RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY AND
STATISTICAL
QUALITY METHODS
VOL. 02 AUTHORS :
DR. AVINASH PAWAR, PH.D., MBA., B.E.
MIA KUSMIATI, SE., MM., CT., MOS., MCE.
DR. BUDI PRAMONO, S.I.P., M.M, M.A., (GSC).,
CIQAR., CIQNR., MOS., MCE., CIMMR.

PENERBIT CV. AKSARA GLOBAL AKADEMIA

2022
 RESEARCH
Dr. Avinash Pawar, Ph.D., MBA., B.E.
Mia Kusmiati, SE., MM., CT., MOS.,
METHODOLOGY
MCE.
Dr. Budi Pramono, S.I.P., M.M, M.A.,
AND STATISTICAL
(GSC)., CIQaR., CIQnR., MOS., MCE.,

QUALITY METHODS CIMMR

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
STATISTICAL QUALITY METHODS
Penerbit:
VOL. 02

CV. AKSARA GLOBAL AKADEMIA

No Anggota IKAPI: 418/JBA/2021
Authors:

Dr. Avinash Pawar, Ph. D., MBA., B.E. Kantor:

Mia Kusmiati, SE., MM., CT., MOS., MCE Intan Regency Blok W No 13,
Dr. Budi Pramono, S.I.P., M.M, M.A., (GSC)., CIQaR., Tarogong- Garut-Jawa Barat 44151
CIQnR., MOS., MCE., CIMMR Mobile/WA: 081-2222-3230
E-mail: aksaraglobal.info@aksaraglobal.info
Editor : Dr. Jajang Sugiat, SE., S.Pd., MM E-mail:cvaksaraglobalakademia@gmail.com
Website: www.aksaraglobal.com
Link Buku: https://www.aksaraglobal.com/gallery
Desain Cover & Layout :
Link Bio: https://campsite.bio/aksaraglobalakademia
Putri Novia Ardianti
INDONESIA

ISBN: 978-623-6387-77-1 (jil.2 PDF) Terbitan: September 2022

54 hlm, 21 x 28 cm
 FOREWORD
For any branch of Academics, research methodology is not only an
important base but also an essential one. Thus research is an academic
activity which gives creativity, thinking and knowledge. Research is
nothing but a matter of raising questions and then trying to find answers.
Research plays an important role in managerial functions, not only in
general management but also in functional areas. Managerial research is
of great utility value if the method used is scientific, while hypothesis is an
inseparable element of the scientific method. Therefore, we throw some
light on the scientific method, in research.
Research is the systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new
and reliable knowledge. To understand what scientific method is, one
must understand the meaning of science. The simplest definition of
science is the accumulation of systematic knowledge in general.
 SYNOPSIS
For any branch of Academics, research methodology is
not only an important base but also an essential one.
For any scientific research, a researcher must have the
knowledge about what is Science and Scientific
Method. Though, in the earliest stage of development,
mythology was used almost entirely to explain unusual
occurrences of everyday life which would otherwise
have remained a mystery forever.

This book discusses Hypothesis Testing, Research

Design, Data Collection and Measurement.
 STRUCTURE
04 07
Foreword UNIT 4
Hypothesis Testing

05 28
Synopsis
UNIT 5
Research Design

06 38
Structure UNIT 6
Data Collection And

Measurement
UNIT 4

HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
Objectives

After going through this unit, you will

be able to:

Explain the importance of hypothesis

Formulate the research problem in
terms of a hypothesis to be tested
Explain the testing of Hypothesis

along with its risks and minimisation

of errors
Introduction
Hypothesis is a statement of assumption or a principle or an axiom

about the distribution of a population or relationship amongst the

variables. Thus a hypothesis is put to test for its tenability and for

determining its validity, it is proved, it becomes the solution for the

problem for which it is formulated.

A few examples of hypotheses are given below:

A average salary of Men is greater than the average salary of Women
Monthly income among the ABC company employees are not

homogenous.
Birth rate of male child is greater than the birth rate of female child

in Tamil Nadu.
Indian population has equal gender proportion.
 Definition of Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative generalisation, the validity of

which remains to be tested. In this most elementary
stage, the hypothesis may be very hunch, guess,
imaginative data, which becomes the basis for action or
investigation.
-George A Luniberg

‘Hypothesis is a proposition which can be put to test, to

determine validity.’
-Goode and Hatt
Role of Hypothesis
A hypothesis serves several important functions:
A hypothesis gives a definite point for investigation. It also gives

direction on the research study. Without a hypothesis, research

becomes unfocussed, a random wandering.

