Identifying the Problem and Asking Question

L#1. Background Study

I. What is a Background Study? (BOTS)
*It consists of 3 paragraphs; Phenomenon, Summary of Findings and Purpose
2 ways to write a Phenomenon
a. It provides relevant information about the research topic from an international to
national perspective
- Provide the information about the topic/question that is trending or happening globally
down to locality.
- Geographic Approach
- Ex: Mental Health globally 80%

b. It may also give a historical background or description regarding the research topic
involved.
- Provide the history on how the problem began and why it still exists in the current time.
- Provide the origin of the problem
- Give timeline why it is still relevant today
- Historical approach
- Ex: In 1906… issued mental health if forgotten #youmakekwento
*Ask yourself happening abroad or relevant from the past?
 It contains the information about the source of the problem leading the readers to an
understanding as to why problem even existed.
- BOTS is aims to give us the idea or provides information as to how the problem began
and why it exists
- Very purpose BOTS is to give information to your readers

II. Purpose
 The goal of the background study is to prove that there is a research space or gap
that needs to be filled in which will serve as the focal point of your research.
- Entire BOTS provide us information and there is still a research gaps that needs to be
added. (missing that needs to be filled in)
- Yet is still to be solved or completed. To cover the missing research
- 3-4 paragraphs, it depends with phenomenon if it has 2 paragraphs. Phenomenon,
Summary of Findings (Brief summary from RRL: what is known) and Purpose (mention
temporary solution by the locality but despite those steps, you still need to pursue the
study)
 - Society provide the initial solution to the problem but… BOTS is the Highlight that aside
from the initial solution of the society there is still to be added/solution/completed
because it is still a problem.
 Creating A Research Space (CARS) Model
- 3-paragraph rule: space = gaps that still needs solve
Structure of BG = parang nakikiinuman dahil sa kwentuhan…
 lasing = introduce the topic and share stories (Phenomenon)
 Summary of Finding = what they know
 Purpose = wala pa rin nangyari

III. Steps in Writing the Background of the Study

1. Conduct Preliminary Research
2. Take Note of Relevant Pieces of Information
 Take down notes, you annotate
3. Formulate the Research Question or Thesis Statement
 idea how you formulate you title
4. Write the Background of the Study following the CARS Model
 Only time to write is after you read enough and formulate a title.
5. Revise and Edit the Background of the Study
 Additional: Proofreading to other people

IV. Important Reminder

 Smooth Transition leading to the Statement of the Problem
- Smooth and correct transition from one point to another
- Cohesion of idea
 Funnel Shape Approach may be used

General Idea

Specific Idea

L#1.1. Research Problem

 It makes an individual curious about a particular concept or phenomenon that drives
him/her to empirical investigation or data collection in order to find an answer.
- What makes you curious up to the point of you do data gathering to find an answer
 2 types of RP
 Qualitative Research Problem = expansive, widespread, and developing (Process-
focused)
- Vast in terms of coverage because they explain the phenomenon
- Why?
- Multiple procedures because of interventions

 Quantitative Research Problem = precise, specific, and stable (Result-centered)

- Accurate and exact because they use quantitative data
- Result oriented  limited process (survey or test)
- Shallow
*What quantitative cannot answer but qualitative can?  why are the two variables related?

Examples of forms of RP:

 Research Problem (Declarative): The study aims to identify if the English
language proficiency of teachers has an impact on the academic performance of
HFA students.
 Research Problem (Interrogative): Does the English language proficiency of
teachers have an impact on the academic performance of HFA students?

L#1.2. Research Question

 For every research problem, a set of research questions or sub-questions need to be
formed in order to find the desired answers.
- Came from research problems
- Answers the research problem
- Called as the specific objectives

Declarative:
Specifically, the current research seeks to provide answers o the following specific
objectives:
1. To evaluate the English language proficiency of teachers
2. To determine how frequent the teachers use the language
3. To assess the academic performance of students
4. To check if the gender of students has an impact on the connection set between the
two variables.
Interrogative:
1. To what extend are the teachers in HFA proficient in using the English language?
2. How often do they use the language in delivering lessons?
3. How is the academic performance of the students in the first semester?
 4. How does gender influence the connection set between the two variables?

