate of population during 1951-61 was 16.48 per cent, and was declined to
13.58 per cent during 2001-2011. The highest growth rate (29.27 per cent) of population had
recorded during the decade of 1981-91. Among all the districts, Rangareddy stood first place
with 52.96 lakhs population and Nizamabad district stood last with 25.5 lakh population. The
30
population of the state is predominantly rural with 61.3 per cent of people residing in rural
areas, whereas the remaining 38.7 per cent of the people residing in urban areas. The average
size of family in the state of Telangana is 4.2. Under social composition of the population the
percentage of SC population is 15.44 and the percentage of ST population is 9.34 in Telangana.
The national level average sex ratio for the year 2011 was 940, whereas in Telangana state, it
was higher than the national figure i.e. 940.
While looking at the age-wise composition of the population of the Telangana State, the
0-4 years of population is 26.87 lakhs; the 15-59 years of population is 220.5 lakh and the
population of above 60 years is 32.69 lakhs. If we consider the demographic dividend as the
age group of 20-30 years, as per the 2011 census, in the state of Telangana, this age group
population constitutes 66.43 lakhs and their percentage is worked out to be 18.87.
The process of demographic transition of any country or state is likely to be influenced
by the factors like birth, death, infant mortality rates, life expectancy at birth, fertility rates etc.
Variations in birth and death rates provide an explanation of the population growth. In Telangana,
the death rates in rural areas are higher than the urban areas and this might be due to the
extension of extensive medical facilities. Fertility rate depends on the age of women at marriage.
Fertility rates are very high in the age group of 20-24 years, in contrast very lowest fertility
rates are seen in the age group of 45-49 years. The higher growth of urban population in Telangana
state is mainly due to migration of population from Andhra and partly from other states.
Rangareddy district stood top in urbanization with 70 per cent people living in towns.
2.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS- MODEL ANSWERS

1. Size of population, composition of population, level of scientific education, health,
availability of nutritious food, policy of income distribution, quality of environment,
pollution free society etc. would determine the quality, efficiencies of human resources
in an economy.
2. The tendency in the growth of population over a period of time reveals the fact that the
rate of increase in the population has a declining tendency and this sort of tendency is
attributed to the decline of average size of family.
Census Year Annual
3. Table reveals the Telangana State’s annual growth rates Growth Rate
of population. (in percentages)
The important objectives of the survey are to know 1951-61 1.7
the individual needs, identification of eligible
1961-71 2.2
beneficiaries, food security, pension, double bed room
houses etc; identify the beneficiaries of government’s 1971-81 2.5
social security scheme, selection of eligible households 1981-91 2.6
for the formulation of other developmental activities 1991-01 1.7
etc. The objective is to have a single robust database
2001-11 1.4
of all the households of the State, by which the
Government of Telangana can build effective developmental programmes to target the
individual needs by identifying deserving beneficiaries.
31
4. Sex ratio can also be called as Gender Ratio. This ratio is defined as the number females
per 1000 males.
5. Demographic dividend refers to a period – usually 20 to 30 years – when fertility rates
fall due to significant reductions in child and infant mortality rates. Demographic dividend,
as defined by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) means, the economic
growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when
the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-age
share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older).
6. The demographic transition of any country or State is likely to be influenced by the
factors like birth, death, infant mortality rates, life expectancy at birth, and fertility rates
of that country or the State. Furthermore, all these factors play a vital role in economic
development of any Country or the State.
7. The demographic indicators are Population Growth Rate, Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude
Death Rate (CDR), Under-5 Mortality Rate, Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Life Expectancy
of Males, and Life Expectancy of Females.
2.10 MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

I. Answer the following questions in about 10 lines each.
1. Explain the annual growth rates of population in the state of Telangana.
2. Examine the Samagra Kutumba Survey, 2014.
3. Write about the social composition of the population in the state of Telangana.
4. Enumerate the district-wise decadal growth rates of rural-urban population of the state.
5. Write a note on “demographic dividend”.
II. Answer the following questions in about 30 lines each.
1. Discuss the demographic transition in the state of Telangana.
2. Substantiate the demographic indicators in the state of Telangana.
3. Examine the demographic features of the Telangana state.
III. Objective Type Questions.
A. Multiple Choice Questions.
1. The annual growth rate of population in the Telangana state during 2001-11 is:
(a) 2.2 per cent (b) 2.6 per cent (c) 1.4 per cent (d) 2.5 per cent
2. The Telangana state is having an area of ______of the India’s geographical area.
(a) 6.5 per cent (b) 3.5 per cent (c) 4.6 per cent (d) 3.8 per cent
3. Samagra Kutumba Survey had been taken up in Telangana on:
(a) 19th August, 2014 (b) 29th August, 2014 (c) 9th August, 2014 (d) 19th August, 2014
4. The percentage of SC population in the state is as per 2011 census:
(a) 7.5 (b) 15 (c) 15.5 (d) 14.5
32
5. The sex ratio during the year 2011 in the state is:
(a) 990 (b) 888 (c) 788 (d) 988
Answers: 1-c; 2-b; 3-a; 4-c; 5-d
B. Fill in the Blanks.
1. The sex-ratio of the state in the year 2011 is ________
2. Telangana is the ___________ state in terms of both area and size of the population in
the country.
3. In Telangana ___________district is having lowest urban population as per 2011 census.
4. In Telangana ___________district is having highest rural population as per 2011 census.
5. The decadal growth rate of the Telangana state during 2001-2011 is _______
Answers: 1) 988; 2) Mahaboobnagar ; 3) 12th largest; 4) Mahbubnagar;5) 13.6.
C. Match the following.
i. Samagra Kutumba Survey (a) 988
ii. Percentage of SC Population (b) Larger share of working age group of 15-64 years
iii. Percentage of ST Population (c) 19th August, 2014
iv. Demographic Dividend (d) 9.3
v. The sex ratio of the state (e) 15.
Answers: i-c; ii-e; iii-d; iv-b; v-a
2.11 GLOSSARY
1. Sex Ratio: This ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. This ratio can
also be called as ‘gender ratio’.
2. Demographic Dividend: It refers to a period usually 20 to 30 years- when fertility rates
fall due to significant reductions in child and infant mortality rates.
3. Population Density: It is an average number of persons living per square kilometer
(km2) area.
2.12 SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Kishan Rao, S and Rahul A. Sastry (2014): Telangana and A.P. States (1956-2014),
National Akademi of Development, Hyderabad.
2. Kishan Rao, S and Revathi, E (2016): Telangana Economy, Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad.
3. Census of India (2011): Provisional Population Tables, 2011, Government of India.
4. Census of India (2001): Population Projections of India and States, 2001-2026, Report
of the Technical Group on Population Projections Constituted by the National Commission
on Population, May, 2006; Office of the Registrar General and Census Commission,
New Delhi, India.
5. Hand Book of Statistics, 2011, Director of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Telangana.
6. Government of Telangana: Socio-Economic Outlook- 2018, Planning Department.
33
UNIT-3: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT-
EDUCATION AND HEALTH
Contents
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical Perspective of Education
3.3 Literary Rates
3.3.1 Literary Rates in Telangana – Comparison with India
3.3.2 District-wise Literary Rates
3.3.3 Adult Literacy
3.3.4 Youth Literacy
3.4 Educational Infrastructure and Quality of Education
3.5 Education Profile of the State
3.6 Health
3.6.1 Major Health Indicators in the Telangana state
3.6.2 Status of Public Health Facilities in the State of Telangana
3.7 Reproductive and Child Health
3.7.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
3.7.2 Causes of Maternal Death
3.7.3 Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel
3.7.4 Antenatal Care Coverage
3.7.5 Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant Women
3.7.6 Infant and Child Mortality
3.7.7 Low Birth Weight Prevalence
3.7.8 Full Immunisation
3.7.9 Child Morbidity
3.8 Basic Facilities for Promotion of Health
3.8.1 Availability of Safe Drinking Water
3.8.2 Sanitation Facilities
3.9 Health Infrastructure
3.9.1 Public Health Institutions
3.9.2 Public Health Man Power
3.9.3 Public Health Services
34
3.10 Summary
3.11 Check Your Progress- Model Answers
3.12 Model Examination Questions
3.13 Glossary
3.14 Suggested Books
3.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit, you will be able to:
● explain the literary rates and the education levels in the present-day context.
● analyse the education of male-female, rural-urban, and social classes.
● know the availability of educational infrastructure and quality of education
● understand the education profile of the state
● describe the health indicators in the state of Telangana
● understand the basic facilities for the promotion of health and health infrastructure.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Education plays an important role in human resource development. Literacy, education
and training are instruments for human capital development. Knowledge and skills developed
through education would increase productivity of the people in general and employees in
particular. Education is one of the most important social indicators, which is directly linked
with economic development. There have been significant efforts by government of India as
well as States to promote literacy and education levels. Some of the interventions are national
policy on education (NEP) way back in 1986; 86th Constitutional Amendment and the Right to
Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009. The special programmes such as district primary
education programme (DPEP) and sarva siksha abhiyaan (SSA) have been contributing to
achieving the goals of education policy.
The World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. Promoting and
protecting health is essential to human welfare and sustained economic and social development.
This was recognized by the Alma-Ata Declaration signatories, who noted that Health for All
would contribute both to a better quality of life and also to global peace and security (WHO,
2010). It is a known fact that the better health is central to human happiness and well-being. It
also makes an important contribution to economic progress, as healthy population live longer,
are more productive, and save more of public expenditure on health. So that resources may be
transferred to other attendant public service delivery.
3.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATION

Telangana experienced serious disparity on education front during 1956 to 2014 which
reflects the current (low) levels of literacy and education at different stages. Education base
35
was at a lower level before the formation of state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. On the eve of
state formation, Telangana remained at a lower level of education compared to Andra. Primary
and Secondary schools were predominantly managed by government in Telangana, while higher
education was entirely under private management. Access to education and employment in the
undivided State was on the basis of geographical zones. In the aftermath of the Andhra agitation
in 1972, the State was divided into seven zones whereas the capital city of Hyderabad was
treated separately and it was made accessible to people from all regions. Though this move
appeared fair, it made educational facilities of the capital city more restricted to people of
Telangana and more accessible to people of other regions. This also had far reaching implications
in regard to access to higher education for people of Telangana because subsequently most of
the higher educational institutions were located in capital city despite the fact that they were
allocated exclusively for Telangana.
During the period 1956-57 to 995-96 growth in educational institutions was higher in
Telangana compared to Andhra. Despite the rapid growth in number of institutions, enrolment
and teachers, Telangana remained a back bencher in literacy rates and levels of education. The
Periodic All India Educational Surveys, NCERT, highlight the disparities regarding education
facilities at different levels which impacted the performance levels of students. The policy of
the State of Andhra Pradesh towards development of education in the relatively laggard region
of Telangana was rather casual. The regional distribution of public resources shows that backward
regions have not received any special attention by the government; their share was less than the
share in population or area. During the period 1983-1987 the share of public expenditure on
education in Coastal Andhra was 48.7, in Rayalaseerna it was 19.1 and in Telangana it was 32.2
per cent. In spite of the discrimination in financial allocation, growth of education in Telangana
happened because of initiative of private sector.
3.3 LITERACY RATES

3.3.1 Literacy Rates in Telangana- A Comparison with India
It is evident from Table -3.1 that during 1961-2011, Telangana could record nearly fourfold
increase in literacy from 17.3 per cent to 66.5 per cent.
Even though the rate of growth of literacy in Telangana Table -3.1: Literacy Rates in
is higher than in India, still there is a gap of 6.5 per cent
Telangana -A comparison
with India
between India and Telangana (66.5°A Telangana, 73 per
cent India). Though the level of literacy rate is lower in Year Telangana India
Telangana it registered higher rate of growth over time. 1961 17.3 28.3
The new State of Telangana is likely to exceed its literacy 1971 20.0 34.5
level than India at this rate of growth. 1981 26.5 36.2
1991 40.5 52.2
The figures examined at aggregate level hide the
2001 58.0 64.8
differences noticeable at disaggregate levels. Firstly, we
2011 66.5 73.0
focus on sex and area-wise differences in literacy levels.
It is a universal fact that male literacy rates are much Source: Socio-Economic Outlook-
higher than that of females. Secondly, whether male or 2015, Telangana.
36
female, India’s rates are higher than that Table-3.2: Sex-wise and Rural-Urban
of Telangana in all the years. Even in 2011, Literacy Rates in Telangana (Percentage)
while male-female literacy rates (per cent) Year Telangana India
in Telangana are 75 and 57.9, the Male Female Male Female
corresponding figures for India are around
1961 25.9 8.6 40.4 15.3
81 and 65 (Table-3.2). In Telangana, the
gap between male-female literacy rates 1971 25.0 10.5 46.0 21.9
appears to persist. Contrary to this, in 19981 35.9 16.8 64.0 24.8
India, gap between the literacy of men and 1991 52.2 28.5 64.1 39.2
women got narrowed over time.
2001 68.8 46.9 75.3 53.7
During 1961-2011, the literacy rate
2011 75.0 57.9 80.9 64.6
of STs improved substantially from 8.5per
cent to 59 per cent, the corresponding Source: Population Census, Socio-Economic
figures for SCs are 10 per cent and 66 per Outlook, 2015, Telangana.
cent respectively. The rate of literacy growth of the STs is faster than that of the SCs. At this
rate by the next census year, the gap is likely to be negligible. Both the communities are
converging with the overall literacy rate of India.
3.3.2 District-wise Literacy Rates