It also specifies the sources of data that is required for study.
It exactly determines the data needs. It defines which facts are

relevant and which are not.

The use of hypothesis prevents a blind search and collection of

unessential data - usually proving irrelevant to the problem.

A hypothesis also suggests what type of research is likely to be most

appropriate.
It determines the most appropriate technique of analysis.
A hypothesis contributes to the development of theory. It links

theory and investigation.

 Source of Hypothesis
Sometimes, scientists see a connection between data and

then formulate a hypothesis. More often many years of hard

work, disciplined research and study result in the

formulation of a hypothesis.

The sources of hypothesis in managerial analysis include:

Observation in day-to-day practices
Suggestions from functional executives
Suggestions from the shop floor
Scientific theory
Analogies (similarity between two phenomena)
Experiences of the competitors
Findings of Research and Development Department
Types of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Refers to a general statement or default position that there

is no relationship between two measured phenomena.

Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis, and thus

concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a

relationship between two phenomena

For example, a researcher wants to know the purchase

intention of durable commodities of monthly income

employees, then the null hypothesis is H0 is that there is no

significant difference between income and purchase intention

of durable commodities.
Types of Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis
Rejection of null hypothesis is leads to accept another
hypothesis is known as alternative hypothesis. It is denoted by

H1.

From the above example, the alternative hypothesis H1 is

that there is a significant difference between income and

purchase intention of durable commodities.

Types of Hypothesis
On the basis of the level of abstraction, hypotheses may be

classified under three categories

Hypotheses that explain the existence of empirical

uniformities
Hypotheses that deal with the complex existence of

logically derived relationships between empirical

uniformities
Hypotheses which are concerned with the relation of

analytic variables
There are certain characteristics of a

hypothesis:
1. It should be conceptually clear
2. It should have empirical referents
3. It should be specific
4. It should be related to available

techniques Characteristics

5. It should be related to the body

of the theory Of Hypothesis

6. It should be relevant to the

existing environmental

conditions for the purpose of

testing
7. It should identify the specific

variables and their relations

 Formulation of Hypothesis
The main part of a research is the formulation of a
hypothesis and a statement that a researcher strongly
believes in and seeks to investigate.

A hypothesis looks forward. It is a proposition which

can be placed for testing to determine its validity.
Hypothesis is a question raised in such way that some
kind of answer can be forthcoming.

Example -?
Difficulties in Formulating of Hypothesis
1. Lack of knowledge of scientific method: The lack of
scientific knowledge presents difficulties in
formulation of hypothesis. It is not always possible to
have complete information and acquaintance with
the scientific methods for formulation of hypothesis.
2. Lack of clear theoretical background: Hypothesis do
not have a clear cut and definite theoretical
background. Due to this weakness, it is not easy to
arrive at certain conclusion.
3. Lack of logical background: Hypothesis not only lacks
a definite and clear cut background but also lacks to
the logical use of the theoretical background. It
means that there is no logical background.
 Complete and perfect knowledge of the

principles of the concerned subjects has to be

acquired i.e. it may be Management,

Administration, Costing, Co-operation, Sociology

etc.
Means To

Overcome
The hypothesis should be brief and timely from

Difficulties the very beginning.

Hypothesis may grow as the research proceeds

further. Thus, it means that hypothesis should

become elaborate as it proceeds in the field.

 Testing of Hypothesis
Science does not admit anything as valid knowledge, until
satisfactory tests confirm its validity.

Hypotheses cannot be considered as facts. They need to be tested

through research process for their acceptance or rejection.

There are two important means of testing hypothesis:

1. To test the hypothesis for logical consistency
2. To test the hypothesis for agreement with fact
 Testing of Hypothesis
For the purpose of testing hypothesis, one may have to resort to various
types of techniques to test and to analyse both qualitative and
quantitative factors involved.

Various statistical, mathematical, econometric and experimental

methods are at present known for testing the various kinds of
hypothesis.