L#2. Conceptual Framework

 In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher’s understanding of how the
particular variables in his/her study connect with each other.
- Purpose: Shows the variables that are being studied and how they are connected
with one another.
- An abstract, diagram, presentation or illustration of variables. It gives us the
overview or overall flow.
 Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research investigation. It is the
researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investigation.
- Similar to a map where you can see the variables and show the flow of the actual
research
- What are they trying to prove? What are the variables?
- Consists of diagrams that looks like a map that that show the overall flow of the
research

I. Summary
 The conceptual framework is a more detailed view of the variables involved in the study
and on how they can be related with each other.
- Clearer sight or presentation how they are connected
 It serves as the map in conducting the research
- Map the guides the researchers about the flow of the researcher including the
readers so they can see the flow of the research
*Reminder:
 The CF since it focuses the relationship of variables it is exclusively found in
correlational and experimental research. Since it shows the relationship of variables.
 In Descriptive Research the CF may not necessary anymore unless you have a specific
objective that correlates the variables.
Example of how CF goes… (one-way relationship of Independent Variable to the Dependent
Variable)
Example of how CF goes… (it shows the variable being studied and shoes the relationship and
flow w/ Extraneous variable)

L#2.1. Theoretical Framework

 The conceptual framework has more expansive counterpart known as the theoretical
framework
- Cousin of CF that is more detailed and expansive counterpart of CF
- All types of studies required this framework
 This involves the use of theories involved in the study in order to provide explanation
behind the occurrence of various phenomena.
- You provide a supporting theory that will compliments your study
- Supporting Theory from experts, why it is happening
- Different phenomena and in all these happenings we provide theories to each
because there is a theory that supports it.
- In IMRAD/Journal Type, the TF is embedded in the RRL
- That is why it is more in details and in CF are diagrams or short explanation while in
TF it is expansive because all explanation.

II. Purpose of the Conceptual Framework

 To have clearer understanding of concepts and draw relationships (of the variables)
- Understanding
 To have a basis for the interpretation of the findings in the study
- When you reveal your findings on the later part, they have to be relevant or
reflection of your framework
 To explain the flow of the research
L#3. Paraphrasing (A Springboard for Research Annotation)
 This process refers to rewording statements taken from other sources without changing
the original meaning of the text.
- You are rewording information or details taken from credible references and
keeping their original meaning
- You produce a new identity for a particular statement or even a paragraph at times
but the meanings are not change. (retaining the meaning)
 It requires proper citation.
- Since the information are not originally ours, is still a borrowed. Hence, we need to
attribute or give credit to whom credit is view
- Mention the author using the proper APA format (7th edition)
- Our paraphrase material becomes complete when we ended it with proper citation.

I. When is Paraphrasing NOT Paraphrasing?

 Doing Synonymyzing
 Merely restructuring the statements
- You just change the sequence of words
 Many terms are still lifted form the original text.
- Acceptable no. of lifted words is 3
*YOU EXPRESS THE STATEMENT BASED ON YOUR UNDERSTANDING OR USING YOUR OWN
WORD WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING!!!

II. When is Paraphrasing Useful?

 Writing Essays
- Great essays are does have credible information which come from valid references.
Come from legit news sources or outlets.
- Common misconception: all opinion
 Providing facts and definitions
- Citation always
 Supporting Research Works
- You did not do a research if you did not paraphrase. A research work is actually a
compilation of paraphrase materials particularly the review of related literature. The
RLL consists of multiple information coming from credible sources written in one
narrative
 Improving the credibility of written works
- Supporting facts and credible information
III. Paraphrasing Strategy
 Read and understand the text
- Not memorize. Know it’s meaning by heart
 Remove the original text and come up with your OWN version
- Proof you understand: you can come up of your own version or explain with to your
friend or to yourself.
 Countercheck if there are some words lifted from the original if the meaning was
altered
- May naulit ba? Or nag-iba ba ang meaning?
Example

 Students from distant areas do not struggle in their academic life.

a. Students from various localities do well in their schooling.
b. Distance does not matter in your academic life.
c. Despite living in far places, the students still perform well in school.
d. The demographic aspect of a learner does not struggle in attaining
education.
 Music can be of great help in the review sessions of students.
a. Learners perform best when they listen to music.
b. Songs have significant impact on the academics of students
c. When reviewing, music can aid students.
d. Students are better learners when they are into music.
 Students under comfortable temperature tend to excel more in Math.
a. An awesome room environment is good venue for learners of Math.
b. An inviting room is effective for students who study the concepts of
Mathematics
c. Students perform better in Math when they are in a conducive area.
d. The environment of a learner matters particularly for those who
yearn to study Math.

