MCQ On CS - Ii

 “Concept of State, State Variables and State Models”.
1. The transfer function for the state representation of the continuous time LTI system:
dq(t)/dt=Aq(t)+Bx(t)
Y(t)=Cq(t)+Dx(t)
is given by:
a) C(sI-A)-1B+D
b) B(sI-A)-1B+D
c) C(sI-A)-1B+A
d) D(sI-A)-1B+C
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function which is ratio of Laplace output to the Laplace input when the
initial conditions are zero and is calculated by using both the equations.
2. System transformation on function H(z) for a discrete time LTI system expressed in state
variable form with zero initial condition
a) C(zI-A)-1B+D
b) C(zI-A)-1
c) (zI-A)-1z
d) (zI-A)-1
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function which is ratio of Laplace output to the Laplace input when the
initial conditions are zero in discrete is same as continuous but in the z-domain.
3. State space analysis is applicable for non-linear systems and for multiple input and
output systems.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: State space analysis is the technique that used state variables and state
model for the analysis and is applicable for non-linear systems and for multiple input and
output systems.
4. Assertion (A): Transfer function approach has limitation that it reveals only the system
output for a input and provides no information regarding the internal state of the system.
Reason (R): There may be situations where the output of a system is stable and yet some
of the system elements may have a tendency to exceed their specified ratings.
a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is False
d) A is False but R is True
Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function approach has limitation over state variable analysis and for
that it reveals only the system output for a input and provides no information regarding the
internal state of the system.
5. When human being tries to approach an object, his brain acts as,
a) An error measuring device
b) A controller
c) An actuator
d) An amplifier
Answer: b
Explanation: Brain of human being acts as a controller in the human body system as human
body is the control system and when human tries to approach an object the brain of the
human acts as controller.
6. For two-phase AC servomotor, if the rotor’s resistance and reactance are respectively R
and X, its length and diameter are respectively L and D then,
a) X/R and L/D are both small
b) X/R is large but L/D is small
c) X/R is small but L/D is large
d) X/R and L/D are both large
Answer: c
Explanation: Small X/R gives linear speed torque characteristic. Large L/D gives less inertia
and good acceleration characteristic.
7. Consider the following statements relating to synchro’s:

1. The rotor of the control transformer is either disc shaped
2. The rotor of the transmitter is so constructed as to have a low magnetic reluctance
3. Transmitter and control transformer pair is used as an error detector
Which of these statements are correct?
a) 1,2 and3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and3
d) 1 and 3
Answer: c
Explanation: Rotor of control transformer is rotatory part of the transformer and is made
cylindrical in shape so that air gap is practically uniform.
8. Error detector:
a) Armature controlled FHP DC motor
b) A pair of synchronous transmitter and control transformer
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
Answer: a
Explanation: Error detector is the part in the armature controlled FHP DC motor where error
detector is the first element that compares the final output with desired output and gives the
accurate results.
9. Servomotor:
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
Answer: b
Explanation: Servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control
of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration a pair of synchronous transmitter and
control transformer.
10. Amplifier:
c) Tach generator
d) Amplidyne
Answer: d
Explanation: Amplifier is an amplidyne which is an amplidyne is an electromechanical
amplifier invented during World War II by Ernst Alexanderson. It consists of an electric
motor driving a DC generator.
 “Diagonalization”.
1. State models presented employed:
a) Physical variables
b) Phase variables
c) Canonical variables
d) All of the mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: State models are used in the state model analysis and is employed in all the
variables as physical, phase and canonical phase analysis.
2. State model is generally not suitable for measuring:

a) Investigation of system properties
b) Evaluation of time response
c) Real variables
d) Both a and b
Answer: d
Explanation: State models are used in the state model analysis and is employed in all the
variables as physical, phase and canonical phase analysis and is generally not suitable for
investigation of system properties and evaluation of time response.
3. ______________ are the techniques for converting general state models into canonical
one.
a) Observable
b) Controllable
c) Diagoanlization
d) Cannonical
Answer: c
Explanation: Diagonalization is the form in which the roots are in the daigonal of the matrix
and are the techniques for converting general state models into canonical one.
4. The values of the characteristic equation is given by:

a) Eigen values
b) State matrix
c) Eigen vector
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Eigen values are the values that are obtained by solving the characteristic
equation these are the roots of the characteristic equation.
5. The matrix constructed by placing the Eigen vectors together is diagonalizing matrix.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Eigen values are the values that are obtained by solving the characteristic
equation these are the roots of the characteristic equation and the matrix constructed by
placing the Eigen vectors together is diagonalizing matrix.
6. The diagonalizing matrix is also known as:

a) Eigen matrix
b) Modal matrix
c) Constant matrix
d) State matrix
Answer: b
Explanation: The modal matrix is the matrix formed formed by placing the eigen values that
is the roots of the characteristic equation and this is also known as the diagonalizing matrix.
7. In an open loop control system

a) Output is independent of control input
b) Output is dependent on control input
c) Only system parameters have effect on the control output
Answer: a
Explanation: In an open loop control system the system in which there is no feedback
present and in which the output is independent of control input.
8. Which of the following is exhibited by Root locus diagrams?

a) The poles of the transfer function for a set of parameter values
b) The bandwidth of the system
c) The response of a system to a step input
d) The frequency response of a system
Answer: a
Explanation: Root locus diagram is the diagram that is constructed in which the locus is
traced with the gain with increasing frequency has the poles of the transfer function for a set
of parameter values.
9. The first order control system, which is well designed, has a

a) Small bandwidth
b) Negative time constant
c) Large negative transfer function pole
Answer: c
Explanation: The first order control system is the control system which has atleast the one
pole at the origin or at max one pole, which is well designed has a large negative transfer
function pole.
10. A.C. servomotor is basically a

a) Universal motor
b) Single phase induction motor
c) Two phase induction motor
d) Three phase induction motor
Answer: c
Explanation: A.C. servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration is basically a two phase
induction motor
 “Solution of State Equations”.

1. Which of the following is an electromechanical device ?
a) Induction relay
b) Thermocouple
c) LVDT
d) Any of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: LVDT is linear variable differential transformer which is an inductive transducer
and converts the displacement of the core to the electrical energy and also is
electromechanical device.
2. A differentiator is usually not a part of a control system because it

a) Reduces damping
b) Reduces the gain margin
c) Increases input noise
d) Increases error
Answer: c
Explanation: A differentiator is the phase lead compensator which increases the speed of
response and bandwidth and manages the transient response of the system.
3. If the gain of the critical damped system is increased it will behave as

a) Oscillatory
b) Critically damped
c) Overdamped
d) Underdamped
Answer: d
Explanation: Gain of the critical system is inversely proportional to the root of the damping
factor and hence on increasing the gain the damping reduces and system becomes the
underdamped.
4. In a control system integral error compensation _______ steady state error

a) Increases
b) Minimizes
c) Does not have any effect on
Answer: b
Explanation: Integral error compensation is the phase lag compensation and reduces the
steady state error and eliminates the error.
5. With feedback _____ reduces.

a) System stability
b) System gain
c) System stability and gain
Answer: b
Explanation: Feedback reduces the gain as it causes the stability to the closed loop system
and for the good control system the stability of the system should be high and also the
speed of response.
6. An amplidyne can give which of the following characteristics?

a) Constant current
b) Constant voltage
c) Constant current as well as constant voltage
d) Constant current, constant voltage and constant power
Answer: d
Explanation: An amplidyne has constant current, voltage and power.
7. Which of the following can be measured by LVDT?

a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
Answer: d
Explanation: LVDT can measure displacement, velocity and acceleration which is a linear
variable differential transformer and inductive transducer.
8. ____________directly converts temperature into voltage.

a) Thermocouple
b) Potentiometer
c) Gear train
d) LVDT
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermocouple is a device that converts the change in the temperature into
voltage in which the change in temperature of the different metals results in change in
voltage.
9. The transfer function technique is considered as inadequate under which of the following
conditions?
a) Systems having complexities and non-linearity’s
b) Systems having stability problems
c) Systems having multiple input disturbances
Answer: d
Explanation: Transfer function is the ratio of laplace output to the laplace input with the zero
initial conditions and is considered inadequate due to complexity, stability problems and
multiple input disturbances.
10. Which of the following is the output of a thermocouple?

a) Alternating current
b) Direct current
c) A.C. voltage
d) D.C. voltage
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermocouple is the device that is used to convert the change in temperature
gives output in DC form.
 “Controllability and Observability”.

1. A system is said to be_____________ if it is possible to transfer the system state from
any initial state to any desired state in finite interval of time.
a) Controllable
b) Observable
c) Cannot be determined
d) Controllable and observable
Answer: a
Explanation: By definition a system is said to be controllable, if it is possible to transfer the
system state from any initial state to any desired state in finite interval of time.
2. A system is said to be_________________ if every state can be completely identified by

measurements of the outputs at the finite time interval.
a) Controllable
b) Observable
c) Cannot be determined
d) Controllable and observable
Answer: b
Explanation: By definition, a system is said to be observable, if every state can be
completely identified by measurements of the outputs at the finite time interval.
3. Kalman’s test is for :

a) Observability
b) Controllability
c) Optimality
d) Observability and controllability
Answer: d
Explanation: Kalman’s test is the test that is done for the controllability and observability by
solving the matrix by kalman’s matrix individually for both tests.
4. Consider a system if represented by state space equation and x1 (t) =x2 (t), then the
system is:
a) Controllable
b) Uncontrollable
c) Observable
d) Unstable
Answer: b
Explanation: After calculating the matrix which for controllable system and finding the
determinant and should not be zero but in this case comes to be zero.
5. For the system , which of the following statements is true?

a) The system is controllable but unstable
b) The system is uncontrollable and unstable
c) The system is controllable and stable
d) The system is uncontrollable and stable
Answer: By Kalman’s stability test the system is uncontrollable and root of the characteristic
equation lies on the right side of the s-plane.
6. A transfer function of the system does not have pole-zero cancellation? Which of the
following statements is true?
a) System is neither controllable nor observable
b) System is completely controllable and observable
c) System is observable but uncontrollable
d) System is controllable and unobservable
Answer: b
Explanation: If the transfer function of the system does not have pole-zero cancellation then
it is completely controllable and observable.
7. Complex conjugate pair:

a) Center
b) Focus point
c) Saddle point
d) Stable node
Answer: b
Explanation: Complex conjugate pair is the complex pair of the roots of the equation and
has a focus point.
8. Pure imaginary pair:

a) Centre
b) Focus point
c) Saddle point
d) Stable node
Answer: a
Explanation: Pure imaginary pair is the nature of the root of the equation that has no real
part only has the nature of center for linearized autonomous second order system.
9. Real and equal but with opposite sign.

a) Center
b) Focus point
c) Saddle point
d) Stable node
Answer: c
Explanation: Saddle point are real and equal with opposite sign and these points are called
the saddle point as the points are different with real and equal with opposite sign.
10. Real distinct and negative.

a) Center
b) Focus point
c) Saddle point
d) Stable node
Answer: d
Explanation: Stable node is real distinct and negative and this node is stable as the points
or roots are real and neative lying on the left side of the plane
 “Common Physical Nonlinearities”.

1. The term backlash is associated with:
a) Servomotors
b) Induction relays
c) Gear trains
d) Tacho generator.
Answer: c
Explanation: The term backlash is associated with Gear trains.
2. With feedback _____ increases.

a) System stability
b) Sensitivity
c) Gain
d) Effects of disturbing signals
Answer: a
Explanation: Feedback can increase system stability as well as can reduce the stability of
the stable system.
3. By which of the following the system response can be tested better?

a) Ramp input signal
b) Sinusoidal input signal
c) Unit impulse input signal
d) Exponentially decaying signal
Answer: c
Explanation: System response can be best treated with the impulse response as when the
input is impulse input then the output is itself the response of the transfer function.
4. In a system zero initial condition means that :

a) The system is at rest and no energy is stored in any of its components
b) The system is working with zero stored energy
c) The system is working with zero reference signal
d) Laplace transform is not possible
Answer: a
Explanation: In system zero initial condition means the system is at rest and no energy is
stored in the system previously.
5. In a system low friction co-efficient facilitates:
a) Reduced velocity lag error
b) Increased velocity lag error
c) Increased speed of response
d) Reduced time constant of the system
Answer: a
Explanation: In a system low friction facilitates reduced velocity error as the friction error is
equal to the velocity error.
6. Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog of :

a) Amplidyne set
b) Resistance-capacitance parallel circuit
c) Motor-generator set
d) Any of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog of Motor-generator set.
7. Spring constant in force-voltage analogy is analogous to?

a) Capacitance
b) Reciprocal of capacitance
c) Current
d) Resistance
Answer: b
Explanation: Spring constant in force-voltage analogy is analogous to reciprocal of the
resistance which is also series analogy.
8. The frequency and time domain are related through which of the following?
a) Laplace Transform and Fourier Integral
b) Laplace Transform
c) Fourier Integral
d) Either b or c
Answer: a
Explanation: The frequency and time domain mainly continuous time domain are related by
the Laplace and Fourier transform and discrete time and frequency are related by the
discrete time Fourier transform and z transform.
9. An increase in gain, in most systems, leads to:

a) Smaller damping ratio
b) Larger damping ratio
c) Constant damping ratio
d) Zero damping ratio
Answer: a
Explanation: Damping factor is inversely proportional to the gain and if the gain increases
the damping factor and hence the value reduces.
10. Static error co-efficient are used as a measure of the effectiveness of closed loop
systems for specified ________ input signal.
a) Acceleration
b) Velocity
c) Position
Answer: d
Explanation: Static error coefficients are used as a measure of the effectiveness of closed
loop system for specified acceleration, velocity and position of input signal.
 “Stability of Nonlinear System”.