The district-wise literacy rate for the two Census years of 2001 and 2011 shows that the
rate of change is highest in Mahabubnagar, but it still ranks the least in literacy rate in 2011.
Except Hyderabad and Rangareddy districts, literacy rates for all other districts are below State
average (Table-3.3). Rural literacy rates have increased more than the urban literacy rates. However,
the rural urban gap has not been bridged much between the two census years. The rural-urban gap
in literacy rate is highest in Mahabubnagar followed by Warangal and Medak, Nalgonda and
Rangareddy districts. Special efforts are needed in the rural areas to bridge this gap.
Table-3.3: District-wise Literacy Rate for Rural and Urban according to 2001
and 2011 Census 2001
District 2001 2011 Rural-Urban Gap
Rural Urban All Rural Urban All 2001 2011
Adilabad 46.3 69.9 52.6 55.26 75.63 61.01 23.6 20.34
Karimnagar 50.2 73.9 54.9 59.61 77.77 64.15 23.7 18.16
Khammam 51.6 77.6 56.8 59.8 81.26 64.8 26 21.5
Mahabubnagar 40.7 74.9 44.4 50.92 77.96 55.04 34.2 27.04
Medak 47.4 76.5 51.6 56 78.57 61.42 29.1 22.57
Nalgonda 53.5 80.1 57.1 60.07 81.69 64.2 26.6 21.62
Nizamabad 47.7 71.4 52 56.5 77.22 61.25 23.7 20.72
Ranga Reddy 52.6 77.3 66.1 60.6 82.31 75.87 24.7 21.71
Warangal 51.7 79.2 57.1 58.83 81.03 65.11 27.5 22.2
Hyderabad - 78.8 78.8 - 83.25 83.25 - -
Telangana 49 76 76 57.3 81.09 66.54 27 23.79
Source: Census of India, 2001, 2011.
37
Literacy rates according to gender and districts given in Table-3.4 shows that the male
female gap has reduced by 2011 in all the districts except for Warangal. The rate of increase in
female literacy in this district was the least compared to rate of change in male literacy, resulting
in high male female gap. The male-female gap is high in Mahabubngar, followed by Nizamabad,
Medak and Nalgonda, Adilabad. These districts also consist of large number of mandals with
literacy rate less than 40 per cent. In all, there are 53 mandals with a literacy rate less than 40
per cent in the state.
Table- 3.4: Literacy Rates of Males and Females across Districts of Telangana as
Per Census 2001 and 2011
District 2001 Male 2011 Male
Male Female and Male Female and
Female Female
Gap Gap
Adilabad 65.0 40.3 24.7 70.8 51.3 19.5
Karimnagar 67.1 42.7 24.4 73.7 54.8 18.9
Khammam 66.1 47.4 18.7 72.3 57.4 14.9
Mahabubnagar 56.6 31.9 24.7 65.2 44.7 20.5
Medak 64.3 38.7 25.6 71.4 51.4 20
Nalgonda 69.2 44.7 24.5 74.1 54.2 19.9
Nizamabad 64.9 39.5 25.4 71.5 51.5 20
Ranga Reddy 75.3 56.5 18.8 82.1 69.4 12.7
Warangal 68.9 45.1 23.8 74.6 55.7 18.9
Hyderabad 83.7 73.5 10.2 87 79.4 7.6
Telangana 68.6 46.9 21.9 75.0 57.9 17.0
Source: Census of India, 2011.
In Table-3.5, the literacy rates of various districts of Telangana in terms of social classes
are given. The literacy rate for both the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in Telangana are
lower than that for All India. The literacy rate of SC is 58.9 and ST is 49.5 for Telangana while
it is 66 and 59 per cent for All India respectively. Literacy rate of SC is higher than that for ST
as the latter suffer from locational disadvantage often. The literacy level has increased for both
SC and ST communities between the two census years. Medak and Mahabubnagar also have
low literacy rates for these social groups. Mahabubnagar district ranks low in rural-urban,
gender and social group gaps. The mandals of Ghattu, Dharur, and maktal in Mahabubnagar
district have lowest literacy rates in the state. Mandals like Nennel, Bhimini and Dahegoan in
Adilabad also rank low in literacy rate. Medak,Nalgonda, Rangareddy districts too have low
levels of literacy especially for the rural, women, and amongst socially deprived population.
38
Table-3.5: Literacy Rates of Social Classes, Rural and Urban of Districts of Telangana
District 2001 2011 Social Category Gap
2001 2011
ST SC All ST SC All ST SC ST SC
Adilabad 39.7 47.6 52.7 51.4 58.5 61.01 13 5.1 9.61 2.56
Karimnagar 34.2 46.5 54.9 51.5 58.8 64.15 20.7 8.4 12.65 5.35
Khammam 37.9 53.4 56.9 51.6 62.9 64.81 19 3.5 13.22 1.91
Mahabubnagar 25.8 32.6 44.4 42.3 47.7 55.04 18.6 11.8 12.74 7.34
Medak 28.1 39.8 51.6 44.7 53.4 61.42 23.5 11.8 16.72 8.02
Nalgonda 35.2 50.7 57.2 48.1 60.8 64.2 22 6.5 16.1 3.4
Nizamabad 30.7 40.6 52 45.9 52.9 61.25 21.3 11.4 15.35 8.35
Ranga Reddy 34.5 51.9 66.2 56.1 64.7 75.87 31.7 14.3 19.77 11.17
Warangal 34.4 50.8 57.1 48.5 61.8 65.11 22.7 6.3 16.61 3.31
Hyderabad 55.4 69.4 78.8 69.3 77.3 83.25 23.4 9.4 13.95 5.96
Telangana 35.5 47.5 58.0 49.5 58.9 66.54 22.9 10.5 17.0 7.6
Source: Population Census. 2011.
Note: SC and ST gaps are derived front average for districts and State respectively.
3.3.3 Adult Literacy Table -3.6: District-wise Adult

It appears that adult literacy rates in the districts Literacy Rates as per 2011 Census
are slightly higher than the overall literacy rates of (in terms of percentage)
those of age 7+ years. Probably due to the efforts of District Rural Urban
adult literacy staff, some of the persons who missed Adilabad 52.0 76.0
their school formerly, became literates. Hyderabad and Karimnagar 47.7 72.1
Khammam districts rank first and second in adult Khammam 52.2 80.1
literacy rates with 85.5 per cent and 84.9 respectively Mahabubnagar 45.6 70.7
under urban category. However in the rural category, Medak - 85.5
adult literacy is the highest in Rangareddy and in Nalgonda 60.8 78.3
Mahabubnagar it is the lowest. Adult literacy at the Nizamabad 40.8 78.0
state level, on an average is 52 per cent in rural and 83 Ranga Reddy 59.8 81.4
per cent in urban areas (Table-3.6). Warangal 52.2 77.1
3.3.4 Youth Literacy (15-24 years) Hyderabad 59.1 84.9
Telangana 52.0 83.0
The youth literacy rate in Telangana in the age
group of 15 to 24 is 72.0 during 2001 and 87.0 for 2011. Source: 68th NSSO Employment and
Unemployment Survey Estimates, Socio-Economic
Hyderabad was the highest (86%) during 2001 and Outlook, 2014, GoT.
Karimnagar (92%) is the highest during 2011. Mahabubnagar remained at the lowest during both
the decades but it has reached to 75.1 per cent from 54.8 per cent. The remaining districts in the State
have a very encouraging literacy rates between 83 to 92 per cent (as shown in Table -3.7).
39
Table -3.7: Youth Literacy according to districts in 2001 and 2011 census years
District 2001 2011
Adilabad 67.2 83.9
Karimnagar 75.0 92.0
Khammam 70.0 87.0
Mahabubnagar 54.8 75.1
Medak 65.0 85.0
Nalgonda 73.0 88.9
Nizamabad 67.0 86.0
Warangal 73.6 90.5
Hyderabad 86.0 90.0
Telangana 72.0 87.0
Source: Population Census, 2011

Note: (a) Space is given below for writing your answer.
(b) Compare your answer with the one given at the end of the unit.
1. Define the concept of Literacy Rate
...........................................................................................................................................
2. Define the concept of Adult Literacy rate
...........................................................................................................................................
3. Define the concept of Youth Literacy rate
...........................................................................................................................................
3.4 EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND QUALITY OF