IV. Guide in Paraphrasing

 Always cite the source.
 Use your own words.
 Avoid overusing the same source. (writing in general like RRL)
 Consider the whole text.
 Develop your vocabulary.
L#4. Reading on Related Studies
I. Review of Related Literature
 It contains relevant pieces of information about the current study which
come from published materials such as books, journals, thesis and other
research materials both local and abroad
- It features essential details and information that supports the current research and
these came from credible references
- Credible References should be published materials and research materials such as
books, journal and thesis

 The Related Studies are materials which contains information that can be
used to support the current research
- These credible references are called related studies
- Related study contains the needed information that supports the current research

 The Review of Related Literature is the compilation of these Related Studies

- RRL is the compilation of different related studies
- The RS is a part of RRL where we put multiple RS and compile them into one
narrative which is the RRL (making a review out of the multiple RS)

What it does?
 Summarize, described, and evaluate
- You summarize RS by extracting relevant information to describe the variables
including the findings and make an evaluation at the end.
- You don’t use all the details from RS but get the relevant information needed
- General Summary is the overall judgement where you mention your analysis what is
your judgement after writing all of these (evaluation).
- With those details what did you find out? What is proven and not proven? (research
gaps)

 Studies must be read, analyzed, and evaluated.

- You had to carefully asses them by reading them then analyze then evaluate
- Analysis is the careful assessment of the material while Evaluation is your judgement

 Filter the irrelevant, add the important

- Filter the irrelevant and add only the important.
- Reason why YOU CANNOT RUSH RRL, it needed a thorough analysis of the different
RS.
II. Purpose of the Review of Related Literature
*why is it the heart and soul of every research?
 Provides a research problem for the researcher
- It is a source of research topics for researchers (possible idea)

 Gives information about the related studies which can be used by the
researcher for his topic
- We get relevant details that we need to support the current research topic we are
working on
- Not only possible RS but also obtain the details needed (based on fact not opinion)

 Eliminates the risk of doing the same research topic

- In the process, we AVOID duplicating the same study
- We are exposed to the studies been done, hence, to avoid doing it again

 Shows the gaps in the previous studies

- You get to see the research gaps from previous study
- Reason why it is a source of research topics (Ano pa ang ‘di nila na-focus na pwede
ninyong pag-aralan?)

 Enables the researcher to see different kinds of statistical strategies and

procedures in doing a research
- We can also borrow the methodology of other studies and apply/adapt them to our
own research
- We do not claim ownership of methodologies of other studies we attribute them.
- Emailing the Author is the most recommended way.

 Most Important – INFORMS THE READER ABOUT WHAT WAS ESTABLISHED

ABOUT THE TOPIC AND ARGUES FOR THE NEED TO PURSUE THE CURRENT
RESEARCH
- It fights for the need for our study to be publish
- Most important purpose of RRL where research gaps are there and that is why it is a
“Review”

III. Qualities of a Good Literature Review

*if your RRL poorly written, ‘di s’ya masisinagan ng araw
 Updated
- It has to be updated. It has to contain/feature the most recent information.
- Within 10 years of Related Study however they are seminal studies
  Relevant
- It has to be relevant. The information should be focus to the relevance to the topic
- How is it relevant? Check your research objectives?
- RRL is the mirror of your objectives

 Objective
- It has to be objective. You have to be fair by including all possible results (either
positive or negative)
- Diverse findings from Related Studies
- Hindi bias ang katotohanan!

 Scrutinized
- It has to be scrutinized. If your done in your RRL, then you are 95% done but it has to
be carefully checked
- Ask sir gats! Para maagapan ang mga butas ng research mo

 Sufficient
- It has to be sufficient. Provide enough supporting details
- No rush. You need to EXHAUST all RS found.
- Ideally, RRL is long about 2-3 pages or more

IV. Sources if Related Studies

 Theses or Academic resources (have methodologies compared to books
and encyclopedia)
 Books (can be use but not recommended)
 Encyclopedia (can be use but not recommended)
 Internet Sites (e-books and scholarly articles)
 Research Databases (unang tanungin sa prof)

V. Tips in Data MINING

 Always take notes. (annotate essential details)
 Remember the names. (citations)
 Search strategies are vital. (how you search RS? Look for RS by variable,
keywords, synonyms of variable)
 Research Databases save lives. (makes life easier)
L#4. Additional RRL Lectures
RESEARCH WRITING FUNDAMENTALS prt. 1 (by Good Voyce TV)
I. Research
 Process of empirical investigation that requires gathering and analysis of data to
provide a solution to an existing problem for the benefit of the society
- Gagawa ka ng research dahil may problema or kulang sa society so you fill it with the
data you have gathered and its end result you will have solution (may mapapala ang
society because of the research)
- Research benefits the society
= “THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A FINISHED RESEARCH”. That is why in the recommendation
part may pang “for future researchers”
What do you write first in every Research paper?
 Review of Related Literature (RRL) which is known as the “heart and soul
of every study”
- Magbasa ng related study or published materials and gather the
information for them. Also, question yourself if ano ang kulang?
- Pinakamahalagang part sa research so if MAGANDA and yung
FLOW, it is expected na it is a worthy research. If not oh no.
 Related Studies vs Review of Related Literature
- RRL is the chapter of the research and the RS or related literatures
are the “laman” of the RRL.

Why begin with the RRL?

 RRL na tapos almost 90% done ka na sa

research
 Because of RRL malalaman mo ang aadapt
mong “Methodology” for your research
#validauthors. Not recommended sa
students gumawa ng sariling questionnaire
 'Di ka pwede magstart sa intro dahil may
kukuhanin kang idea from the RRL.
 II. Content of the RRL
 Conceptual and Operational Definitions of the Variables
- Kahulugan ng Variables, you know how to distinguish the two, ang
conceptual sa operational.
- Present in the RRL like ano ang ibig sabihin ng mga variable na
ito?
- Conceptual ay ang karaniwang kahulugan ng mga terms (general
meaning). While Operational ay kung paano ginamit or na-
measure ang variable sa research na iyon. (paano siya ginamit sa
research na iyon?)

 Findings in the different studies related to your topic

- Paglagay ng findings/results from studies sa study mo
- Mas maganda DIVERSE RESULTS para ma-assure natin na
mayroon kang dahilan kung bakit ginagawa mo ang research mo
- DIVERSE RESULTS lead to the idea of “di pa talaga naka-fully
establish ang findings or ‘di pa sya consistent” so you need to
push to do the study
- Atleast 10 years yung mga related studies
= ‘Di kailangan mahaba lang ang RRL dapat may pangtutunguhan ang laman nito ‘di lang kabod
information. Dapat may kwento ang pagco-compile ng studies.
III. Outline of Ideas in RRL
 Thematic Approach usually ginagamit ni sir Gats for his research
 Writing of RRL is still depends with the research objectives/questions
 - With this, makikita natin if may kulang or sobra ba ang mga info
sa RRL mo
- Correlational = there is a chance

Sample Prototype Outline: Exposure to Food Advertisements and Food Intake of

College students
 Two Definitions of the First Variable
- The meaning of the 1st variable in conceptual and operations
definitions
 Summary (Ending with a link to the 2nd Variable)
- Always end it with a summary. The main point and ‘di maligaw
ang reader. Plus, links or transition for the next variable para
makita ang connectedness/relevance nila.

 Two Definition of the Second Variable

- The meaning of the 2nd variable in conceptual and operations
definitions
 Result about the First Variable (As an Independent Variable, what other
variables did it influence?)
- Ano ba napatunayan na sa 1st variable
 Summary (Leading to its Influence to the Second Variable)
- “from all these variables influence by the 1st variable we like to
see its influence to the 2nd variable”
 Results about the relationship of Two Variables
- Mula sa studies sa nahanap mo may connection ba ang 2
variables?
- then after that, you narrow it down sa 1st variable ng study
 Summary
 Overall Summary
- Last part of the RRL which is the research gap or overall summary
- “With all these things said, what else is lacking, to be learn, what
can contribute with all already existing research.
- Eto rin ang part na sasabihin na information/data come from
foreign setting and need siya in a local setting.
IV. Sources of Related Studies
 Google Scholar
 Research Database (best one is EBSCOHost na selfish)
= Mendeley app is like the library of studies
RESEARCH WRITING FUNDAMENTALS prt. 2 (by Good Voyce TV)
*Writing Introduction and Finding Related Studies
I. Introduction/ Background of the Study
 Phenomenon (what is the latest trend related to your issue? What problem in the
society are you trying to resolve through your study?)
- In writing the Phenomenon, it should be from Global to Local
Setting
- Can also be in a Historical Approach where you include the
timeline where the trend started and still present today
 Summary of the RRL
- Summary of findings, in general what it known about the topic?
What are the major findings that are related to your topic?
 Purpose
- Kahit meron ng alam, ano pa ang kulang na kaalaman? Kung bakit
mo ginagawa ang research mo?
- Dahil meron pa ring kulang.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE LECTURE (1st SEM Lecture)
I. Meaning of Review of Related Literature
 Literature is verbal record of man’s significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner
 Review of Related Literature is an analysis of man’s written or spoken
knowledge of the world

II. Importance
 Provides an understanding of the subject and its significance
 Helps you work out how to answer questions and what questions need to be
asked
 Identifies the methods used in previous research on the topic
 Connects past works with the current research
 Highlights variety of opinions and results
 Provides a new perspective for additional research topics

III. Characteristics
 A Good Literature Review is organized around a coherent set of questions; A
Poor Literature Review jumps from one topic to another
 A Good Literature Review includes relevant and substantial studies; A Poor
Literature Review adds every related study including the trivial ones
 A Good Literature Review involves critical evaluation of the quality of
research; A Poor Literature Review simply summarizes research findings
without critical analysis
  A Good Literature Review takes the form of a logical argument that leads to
the rationale for the addition of the research; A Poor Literature Review fails
to present logical arguments that may make the research irrelevant
 A Good Literature Review is clear, coherent, and systematic; A Poor
Literature Review is boring because of overuse of jargons and lack of
organization
 A Good Literature Review has an accurate and up-to-date bibliography that
adheres to recognized style Guidelines; A Poor Literature Review has
inaccurate or missing references that are poorly formatted
 A Good Literature Review is eminently publishable; A Poor Literature Review
will never see the light of day

IV. Phases of Review of Related Literature

A. Stage 1: Search for the Literature
- This is the time when you begin to look for reference materials dubbed as sources of
knowledge that will help you in answering your research questions
Basic types of Literature:
 General References
 Primary Sources
 Secondary Sources
- Focus on published materials

Pointers in Considering the Best Sources of Information:

1. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research
2. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or authority in
the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong
3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data
4. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed material than from general
reading materials

B. Stage 2: Reading the Source Material

- Read the works of other people critically. This means that there should be the
involvement of HOTS (higher order thinking skills) in doing the process of reading
such as making predictions, generalizations, conclusions, and more importantly,
assumptions
C. Stage 3: Writing the Review
- The organization of ideas and concepts plays a vital role in this stage. A person’s
ability to write is crucial as the writing part requires a skillful organization of
thoughts
 Paraphrasing and Summarizing
 Be bold in sharing your opinion (constructive opinion of course)
 A good introduction is also important on this one.
 Transitional Devices – additionally, however, moreover, in relation to, etc.
 Active Verbs – analyze, argues, assess, assume, claim, explain, etc.

V. Citing Sources (APA Style)

1. Integral Citation – the author is given emphasis on this one by starting the
statement with the author’s surname.
Example:
 A study of Licup (2017) explains
 One of the works of Petalver (2014) asserts
 According to Karam et al. (2016),

2. Non-integral Citation – opposite to the previous one, this style focuses on the
piece of information shared by the owner in which the surname is mentioned at
the end of the text.
Example:
 People are more prone to eating after watching TV commercials related
to food (Cordero, 2007)
 It is believed that women are considered to be more mature compared to
man (Federez, 2016)
 Students manifest different stress management styles particularly after
experiencing heartbreaks and disappointments (Gatmaitan, 2001)

VI. Patterns of Citation

 Summary
 Paraphrasing
 Short Direct Quotation (can be but not recommended)
 Long Direct Quotation (can be but not recommended)
 Active Voice

VII. Ethical Consideration

- Always cite sources properly
- Attribution saves you from the risk of Plagiarism
- Copy-and-paste should never be tolerated