1. Stability of a system implies that :
a) Small changes in the system input does not result in large change in system output
b) Small changes in the system parameters does not result in large change in system
output
c) Small changes in the initial conditions does not result in large change in system output
d) Small changes in the initial conditions result in large change in system output
Answer: a
Explanation: Stability of the system implies that small changes in the system input, initial
conditions, and system parameters does not result in large change in system output.
2. A linear time invariant system is stable if :

a) System in excited by the bounded input, the output is also bounded
b) In the absence of input output tends zero
c) Both a and b
Answer: c
Explanation: A system is stable only if it is BIBO stable and asymptotic stable.
3. Asymptotic stability is concerned with :

a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
Answer: b
Explanation: Asymptotic stability concerns a free system relative to its transient behavior.
4. Bounded input and Bounded output stability notion concerns with :

a) A system under influence of input
b) A system not under influence of input
c) A system under influence of output
d) A system not under influence of output
Answer: a
Explanation: BIBO stability concerns with the system that has input present.
5. If a system is given unbounded input then the system is:

a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Not defined
d) Linear
Answer: c
Explanation: If the system is given with the unbounded input then nothing can be clarified
for the stability of the system.
6. Linear mathematical model applies to :

a) Linear systems
b) Stable systems
c) Unstable systems
Answer: b
Explanation: As the output exceeds certain magnitude then the linear mathematical model
no longer applies.
7. For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined due to:

a) Possible existence of multiple equilibrium states
b) No correspondence between bounded input and bounded output stability and asymptotic
stability
c) Output may be bounded for the particular bounded input but may not be bounded for the
bounded inputs
Answer: d
Explanation: For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined as asymptotic stability
and BIBO stability concepts cannot be applied, existence of multiple states and unbounded
output for many bounded inputs.
8. If the impulse response in absolutely integrable then the system is :

a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
Answer: a
Explanation: The impulse response must be absolutely integrable for the system to
absolutely stable.
9. The roots of the transfer function do not have any effect on the stability of the system.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: The roots of transfer function also determine the stability of system as they
may be real, complex and may have multiplicity of various order.
10. Roots with higher multiplicity on the imaginary axis makes the system :
a) Absolutely stable
b) Unstable
c) Linear
Answer: b
Explanation: Repetitive roots on the imaginary axis makes the system unstable.
 “Stability of NonLinear System-II”.

1. In a control system integral error compensation _______steady state error
a) Increases
b) Minimizes
c) Does not have any effect on steady state error
Answer: b
Explanation: Integral compensation is the phase lag compensation as it reduces or
minimizes the steady state error by not affecting the damping factor but reducing the natural
frequency.
2. With feedback _____ reduces.

a) System stability
b) System gain
c) System stability and gain
d) Damping
Answer: b
Explanation: With feedback damping increases and system gain reduces as they are
inversely proportional to each other and for the good control system the speed of response
must be high with low gain and oscillations.
3. An amplidyne can give which of the following characteristics?

a) Constant current
b) Constant voltage
c) Constant current as well as constant voltage
d) Constant current, constant voltage and constant power
Answer: d
Explanation: An amplidyne is the device so constructed so as can give constant current,
voltage and power and it is the important device as single device can achieve all these
features.
4. Which of the following cannot be measured by LVDT?
a) Displacement
b) Velocity
c) Acceleration
d) Pressure
Answer: d
Explanation: LVDT is the linear variable differential transformer and it is an inductive
transformer and can measure displacement, velocity and acceleration but pressure cannot
be measured by using LVDT.
5. __________directly converts temperature into voltage.

a) Thermocouple
b) Potentiometer
c) Gear train
d) LVDT
Answer: a
Explanation: Among all the instruments Thermocouple is the instrument that has two
different metals with different temperatures and the difference in temperature is converted
into the potential difference.
6. The transfer function technique is considered as inadequate under which of the following
conditions?
a) Systems having complexities and nonlinearities
b) Systems having stability problems
c) Systems having multiple input disturbances
Answer: d
Explanation: State variable analysis is used as Transfer function approach cannot be
practically used in the systems having complexities, nonlinearities, stability problems and
multiple input.
7. Which of the following is the output of a thermocouple?

a) Alternating current
b) Direct current
c) A.C. voltage
d) D.C. voltage
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermocouple is the instrument that has two different metals with different
temperatures and the difference in temperature is converted into the potential difference
and gives output in D.C. Voltage.
8. A.C. servomotor is basically a

a) Universal motor
b) Single phase induction motor
c) Two phase induction motor
d) Three phase induction motor
Answer: c
Explanation: A.C. Servomotor is the servomotor in which the input is mainly the alternating
current and is basically two phase induction motor.
9. The first order control system, which is well designed, has a

a) Small bandwidth
b) Negative time constant
c) Large negative transfer function pole
Answer: c
Explanation: The first order control system which is the system with maximum one root
which can be at origin and has well designed large negative transfer function pole.
10. Which of the following is exhibited by Root locus diagrams?

a) The poles of the transfer function for a set of parameter values
b) The bandwidth of the system
c) The response of a system to a step input
d) The frequency response of a system
Answer: a
Explanation: Root locus diagrams is constructed by the locus traced by the gain of the
system with the varying frequency and have the poles of the transfer function for a set of
parameter values.
 “Construction of Phase-trajectories”.
1. Electrical time-constant of an armature-controlled dc servomotor is :
a) Equal to mechanical time-constant
b) Smaller than mechanical time-constant
c) Larger than mechanical time-constant
d) Not related to mechanical time-constant
Answer: b
Explanation: Electrical time constant is smaller than the mechanical time constant and
hence the delay in the mechanical systems is more than the electrical systems.
2. The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is K/(s ^2 (s+5))The system is
unstable for
a) K>5
b) K<5
c) K>0
Answer: d
Explanation: The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is used to calculate
the conditional stability by using the Routh Hurwitz criteria or the Root locus technique.
3. Peak overshoot of step-input response of an underdamped second-order system is

explicitly indicative of
a) Settling time
b) Rise time
c) Natural frequency
d) Damping ratio
Answer: d
Explanation: Peak overshoot refers to the damping of the system as if the damping id less
than the peak will be more.
4. A unity feedback system with open-loop transfer function G (s) = 4/[s(s+p)] is critically
damped. The value of the parameter p is
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of the p can be calculated by comparing the equation with the
standard characteristic equation.
5. Polar plot of G (jw) = 1/jw(jw+t) is

a) Crosses the negative real axis
b) Crosses the negative imaginary axis
c) Crosses the positive imaginary axis
Answer: d
Explanation: Polar plot can be made of the following function by following appropriate steps
and thus the plot neither crosses the real axis nor imaginary axis.
6. In optimum time switching curve the system takes :

a) Minimum time in reaching desired location
b) Maximum time in reaching desired location
c) Never reaches
d) No desired location is present
Answer: a
Explanation: If switching is made to occur the crossing of the starting trajectory with the
thick line trajectory the system follows the trajectory and reaches the desired output at the
minimum time.
7. System with logic switching are :

a) Hang on
b) Bang on
c) Bang-bang
d) Hang out
Answer: c
Explanation: Suitable logic circuitry has to be added to the controller structure for the kind of
the switching and such systems are known as the bang-bang control system.
8. Zeroes are defined as:

a) Roots of the denominator of the closed loop transfer function
b) Roots of the numerator of the closed loop transfer function
c) Both of the mentioned
Answer: b
Explanation: Zeroes are defined as the roots of the numerator of the closed loop system.
9. As zero moves sufficiently left from the origin the effect of zero becomes less
pronounced.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The effect of zero on transient response will be negligible if the zero moves left
from the origin due to dominant pole mechanism.
10. Assertion (A): The zeroes on the real axis near the origin are generally avoided in
design.
Reason (R): In a sluggish system introduction of zeroes can improve the transient response
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
Answer: b
Explanation: The zeroes on the real axis near the origin are generally avoided in design as
they cause system instability.
 “Constructing Phase-trajectories”.
1. In liquid level and electrical system analogy, voltage is considered analogous to :
a) Head
b) Liquid flow
c) Liquid flow rate
d) Air flow rate
2. The viscous friction co-efficient, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

a) Charge
b) Resistance
c) Reciprocal of inductance
d) Reciprocal of conductance
Answer: b
Explanation: The viscous friction co-efficient in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to
resistance of the electrical circuit that can be found out mathematically.
3. In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous to:

a) Current
b) Charge
c) Inductance
d) Capacitance
Answer: a
Explanation: In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous to the current in force-voltage
that is also called series circuit.
4. In thermal-electrical analogy charge is considered analogous to:

a) Heat flow
b) Reciprocal of heat flow
c) Reciprocal of temperature
d) Temperature
Answer: d
Explanation: In thermal-electrical analogy in which heat transfer in the wire or conductor can
be related to the temperature.
5. Mass, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

a) Charge
b) Current
c) Inductance
d) Resistance
Answer: c
Explanation: Mass, is analogous to the inductance in the force-voltage analogy in the series
form as all the elements of the circuit are connected in the parallel.
6. The transient response of a system is mainly due to:

a) Inertia forces
b) Internal forces
c) Stored energy
d) Friction
Answer: c
Explanation: The transient response of the system is mainly due to stored energy as it is
due to the initial conditions which is nothing but the stored energy.
7. ___________ signal will become zero when the feedback signal and reference signs are
equal.
a) Input
b) Actuating
c) Feedback
d) Reference
Answer: b
Explanation: Actuating signal is the difference between the feedback signal and the
reference signal and when both of the signals are equal then the signal is zero.
8. A signal other than the reference input that tends to affect the value of controlled variable
is known as
a) Disturbance
b) Command
c) Control element
d) Reference input
Answer: a
Explanation: Disturbance signal is also the reference signal only there can be multiple
inputs in a control system or the other input is called the disturbance signal.
9. The transfer function is applicable to which of the following?

a) Linear and time-in variant systems
b) Linear and time-variant systems
c) Linear systems
d) Non-linear systems
Answer: a
Explanation: The transfer function is different from the state space approach as the transfer
function approach is similar to the LTI systems only while the state variable analysis is
applicable to the non-linear time variant systems also.
10. From which of the following transfer function can be obtained?

a) Signal flow graph
b) Analogous table
c) Output-input ratio
d) Standard block system
Answer: a
Explanation: The transfer function can be obtained by using signal flow graphs from among
these given methods
 “Stability Analysis of the Describing Functions”.

1. The characteristic equation of a feedback control system is given bys 3+5s2+(K+6)s+K=0.
In the root loci diagram, the asymptotes of the root loci for large K meet at a point in the s
plane whose coordinates are:
a) (2,0)
b) (-1,0)
c) (-2,0)
d) (-3,0)
Answer: c
Explanation: The point is calculated by using Routh Hurwitz table and then equating the
S0 term equal to zero.
2. The root locus diagram has loop transfer function G(s)H(s) = K/ s(s+4)(s 2+4s+5) has
a) No breakaway points
b) Three real breakaway points
c) Only one breakaway points
d) One real and two complex breakaway points
Answer: b
Explanation: The breakaway points are the points where the root locus branches break and
it is not necessary that this point must lie on the root locus calculated by differentiating the
value of K with respect to s and equating it with zero.
3. For asymptotes passing from breakaway point then this point is also centroid
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
Explanation: Asymptotes are the lines of infinite length and these are tangents to the root
locus that meet at infinity and for these, passing from breakaway point then this point is also
centroid.
4. Transportation lag is seen in systems:

a) Amount to be transferred in large
b) Time take to transfer is large
c) Inefficiency of the process
d) Errors
Answer: b
Explanation: Transportation lag is the delay that is seen in the systems where the output is
not following the input and is seen in systems where the time taken to transfer is very large.
5. Mediums responsible for transportation lag are:

a) Lines
b) Pipes
c) Belt conveyors
Answer: d
not following the input and is mainly seen in the practical mediums where the time of
transfer is very large.
6. Linear lumped parameter models are not valid under situations as:
a) Transmission pipe between the hydraulic pump and the motor causes a time lag in
transportation of oil from pump to motor
b) Transmission of heat by conduction or convection produces serious transportation lag
c) Transmission pipe causes the time lag and loss of heat by conduction and convection
d) Transmission of pipe causes neither any time lag nor any heat loss
Answer: c
Explanation: Linear lumped parameter models are the models that simplifies the description
of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of
discrete systems and not valid when the pure time lags are negligible compared to other
lags in the system.
7. Practically all the systems have transportation lag :

a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: Not all systems have transportation lag but whose transmission time is more.
8. Transportation lag causes :

a) Instability in system
b) Stability in system
c) System remains unaffected
d) Bandwidth increases
Answer: a
not following the input and causes instability in the system.
9. The polar plot of a transfer function passes through the critical point (-1,0).Gain margin is
a) zero
b) -1dB
c) 1dB
d) Infinity
Answer: a
Explanation: Gain margin is the point where the at phase cross over frequency gain of the
system i 1 dB and of a polar plot passing through the critical point is zero.
10. Consider the following statements:

1. The effect of feedback is to reduce the system error
2. Feedback increases the gain of the system in one frequency range but decreases in
another.
3. Feedback can cause a system that is originally stable to become unstable
Which of these statements are correct.
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3
Answer: c
Explanation: Feedback can be of two types as positive and negative and cause the increase
in gain and also can cause stable system to become unstable.
 “Liapunov’s Stability Criterion – I”.