The techniques to be adopted depend upon convenience, availability

and reliability of data. It also depends upon level of sophistication
required, least so the knowledge of the researcher.
 Testing of Hypothesis

Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

The following four steps are carried out in testing a hypothesis:

Step I: State the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (H1).
Step II: Compute the value of appropriate test statistics on which the
decision to accept or reject H0 depends.
Step III: Decide on the acceptance or rejection of H0 on the basis of the
value of the test statistics in Step II at a particular level of significance ( ).
Step IV: Make appropriate conclusion based on Step III.
Types of Errors in Testing of Hypothesis
Types of Errors in Testing of Hypothesis
 Limitation of Tests of Significance
In testing statistical significance the following points must be
noted:

1. Test of significance should not be used mechanically: Tests of

significance are simply the raw materials from which decisions
need to be made.
2. Conclusions are to be given in terms of probabilities and not
certainties: When a test shows that a difference was statistically
significant, it suggests that the observed difference is probably
not due to chance. Thus, statements are not made with certainty
but with knowledge of probability.
3. Test do not tell us ‘why’ the difference exists: Though tests can
represent that a difference has statistical significance, they do
not tell us why the difference exists. However, they do suggest
the need for further investigation in order to reach definite
answers.
UNIT 5

RESEARCH

DESIGN
Objectives
After going through this unit, you will

be able to:

Assess whether the research to be

carried out has a scientific way to

proceed
Examine whether a plan of action is

required to carry out the research

project
Explain how a researcher has to keep

a track of actions to achieve his goal

Introduction
Research design is a working schedule or plan prepared by a

researcher before he actually starts his research work.

It acts as a guide to achieve the aims and goals of a

researcher.

Definition:

“A research design is the arrangement of conditions for

collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to

combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in

procedure”.
 Various Types of Research Designs
Exploratory research design
Descriptive research design
Diagnostics research design
Scientific Method
The research problem may be formulated with different purposes. The

nature of research design depends on the way in which the problem is

formulated.
If the problem is an explanatory, it requires explanatory design.
If the problem is to describe characteristics of groups or situation, a

descriptive design is necessary.

If the problem involves historical analysis, it calls for a historical

design.
If the study aims at the solution of a particular problem, is proper, a

diagnostic design is necessary.

If the researcher wants to test a hypothesis of casual relationship

between variables, the experimental design is proper.

Factors Affecting Research Design

Availability of scientific

Availability of time
information
Proper exposure to the

Availability of sufficient

source of data
data

Availability of money
Availability of

manpower
 Advantages of Research Design
The preparation of research design has the following
advantages:

Saves a lot of researcher’s time.

Directs him to prepare himself for executing the
various activities systematically.
Ensure project time schedule.
Enables resources planning, procurement in right
time.
Better documentation of the activities while project
is in progress.
Provides satisfaction and sense of success from the
beginning at the completion of every stage of the
project.
Steps in Research Design
Limitations And Scope Of Study

Contents Of A Research Design

1. Research Study
2. Hypothesis
3. Data - Collection
4. Universe and Sample
5. Data Analysis
6. Report – Writing
Features Of Good Research Design
The good research design should have the following
considerations.
1. It must be minimum bias and must have maximum
reliability.
2. The research design must have flexibility. It should
contain discovery of ideas and insight as required in case
of exploratory studies.
3. In case of descriptive studies there should be accurate
description of the situation.
4. The reliability of the evidence collected is considered a
good research design.
5. It should involve testing of hypothesis.
6. The good design should permit inferences about the
causality.
UNIT 6

DATA

COLLECTION AND

MEASUREMENT
Objectives
After going through this unit, you will be

able to:

Assess the importance and usefulness

of data collection
Evaluate the difference in primary and

secondary data
Explain various methods of collecting

primary data along with the merits and

demerits
Define a questionnaire
Discuss skills for conducting interviews
Identify various sources of secondary

data
Introduction
The task of data collection begins after a research

problem has been defined and research design

chalked out.

In this unit, you will find

Importance of data collection
Details of the source of data collection
Various methods for data collection.
 Data consists of facts,

figures, any relevant

material that serves for basic

Meaning Of
study and analysis.

Data It may be the old or the

current one.

For example???
 1. Field source : Primary

Source of Data data

2. Documentary source :

Secondary data
 Sources of Primary Data:
Data Source 1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Mailed Questionnaire
Secondary Sources
a. Internal Sources
News Papers
b. External Sources
Public speeches
Radio
a) Private documents or

T.V.
Personal documents:
Tape recorder
Bibliography
Use of Mechanical Devices
Camera
Year Books
Directories
Encyclopedias
b) Unpublished record - Not

Films
available to people in published

Indexes
form.
Journals
Magazines
 Advantages of Secondary Data
1. It is most economic to get. Once the sources of

documents, journals, records etc. are located, we can

readily get results from secondary data compiled by

someone else.
2. Secondary data is also available quickly- a great time

saver.
3. It also widens the data base from which scientific

generalisations can be made e.g. the government reports

on public sectors can give a generated trend in the

performance of key sectors readily from this data.

4. The findings based on primary data can easily be verified

by the use of secondary data. It easily meets the need for

additional empirical support.

 Disadvantages of Secondary Data
1. There are instances when the secondary data available

may not meet the needs of the research work.

2. The available data may not be very accurate or reliable
3. The secondary data may not be up-to-date and can be

obsolete because of time lag, e.g., the report findings of

census data
4. The utility of the secondary data is limited, if the method

of collection of data or to that extent its analysis has not

been carefully done.

5. Many secondary data have poor accessibility to a

researcher as quite many unpublished reports or

compilations or studies remain with only key institutes or

Government Departments only.

Researcher should take at

most precaution while

Report Coverage
collecting secondary data.

The following elements

are to be evaluated
Evaluating

i. Data Relation Secondary

ii. Quality
iii. Reliability Data
iv. Originality
v. Completeness
vi. Unbiased quality
Methods of Collection
of Primary Data

1. Observation
2. Questionnaire and Schedules
3. Experimentation
4. Simulation
5. Interview
6. Projective Technique
 Observation
Observation involves gathering of data pertaining to a given

research either by viewing or listening or both.

Direct personal observation is one of the prominent methods

of collecting data. In this type of data collection, the

researcher observes the situation in person and collects the

relevant data. If the observation is unbiased, the data

collected by direct personal observation would be the most

reliable information.
For example, if the researcher wants to study the behavioural

pattern of workers in a traditionally managed foundry and to

compare it with that in a modern foundry, the result would be

realistic if the researcher himself observes behavioural pattern

in person.
 Questionnaire and Schedule
Questionnaires and schedules involve collecting data

by getting questionnaires completed by respondents.

Questionnaires
Schedule

1.Experimentation
2.Simulation
3.Interview
 Choosing The Method of Data Collection
Rationale of data collection in research:
Data collected should be relevant, statistically testable and

accurate. Therefore choosing appropriate data collection

method is very essential. Following guidelines help to choose

the appropriate data collection method.

1. Type of information needed

2. Nature of Research Study
3. Unit of Enquiry
4. Respondent Profile
5. Researcher’s profile
6. Sample size
 Merits And Demerits of Different Methods of
Collecting Primary Data
Comparison of Principal Methods of Data Collection
Disadvantages
 About The Author
Dr. Avinash Pawar, Ph.D., MBA., B.E.
Has completed PostDoc in Organisational Management, PhD in Business Management, MBA in Computers, HR, Production and
Marketing Management from University of Pune. He holds certification in Instruction Design, Customer Service, Psychological
Counseling, Digital Marketing, Competency Mapping, Reliability Management, Project Management, Six Sigma, Business
Intelligence and Knowledge Management Systems from reputed certification agencies and institutions. He is also an Accredited
Management Teacher and qualified with National Eligibility Test for Teaching and research in management.
In his career, Dr. Avinash was honoured with National Eminent Educator Award, Outstanding Performance in Research &
Education Award, Research Excellence Award, Early Career Researcher Award, Best Academician Award, Distinguished Faculty
Award, International Young Management Teacher Award and Best Teacher Award in Management from esteemed academic
organisations in India. He worked in reputed universities and business schools in India and associated with many academic
institutions across the world. Moreover, He is associated with Editorial Board Member for various reputed journals like Journal
of Promotion Management (USA), Journal of Corporate Governance Research (USA), Journal of Forex Press (USA), Journal of
Advancements in Business and Economics (Turkey), Research Horizon Journal ( Indonesia), Journal of Government, Politics &
Public Administration (Indonesia), International Journal of Nowadays and Future Jobs (Ukraine), Eastern European Business and
Economics Journal (Latvia), Akademika Nusa International (UAE), and Journal of Business Findings (Malaysia). He has also been
invited as a keynote speaker for international conferences in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Ukraine, Singapore and India. He has
published more than 70 research papers in reputed journals indexed in Scopus, ABDC and ABS category. He has more than 15
books published till date on different areas of management in India, Indonesia, Germany and Australia.
Dr. Avinash is a distinguished professor, researcher and a philosopher in management.
Social Connect:
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-avinash-pawar-40bb268/
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Avinash_Pawar2
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/avinashpawar83
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=iXawwzEAAAAJ&hl=en
Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57211460055
Academia: https://unipune.academia.edu/PawarAvinash
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8708-5179
 About The Author
Mia Kusmiati, SE., MM., CT., MOS., MCE: She was born in Garut, on November 1979. As
an assistant professor at one of the Economics Colleges in West Java, namely STIE "Yasa
Anggana" Garut. Concernation on Operational Management Course. Currently active as
a Writer and Editor. She also has a competency certificate as a trainer from BNSP and
international competency certification is Microsoft Operation Specialist (MOS) dan
Microsoft Certified Educator (MCE). In carrying out the Tri Dharma of Higher Education
in the field of book publication, she has published books since 2020, including
Entrepreneurship Development and Management with ISBN: 978-602-50789-4-1,
Kharisma Venti Rahmawati Jakarta Publisher. 2021 published the book Manajemen
Operasi dan Produksi with ISBN: 978-623-96026-2-8, the chapter book is Rute Jalan Tol
Pengusaha: Strategi Bisnis = The entrepreneur toll road routes: the business strategy
with ISBN: 978-623-96383-2-0 (no.jil.lengkap), and Proses Produksi Manufaktur with
ISBN: 978-623-6387-43-6, publisher CV. Aksara Global Akademia.
Sinta ID : 6699369
Orchid ID: 0000-0001-8295-1739
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AO-ZVHAAAAAJ&hl=id
Email: mia.k87@stieyasaanggana.ac.id
No. Telpon: 081-2222-3230
Afiliasi: STIE YASA ANGGANA
 About The Author
Dr. Budi Pramono, SIP., M.M., M.A., (GSC)., CIQar., CIQnR., MOS., MCE., CIMMR.
Born in Sidoarjo in 1967. He holds two Masters degrees, at Hull University UK in the Field of Security and Strategic
Studies (1998) and the University of National Development Veterans Jakarta (2005). When he was a colonel, he
was awarded a doctorate degree in Political Science with a very good predicate. After graduating from the
Magelang Military Academy in 1988, he served in the Indonesian Army Strategic Forces (KOSTRAD) for ten years,
then took part in the intelligence world (BAIS).
The author has a lot of experience taking various Military Education courses, some of which are: Austfamil Course
(SUSLAPA II-ART) Australia (1996), National Security Intelligence Training Course in Taiwan (1999), Command and
General Staff College, School of General Staff and Command in Manila (2001), best graduate with awards (Honor
Graduate): United Nations logistics Course at Port Dickson (2002), Austfamil Course at Lavertoon Australia (2003),
and Emergency Management in Australia, UN Military Observer Course, Port Dickson (2004). In addition to being a
frequent speaker at national and international conferences, as well as conducting scientific research, the author
has also been actively writing many books, including: "Transformation of Indonesia Counter-Terrorism" (Terrorism
and Disaster, Rajawali Pers, 2018), “The Role of Indonesia in Asean Security”, (Terrorism and Disaster, Rajawali
Pers, 2018), “Tanpa Senjata: Konsep dan Praktik Operasi Militer Selain Perang di Indonesia” (UNHAN Press, 2021,
ISBN: 978-623-6610-26-8)), “Monograph Indonesian Politics : Since it’s Birth Till The Reformation Era” (Aksara
Global Akademia, 2021, ISBN: 978-623-96683-9-6 (PDF)), “Politics & National Defense” (Aksara Global Akademia,
2021, ISBN: 978-623-6387-00-9), “Pengukuran Kinerja Sumber Daya Manusia: Teori dan Aplikasi” (Aksara Global
Akademia, 2021, ISBN: 978-623-6387-01-6 (PDF)), “The revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), and The Consequences
for Indonesia: The Study Before the Reform Era” (Aksara Global Akademia, 2021, ISBN: 978-623-6387-05-4 (PDF)).
Currently the author works as a Permanent Lecturer at the Republic of Indonesia Defense University and
continues to take part in carrying out the Tri Dharma of Higher Education.
Sinta ID : 6745514
Orchid ID: 0000-0002-5166-8516
Web of Science ResearcherID: GXF-3467-2022
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8MON4rcAAAAJ&hl=id
Email: budi.pram@idu.ac.id