EDUCATION
It is widely known that availability of infrastructure facilities in school has considerable
impact on school environment and it is one of the important indicators for assessing whether
the schools are providing a conducive learning environment for children. During last two decades,
a major emphasis has been given on improving school environment by different educational
programmes like operation Black board, DPEP, SSA, RMSA and so on. However, infrastructure
at primary schools has improved across the state. All primary schools are connected to by an all
weather road. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan has helped in strengthening the school infrastructure like
classrooms, toilets, and so on. The mid-day-meal programme also promoted the enrolment of
children and also made impact - on nutrition level of school children. However, these impacts
could be seen at the primary level of education only.
Despite the improvement in school infrastructure, quality has not increased commensurately.
A SFR report has also observed that a sizeable proportion of students in the combined state were
not able to read, recognize numbers and perform basic arithmetic operations in government
40
educational institutions. Research studies have, shown that there is a preference for private schools
even in the rural areas due to low efficiency of public schools at primary level.
Table-3.8 gives data across the districts regarding few indicators of access to schools
and amenities at schools at the primary level. The density of schools has increased across all
the districts. It is comparatively higher for Hyderabad and Rangareddy districts. Number of
schools per 1000 children in the age group of 6-14 years shows a rise for all the districts except
for Mahabubnagar and Rangareddy districts. Student classroom ratio has fallen for all the
districts (as shown in Table-3.8).
Table-3.8: District-wise Education Infrastructure Indicators of

Telangana state for 2004-05 and 2011-12
Density of schools Schools per 1000 Student Classroom
per 10 sq. km. children (6-14) Ratio
District 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12 2004-05 2011-12
Adilabad 2.8 3.2 8.8 9.3 32.5 24.7
Karimnagar 3.8 4.2 6.4 7.6 26.5 19.7
Khammam 2.3 2.7 7 8.4 32.7 21.4
Mahabubnagar 2.4 2.8 6.2 5.9 36.4 18.7
Medak 3.3 4 5.9 6.4 33.7 23.6
Nalgonda 3 3.4 6.5 7.3 32.8 21.3
Nizamabad 3.7 4.4 6.3 7.2 30.2 22.6
Ranga Reddy 6 7 5 5 24 21
Warangal 3.5 4.1 7 7.8 26.4 20.2
Hyderabad 128.5 148 3.7 4.4 22.9 21.1
Source: Human Development in Telangana state -2015, CESS.
3.5 EDUCATION PROFILE OF THE STATE

As per Socio Economic Outlook, 2019, Government of Telangana, a total number of
40,841 schools are functioning in the State, of which 26158 are run by State Government,
3,184 are Welfare/Residential schools, 691 are Aided schools, 10,553 are in the Private sector,
206 are Madarsas and the remaining 49 schools are run by Central Government in the State.
Hyderabad and its surrounding districts–Medchal-Malkajgiri and Rangareddy have a high
number of higher education institutions in all streams of education, such as junior colleges,
engineering, law or other professional courses. These districts also have the highest density of
population, which necessitates them to have a higher number of educational institutions.
The department of intermediate education (DIE) takes care of administration of 404
government junior colleges and 41 aided junior colleges in the state, to strengthen and impart
education at Intermediate level to the students of rural and urban areas. There are 2,558 junior
colleges with a total enrolment of 7.18 lakh students studying in both years. Out of these
colleges, 404 are Government Junior Colleges including 4 exclusive vocational junior colleges,
41 are private aided junior colleges, 1,583 are private and other junior colleges and 530 are
41
other Government institutions. The Department offers 23 vocational education courses at
intermediate level in junior colleges in the State with special focus on job oriented courses.
Apart from these courses, the department also offers 40 short- term vocational certificate courses.
Collegiate Education looks after the administration of degree colleges in the state with
the objective to promote quality education and imparting skills to provide employment
opportunities. As of now, 64 Government Degree Colleges (GDCs) have valid accreditation
and 21 Colleges are preparing for fresh accreditation. Government is making all efforts to
access Government of India funds under Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) by
improving quality measures in colleges so that they are eligible for National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC). Out of 132 Government Degree Colleges, 9 Colleges are
conferred with autonomous status. Choice-based credit system (CBCS) and semester-wise
examination system has been introduced from 2016-17 in UG Courses. The Government of
Telangana has introduced Online Admissions for Under Graduate Courses (BA/ BCom/BSc/
BBA/etc) in the State of Telangana in the year 2016 through web based system called Degree
Online Services, Telangana (DOST).
The department of technical education promotes technical education in the State to bring
out efficient engineers and technicians with profound knowledge, skill, positive work culture,
improved efficiency and productivity. The department manages the Government polytechnics
and monitors the private unaided polytechnics and professional colleges. It coordinates with
the All India Council for Technical Education to establish Engineering Colleges, MBA/MCA
colleges and polytechnics
Distribution of colleges is spatially skewed with largest concentration in Rangareddy
district. Besides, National level institutions and even State level education institutions are
concentrated in and around Hyderabad. There is a need to strike a balance in location of
educational institutions between Hyderabad agglomeration and rest of the State, which would
provide equal access to education.
3.6 HEALTH
Health is not a static. But it oscillates on a scale, which ranges between optimum health
as defined by WHO to complete lack of health. Hence, it is not only curative but also includes
preventive, promotive and rehabilitative services. As per the preamble to the WHO Constitution,
enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human
being and the governments are responsible for the health of their people and can fulfill that
responsibility by taking appropriate health and social welfare measures.
3.6.1 Major Health Indicators of Telangana State

Efforts made by the Government over the past five years have resulted in improvement
in the health status of its citizen at large and women and particularly children. The government
has its principal focus on improving the reproductive and child health services and the resultant
outcomes. However, equal importance is accorded to disease control interventions, rationalising
and strengthening the human resources, infrastructure, capacities and capabilities, strengthening
42
of monitoring and technical support systems, etc. Highest priority has been assigned for
addressing the health related needs of people living in remote and interior areas.
At the time of formation of Telangana in June 2014, the challenges faced by the state vis-
à-vis health sector were enormous. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) was at 34 (SRS-2014), the
Maternal Mortality Ratio was at 92 (SRS-2011-13) and the Under-5 Mortality Rate was at 34
(SRS-2014). The overall percentage of institutional deliveries was at 91.5%, while the percentage
of institutional births in public institutions was merely 31%. The Caesarean Sections rate was
as high as 58% (75% in private sector) and the full Immunization rate was 68.1% (NFHS-IV).
However, the state has made considerable progress in the last six years and has been able
to improve its key health indicator outcomes. This is evident from the fact that Telangana has
lower rates of MMR, IMR, U5MR and Neonatal Mortality Rates when compared with national
averages. In fact, Telangana performs better than all India averages for total fertility rates, and
percentage of full immunization and institutional deliveries as well. Major health indicators of
the State exhibited in Table-3.9.
Table-3.9: Major health indicators of Telangana state Compared with that of All-India
S. No. Indicator Telangana All India Source
1 Neonatal mortality rate 20 23 SRS-2017
2 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) 76 122 SRS-2017
3 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 29 33 SRS Bulletin, 2017
4 Under 5 Mortality Rate 32 37 SRS Bulletin, 2017
5 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 1.7 2.2 SRS Bulletin, 2017
6 Birth Rate 17.2 20.2 SRS Bulletin, 2017
7 Death Rate 6.6 6.3 SRS Bulletin, 2017
Source: Sample Registration System-2017; MMR per 1000 live births- Socio Economic Outlook,
2020, Planning Department, Government of Telangana.
3.6.2 Status of Public Health Facilities in Telangana, 2018

Telangana state aims to provide preventive, promotive and curative health services for
the people of the State, through 4797 health sub-centres, 633 Primary Health Centres, 249
Urban Primary Health Centres, 90 Community Health Centres, 19 Area Hospitals, 29 District
Hospitals, 9 Medical College Hospitals, 12 Specialty Hospitals and 2 Super Specialty hospitals.