1. If the system is asymptotically stable irrespective that how close or far it is from the origin
then the system is:
a) Asymptotically stable
b) Asymptotically stable in the large
c) Stable
d) Unstable
Answer: b
Explanation: For the good control system system must be stable and if the system is
asymptotically stable irrespective that how close or far it is from the origin then the system is
asymptotically stable in large.
2. A system is said to be locally stable if:

a) The region S (e) is small
b) There exist a real number >0 such that || x (t0) || <=r
c) Every initial state x (t0) results in x (t) tends to zero as t tends to infinity
d) They are unstable
Answer: a
Explanation: By the definition of Liapunov’s stability criteria a system is locally stable if the
region of system is very small.
3. The system is asymptotically stable at the origin if :

a) It is stable
d) It is unstable
Answer: d
Explanation: By the definition of Liapunov’s stability criteria the system is asymptotically
stable at the origin if there exist a real number >0 such that || x (t0) || <=r and every initial
state x (t0) results in x (t) tends to zero as t tends to infinity .
4. The system is asymptotically stable in the large at the origin if :

a) It is stable
d) Both a and c
Answer: d
Explanation: By the definition of Liapunov’s stability criteria the system is asymptotically
stable in the large at the origin if there exist a real number >0 such that || x (t0) || <=r and
every initial state x (t0) results in x (t) tends to zero as t tends to infinity.
5. The stability of non-linear systems:

a) Disturbed steady state coming back to its equilibrium state
b) Non-linear systems to be in closed trajectory
c) In limit cycles that is oscillations of the systems
Answer: d
Explanation: For the stability of non-linear systems as they differ from the linear systems as
they have disturbed state coming back to its equilibrium and in closed trajectory and in limit
cycles that is oscillations in the system.
6. The direct method of Liapunov is :

a) Concept of energy
b) Relation of stored energy
c) Using the equation of the autonomous systems
Answer: d
Explanation: Liapunov has two methods as direct and indirect and the direct method of
Liapunov is using concept of energy, relation of stored energy and using the equation of the
autonomous systems.
7. The results for the energy :

a) Energy of the system is non-negative
b) Energy of the system decreases as t increases
c) Energy is non-negative and decreases as t increases
d) Energy is negative
Answer: c
Explanation: Energy is defined as the work done or force which produces certain
displacement and the results for the energy are that energy of the system in non-negative
and it decreases as t increases.
8. The visual analogy of the Liapunov energy description is:

a) Ellipse
b) Circle
c) Square
d) Rectangle
Answer: a
Explanation: For the results of the Liapunov energy the loci is traced by the Liapunov
energy description and is a ellipse.
9. The idea that the non-negative scalar functions of a system state can also answer the
question of stability was given in Liapunov function:
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The stability of the liapunov function can be determined with the help of the
scalar functions of a system state.
10. The method of investigating the stability using Liapunov function as the
________________
a) Direct method
b) Indirect method
c) Not determined
d) Always unstable
Answer: a
Explanation: Liapunov’s stability is the major factor of the autonomous functions and it can
be determined with the help of the direct method
 “Liapunov’s Stability Criterion – II”.

1. The systems with equation such as dx/dt =F (x) are called:
a) Stable systems
b) Control systems
c) Autonomous systems
d) Unstable control system
Answer: c
Explanation: Autonomous systems are represented by the differential equations as stated
above and these systems are tested by liapunov’s stability criteria.
2. The points at which derivatives of all the state variables are zero are:
a) Singular points
b) Nonsingular points
c) Poles
d) Zeros
Answer: a
Explanation: Singular points are the points that are calculated by equating the denominator
equal to zero and at which the derivatives of all the state variables are zero.
3. The system if kept in the singular points will continue to lie on these points undisturbed.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: The derivative of all the phase variables being zero, the system shall remain
unchanged and the system if lying on these points will continue to lie on these points
undisturbed.
4. A system is stable with zero input if:
a) The resulting trajectory tends towards the equilibrium state.
b) If for the bounded input output is also bounded
c) It is a free system
d) It is forced system
Answer: a
Explanation: A system with zero input is the system in which the input is zero and initial
states are taken as the input and a free system but it is stable only if the resulting trajectory
tends toward the equilibrium state.
5. A Forced system is stable if:

a) The resulting trajectory tends towards the equilibrium state.
b) If for the bounded input output is also bounded
c) It is a free system
d) It is forced system
Answer: b
Explanation: For forced system input is given externally and response has two terms due to
the initial states and input given and it is stable if output is bounded for bounded input.
6. In non-linear systems forced and free responses are:

a) Related
b) Not related
c) Contemporary
Answer: a
Explanation: Forced response is due to the external input and free response is due to the
initial state and total response is sum of both the responses and in non-linear systems both
are related.
7. The linear autonomous systems:

a) Have one equilibrium state
b) Their behavior determines the qualitative behavior of the s-plane
c) System behavior for small deviations about the equilibrium point may be different from
the large deviation
d) Both a and b
Answer: d
Explanation: The linear autonomous systems having the differential terms with the linear
relationship and have one equilibrium state and their behavior determines the qualitative
behavior of the s-plane.
8. The non-linear system

a) Have one equilibrium state
b) Their behavior determines the qualitative behavior of the s-plane
c) System behavior for small deviations about the equilibrium point may be different from
the large deviation
d) Both a and b
Answer: c
Explanation: For the non-linear system where the input parameters or external input is
having non-linear relationship with the output and behavior for small deviations about the
equilibrium point may be different from the large deviation.
9. The system is stable at origin if for every initial state which is sufficiently close to the
origin remains near the origin for all t then the system is :
c) Stable
d) Unstable
Answer: c
Explanation: By definition, the system is stable at origin if for every initial state which is
sufficiently close to the origin remains near the origin for all t then the system is stable.
10. If x (t) approaches near the origin as t tends to infinity then the system is :
c) Stable
d) Unstable
Answer: a
Explanation: By definition, if x (t) approaches near the origin as t tend to the infinity then the
system is asymptotically stable
 “The Direct Method and Constructing of Liapunov for

the Linear and Non-Linear System”.
1. If the Liapunov’s function cannot be found then the system is:
a) Stable
b) Unstable
c) Conditionally stable
d) Marginally stable
Answer: b
Explanation: It is very difficult to find the Liapunov’s function and several techniques are
devised for the same and if the Liapunov’s function is not available then the system is
unstable.
2. Liapunov’s stability analysis is for the :

a) LTI system
b) Time variant system
c) Non-linear system
d) Linear system
Answer: c
Explanation: Liapunov’s stability criterion is for the non-linear system.
3. The system is unstable for:

a) W (x)>0; x not equal to zero
b) W (0) =0
c) W (x) has continuous partial derivative with respect to all components of x
Answer: d
Explanation: It requires much ingenuity of devise a suitable W function to devise a Liapunov
function V. In stability analysis of nonlinear systems, it is valuable to establish conditions for
which the system is unstable.
4. Liapunov’s stability for non-linear system is same as the Routh Hurwitz criteria for the
linear system.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Liapunov stability is similar in function as the Routh Hurwitz criteria and
Silvester’s theorem can be used to prove it.
5. Conditions of ___________ are necessary and sufficient condition for the asymptotic
stability of the system.
a) Linear system
b) Krasovskii’s method
c) positive definiteness
d) Variable gradient method
Answer: c
Explanation: For the system to be asymptotic stable which is desired for the Liapunov
stability positive definiteness of the system must be fulfilled.
6. It is difficult to form Liapunov’s function for:

a) Linear system
b) Non-linear
c) Time variant systems
d) Time –invariant systems
Answer: b
Explanation: For non-linear system it is difficult to form the Liapunov’s function
And we use various method to do this.
7. If the V is positive definite, for the system to be asymptotically stable, Q should be

negative definite.
a) Krasovskii’s method
b) Variable gradient method
c) Constant method
d) Non-variable gradient method
Answer: a
Explanation: If the V is positive definite, for the system to be asymptotically stable, Q should
be negative definite. For Krasovskii’s method and in addition V should tend to infinity and
the system is asymptotically stable in-the large.
8. The method which provides considerable flexibility in finding the Liapunov’s function is:
a) Krasovskii’s method
b) Variable gradient method
c) Constant method
d) Non-variable gradient method
Answer: b
Explanation: Variable gradient method provides considerable flexibility in finding the
Liapunov’s function as the quadratic form approach is too restrictive.
9. Liapunov stability analysis is different from the classical theories approach of stability.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Liapunov’s stability theorem is applied for the non-linear systems but other
stability theorems are applied for the linear systems.
10. For non-linear systems the equation for damping factor as in linear system is
called__________
a) Krasovskii’s equation
b) Vander Pol’s equation
c) Constant method
d) Non-variable gradient equation
Answer: b
Explanation: For non-linear systems the equation for damping factor as in linear system is
called Vander pol’s equation which depends upon x and damping factor has large positive
values for this.
“State Models for Linear Continuous-Time Systems”.

1. Consider the following servomotors:
1. AC-two phase servomotor
2. DC servomotor
3. Hydraulic servomotor
4. Pneumatic servomotor
The correct sequence of these servomotor in increasing order of power handling capacity is:
a) 2,4,3,1
b) 4,2,3,1
c) 2,4,1,3
d) 4,2,1,3
Answer: c
Explanation: Power handling capacity is the capacity of the system where the system can
handle very high power and among the given is maximum DC servomotor.
2. Open loop transfer function of a system having one zero with a positive real value is
called.
a) Zero phase function
b) Negative phase function
c) Positive phase function
d) Non-minimum phase function
Answer: d
Explanation: Non-minimum phase system has zero lying on the right half but not pole and
combination of the all pass and minimum phase system can be non-minimum phase
system.
3. Assertion (A): The stator winding of a control transformer has higher impedance per
phase
Reason (R): The rotor of control transformer is cylindrical in shape.
b) Both A and R are true and R is not correct Explanation of A
c) A is True and R is false
d) A is False and R is true
Answer: b
Explanation: The control transformer has two parts as stator which is stationary having
higher impedance and rotor which was rotatory was cylindrical in shape.
4. Assertion (A): In a shunt regulator, the control element is connected in shunt with the load
to achieve constant output voltage.
Reason (R): The impedance of the control element varies to keep the total current flowing
through the load and the control element constant.
Answer: c
Explanation: Shunt regulator refers to the winding connected in shunt or parallel and to
achieve constant output voltage.
5. Assertion (A): In the error detector configuration using a synchro transmitter and synchro
control transformer, the latter is connected to the error amplifier.
Reason (R): Synchro control transformer has almost a uniform reluctance path between the
rotor and the stator.
Answer: c
Explanation: Synchro control transformer is amplifier that is used to amplify the error and
synchro transmitter is used to detect error.
6. A tachometer is used as an inner loop in a position control servo-system. What is the

effect of feedback on the gain of the sub-loop incorporating tachometer and in the effective
time constant of the system?
a) Both are reduced
b) Gain is reduced but the time constant is increased
c) Gain is increased but the time constant is reduced
d) Both are increased
Answer: a
Explanation: Tachometer is the device that is used to control the speed of motor in the
control system and Feedback and effective time constant of the system both are reduced on
the gain of the sub-loop.
7. If the initial conditions are inherently zero, what does it physically mean?
a) The system is at rest but stores energy
b) The system is working but does not store energy
c) The system is at rests or no energy is stored in any of its parts
d) The system is working with zero reference input
Answer: c
Explanation: A system with zero initial condition is said to be at rest since there is no stored
energy.
8. In case of DC servomotor the back-emf is equivalent to an “electric friction” which tends

to :
a) Improve stability of the motor
b) Slowly decrease stability of the motor
c) Vary rapidly decrease stability of the motor
d) Have no effect on stability
Answer: a
Explanation: Back emf is the voltage that is generated in absence of the input and in case of
DC servomotor tends to improve the stability of the motor.
9. Consider the following statements for the pneumatic and hydraulic systems:
1. The normal operating pressure of pneumatic control is very much higher than that of
hydraulic control.
2. In, pneumatic control external leakage is permissible to a certain extent, but there should
no leakage in a hydraulic control.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 and 2
Answer: c
Explanation: Operating pressure of pneumatic as the control,action is mainly to control the
flow of air is more and also no leakage is permitted in hydraulic systems.
10. The transfer function of a LTI system is given as 1/(s+1). What is the steady-state value
of the unit-impulse response?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) Infinite
Answer: a
Explanation: Steady state value is the final value and it is calculated from the final vale
theorem and final value theorem is applicable for the stable systems only.
“State Variables and Linear Discrete-Time Systems”

1. Which of the following can be used as a tacho generator in control systems?
a) Microsyn
b) DC servomotor
c) AC servomotor
d) Magnetic Amplifier
Answer: c
Explanation: Tacho-generator in the control system is used to manage the speed and
convert the speed into measurable terms and AC servomotor can be used as Tacho
generator in control systems.
2. Consider the function F (s)= 5/s(s 2+3s+2), the initial value of f(t) is:
a) 5
b) 5/2
c) 5/3
d) 0
Answer: d
Explanation: For initial value theorem in which time is at t =0 and for the frequency which is
the inverse of time, the value of s is replaced with infinity and hence the value obtained is 0.
3. An electric motor is developing 10KW at a speed of 900rpm. The torque available at the
shaft is:
a) 106 N-m
b) 66 N-m
c) 1600 N-m
d) 90 N-m
Answer: a
Explanation: The formula of the Torque =9.544*Power/speed in rpm and unit is N-m and by
this the value of the torque can be calculated.
4. Assertion (A): Many of the linear control system transfer function do not have poles or
zeroes in the right half s-plane.
Reason (R): These are called minimum phase transfer function.
Answer: a
Explanation: For minimum phase systems the poles and zeroes must be on the left side of
the s-plane and for the systems which have zeroes on the right half of the s plane are called
non-minimum phase systems.
5. The tacho meter has sensitivity of 5V/1000rpm. The gain constant of the tacho meter is:
a) 0.48V/rad/sec
b) 0.048V/rad/sec
c) 4.8V/rad/sec
d) 48V/rad/sec
Answer: b
Explanation: Gain constant = 5*60/2p*1000(V/rad/sec)
0.048 V/rad/sec.
6. The closed loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is 100/(s 2+8s+100).
Its open loop transfer function is:
a) 100/s+8
b) 1/s2+8s
c) 100/s2-8s
d) 100/s2+8s
Answer: d
Explanation: For unity feedback system the closed loop transfer function is: G/1+GH and
the open loop transfer function can be calculated by balancing the value of G.
7. The impulse response of a linear LTI system is given as g (t) = e (-t)The transfer function of
the system is equal to:
a) 1/s
b) 1/s(s+1)
c) 1/(s+1)
d) s/(s+1)
Answer: c
Explanation: Impulse response is just the Laplace transform of the transfer function and the
response is just the Laplace transform of the forward path block.
8. In a closed loop for which the output is the speed of the motor, the output rate control can
be used to:
a) Limit the speed of the motor
b) Limit the torque output of the motor
c) Reduce the damping of the system
d) Limit the acceleration of the motor
Answer: a
Explanation: For motor to be the closed loop system the output of the system is the speed
of the motor and output rate can be to limit the speed of the motor.
9. In servo-system, the device used for derivative feedback is known as:

a) Synchro
b) Servomotor
c) Potentiometer
d) Tacho generator
Answer: d
Explanation: Tacho generator provides the derivative feedback when used in a servo
system and it controls the speed of the servo-system by providing the value of the speed as
feedback.
10. The transfer function of any stable system which has no zeros or poles in the right half
of the s-plane is said to be:
a) Minimum phase transfer function
b) Non-minimum phase transfer function
c) Minimum phase frequency response function
d) Minimum gain transfer function
Answer: a
Explanation: For a minimum phase system all the poles and zeroes of a transfer function
must lie on the left of the imaginary axis and these type of the systems if causal are always
stable
“Pole Placement by State Feedback”

1. ______________ is not a final control element.
a) Control valve
b) Potentiometer
c) Electro-pneumatic converter
d) Servomotor
Answer: b
Explanation: Control element refers to the various blocks in the whole control process and
the various control elements can ce controller as control valve, potentiometer, servomotors
and tachometers but potentiometer is not the final control element.
2. Which of the following is the definition of proportional band of a controller?
a) The range of air output as measured variable varies from maximum to minimum
b) The range of measured variables from set value
c) The range of measured variables through which the air output changes from maximum to
minimum
Answer: c
Explanation: Proportional band of controller is the range of measured variables through
which the air output changes from maximum to minimum.
3. In pneumatic control systems the control valve used as final control element converts
a) Pressure signal to electric signal
b) Pressure signal to position change
c) Electric signal to pressure signal
d) Position change to pressure signal
Answer: b
Explanation: In pneumatic control system the control force is the air and and can be used as
final control element converts the pressure signal to position change.
4. Pressure error can be measured by which of the following?

a) Differential bellows and strain gauge
b) Selsyn
c) Strain gauge
d) Strain gauge and potentiometer
Answer: a
Explanation: Pressure error is the error that is caused due to change in the pressure and
the error can be measured by differential bellows and strain gauge which is by the change
of dimensions.
5. Which of the following devices is used for conversion of co-ordinates?

a) Microsyn
b) Selsyn
c) Synchro-resolver
d) Synchro-transformer
Answer: c
Explanation: Dimensions of the container can be changed by conversion of the coordinates
and this can ne done with the help of the synchro-resolver.
6. The effect of error damping is to

a) Provide larger settling lime
b) Delay the response
c) Reduce steady state error
Answer: c
Explanation: Error damping refers to the error that is caused by the damping in the system
and the effect of this error damping is that it reduces the steady state error and gain of the
system reduces.
7. Technique gives quick transient and stability response

a) Root locus
b) Bode
c) Nyquist
d) Nichols
Answer: a
Explanation: Root locus is the locus of the system that is drawn by the change in the gain
with respect to the frequency and this technique gives the quick transient and stability
response of the system.
8. A phase lag lead network introduces in the output

a) Lag at all frequencies
b) Lag at high frequencies and lead at low frequencies
c) Lag at low frequencies and lead at high frequencies
Answer: c
Explanation: A phase lag lead network is the network that is similar to the differentiator and
it is used to increase the speed response and increases the stability of the system and this
introduces lag at low frequencies and lead at high frequencies.
9. Which of the following is the non-linearity caused by servomotor?

a) Static friction
b) Backlash
c) Saturation
Answer: c
Explanation: Non-linearity is the irregular variation in the two parameters of the servomotor
and this is caused by the saturation in the servomotor.
10. When the initial conditions of a system are specified to be zero it implies that the system
is
a) At rest without any energy stored in it
b) Working normally with reference input
c) Working normally with zero reference input
d) At rest but stores energy A
Answer: a
Explanation: Zero initial condition refers to the condition in which the stored energy is zero
and hence the system implies that the system is at rest without any energy stored in it .
“Observer Systems”
1. A control system in which the control action is somehow dependent on the output is
known as
a) Closed loop system
b) Semi closed loop system
c) Open system
d) Non feedback control system
Answer: a
Explanation: Closed system is a control system in which the feedback is present that can be
positive or negative and in which the control action is somewhat dependent on the output.
2. In closed loop control system, with positive value of feedback gain the overall gain of the
system will
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Be unaffected
d) Exponentially increase
Answer: b
Explanation: Closed loop control system, can be both positive and negative and with
positive value of feedback gain where the overall gain of the system will increase and also
the oscillations.
3. Which of the following is an open loop control system?

a) Field controlled D.C. motor
b) Ward Leonard control
c) Metadyne
d) Stroboscope
Answer: a
Explanation: Open loop control systems are the systems which have no feedback and
cannot be used to obtain the desired response and field controlled system is an open loop
control system.
4. Which of the following statements is not necessarily correct for open control system?
a) Input command is the sole factor responsible for providing the control action
b) Presence of non-linearities causes malfunctioning
c) Less expensive
d) Generally free from problems of non-linearities
Answer: b
Explanation: Open loop control system are the systems which have no feedback and cannot
be used to obtain the desired response and non-linearities does not cause malfunctioning.
5. In open loop system

a) The control action depends on the size of the system
b) The control action depends on system variables
c) The control action depends on the input signal
d) The control action is independent of the output
Answer: d
Explanation: In open loop system the output cannot be used to obtain the desired response
and the control action is independent of the output.
6. ___________has tendency to oscillate.

a) Open loop system
b) Closed loop system
c) Open and closed loop systems have tendency to oscillate
d) No Systems have tendency to oscillate
Answer: a
Explanation: Open loop control systems are the systems where the output cannot be the
desired output and no feedback is used and gain of the system is very high due to this
damping is very less and hence system has tendency to oscillate.
7. A good control system has all the following features except

a) Good stability
b) Slow response
c) Good accuracy
d) Sufficient power handling capacity
Answer: b
Explanation: A good control system is mainly negative feedback closed loop control system
where the gain of system is not very high and damping is present and no oscillations are
present and has fast output response.
8. A car is running at a constant speed of 50 km/h, which of the following is the feedback
element for the driver?
a) Clutch
b) Eyes
c) Needle of the speedometer
d) Steering wheel
Answer: c
Explanation: For car as control system steering wheel is the feedback element for the driver
as for driver to maintain constant speed or desired speed steering wheel is the important
element and error detector.
9. The initial response when the output is not equal to input is called
a) Transient response
b) Error response
c) Dynamic response
Answer: a
Explanation: Transient response in the response at any time instant other than final
response and this response is at any instant which is mainly dependent on the maximum
peak overshoot and settling time.
10. A control system working under unknown random actions is called

a) Computer control system
b) Digital data system
c) Stochastic control system
d) Adaptive control system
Answer: c
Explanation: A control system is the system which is having feedback and can be both
positive and negative and working under unknown random actions is called stochastic
control system.
“Spectrum Analysis of Sampling Process”

1. Statement (I): Aliasing occurs when the sampling frequency is less than twice the maximum frequency
in the signal.
Statement (II): Aliasing is a reversible process.
a) Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation
of Statement (I).
b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement (II) is not correct explanation
of Statement (I)
c) Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false
d) Statement (I) is False but Statement (II) is true
Answer: c
Explanation: Aliasing is an irreversible process. Once aliasing has occurred then signal can-not be
recovered back.
2. A band limited signal with a maximum frequency of 5 KHz to be sampled. According to the sampling
theorem, the sampling frequency which is not valid is:
a) 5 KHz
b) 12 KHz
c) 15 KHz
d) 20 KHz
Answer: a
Explanation: fs (min) =2fm
fs (min) =2*5 =10 KHz
So, fs >=1o KHz.
3. Let x(t) be a continuous-time, real valued signal band-limited to F Hz. The Nyquist sampling rate in Hz,
For y(t) =x(0.5t) +x(t)-x(2t) is
a) F
b) 2F
c) 4F
d) 8F
Answer: c
Explanation: Expansion in time domain in compression in frequency domain and vice-versa. So, the
maximum frequency component in given signal is 2F Hz. And according to sampling theorem.
Nyquist rate =2fm =4F Hz.
4. Increased pulse-width in the flat-top sampling leads to:

a) Attenuation of high frequencies in reproduction
b) Attenuation of low frequencies in reproduction
c) Greater aliasing errors in reproduction
d) No harmful effects in reproduction
Answer: a
Explanation: As pulse width is increased, the width of the first lobe of the spectrum is decreased. Hence,
increased pulse-width in the flat-top sampling, leads to attenuation of high frequencies in reproduction.
5. A bandpass sampling extends from 4-6 kHz. What is the smallest sampling frequency required to retain
all the information in the signal.
a) 1 kHz
b) 2 kHz
c) 3 kHz
d) 4 kHz
Answer: d
Explanation: fh =6 kHz
Bandwidth = 2 kHz
Fs =4 kHz.
6. A signal represented by x(t) =5cos 400πt is sampled at a rate 300 samples/sec. The resulting samples
are passed through an ideal low pass filter of cut-off frequency 150 Hz. Which of the following will be
contained in the output of the LPF?
a) 100 Hz
b) 100 Hz, 150 Hz
c) 50 Hz, 100 Hz
d) 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz
Answer: a
Explanation: x (t) =5cos400πt
fm =200 Hz
The output of the LPF will contain frequencies which are less than fc =150 Hz.
So, fs-fm =300-200 =100 Hz is the only component present in the output of LPF.
7. A signal m(t) with bandwidth 500 Hz is first multiplied by a signal g(t). The resulting signal is passed
through an ideal low pass filter with bandwidth 1 kHz. The output of the low pass filter would be :
a) Impulse
b) m(t)
c) 0
d) m(t)del(t)
Answer: c
Explanation: m (t) g (t)->M (f)*G (f)
After low pass filtering with fc =1 kHz, hence the output is zero.
8. An LTI system having transfer function s2+1/s2+2s+1 and input x(t) =sin(t+1) is in steady state. The
output is sampled at ws rad/s to obtain the final output {y (k)}. Which of the following is true?
a) Y is zero for all sampling frequencies ws
b) Y is non zero for all sampling frequencies ws
c) Y is non zero for ws>2 but zero for ws<2
d) Y is zero for ws>2 but non zero for ws<2
Answer: a
Explanation: x (t) =sin (t+1)
w = 1 rad/s
X(s) = es/s2+1
Y(s) = es/s2+2s+1
Y (∞) =0.
9. A digital measuring instrument employs a sampling rate of 100 samples/second. The sampled input
x(n) is averaged using the difference equation:
Y (n) =[x (n)+x (n-1)+x(n-2)+x(n-4)/4] For a step input, the maximum time taken for the output to reach the
final value after the input transition is
a) 20 ms
b) 40 ms
c) 80 ms
d) ∞
Answer: b
Explanation: Since output y depends on input, such as no delay, delay by 1 unit, and delay by 2 unit,
delay by 4 unit, so it will sum all the samples after 4 Ts (maximum delay), to get one sample of y[n].
T =40 msec.
10. The sinusoid x(t) =6cos10πt is sampled at the rate of 15 Hz and applied to ideal rectangular LPF with
cut-off frequency of 10 Hz, then the output of filter contains:
a) Only 10π rad/sec component
b) 10π rad/sec component
c) 10π rad/sec and 20π rad/sec components
d) +10π rad/sec and +20π rad/sec components
Answer: b
Explanation: Output filter is the device that is used to filter some frequencies and make some frequencies
in the response and in this case it contains 10π rad/sec
“Signal Reconstruction”
1. Sampling can be done by:
a) Impulse train sampling
b) Natural sampling
c) Flat-top sampling
Answer: d
Explanation: Sampling is the process in which the continuous systems are sampled by the application of
the zero order hold and can be done by all the three methods.
2. The first step required to convert analog signal to digital is :

a) Sampling
b) Holding
c) Reconstruction
d) Quantization
Answer: a
Explanation: Sampling is the process in which the continuous systems are sampled by the application of
the zero order hold and is the first step in the conversion of analog to digital signals.
3. Sampling is necessary :
a) In complex control systems
b) Where high accuracy is required
c) Non automated control systems
d) Automated control system
Answer: b
Explanation: Sampling is the process where the continuous systems are converted into discrete time
systems with the help of zero order hold of the signal and sampling is necessary where high accuracy is
needed.
4. Sampled data technique is appropriate as:

a) For long distance data transmission
b) Pulses are transferred by little loss of accuracy
c) More than one channel of information is sequentially sampled and transmitted.
Answer: d
Explanation: Sampled data technique refers to the data which is sampled and is appropriate as for long
distance communication, for accurate transmission and multi channel transmission.
5. Signal sampling reduces the power demand made on the signal.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Signal sampling refers to the sampling of the signal and reduces the power demand that is
the power required by the signal and is therefore helpful for signals of weak origin.
6. The use of sampled data control system are:

a) For using analog components as the part of the control loop
b) For time division of control components
c) Whenever a transmission channel forms a part of closed loop
Answer: c
Explanation: Sampled data control system is the system where the data used is sampled and is used
whenever a transmission channel forms a part of closed loop system.
7. _______________ is a sampling pattern which is repeated periodically

a) Single order sampling
b) Multi order sampling
c) Zero order sampling
d) Unordered sampling
Answer: b
Explanation: Multi-order sampling is a sampling pattern in which the sampling is of different signals and
which is repeated periodically.
8. For the successful reconstruction of signals :
a) Sampling frequency must be equal to the message signal
b) Sampling frequency must be greater to the message signal
c) Sampling frequency must be less to the message signal
d) Sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to the message signal
Answer: d
Explanation: Reconstruction of signals refers to the conversion of the discrete time signals into continuous
tiem signals and for the succesful reconstruction of signals sampling frequency must be greater than or
equal to the message signal but ideally it is always preferred to be greater.
9. The signal is reconstructed back with the help of

a) Zero order hold circuits
b) Extrapolations
c) Signal is reconstructed with zero order holds and extrapolations
d) Signal is not reconstructed
Answer: c
Explanation: The signal is reconstructed that is the process of converting the discrete time signals into the
continuous time signals and this can be done with the help of hold circuits or extrapolations.
10. Aliasing is caused when:

a) Sampling frequency must be equal to the message signal
b) Sampling frequency must be greater to the message signal
c) Sampling frequency must be less to the message signal
d) Sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to the message signal
Answer: c
Explanation: Aliasing refers to the process when the discrete time signal is recontructed back then due to
the error some part of the signal is lost and is caused when sampling frequency must be less than
frequency of message signal.
“Difference Equations”
1. Difference equation model results in:
a) Sampled-data systems
b) Numerical analysis of continuous time systems
c) Continuous time feedback systems
d) Both a and b
Answer: d
Explanation: Equation in discrete time systems can be difference equation which are similar to the
differentiation in the continuous time systems and difference equation results in sampled data system and
numerical analysis of continuous system.
2. Difference equation is used in :

a) Discrete time analysis
b) Continuous time analysis
c) Digital analysis
Answer: a
Explanation: Difference equation are similar to the differentiation in the continuous systems and they have
same function in discrete time systems and is used in discrete time analysis.
3. Difference equation in discrete systems is similar to the _____________ in continuous systems.
a) Difference equation
b) Differential equation
c) Quadratic equation
Answer: b
Explanation: Difference equation are the equations used in discrete time systems and difference
equations are similar to the differential equation in continuous systems.
4. Difference equation solution yields at the sampling instants only:

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Difference equation are the equations used in discrete time systems and difference
equations are similar to the differential equation in continuous systems solution yields at the sampling
instants only.
5. Difference equation technique for higher order systems is used in:

a) Laplace transform
b) Fourier transform
c) Z-transform
Answer: c
Explanation: For higher order systems Z- transform which is transforming discrete time domain into z
domain and is technique is convenient for analysis and design of linear sampled data systems.
6. Assertion (A): An LTI discrete system represented by the difference equation. y (n+2)-5y(n+1)+6y(n)
=x(n) is unstable.
Reason (R): A system is unstable if the roots of the characteristic equation lie outside the unit circle.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
d) A is false but R is false
Answer: a
Explanation: Difference equation is y (n+2)-5 y (n+1) + 6 y (n) =x (n).
Taking z-transform, H (z) =1/ (z-2) (z-3).
The characteristic equation has roots z =2, 3. Since, the characteristic equation has roots outside the unit
circle, hence the system is unstable.
7. The poles of a digital filter with linear phase response can lie
a) Only at z =0
b) Only on the unit circle
c) Only inside the unit circle but not at z =0
d) On the left side of Real (z) =0 line
Answer: b
Explanation: For stable systems the poles in z plane must lie inside or on the unit circle and Minimum
number of delay elements = (Maximum power of z)-(minimum power of z).
8. If X(z) =(z+z-3)/(z+z-1), then x(n) series has:

a) Alternate 0s
b) Alternate 1s
c) Alternate 2s
d) Alternate -1s
Answer: a
Explanation: Using the long division method divide from denominator. So, x(n) series has alternate zeros
n =1,3,5……
9. Assertion (A): The stability of the system is assured if the ROC includes the unit circle in z-plane.
Reason (R): For a causal stable system all the poles should be outside the unit circle in the z-plane.
b) Both A and R are true bit R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Answer: c
Explanation: A causal system LTI system is stable if and only if all of poles of H(z) lie inside the unit circle.
10. Assertion (A): For the rational transfer function H(z) to be causal, stable and causally invertible, both
the zeroes and the poles should lie within the unit circle in the z-plane.
Reason (R): For a rational system, ROC is bounded by poles
b) Both A and R are true bit R is NOT the correct explanation of A
Answer: b
Explanation: For the rational transfer function H (z) to be causal, stable and causally invertible, both the
zeroes and the poles should lie within the unit circle in the z-plane. For a rational system, ROC is
bounded by poles.
“The Z-Transform”
1. The discrete-time signal x (n) = (-1)n is periodic with fundamental period
a) 6
b) 4
c) 2
d) 0
Answer: c
Explanation: Period of the signal refers to the instant of time at which the signal repeats itself and for this
Period =2 of the given discrete time signal.
2. The frequency of a continuous time signal x (t) changes on transformation from x (t) to x (α t), α > 0 by
a factor
a) α
b) 1/α
c) α2
d) α
Answer: a
Explanation: x(t)->x(αt), α > 0
α > 1 compression in t, expansion in f by α.
α < 1 expansion in t, compression in f by α.
3. Two sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) are related by x2 (n) = x1 (- n). In the z- domain, their ROC’s are
a) The same
b) Reciprocal of each other
c) Negative of each other
d) Complements of each other
Answer: b
Explanation: x1(n) is the signal in the discrete domain and X1(z) is the signal in the z domain, RoC Rx
z Reciprocals x2(n) = x1(-n) X1(1/z), RoC 1/ Rx
4. The ROC of z-transform of the discrete time sequence x(n) = is:

a) 1/3>|z|<1/2
b) |z|>1/2
c) |z|<1/3
d) 2>|z|<3
Answer: a
Explanation: One part of the equation is the right sided signal and other part is the left sided signal hence
the ROC of the system will be 1/3>|z|<1/2.
5. Which one of the following is the correct statement? The region of convergence of z-transform of x[n]
consists of the values of z for which x[n] is:
a) Absolutely integrable
b) Absolutely summable
c) Unity
d) <1
Answer: b
Explanation: The region of convergence of z-transform of x[n] consists of the values of z for which x[n]r -n is
absolutely summable.
6. The region of convergence of the z-transform of a unit step function is:

a) |z|>1
b) |z|<1
c) (Real part of z)>0
d) (Real part of z)<0
Answer: a
Explanation: h[n] =u[n] Hence, Region of Convergence is the region for which the values of the roots in z
transform are lying in the function and is the range of values of z for which |z|>1.
7. If the region of convergence of x1[n]+x2[n] is 1/3>|z|<2/3, the region of convergence of x1[n]-x2[n]

includes:
a) 1/3>|z|<3
b) 2/3>|z|<3
c) 3/2>|z|<3
d) 1/3>|z|<2/3
Answer: d
Explanation: Region of Convergence is the region for which the values of the roots in z transform are lying
in the function and ROC remains the same for addition and subtraction in z-domain.
8. A sequence x (n) with the z-transform X (z) = Z4 + Z2 – 2z + 2 – 3Z-4 is applied to an input to a linear
time invariant system with the impulse response h (n) = 2δ (n-3). The output at n = 4 will be:
a) -6
b) Zero
c) 2
d) -4
Answer: b
Explanation: H (z) = 2z-3
Then taking the inverse Laplace transform of the equation of Y (z) at n=4 y(n) =0.
9. H (z) is discrete rational transfer function. To ensure that both H(z) and its inverse are stable:
a) Poles must be inside the unit circle and zeros must be outside the unit circle
b) Poles and zeroes must be inside the unit circle
c) Poles and zeroes must be outside the unit circle
d) Poles must be outside the unit circle and zeros must be inside the unit circle
Answer: b
Explanation: For H(z) to be stable the poles must be inside the unit circle and for the inverse of H(z) to be
stable the poles of it must be inside the unit circle.
10. Z and Laplace transform are related by:

a) s = ln z
b) s =ln z/T
c) s =z
d) s= T/ln z
Answer: b
Explanation: z = est
s =ln z/T.
“The Z-Transfer Function”

1. Consider the following statements regarding a linear discrete-time system:
H (z) = z2+1/(z+0.5)(z-0.5)
1. The system is stable
2. The initial value of h(0) of the impulse response is -4
3. The steady-state output is zero for a sinusoidal discrete time input of frequency equal to one-fourth the
sampling frequency
Which of these statements are correct?
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 1 and 3
d) 2 and 3
Answer: c
Explanation: Characteristic equation is (z+0.5) (z-0.5) =0
Its root are z =0.5, -0.5
Since both roots are inside the unit circle, hence the system is stable.
2. The minimum number of delay elements required realizing a digital filter with transfer function
H (z) =
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
Explanation: H (z) =
Minimum number of delay elements= (Maximum power of z-minimum power of z)
Minimum number of delay elements = 3.
3. A system can be represented in the form of state equations as:

S (n+1) =A S (n) +B x (n)
Y (n) = C S (n) +D x (n)
Where, A, B, C, D are the matrices , S(n) is the state vector , x(n) is the input and y(n) is the output . The
transfer function of the system.
H (z) =Y (z)/X (z) is given by:
a) A(ZI – B)-1 C + D
b) B(ZI – C)-1 D + A
c) C(ZI – A)-1 B + D
d) D(ZI – A)-1 C + B
Answer: c
Explanation: Solving both the equations and substituting the value of the output equation into the state
equation we get the value of the transfer function as obtained.
4. Assertion (A): The signals anu(n) and anu(-n-1) have the same Z transform, z/(z-a)
Reason (R): the region of convergence of anu(n) is |z|>|a|, whereas the ROC for anu(-n-1) is |z|<|a|.
Answer: d
Explanation: Both have the ROC as given in the reason is true but the z transform for the second is with a
minus sign.
5. What is the number of roots of the polynomial F(z) = 4z 3-8z2-z+2, lying outside the unit circle?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: b
Explanation: Factorizing F (z) and then the factors are the roots which here come out to be 3.
6. Assertion (A): The discrete time system described by y[n] =2x[n] +4x[n-1] is unstable
Reason (R): It has an impulse response with a finite number of non-zero samples
Answer: d
Explanation: For the system to be stable the value of the transfer function in the discrete time domain
must be summable and H[n] calculated is summable hence the system is stable.
7. What is the z-transform of the signal x[n] = a nu(n)?

a) X(z) =1/z-1
b) X(z) = 1/1-z
c) X(z) = z/z-a
d) X(z) = 1/z-a
Answer: c
Explanation: By definition this is the basic example of the z-transform and the Z-Transform of the equation
is calculated is z/z-a.
8. Which one of the following rules determine the mapping of s-plane to z-plane?
a) Right side of the s-plane maps into outside of the unit circle in z-plane
b) Left half of s-plane maps into inside of the unit circle
c) Imaginary axis in s-plane maps into the circumference of the unit circle
Answer: d
Explanation: S- plane can be mapped into the z plane with certain rules than right side maps into the
outside, left side maps into the inside and imaginary axis maps on the unit circle of the z plane.
9. Assertion (A): The z-transform of the output of the sampler is given by the series.
Reason (R): The relationship is the result of the application of z = e -sT, where T stands for the time gap
between the samples.
Answer: c
Explanation: T is termed as the time of the sampling instant and z transform is always defined for the
instant of the sampling event and this can be as desired by the user.
10. Convolution of two sequences X1[n] and X2[n] are represented by:
a) X1(z)*X2(z)
b) X1(z)X2(z)
c) X1(z)+X2(z)
d) X1(z)/X2(z)
Answer: a
Explanation: Convolution of the two sequences is the combination of multiplication and addition of the two
sequences at each instant and convolution in time domain is multiplication in the frequency domain.
“The inverse Z-transform and Response of Linear

Discrete Systems”
1. Unit step response of the system described by the equation y(n) +y(n-1) =x(n) is:
a) z2/(z+1)(z-1)
b) z/(z+1)(z-1)
c) z+1/z-1
d) z(z-1)/z+1
Answer: a
Explanation: Response of the system is calculated by taking the z-transform of the equation and input to
the transfer function in the step input.
2. Inverse z-transform of the system can be calculated using:
a) Partial fraction method
b) Long division method
c) Basic formula of the z-transform
Answer: d
Explanation: Inverse z-transform is the opposite method of converting the transfer function in Z domain to
the discrete time domain and this can be calculated using all the above formulas.
3. Assertion (A): The system function

H(z) = z3-2z2+z/z2+1/4z+1/s is not causal
Reason (R): If the numerator of H (z) is of lower order than the denominator, the system may be causal.
Answer: a
Explanation: The transfer function is not causal as for causality the numerator of H (z) is of lower order
than the denominator, the system may be causal.
4. Assertion (A): Z-transform is used to analyze discrete time systems and it is also called pulsed transfer
function approach.
Reason(R): The sampled signal is assumed to be a train of impulses whose strengths, or areas, are equal
to the continuous time signal at the sampling instants.
Answer: a
Explanation: Z-transform is used to convert the discrete time systems into the z domain and it is also
called pulsed transfer function approach that is justified only at the sampling instants.
5. The z-transform corresponding to the Laplace transform G(s) =10/s(s+5) is
Answer: b
Explanation: Laplace transform is the technique of relating continuous time to the frequency domain while
the z transform is relating discrete time hence Laplace transform is first converted into time domain and
then the z transform is calculated.
6. Homogeneous solution of: y(n) -9/16y(n-2) = x(n-1)

a) C1(3/4)n+C2(3/4)-n
b) C1-(3/4)n-1+C2(3/4)n-1
c) C1(3/4)n
d) C1-(3/4)n
Answer: a
Explanation: Taking the z-transform of the given difference equation and solving the homogeneous
equation and finding the solution using complimentary function.
7. If the z transform of x(n) is X(z) =z(8z-7)/4z2-7z+3, then the final value theorem is :
a) 1
b) 2
c) ∞
d) 0
Answer: a
Explanation: Final value theorem is calculated for the transfer function by equating the value of z as 1 and
this can be calculated only for stable systems.
8. Final value theorem is used for:

a) All type of systems
b) Stable systems
c) Unstable systems
d) Marginally stable systems
Answer: b
Explanation: Final value theorem is used to calculate the final value as for time infinite and for z = 1 the
final value theorem can be calculated and final value theorem is for for stable systems.
9. If the z-transform of the system is given by

H (z) = a+z-1/1+az-1
Where a is real valued:
a) A low pass filter
b) A high pass filter
c) An all pass filter
d) A bandpass filter
Answer: c
Explanation: The discrete time frequency response will be aperiodic and does not depend on the
frequency and the transfer function will be representing the all pass filter.
10. The system is stable if the pole of the z-transform lies inside the unit circle
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: For the system to be stable in Z domain the pole in the this domain must lie inside the unit
circle and for the causal stable region must be outside the circle and hence the locus will be a ring
“The Z-transform Analysis of Sampled-Data Control

Systems”
1. The DFT of a signal x(n) of length N is X(k). When X(k) is given and x(n) is computed from it, the length
of x(n)
a) Is increased to infinity
b) Remains N
c) Becomes 2N – 1
d) Becomes N2
Answer: a
Explanation: When X (k) is given and x (n) is computed from it, the length of x (n) is increased to infinity.
2. The system having input x (n) related to output y(n) as y (n) = log |x (n)| is:
a) Nonlinear, causal, stable
b) Linear, noncausal, stable
c) Nonlinear, causal, not stable
d) Linear, noncausal, not stable
Answer: a
Explanation: As y (n) is the function of x (n) hence it is nonlinear but it is bounded and also depends upon
past and present values therefore it is stable and causal respectively.
3. Zero-order hold used in practical reconstruction of continuous-time signals is mathematically

represented as a weighted-sum of rectangular pulses shifted by:
a) Any multiples of the sampling interval
b) Integer multiples of the sampling interval
c) One sampling interval
d) 1 second intervals
Answer: b
Explanation: Zero-order hold is used to reconstruct the continuous-time signal which is represented as a
weighted sum of rectangular pulses shifted by integer multiples of the sampling interval.
4. When two honest coins are simultaneously tossed, the probability of two heads on any given trial is:
a) 1
b) 3/4
c) 1/2
d) ¼
Answer: d
Explanation: Total outcomes =4
Favorable outcomes =1
Hence probability =1/4.
5. A continuous-time periodic signal x(t), having a period T, is convolved with itself. The resulting signal is
a) Not periodic
b) Periodic having a period T
c) Periodic having a period 2T
d) Periodic having a period T/2
Answer: b
Explanation: Periodic having a period T Convolution of a periodic signal (period T) with itself will give the
same period T.
6. If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be
a) Continuous-time, periodic
b) Discrete-time, periodic
c) Continuous-time, non-periodic
d) Discrete-time, non-periodic
Answer: b
Explanation: Discrete-time, periodic these are the properties of the discrete-time periodic signal.
7. The region of convergence of a causal finite duration discrete-time signal is

a) The entire z-plane except z = 0
b) The entire z-plane except z = ∞
c) The entire z-plane
d) A strip in z-plane enclosing jω–axis
Answer: a
Explanation: For discrete time signal for any causal system the region of convergence is always entire z-
plane but except z =0.
8. The probability cumulative distribution function must be monotone and

a) Increasing
b) Decreasing
c) Non-increasing
d) Non-decreasing
Answer: d
Explanation: The cumulative distribution function that is monotone and non-decreasing or can be
increasing.
9. Convolution is used to find:

a) The impulse response of an LTI System
b) Frequency response of a System
c) The time response of a LTI system
d) The phase response of a LTI system
Answer: c
Explanation: Convolution is the combination of addition and multiplication of the signals and used to find
the impulse response of the LTI system.
10. The Fourier Transform of a rectangular pulse is

a) Another rectangular pulse
b) Triangular pulse
c) Sinc function
d) Impulse
Answer: c
Explanation: The Fourier Transform of a rectangular pulse that is the sinc function.
“The Z- and S-Domain Relationship”

1. The auto-correlation function of a rectangular pulse of duration T is
a) A rectangular pulse of duration T
b) A rectangular pulse of duration 2T
c) A triangular pulse of duration T
d) A triangular pulse of duration 2T
Answer: d
Explanation: The auto-correlation function is the method of correlating the various instants of the signal
with itself and that of a rectangular pulse of duration T is a triangular pulse of duration 2T.
2. The FT of a rectangular pulse existing between t = − T 2/ to t = T / 2 is a
a) Sinc squared function
b) Sinc function
c) Sine squared function
d) Sine function
Answer: b
Explanation: By definition the Fourier transform is the transformation of time domain of signal to frequency
domain and that of a rectangular pulse is a sinc function.
3. The system characterized by the equation y(t) = ax(t) + b is

a) Linear for any value of b
b) Linear if b > 0
c) Linear if b < 0
d) Non-linear
Answer: d
Explanation: The system is non-linear because x(t) = 0 does not lead to y (t) = 0, which is a violation of
the principle of homogeneity.
4. The continuous time system described by 2 y(t) = x (t2) is

a) Causal, linear and time varying
b) Causal, non-linear and time varying
c) Non causal, non-linear and time-invariant
d) Non causal, linear and time-invariant
Answer: d
Explanation: Y (t) depends upon the future value therefore the system is anticipative and hence is not
causal. But as it follows the superposition theorem so it is linear.
5. If G( f) represents the Fourier Transform of a signal g (t) which is real and odd symmetric in time, then
G (f) is
a) Complex
b) Imaginary
c) Real
d) Real and non-negative
Answer: b
Explanation: For the real and odd symmetric signal in time domain on the Fourier transform the resulting
signal is always imaginary.
6. If a periodic function f(t) of period T satisfies f(t) = −f (t + T/2) , then in its Fourier series expansion
a) The constant term will be zero
b) There will be no cosine terms
c) There will be no sine terms
d) There will be no even harmonics
Answer: b
Explanation: The fourier series will contain the cosine terms if the periodic function f (t) of period T
satisfies f (t) = -f(t+T/2), and this can be proved by the basic definition of the fourier transform.
7. Given a unit step function u (t), its time-derivative is:

a) A unit impulse
b) Another step function
c) A unit ramp function
d) A sine function
Answer: a
Explanation: Unit step function is one of the test signals and for the basic standard signals they are
interrelated as the function of differentiation and integration as unit step function is the integral of impulse
function.
8. The order of a linear constant-coefficient differential equation representing a system refers to the
number of
a) Active devices
b) Elements including sources
c) Passive devices
Answer: d
Explanation: The order of the differential equation is the power of the highest order of the differential term
and which refers to the number of poles in the transfer function and practically it refers to the number of
components that are energy storing elements .
9. Z-transform converts convolution of time-signals to

a) Addition
b) Subtraction
c) Multiplication
d) Division
Answer: c
Explanation: Convolution is the combination of addition and multiplication that is between the same signal
or the different signals and convolution in time domain is always multiplication in z domain.
10. Region of convergence of a causal LTI system

a) Is the entire s-plane
b) Is the right-half of s-plane
c) Is the left-half of s-plane
d) Does not exist
Answer: b
Explanation: Causal system refers to the system that is only defined for the positive time system and for
positive values and therefore region of convergence of a causal LTI system is right half of s-plane.
“Stability Analysis”
1. First column elements of the Routh’s tabulation are 3, 5, -3/4, ½, 2. It means that there are:
a) Is one root in the left half of s-plane
b) Are two roots in the left half of s-plane
c) Are two roots in the right half of the s-plane
d) Is one root in the right half of s-plane
Answer: c
Explanation: Routh hurwitz criteria is used to find the stability of the system and this is determined by the
number of roots in which the number of roots is equal to the number of sign changes.
2. Assertion (A): Feedback control system offer more accurate control over open-loop systems.
Reason (R): The feedback path establishes a link for input and output comparison and subsequent error
correction.
Answer: a
Explanation: Feedback control system offers more accuracy and also reduces the gain of the system and
establishes the link for input and output comparison and subsequent error correction.

a) The effect of feedback is to reduce the system error
b) Feedback increases the gain of the system in one frequency range but decreases in the other
c) Feedback can cause a system originally stable to become unstable
d) Both a and c
Answer: d
Explanation: Feedback reduces error and can cause stable system to become unstable and also can
make unstable system stable.
4. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion cannot be applied when the characteristic equation of the system contains
any coefficients which is :
a) Negative real and exponential function
b) Negative real, both exponential and sinusoidal function of s
c) Both exponential and sinusoidal function of s
d) Complex, both exponential and sinusoidal function of s
Answer: b
Explanation: The Routh-Hurwitz criterion cannot be applied when the characteristic equation of the
system contains any coefficients which is negative real, both exponential and sinusoidal function of s.
5. The following characteristic equation results in stable operation of the feedback system
s3+4s2+10s+11=0
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Stable operation can be checked using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion where the first row of the
the table is checked and with that.

Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives:
1. Absolute stability
2. The number of roots lying on the right half of the s-plane
3. The gain margin and the phase margin
a) 1,2 and3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3
Answer: b
Explanation: Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives absolute stability and number of roots lying on the right half of
the s-plane.
7. The given characteristic equation s4+s3+2s2+2s+3=0 has:

a) Zero root in the s-plane
b) One root in the RHS of s-plane
c) Two root in the RHS of s-plane
d) Three root in the RHS of s-plane
Answer: c
Explanation: The stability analysis is done using Routh-Hurwitz criterion and hence the number of roots
on the right is calculated.
8. Which of the following techniques is utilized to determine at the actual point at which the root locus
crosses the imaginary axis?
a) Nyquist technique
b) Routh-Hurwitz technique
c) Nichol’s technique
d) Bode technique
Answer: b
Explanation: Routh-Hurwitz technique is utilized to determine at the actual point at which the root locus
crosses the imaginary axis.
9. The characteristic equation of a control system is given by s 6+2s5+8s4+12s3+20s2+16s+16=0 . The

number of the roots of the equation which lie on the imaginary axis of s-plane:
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6
Answer: c
Explanation: The stability analysis is done using Routh-Hurwitz criterion and hence the number of roots
on the right is calculated.
10. Assertion (A): A linear, negative feedback control system is invariable stable if its open loop
configuration is stable
Reason (R): the negative feedback reduces the overall gain of the feedback.
Answer: d
Explanation: A linear, negative feedback control system is not necessarily stable if its open loop
configuration is stable.
“Compensation Techniques”
1. Assertion (A): The closed loop stability can be determined from the poles of an open loop system and
the polar plot of the frequency response.
Reason (R): Unstable system has right half poles.
Answer: b
Explanation: Closed loop system can be made stable if the poles of the closed loop system are all lying
on the left half of the plane and this can be determined from the poles of an open loop system.
2. The open loop control transfer function of a unity feedback system is given by :
G(s) =K/(s+2)(s+4)(s^2+6s+25)
Which is the value of K which causes sustained oscillations in the closed loop system?
a) 590
b) 790
c) 990
d) 1190
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of the sustained oscillations is calculated from the Rout-Hurwitz table by equation
the quadratic equation=0.
3. The characteristic equation of the control system is s5+15s4+85s3+225s2+274s+120=0 . What are the
number of roots of the equation which lie to the left of the line s+1 = 0?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: c
Explanation: The solution is obtained with the help of the Routh-Hurwitz table and in this the solution is
obtained by equating the value as s-1 in the given equation.
4. The characteristic equation of a system is 2s5+s4+4s3+2s2+2s+1=0 . Which one of the following is

correct?
a) Stable
b) Marginally stable
c) Unstable
d) Oscillatory
Answer: c
Explanation: The solution is obtained by using the Routh-Hurwitz table in which with the conventional
method the number of sign changes are seen in the first row of the table and number of sign changes is
equal to the number of the roots on the right half of s plane.
5. The characteristic equation of a control system is given by s 5+s4+2s3+2s2+4s+6=0. The number of the
roots of the equation which lie on the right half of s-plane:
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: c
Explanation: The solution is obtained by using the Routh-Hurwitz table in which with the conventional
6. Which of the following may result in instability problem?

a) Large error
b) High selectivity
c) High gain
d) Noise
Answer: c
Explanation: High gain results in instability problem and this is due to the low damping factor and damping
factor is inversely proportional to the gain of the system.
7. For what values of K does the polynomial s4+8s3+24s2+32s+K=0 have roots with zero real parts?
a) 10
b) 20
c) 40
d) 80
Answer: d
Explanation: The solution is obtained by using the Routh-Hurwitz table and in which with the conventional
8. How many roots with positive real parts do the equation s 3+s2-s+1=0 have?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
Answer: c
Explanation: The roots with positive real parts are calculated with the help of the routh-hurwitz table and
since the sign changes two times in first column therefore have two roots have positive parts.
9. Phase margin is always positive for stable feedback system?

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Phase margin is calculated at the gain cross over frequency at which the gain is 1 and this is
calculated for stability and is always positive for stable feedback system.
10. In closed loop control system, what is the sensitivity of the gain of the overall system, M to the
variation in G?
a) 1/1+GH
b) 1/1+G
c) G/1GH
d) G/1+G
Answer: a
Explanation: The sensitivity of the control system is defined as the change in the output to the change in
the input and senstivity of the gain of the overall system, M to the variation in G is 1/1+GH.
“Parameter Optimization: Servomechanims”

1. Any externally introduced signal affecting the controlled output is called a
a) Feedback
b) Stimulus
c) Signal
d) Gain control
2. A closed loop system is distinguished from open loop system by which of the following?
a) Servomechanism
b) Feedback
c) Output pattern
d) Input pattern
3. ______________ is a part of the human temperature control system.

a) Digestive system
b) Perspiration system
c) Ear
d) Leg movement
Answer: b
Explanation: Perspiration system is a system that is controlling the body temperature of the human body.
4. By which of the following the control action is determined when a man walks along a path?
a) Brain
b) Hands
c) Legs
d) Eyes
Answer: d
Explanation: Control action is the action which is the generated by the system performance and
determined by eyes when man walks along the path.
5. _______________ is a closed loop system.

a) Auto-pilot for an aircraft
b) Direct current generator
c) Car starter
d) Electric switch
Answer: a
Explanation: Auto-pilot for an aircraft is an example of the closed loop system as the output is the desired
destination without the use of any pilot.
6. Which of the following devices are commonly used as error detectors in instruments?
a) Vern stats
b) Microsyn
c) Resolvers
Answer: d
Explanation: All of the mentioned can be used as an error detectors as they can give the difference
between the current output and desired output.
7. Which of the following should be done to make an unstable system stable?

a) The gain of the system should be decreased
b) The gain of the system should be increased
c) The number of poles to the loop transfer function should be increased
d) The number of zeros to the loop transfer function should be increased
Answer: b
Explanation: The gain of the system should be increased to make an unstable system stable and for
positive feedback of the system the gain is more and for the negative feedback the gain is reduced for
which the stable system can become unstable.
8. __________increases the steady state accuracy.

a) Integrator
b) Differentiator
c) Phase lead
d) Phase lag
Answer: a
Explanation: Integrator that is also the low pass filter reduces or eliminates the steady state error but is
causes the slow and sluggish response but tries to eliminate the error.
9. A.C. servomotor resembles

a) Two phase induction motor
b) Three phase induction motor
c) Direct current series motor
d) Universal motor
Answer: a
Explanation: AC servomotor is a type of the two phase induction motor.
10. As a result of introduction of negative feedback which of the following will not decrease?
a) Band width
b) Overall gain
c) Distortion
d) Instability
Answer: b
Explanation: Overall gain reduces due to negative feedback and due to this reduction in gain the stable
system can become unstable but excess increase in the gain causes oscillations to increase.
“Optimal Control Problems”.

1. The output of the system is considered near :
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 0
Answer: d
Explanation: Our main objective in the optimal control problem is to reduce the performance index of the
system as minimize the output and make it near equal to zero.
2. A performance index written in terms of :

a) 1 variable
b) 2 variable
c) 3 variable
d) 5 variable
Answer: Generally the performance index be of any variables but in standard form we consider the
performance index to be in 2 variable only.
3. Matrix Q is :
a) Positive semi definite symmetric matrix
b) Positive definite non-symmetric matrix
c) Negative definite symmetric matrix
d) Negative definite non-symmetric matrix
Answer: a
Explanation: Matrix Q defines positive definite or non-definite symmetric matrix which is used in the
performance index so as to give equal weightage to each element.
4. Matrix R is :
a) Positive semi definite symmetric matrix
b) Positive definite non-symmetric matrix
c) Negative definite symmetric matrix
d) Negative definite non-symmetric matrix
Answer: a
Explanation: Matrix R defines positive definite or non-definite symmetric matrix which is used in the
performance index so as to give equal weightage to each element.
5. The major requirement of making the output of the system small in output regulator problem is :
a) The system must be controllable
b) The system must be stable
c) The system must be observable
d) The system must be LTI
Answer: c
Explanation: We are concerned with making the output of the output regulator problem small this is
achieved when the system is observable.
6. Minimum principle was given by:

a) Pontryagin
b) Hamiltonian
c) Bellman
d) Jacobi
Answer: a
Explanation: The minimum principle to minimize the performance index is given by Pontryagin.
7. Dynamic programming is developed by:

a) Pontryagin
b) Hamiltonian
c) Bellman
d) Jacobi
Answer: c
Explanation: Dynamic programming for minimizing the performance index is given by Bellman.
8. The performance index is reduced by:

a) State variable constraint
b) Input constraint
c) Control function minimization
d) Control function constraint
Answer: c
Explanation: Once the performance index is calculated the next task is to find the control function which is
used to minimize the performance index.
9. Minimum principle is based on :

a) Concepts of calculus of variations
b) Principle of calculus
c) Principle of invariant imbedding
d) Principle of optimality
Answer: a
Explanation: Minimum principle of Pontryagin is based on the concept of calculus of variations.
10. Dynamic programming is based on :

a) Principle of calculus
b) Principle of invariant imbedding
c) Principle of optimality
Answer: d
Explanation: Dynamic programming is based on principle of calculus, invariant imbedding and optimality
and these are the basic laws of the nature and does not need complex mathematical development to
explain its validity.
“Optimal Control Problems-2”

1. The main step for solving the optimal control problem:
a) Transfer function of system which is optimal with respect to the given performance criterion
b) Compensators for the system
c) Minimizing the quadratic function
Answer: d
Explanation: For solving the problem using optimal control problem various steps are required as first is to
form the transfer function and then to compute the compensators and the major requirement is to
minimize the quadratic function.
2. For minimizing the transfer function the condition is :

a) Second differentiation of the function must be zero
b) Second differentiation of the function must be positive
c) Second differentiation of the function must be negative
d) Second differentiation of the function must be complex
Answer: c
Explanation: In optimal control problems the main objective is to reduce the performance criterion which is
used only when the second differentiation of the function must be negative.
3. For the stability in optimal control poles of the transfer function must be :
a) Located on the right half of s plane
b) Left half of s plane
c) On the s plane
Answer: b
Explanation: For the stability point of view the basic definition continues that the poles must be located on
the left half of s plane.
4. The method of choosing compensator is the configuration must be:

a) Forward path
b) Cascade and feedback compensation
c) Feed forward configuration
Answer: d
Explanation: The above mentioned are the various configurations of choosing a compensator.
5. When some of the states are inaccessible, then we may set the feedback coefficients equal to zero.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: This is done to adjust coefficients to realize the transfer function and if it is not possible then
reconstruction of signals can be done.
6. Z-transform is used in:

a) Continuous optimal control problem
b) Discrete optimal problem
c) Control systems
Answer: b
Explanation: Z-transform by definition can is used in discrete case only both in optimal and normal control
functions.
7. For the stable system in discrete optimal control systems:

a) Poles must lie outside the unit circle
b) Poles must lie within the unit circle
c) Poles must be on the unit circle
d) Pole must be in infinity
Answer: b
Explanation: Poles in discrete system must be inside the unit circle and for causal system it must be
outside the circle but no including the infinity.
8. The special case of the tracking problem with input equal to zero:
a) Free response
b) Regulator problem
c) Forced response
d) Output regulator problem
Answer: d
Explanation: For zero input output is zero if all the initial conditions are zero the response are due to non-
initial conditions which are caused due to disturbances.
9. The primary objective of the output regulator problem is to damp out:

a) Initial conditions quickly
b) Reducing the effect of excessive oscillations
c) Reducing the effect of excessive overshoot
Answer: d
Explanation: The primary objective of the output regulator problem is to damp out the initial conditions
quickly and also reduce the effect of excessive oscillations and overshoot.
10. The limitation of the transfer function approach are:

a) The spectral factorization becomes quite complex
b) It is restricted to the systems with all performance index
c) Multi input and multi output systems are not obvious
d) It is useful for time varying and linear systems
Answer: a
Explanation: The limitation of transfer function approach is that is it useful only for quadratic performance
index and multi input and multi output systems are obvious and also it is ineffective for time varying and
non-linear systems
“The State Regulator Problem”