4. State the major health indicators of the Telangana state.
...........................................................................................................................................
5. Analyse the status of public health facilities in the state of Telangana.
...........................................................................................................................................
3.7 REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH

Reproductive health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well
being and not merely the absence of disease or in matters related to the reproductive system
43
and to its functions and process”. This definition is taken and modified from the WHO definition
of health. Reproductive health addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes,
functions and system at all stages of life and implies that people are able to have “a responsible,
satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to
decide if, when and how often to do so”.
Population policies became widespread in developing countries during the 1970s and 1980s
and were supported by UN agencies and a variety of NGOs. It is argued that rapid population
growth would not only hinder development, but was itself the cause or poverty and
underdevelopment. Almost without exception, population policies focused on the need to restrain
population growth. The situation in India was no different. The rapidly growing population has
been a major concern for health planners and administrators in India since independence. The
result was the launching of National Family Planning Programme by the Government of India.
India was the first country to have taken up the family planning programme at the national level.
The International Conference on Population Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994
has been marked as the key event in the history of reproductive health. It followed some important
occurrences that made the world to think of other ways of approach to reproductive health. A
changed policy named as Target Free Approach came into existence from 1st April 1996.
Thereafter, following the recommendations of the ICPD, the Govt of India introduced the
Reproductive & Child Health (RCH) package to supplement the Maternal and Child Health
services in the country.
The RCH programme incorporated the earlier existing programmes i.e. National Family
Welfare Programme and Child Survival and Survival & Safe Motherhood Program (CSSM)
and added other reproductive health issues. The programme was formally launched on 15th
October 1997. The second phase of RCN programme i.e. RCH-II commenced from 1st April,
2005. The main objective of the programme is to bring about a change in mainly three critical
health indicators i.e. reducing total fertility rate, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality
rate with a view to realizing the outcomes envisioned in the millennium development goals
(MDGs), the National Population policy 2000, and the National Health Policy 2002. The latest
being RMNCH+A under National Health Mission initiated in 2012. RMNCH+A is a cohesive
approach to reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health; an effort to improve
maternal and child survival in India.
3.7.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental
causes. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), the number of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live
births, is directly related to women’s access to life-saving reproductive healthcare. Complications
during pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of death and disability among women of
reproductive age in developing countries. Maternal mortality which constitutes 10.3 per cent
of the female deaths in reproductive age group is a sensitive indicator of the quality of the
health care system.
44
Maternal mortality ratio in the country has declined from 437 in 1990-91 to 167 per
100,000 live births in 2011-13, indicating a drop of 62 per cent. The corresponding decline in
united Andhra Pradesh is 197 to 92, i.e. that is a decline by 53.3 percentage points. District
level estimates reveal that Adilabad (152) has the highest level of MMR and Hyderabad the
lowest (71). Khammam (99) and Mahbubnagar (98) though have slightly higher MMR than the
state average; both the districts have reached the MDG goal of 100.
3.7.2 Causes of Maternal Death

A review of the studies conducted in the districts of Telangana over a period of time
suggests that direct obstetric causes contribute two-thirds of MMR that includes hemorrhage,
eclampsia, puerperal sepsis, abortion, septicemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, embolism,
surgical complications, and obstructed labour/rupture uterus. One third of deaths are due to
indirect causes of maternal death which include infectious diseases, heart diseases, anemia and
social factors. Incidence of maternal deaths is relatively high among adolescent girls, priori_
gravida, non-literate women and also those from socially deprived communities like SCs &
STs, and interior villages. Most of these births are attended by unskilled health personnel.
3.7.3 Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel

Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel is also called as safe delivery.
An important thrust of the reproductive health programmes in India is to promote safe delivery
i.e. institutional deliveries or home deliveries in hygienic conditions under the supervision of
skilled health personnel. The analysis based on SRS data on institutional deliveries suggest
that significant progress has been made in composite Andhra Pradesh over the years, particularly
since 2007. The gap between rural and urban women opting for institutional delivery has
decreased by 16 percentage points from 2009 to 2010. By 2012 the per cent of institutional
deliveries in urban areas has reached to 99 per cent. Corresponding percentage figure for rural
areas was 92 in 2012. The percentage of institutional deliveries in the country is 73.1; Kerala
(99.4) tops in the country followed by Tamil Nadu (92.7).
In the Telangana, the per cent of deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants was 71.2
in 2002-04 as per the DLHS data and it had gone up by 95.8 by 2012-13. In other words
Telangana is behind the IVIDG goal of 100 by 2015. The state has launched a special drive to
cover women from STs, SCs and OBCs and the future priority is to improve their access to all
health related services.
3.7.4 Antenatal Care Coverage

Realizing the role of antenatal care in improving maternal health, by identifying risk
pregnancy and thereby reducing maternal mortality, it has been initiated as an important part of
primary health care. All the Reproductive and Child Health Programmes; RCH-1, RCH-2
NRHM; and the latest RMNCH+A recommends that a pregnant woman should have at least
two check-ups. Besides ANC cheek-ups, two tetanus toxoid injections and a full course of iron
and folic acid supplementation for each pregnant woman have been the goal of the programme.
At the State level, 97 per cent of women are going for at least 3 or more times of antenatal
checkups during antenatal period in Telangana and this percentage has increased by 9 points
45
during 2002-04 to 2012-13. The gap between the rural women and urban women has remained
the same over the years; and socio-economic differentials still persist at district level. The
Karimnagar had highest per cent (98) of women with 3+ ANC. Most of the districts - Khammam
(96.2), Nizamabad (96.4), Nalgonda (96), Warangal (94.2), and Mahbubnagar (93 per cent), -
are good performers in this regard. The lowest is reported in Rangareddy (81.8per cent) and
other districts of a concern are Hyderabad (89.1 per cent), Medak (91.6per cent) and Adilabad
(91.6per cent).
Apart from three antenatal visits, parameters of care during pregnancy are essential to
ensure better maternal health. Every pregnant woman is required to have antenatal check-up
during first trimester to identify future complications; 97.4 per cent of the women have gone
for it. During check-ups certain tests are mandatory to identify risk pregnancy. In the State 84.3
per cent got blood pressure measured, 85 per cent had blood tests done, and for 68.5 per cent of
women their abdomen was examined. Percentage of women covered by at least one tetanus
toxoid injection in the State is 93.8.
Consumption of 100 or more IFA tablets/ equivalent syrup is very crucial to avoid anaemia
during pregnancy. Less than half of the women (49 per cent) in the State consumed 100 or more
WA tablets/ equivalent syrup. Further worrying is that only 44.6 per cent of pregnant women
had full antenatal care in (DLHS-4).
3.7.5 Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant Women

Prevalence of anaemia in India is among the highest in the world. Even among higher
income educated segments of population about 50 per cent of children, adolescent girls and
pregnant women are anaemic. In India, anaemia is directly or indirectly responsible for 40 per
cent of maternal deaths.
Low dietary intake, poor iron and folic acid intake; food stuffs that promote iron
absorption; and poor bioavailability of iron in phytate and fibre-rich Indian diet are the major
factors responsible for very high prevalence of anaemia in the country.
In Telangana according to DLHS-4 63.7 per cent of pregnant women are having anaemia.
District wise levels indicate that Hyderabad (74.5) has highest per cent of pregnant women
suffering from anaemia. Lowest levels (52 per cent) are recorded in Karimnagar, Medak and
Warangal.
3.7.6 Infant and Child Mortality

In India, an estimated 26 million of children are born every year. As per 2011, the share
of children (0-6 years) accounts 13 per cent of the total population in the country. An estimated
12.7 lakh children die every year before completing 5 years of age. However, 81per cent of
under-five child mortality takes place within one year of the birth which accounts nearly 10.5
lakh infant deaths, whereas 57per cent of under-five deaths take place within first one month of
life accounting for 7.3 lakh neo-natal deaths every year in the country.
The infant mortality rate (IMR), is a sensitive indicator of both socio-economic
development and use of health services. Infant mortality rate currently stands at 40 per 1000
live births (SRS 2013), against MDG target of 29/1000 live births by 2015. 15 States/UTs have
46
already achieved MDG (<29 per 1000 live births). Telangana is one among them. Further 13
States/UTs are near to achieving MDG 4. The urban rural divide has declined from 24 points in
2005 to 18 points in 2012. A further decline in infant mortality burden depends on the level of
decline among scheduled castes and tribes, and rural populations.
The disparities across districts in Telangana are quite striking. While State average is
39 .1 infant deaths per 1000 births, Adilabad (53) accounts for the highest IMR and Hyderabad
(20) the lowest. The prominent causes of death among infants are perinatal conditions (46per
cent), respiratory infections (22per cent), diarrheal disease (10per cent), and other infectious
and parasitic diseases (8per cent) such as Pneumonia, Septicemia and Umbilical cord infection,
prematurity (35per cent), and Asphyxia (20per cent).
3.7.7 Low Birth Weight Prevalence

The weight of the infant at birth is a powerful predictor of infant growth and survival,
and is dependent on maternal health and nutrition during pregnancy. Low birth weight (LBW)
is as weighing less than 2,500 g at birth. Low birth weight leads to an impaired growth of
defined the infant with its attendant risks of a higher mortality rate, increased morbidity, impaired
mental development, and the risk of chronic adult disease. Infants who weigh 2,000-2,499 g at
birth have a four-bold higher risk of neonatal death than those who weigh 2,500-3,499 g.
In India, nearly 20per cent of new born babies have LBW. Males have less frequency of
LBW than females. In Telangana 8.9 per cent of babies born are LBW. Highest per cent of
LBW newborns are from Karimnagar (44.3per cent) followed by Hyderabad and Khammam
(10.3 per cent each) respectively. The least per cent of LBW newborns are in Rangareddy (4.8).
3.7.8 Full Immunization

Universal immunization of children against the six vaccine- preventable diseases
(tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. polio, and measles) is crucial in reducing
infant and child mortality. According to the guidelines developed by the World Health
Organization, children are considered hilly vaccinated when they have received a vaccination
against tuberculosis (BCG), three doses of the diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), and
tetanus (DPT) vaccine; three doses of the poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine; and one dose of the
measles vaccine by the age of 12 months. BCG should be given at birth or at first clinical
contact. DPT and polio require three vaccinations at approximately 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age.
And measles should be given at or soon after reaching 9 months of age.
In Telangana, only 48 per cent of total children in the age 12-23 months received full
immunization in 2012-13; this percentage was 71 per cent in 2007-08. District wise analysis
shows that Warangal has the highest coverage of children (83 per cent) fully immunized and
the lowest is reported in Rangareddy (35.5per cent).
3.7.9 Child Morbidity

Diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection (ARI), primarily pneumonia, are the leading
causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. As per DLMS-4 around 4 per cent of the children
below 2 years reportedly suffered from ARI symptoms and 85per cent of those suffered sought
treatment in Telangana.
47
3.8 BASIC FACILITIES FOR PROMOTION OF HEALTH
Safe drinking water is a basic necessity for good health. Unsafe drinking water can be a
significant carrier of diarrhoea, typhoid and skin diseases. Drinking water can also be tainted with
chemical, physical and radiological contaminants with harmful effects on human health. In addition
to its association with disease, access to drinking water is particularly important, especially in
rural areas, where women and children who bear the primary responsibility for carrying water,
over from long distances. The MDG goal is to reduce by half, between 1990 and 2015, the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
3.8.1 Availability of Safe Drinking Water

Most households in India (85 per cent) have access to an improved source of drinking
water; access in urban areas (95per cent) being higher than in rural areas (80per cent) (DLHS-
3). An improved source of drinking water includes, not only water piped into the dwelling, yard
or plot, but also water available from a public tap or standpipe, a tube well, bore well and small
tank. Additionally, households that drink bottled water are defined as having an improved
source of water only if the source of water they use for cooking and/or hand washing is from an
improved source. The most common improved source of drinking water for urban dwellers is
piped water. Most people in rural areas obtain their drinking water from a tube well or borehole;
however, some rural households get their drinking water from unprotected wells or springs. In
Telangana, 98.2per cent of households access to an improved source of drinking water (DLHS-4)
and its per cent in rural areas is 97.3 per cent. Though, a majority are having access, the quality of
water remains as a serious concern because of the increasing salinity and fluoride content.
3.8.2 Sanitation Facilities

Availability of sanitation facilities within the household premises is no more a symbol of
economic status but an essential facility for health beside ensuring privacy and safety to women.
Less than half of the households in India (49.3 per cent) have access to toilet facility, with huge
disparity in access in urban areas and rural areas; 80.8 per cent and 34.1 per cent, respectively
(DLHS-3).
According to census in 1991 about 3.45 million rural households and 0.26 million urban
households did not have toilet facility within the premises. In other words, 94.1 per cent of
rural-households and 17.6 of urban households of Telangana were deprived of this facility. By
2011, the scenario has improved to 69.5 per cent. The DLHS-4 in 2012-13 also indicates the
same per cent of household (69) with access to toilets; however in the rural areas its per cent is
only 46, Adilabad with only 17.4 per cent of households providing the sanitation facility is
lagged behind other districts. Karimnagar (64) is in the forefront of all other districts in providing
relatively a higher per cent of households with access to improved toilet facility.

6. State the basic facilities for the promotion of health.
...........................................................................................................................................
48
3.9 HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
It is an important indicator for understanding the health care delivery provisions and
welfare mechanism in a country. It has been described as the basic support for the delivery of
public health activities. In view of this, the health infrastructure has analysed in terms of public
health institutions, public health man power, and public health services.
After formation of state, the Government of Telangana has strengthened the health
infrastructure to provide quality health care services to all sections of the society. Table 3.10
describes the details of health infrastructure in the State [Socio Economic Outlook, 2020, GoT].
Table-3.10: Health Infrastructure in Telangana State
S.No. Particulars Number
1 Health Facilities in the State
Health Facilities (With beds) 1064
Teaching Hospitals(7); Speciality Hospitals (Incl. NIMS, MNJ)(14);
Ayurveda(4); Homeo(3); Unani(3); Naturopathy(1); District(31);
Area(19); MCH(10); Community Health Centres(90);
Primary Health Centres(882); Sub centres (4797)
2 Staff Working 49709
Doctors Working (MBBS - Allopathy)(2556; Doctors Working
(Specialists - Allopathy)(3796); Nurses Working (Allopathy)(10900);
Paramedical Staff Working (Allopathy)(11886)
3 Wellness Centers (Functioning) 12
4 Basthi Dawakhanas (Functioning) 115
5 MCH (Functioning) 10
6 Dialysis Centers (Functioning) 39
• Dialysis Machines working (Functioning) 307
7 In-Patients (in lakhs) [Allopathy] 19.76
8 Out Patients (in lakhs) [Allopathy] 281.69
9 Hearse Vehicles (Functioning) 50
10 102, 104 & 108 Vehicles (Functioning) 796
11 Blood banks (Functioning) 30
• Blood Storage Centers (Functioning) 28
• Blood Component Separation Units (Functioning) 21
12 CEMONC Centers (Functioning) 66
Source: Annual Report-2018-19: Department of Health, Medical and Family Welfare, Telangana
State.
49
3.9.1 Public Health Institutions
Health of a community is primarily influenced by availability of health services. To
protect and promote the public’s health, the public health infrastructure must be strong.
Although the health facilities in Telangana State in terms of PHSCs (4863), PHCs (675)
and CHNCs (150) are better than all India averages and many other States in India, except
south Indian States Kerala and Tamilnadu; there exists inadequacy in terms of the availability
as per the norm.
Since the inception of Mandals, a sub-administrative division in the district, in mid 1980s,
the State made it mandatory that one PHC in each Mandal. Although more number of PHCs are
created, they are found to be inadequate in terms of population norm (1 PHC per 30000
population) and 3.5 crore population would have been served with 1176 PHCs as per the norm
that means 501 more PHCs are required. This existing number of centers consists 83 and 57 per
cent of the required PHSCs and PHCs respectively.
In terms of accessibility, 78 per cent of villages in Telangana have primary sub-health
centre (PHSC) within 3 km distance (DLHS-4), Karimnagar and Khammam are the only two
districts which have almost all villages with an access to PHSC with in 3km distance, followed
by Warangal (95 per cent) and Nizamabad (92 per cent). In Rangareddy only 66 per cent of the
villages have an access with in 3 km, and thus it is the least in order. In the State 59 per cent of
villages have a primary health centre (PHC) within 10 km distance. Rangareddy and
Mahabubnagar (76 each) have the highest per cent of villages to have a PHC within 10 km
distance. The least is reported in Karimnagar and Khammam (48 per cent each).
Telangana Vaidya Vidhan Parishad: In 1986 in undivided State, the Andhra Pradesh
Vaidya Vidhan Parishad (APVVP) was established under an act of legislation with the objective
or strengthening the secondary-level health system. The APVVP deals exclusively with hospitals
or bed-strengths ranging from 30 to 350 which are referred to as secondary hospitals or first-
level referral hospitals. Now after the formation of the new State it is now rechristened as
Telangana Vaidya Vidhan Parishad (TSVVP).
TVVP hospitals cater to the secondary health care system in the State of Telangana.
There are 108 Hospitals under the TVVP control. These hospitals provide intermediary health
care between Primary Health Care (provided by Primary Health Centres) and Tertiary Health
Care (provided by Teaching Hospitals). TVVP hospitals mainly cater to the maternity and
child health services, besides general medicine, general surgery, ophthalmology, paediatrics,
orthopaedics, dermatology, ENT, etc. TVVP hospitals are well-equipped with technology and
instruments like digital X-ray Plants, ultrasound scanners, anaesthesia machines, ventilators,
semi auto analyzers, automatic mechanized laundry, invertors, solar electrical systems etc.
Intensive Care Units are established in 20 TVVP hospitals in the State.
In addition, 150 bedded Mother and Child Hospitals (MCHs) have been established in
eight health facilities viz., MCHs (i.e., DH-Karimnagar, DH-Khammam, DH-Nalgonda, DH-
Sangareddy, DH-Tandur, DH, Kingkoti, AH-Jangoan, AH-Siddipet were sanctioned. Of these
only (06) MCHs are functioning (i.e., DH-Karimnagar, DH-Khammam, DH-Nalgonda, DH-
Sangareddy, AH-Jangoan, AH-Siddipet) [Socio Economic Outlook-2020, GoT].
50
3.9.2 Public Health Manpower
Health workers are people whose job is to protect and improve the health of their
communities. The shortage of health workers and their inefficiency in functioning especially in
the public sector health care system is not a new phenomenon. On one estimation, In India
there are about 0.8 million doctors and 0.002 million (or two thousand six hundred) dental
surgeons (allopathic) serving around one billion population that means on an average one doctor
available per fourteen thousand people and one dental surgeon per four lakh people. In Telangana,
availability of doctor (one doctor per one thousand people) is better than all-India average; but
relatively poor when compared with other South Indian States. Also beds per 1000 population
are very low in Telangana (0.58) when compared to national level (1.30). The district-wise
analysis shows the capital city of Hyderabad has highest proportion of beds (1.76) per 1000
population and in all other districts it is less than one bed. Mahabubnagar and Rangareddy have
0.2 beds per 1000 population.
3.9.3 Public Health Services

The public health services interact with households in two fundamentally different ways.
The whole objective of public health programmes is to prevent disease or injury and to provide
information on self-cure and on the importance of seeking care. It strikes against health problems
of the entire populations (universally) or population sub-groups (targeted). Clinical services
generally seek to cure or to ease the pain or those already sick. It responds to demands from
individuals. Public health programmes deliver specific health services to population (eg.
immunization); promote healthy behaviour; and promote healthy environments. In terms or
services as specified at sub-centre health cetres and in primary health centres the focus is
largely confined to focus public health programme. However to achieve the desired goals,
focus should be not only on increased coverage like at primary health centres, but also on
quality of care.
3.10 SUMMARY
Historically, Telangana has experienced disparities on education front which reflects the
current low levels of literacy and education levels. The literacy rate of the State is at 66.5 per
cent and it ranks the state in the middle position. Female literacy rates in the state are low
compared to all India. The male-female, and rural-urban gaps are more in the case of districts
like Mahahubnagar, Medak, Nizamabad, Warangal and Nalgonda. Mahabubnagar is the most
deprived district on education front with some of its mandals having the lowest literacy rates in
the state. Net enrolment ratios at the primary level are above 70 per cent but declining with
level of education. Regarding basic school amenities there is much to be desired. Given the
historic deficits in education, the Telangana government is working towards a policy of KG to
PG for all the children cutting across caste, community, gender and rural-urban location.
Government of Telangana, as part of NRHM and NHM, has been on the pace of health
reforms with a commitment to strengthen the health system along with proposed programmatic
realignment to achieve rapid and sustainable improvement in the health outcomes. The highest
priority is assigned to addressing, the needs of tribal people, those living in remote and interior
51
areas, vulnerable sections from the social, economic and nutrition aspects; ultimately committed
to providing equity in health care. The state initiatives in public health sector have resulted in
impressive gains in several areas over the past 20 years. Basic health facilities are extended to
the mass population. Endemic diseases are eradicated or well under control. Simultaneously
modem health facilities using advanced techniques capable of treating various serious illnesses
and handling complicated surgeries have been established in the state. These facilities attract
not only patients from other states but also from some developing countries as well. Hyderabad
has become a popular medical tourist city in India.
Given the increased health costs, in order to promote quality of services, the state needs
to raise its budget from current levels of state budget. Particularly, if the state intends to achieve
the set health targets in the lines of millennium development goals, the Government has to bear
the diversity of development within the state.
3.11 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS- MODEL ANSWERS

1. According to the Census of India, the literacy rate is defined as the total percentage &
the population of an area at a particular time, aged 7 years and above who can read and
write with understanding.
2. The percentage of the population of an area at a particular time, aged 15 years and above
who can read and write with understanding is defined as Adult Literacy Rate.
3. The percentage of the population of an area at a particular time, aged between 15 to 24
years and who can read and write with understanding is defined as Youth Literacy Rate.
4. The major health indicators are: life expectancy at birth in years, maternal mortality
ratio (MMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), under 5 mortality rate, neonatal mortality
rate, total fertility rate (TFR), birth rate, death rate and institutional deliveries.
5. Telangana state aims to provide preventive, promotive and curative health services for
the people of the State, through 4797 health sub-centres, 633 Primary Health Centres,
249 Urban Primary Health Centres, 90 Community Health Centres, 19 Area Hospitals,
29 District Hospitals, 9 Medical College Hospitals, 12 Specialty Hospitals and 2 Super
Specialty hospitals.
6. The basic facilities for the promotion of health are: availability of safe drinking water
and sanitation facilities.
3.12 MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

I. Answer the following questions in about 10 lines each:
1. Explain the historical perspective of education.
2. State the literacy rates in Telangana.
3. Examine the youth literacy in the State of Telangana.
4. Explain the educational profile of the State of Telangana.
5. Write a note on the status of public health facilities in the State of Telangana.
52
6. What do you mean by maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and state its status in Telangana.
7. Write a note on infant and child mortality.
8. Explain the availability of public health institutions in Telangana.
II. Answer the following questions in about 30 lines each
1. Analyse the literacy rates in the Telangana state.
2. Write a note on educational infrastructure and quality of education.
3. Assess the major health indicators of the Telangana state.
4. Examine the various aspects with reproductive and child health.
5. Enumerate the basic facilities for the promotion health in Telangana.
III. Objective Type Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Education leads to the development of:
(a) physical capital (b) human capital (c) infrastructural facilities (d) None of the above
2. As per 2011 Census, the rural-urban gap in literacy rate is the highest in the district.
(a) Adilabad (b) Karimnagar (c) Medak (d) Mahabubnagar
3. As per 2011 Census, the rural-urban gap in literacy rate is the lowest in the district.
(a) Karimnagar (b) Nizamabad (c) Adilabad (d) Warangal
4. The death rate in the Telangana state is:
(a) 9.6 (b) 8.6 (c) 7.6 (d) 6.6
5. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in the State of Telangana is:
(a) 29 (b) 19 (c) 39 (d) 18
Answers: 1-b; 2-d; 3-a; 4-d; 5-a.
B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in the Telangana is ________
2. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Telangana is ________
3. As per 2011 Census, the literacy rate in Telangana is _____ per cent.
4. As per 2011 Census, the youth literacy rate in the State of Telangana is ______per cent.
5. The Rural-Urban in the literacy rate as per 2011 Census in the Telangana state is _____.
Answers: 1) 81; 2) 29; 3) 66.5; 4) 87 and 5) 23.79
53
C. Match the following:
A B
i. The female literacy rate in Telangana (a) 2017
as per 2011 Census
ii. The male literacy rate in Telangana (b) 1976
as per 2011 Census
iii. Male-Female Gap in the literacy rate (c) 57.9 per cent
in Telangana as per 2011 Census
iv. The First National Population Policy (d) 75 per cent
v. The National Health Policy (e) 17 per cent
Answers: i-c; ii-d; iii-e; iv-b; v-a
3.13 GLOSSARY
1. Literacy Rate: According to the Census of India, the literacy rate is defined as the total
percentage & the Population of an area at a particular time, aged 7 years and above who
can read and write with understanding.
2. Adult Literacy Rate: The percentage of the population of an area at a particular time,
aged I 5 years and above who can read and write with understanding is defined as Adult
Literacy Rate.
3. Youth Literacy Rate: The percentage of the population of an area at a particular time,
aged between 15 to 24 years and who can read and write with understanding is defined
as Youth Literacy Rate.
4. Maternal Mortality Ratio: It is the number of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births,
which is directly related to women’s access to life-saving reproductive health care.
5. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): It is number of deaths of children under one year of age
per 1000 live births.
6. Child Mortality: It is the death of a child before the child’s fifth birthday, measured as
the Under-5 Child Mortality Rate (U5 MR)
3.14 SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Rama Padma, Y (2009): Demographic Dynamics and Reproductive Health Situation in
AP in S. Mahendra Dev, C.Ravi and M.Venkata Narayana (ed.) (2009), Human
Development in Andhra Pradesh, Experience, Issues and Challenges, CESS, Hyderabad.
2. Kishan Rao, S and Rahul A. Sastry (2014): Telangana and A.P. States (1956-2014),
National Akademi of Development, Hyderabad.
3. Kishan Rao, S and Revathi, E (2016): Telangana Economy, Telugu Akademi, Hyderabad.
4. Census of India (2011): Provisional Population Tables, 2011, Government of India.
5. Director of Economics and Statistics: Hand Book of Statistics, 2011, GoT.
6. Government of Telangana: Socio-Economic Outlook- 2018, Planning Department
7. Gautam Pingle (2014): The Fall and Rise of Telangana, Orient Black Swan, Hyderabad.
54

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UNIT-2: DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TELANGANA

2.2 SIZE OF POPULATION AND ITS GROWTH IN THE

Table-2.1: Pattern of Population Growth in the Telangana State

2.3 POPULATION GROWTH RATES

2.3.1 Annual Growth Rate of Population

Table-2.2: Annual Growth Rates of Population

Table-2.3: District-wise (earstwhile)

Table-2.4: Details of Samagra Kutumba Survey

Check Your Progress:

2.4 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE TELANGANA

Table-2.5 District-wise Social Composition in the Telangana State’s Population

2.5 DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

2.6 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Table-2.14: Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rate

Table-2.15: Demographic Indicators: 2001-05 to 2021-25

Check Your Progress:

2.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS- MODEL ANSWERS

2.10 MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

2.12 SUGGESTED BOOKS

3.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATION

3.3 LITERACY RATES

3.3.2 District-wise Literacy Rates

3.3.3 Adult Literacy Table -3.6: District-wise Adult

Check Your Progress:

3.4 EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND QUALITY OF

Table-3.8: District-wise Education Infrastructure Indicators of

3.5 EDUCATION PROFILE OF THE STATE

3.6.1 Major Health Indicators of Telangana State

3.6.2 Status of Public Health Facilities in Telangana, 2018

Check Your Progress:

3.7 REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH

3.7.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

3.7.2 Causes of Maternal Death

3.7.3 Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel

3.7.4 Antenatal Care Coverage

3.7.5 Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnant Women

3.7.6 Infant and Child Mortality

3.7.7 Low Birth Weight Prevalence

3.7.8 Full Immunization

3.7.9 Child Morbidity

3.8.1 Availability of Safe Drinking Water

3.8.2 Sanitation Facilities

Check Your Progress:

3.9.3 Public Health Services

3.11 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS- MODEL ANSWERS

3.12 MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

III. Objective Type Questions

B. Fill in the Blanks:

3.14 SUGGESTED BOOKS

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