1. The optimization method based on dynamic programming views :
a) Control problem as the multistage decision problem
b) Control input as a time sequence of decisions
c) A sampled data system gives rise to sequence of transformations of the original state vector
Answer: d
Explanation: The optimization method is based on dynamic programming views control problem as the
multistage decision problem and control input as time sequence of decisions.
2. The choice of control vector is considered decision of interest in :

a) Multistage process of N stages
b) Minimizing the performance index
c) Optimal policy or sequence
Answer: d
Explanation: The choice of control vector is considered decision of interest as it the part of multistage
process of N stages and this is optimal policy or sequence and this minimizes the performance criteria.
3. The principle of invariant imbedding is :

a) The optimal control sequence is function of initial state
b) The optimal control sequence is function of number of stages N
c) Control problem is imbedded with the family of problems with fixed initial value and final state
d) The optimal control sequence is function of final state
Answer: c
Explanation: In principle of invariant imbedding we do not regard the control problem as an isolated
problem with fixed initial value and N but rather imbed it with the family of problems.
4. The principle of optimality :

a) The optimal control sequence is function of initial state
b) The optimal control sequence is function of number of stages N
c) The principle maintains the N-stage decision process
d) Find one control value at a time until optimal policy is determined
Answer: The principle of optimality reduces the N-stage decision process into N-stage single state
process, which state that an optimal control policy has the property that whatever the initial state and
conditions are final state must follow the optimal policy.
5. The calculation in multistage process must always start from the first stage :
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: It is permissible to find the last decision as the initial calculation step in multi stage decision
process.
6. The optimal control at each state is ________ combination of states.

a) Linear
b) Non-linear
c) Time variant
d) Time invariant
Answer: a
Explanation: The optimal control at each state is linear combination of states and thus giving the linear
state variable feedback control policy.
7. Feedback is :
a) Linear
b) Non-linear
c) Time variant
d) Time invariant
Answer: c
Explanation: Feedback is time varying all the optimal policy converts a linear time invariant plant with time
invariant quadratic performance index into a linear time varying feedback system.
8. Realization of the optimal control policy :

a) Feedback of the state variables
b) Feedback of the control variables
c) Control constraint
d) Control function
Answer: a
Explanation: Once the optimal control policy has been determined, its realization is the second phase of
the optimal control problem its realization seeks feedback of the state variables.
9. If the plant states are not variable for measurement, then it is possible to construct physical device
state observer if :
a) Produces output at its plant states
b) Plants equations must satisfy the conditions of observability
c) Both a and b
d) Input must be present
Answer: c
Explanation: It produces at it output the plant states, when driven by the both the plant input and output.
10. Value of the performance index must be finite if :

a) System is controllable
b) System is observable
c) System is stable
d) System is unstable
Answer: d
Explanation: The contribution of uncontrollable and unstable states is always finite provided the control
interval is always finite.
“The Infinite Time Regulator Problem”

1. In infinite time regulator for the final time is:
a) t1
b) t0
c) Infinite
d) Zero
Answer: c
Explanation: In infinite time regulator is the extended version of the state regulator and the final time for
the infinite time regulator is infinite in this case.
2. When time and the state variables tend to infinity then the system becomes:
a) Unstable
b) Stable
c) Marginally stable
d) Conditionally stable
Answer: b
Explanation: The terminal penalty term has no significance and it does not appear in the performance
index and terminal time if tends to infinity then the system becomes stable.
3. In finite time regulator:

a) There is no restriction on the controllability of the plant
b) Performance index is infinite
c) Instability imposes problem in finite-interval control
d) No restriction on controllability and performance index
Answer: a
Explanation: In finite time regulator there is no restriction on the controllability of the plant. This is because
is always finite and instability does not impose any problems in finite-time control.
4. Performance index can become infinite if:

a) One or more state are uncontrollable
b) The uncontrollable states are uncontrollable
c) The unstable states are reflected in system performance index
Answer: d
Explanation: Performance index can become infinite if one or more states are uncontrollable and unstable
states are reflected in system performance index.
5. In Infinite regulator the optimal control cannot be differentiated from other controls.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: In infinite regulator the optimal control may have same output for all the controls as the same
solution for the infinite regulators will exist.
6. The differential term in the riccati equation in infinite regulator is:

a) Finite
b) Positive
c) Infinite
d) Zero
Answer: d
Explanation: As the final time is not defined hence the differential term of the riccati equation becomes
zero and the equation we get is the modified riccati equation.
7. The solution of the modified riccati equation may be:

a) Independent
b) Dependent
c) Unique
d) Non-unique
Answer: d
Explanation: The solution of the modified Riccati equation may not be unique as the solution depends
upon the requirement that P must be positive and definite.
8. If Q is positive semi- definite:

a) The optimal closed loop system is asymptotically stable
b) The asymptotic stability is not guaranteed
c) The system is stable
d) The system is unstable
Answer: b
Explanation: If the plant is controllable and bounded and in infinite state regulators the asymptotic stability
is not guaranteed even if the Q is positive and semi-definite.
9. Tracking problem can be in:

a) Infinite state regulators
b) Finite state regulator
c) Sub-optimal state regulators
d) Non-linear regulators
Answer: c
Explanation: The application of the optimal regulators is that the minimum time, energy, fuel and tracking
problems are designed.
10. The regulators that convert the non-linear stability into linear stability:
a) Linear
b) Sub-optimal
c) Finite
d) Infinite
Answer: d
Explanation: In infinite state regulators stability is not guaranteed and hence the nonlinear stability is
converted into to the linear stability.
“Output Regulator and Tracking Problem”

1. For output regulator problem in performance index the parameter which is set to zero:
a) Input vector
b) Output vector
c) Control vector
d) State vector
Answer: b
Explanation: As the problem is to minimize the performance index involving output vector then the output
vector must be close to zero.
2. In tracking problem the parameter reduced is :

a) Error
b) Output
c) Input
d) State
Answer: a
Explanation: In tracking problem the main objective is to reduce error and this is the main concern so as
to reduce error.
3. Riccati equation is formed by using:

a) Output regulator problem
b) Finite state regulator problem
c) Infinite state regulator problem
d) Tracking problem
Answer: d
Explanation: Riccati equation can be formed using the results of the tracking problem as it is mainly
applied in the cases where the errors are reduced to the minimum.
4. The value of K must further follow the following constraint that the closed loop system must be:
b) Stable
c) Marginally stable
d) Conditionally stable
Answer: a
Explanation: The value of Ki must further follow the following constraint that the closed loop system must
be asymptotically stable and this is due to the fact that the value of k matrix can be varied.
5. For suboptimal control the value of R is assumed to be:

a) Positive definite
b) Non-positive definite
c) Negative
d) Complex
Answer: b
Explanation: For suboptimal control the value of R is not assumed to be positive definite but it can also be
assumed to be zero.
6. Which one of the following compensation is required for improving the transient response of the
system?
a) Phase lead compensation
b) Phase lag compensation
c) Gain compensation
d) Both phase lag compensation and gain compensation
Answer: a
Explanation: For increasing or improving the transient response derivative controller is used and which is
the phase lead compensation.
7. Pneumatic controller
a) Flexible operation
b) High torque high speed operation
c) Fire and explosion proof operation
d) No leakage
Answer: c
Explanation: Pneumatic controllers are fire and explosion proof operation as they require air and gas fuel
for its operation.
8. Hydraulic controller:
d) No leakage
Answer: b
Explanation: Hydraulic controller must have no leakage and also it requires high torque and high speed
operation due to high density of the controller.
9. Electronic Controller:
d) No leakage
Answer: a
Explanation: Flexible in all sense as it does not require heavy components or extra torque or high speed
operations.
10. Which one of the following statement is correct?

A plant controlled by a proportional controller. If a time delay element is introduced in the loop its:
a) Phase margin remains the same
b) Phase margin increases
c) Phase margin decreases
d) Gain margin increases
Answer: c
Explanation: The introduction of a time delay element decreases both the phase and gain margin
“Parameter Optimization”
1. A conditionally stable system exhibits poor stability at :
a) Low frequencies
b) Reduced values of open loop gain
c) Increased values of open loop gain
d) High frequencies
Answer: b
Explanation: A conditionally stable system is the system which is stable only for certain values of K and
exhibits poor stability at the reduced values of open loop gain.
2. The type 0 system has ______ at the origin.
a) No pole
b) Net pole
c) Simple pole
d) Two poles
Answer: a
Explanation: The type of the system is defined as the property of the system which has pole at the origin.
3. The type 1 system has ______ at the origin.

a) No pole
b) Net pole
c) Simple pole
d) Two poles
Answer: c
Explanation: The type of the system is defined as the pole at the zero and type 1 is defined as the 1 pole
at the origin.
4. The type 2 system has at the origin.

a) No net pole
b) Net pole
c) Simple pole
d) Two poles
Answer: d
Explanation: Type of the system is defined as the number of pole at origin and type 2 is the 2 poles at the
origin.
5. The position and velocity errors of a type-2 system are :

a) Constant, constant
b) Constant, infinity
c) Zero, constant
d) Zero, zero
Answer: c
Explanation: The position and velocity error of the type 2 system is zero and a constant value as for type
2 system velocity error is finite while acceleration error is infinite.
6. Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is unit _______ function.
a) Parabolic
b) Ramp
c) Impulse
d) Step
Answer: b
Explanation: Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is unit ramp
function then only velocity error is finite but error due to other inputs are not defined.
7. In case of type-1 system steady state acceleration is :

a) Unity
b) Infinity
c) Zero
d) 10
Answer: b
Explanation: In case of type-1 system steady state acceleration is infinity as for the type less than 3
acceleration is not defined it is infinity.
8. If a step function is applied to the input of a system and the output remains below a certain level for all
the time, the system is :
a) Not necessarily stable
b) Stable
c) Unstable
d) Always unstable
Answer: a
Explanation: If the input is bounded and output is also bounded then the system is always stable and step
input is bounded and the output is always under certain li its then the system is stable.
9. Which of the following is the best method for determining the stability and transient response?
a) Root locus
b) Bode plot
c) Nyquist plot
Answer: a
Explanation: Root locus is the best method for determining stability of the transient response as it gives
the exact pole zero location and also their effect on the response.
10. Phase margin of a system is used to specify which of the following?

a) Frequency response
b) Absolute stability
c) Relative
d) Conditional stability
Answer: b:
Explanation: Phase margin of the system can be used for determining the absolute stability of the system.

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 “Concept of State, State Variables and State Models”.

7. Consider the following statements relating to synchro’s:

2. State model is generally not suitable for measuring:

4. The values of the characteristic equation is given by:

6. The diagonalizing matrix is also known as:

7. In an open loop control system

8. Which of the following is exhibited by Root locus diagrams?

9. The first order control system, which is well designed, has a

10. A.C. servomotor is basically a

 “Solution of State Equations”.

2. A differentiator is usually not a part of a control system because it

3. If the gain of the critical damped system is increased it will behave as

4. In a control system integral error compensation _______ steady state error

5. With feedback _____ reduces.

6. An amplidyne can give which of the following characteristics?

7. Which of the following can be measured by LVDT?

8. ____________directly converts temperature into voltage.

10. Which of the following is the output of a thermocouple?

 “Controllability and Observability”.

2. A system is said to be_________________ if every state can be completely identified by

3. Kalman’s test is for :

5. For the system , which of the following statements is true?

7. Complex conjugate pair:

8. Pure imaginary pair:

9. Real and equal but with opposite sign.

10. Real distinct and negative.

 “Common Physical Nonlinearities”.

2. With feedback _____ increases.

3. By which of the following the system response can be tested better?

4. In a system zero initial condition means that :

6. Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog of :

7. Spring constant in force-voltage analogy is analogous to?

9. An increase in gain, in most systems, leads to:

 “Stability of Nonlinear System”.

2. A linear time invariant system is stable if :

3. Asymptotic stability is concerned with :

4. Bounded input and Bounded output stability notion concerns with :

5. If a system is given unbounded input then the system is:

6. Linear mathematical model applies to :

7. For non-linear systems stability cannot be determined due to:

8. If the impulse response in absolutely integrable then the system is :

 “Stability of NonLinear System-II”.

2. With feedback _____ reduces.

3. An amplidyne can give which of the following characteristics?

5. __________directly converts temperature into voltage.

7. Which of the following is the output of a thermocouple?

8. A.C. servomotor is basically a

9. The first order control system, which is well designed, has a

10. Which of the following is exhibited by Root locus diagrams?

3. Peak overshoot of step-input response of an underdamped second-order system is

5. Polar plot of G (jw) = 1/jw(jw+t) is

6. In optimum time switching curve the system takes :

7. System with logic switching are :

8. Zeroes are defined as:

2. The viscous friction co-efficient, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

3. In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous to:

4. In thermal-electrical analogy charge is considered analogous to:

5. Mass, in force-voltage analogy, is analogous to:

6. The transient response of a system is mainly due to:

9. The transfer function is applicable to which of the following?

10. From which of the following transfer function can be obtained?

 “Stability Analysis of the Describing Functions”.

4. Transportation lag is seen in systems: