1

1 The spontaneity (feasibility) of a chemical reaction depends on the standard Gibbs free energy
change, ∆G o. This is related to the standard enthalpy and entropy changes by the equation shown.

∆G o = ∆H o – T∆S o

(a) State and explain whether the following processes will lead to an increase or decrease in
entropy.

(i) the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) solid potassium chloride dissolving in water

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) steam condensing to water

entropy change ...................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Magnesium carbonate can be decomposed.

MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H o = +117 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

substance MgCO3(s) MgO(s) CO2(g)

S o / J mol–1 K–1 +65.7 +26.9 +214

(i) Calculate ∆G o for this reaction at 298 K.

Include a relevant sign and give your answer to three significant figures.

∆G o = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(ii) Explain, with reference to ∆G o, why this reaction becomes more feasible at higher
temperatures.

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) On heating, sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate as shown.

2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) ∆H o = +130 kJ mol–1

∆S o = +316 J mol–1 K–1

Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction becomes spontaneous (feasible).
Show your working.

temperature = ............................. K [2]

(d) The solubility of Group 2 sulfates decreases down the Group.

Explain this trend.

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[Total: 11]
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2 Cadmium ions form complexes with primary amines and with 1,2-diaminoethane.

Cd2+(aq) + 4CH3NH2(aq) [Cd(CH3NH2)4]2+(aq) Kstab = 3.6 × 106 equilibrium I

Cd2+(aq) + 2H2NCH2CH2NH2(aq) [Cd(H2NCH2CH2NH2)2]2+(aq) Kstab = 4.2 × 1010 equilibrium II

(a) Values for ∆H o and ∆G o for equilibria I and II, and the value of ∆S o for equilibrium I, are given
in the table below. All values are at a temperature of 298 K.

equilibrium ∆H o / kJ mol–1 ∆G o / kJ mol–1 ∆S o / J K–1 mol–1

I –57.3 –37.4 –66.8
II –56.5 –60.7 to be calculated

(i) Suggest a reason why the ∆H o values for the two equilibria are very similar.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate ∆S o for equilibrium II.

∆S o = ............................. J K–1 mol–1 [1]

(iii) Suggest a reason for the difference between the ∆S o you have calculated for equilibrium II
and that for equilibrium I given in the table.

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Which of the two complexes is the more stable? Give a reason for your answer.

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[Total: 8]
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3 (a) The table lists the equations for five processes.

For each process, predict the sign of ∆S.

process sign of ∆S
NaBr(s) + (aq) → NaBr(aq)

H2O(l) → H2O(g)

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (g)

CoCl2(s) + 6H2O(l) → CoCl2.6H2O(s)

[2]

(b) Ethanol can be combusted as shown in the equation.

CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Standard entropies are shown in the table.

substance CH3CH2OH(l) O2(g) CO2(g) H2O(l)

So, J K-1 mol-1 161 205 214 70

Calculate the standard entropy change, ∆So, for this reaction.

∆So = ....................................... J K–1 mol–1 [2]

(c) The combustion of ethanol is an exothermic reaction.

This reaction occurs spontaneously at low temperatures but does not occur at very high
temperatures. Explain why.

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(d) The decomposition of calcium carbonate is an endothermic reaction.

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

∆H = +178 kJ mol–1 and ∆S = +159 J K–1 mol–1

Calculate the minimum temperature at which this reaction becomes feasible.

Show all your working.

[3]

[Total: 9]
4 (a) (i) Describe and explain the trend observed in the thermal stability of the carbonates of the
Group 2 elements.

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...................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) By quoting suitable data from the Data Booklet suggest how the thermal stabilities of zinc
carbonate and lead carbonate might compare to that of calcium carbonate.

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...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe and explain qualitatively the trend in the solubilities of the hydroxides of the Group 2
elements.

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.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 9]
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5 Most car air bags contain a capsule of sodium azide, NaN3. In a crash, the NaN3 decomposes into
its elements.

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of NaN3.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Complete the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the azide ion, N3–.

Use the following key for the electrons.

 electrons from central nitrogen atom

 electrons from the other two nitrogen atoms
□ added electron(s) responsible for the overall negative charge

N N N

[3]

(c) Lattice energies are always negative showing that they represent exothermic changes.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term lattice energy.

.............................................................................................................................................

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....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why lattice energy represents an exothermic change.

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(iii) Use the following data and any relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation, , of NaN3(s).
Include a sign in your answer. Show all your working.

lattice energy, , of NaN3(s) –732 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation, , of Na(g) +107 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change, H o, for 1 12 N2(g) + e–  N3–(g) +142 kJ mol–1

of NaN3(s) = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(iv) The lattice energy, , of RbN3(s) is – 636 kJ mol–1.

Suggest why the lattice energy of NaN3(s), –732 kJ mol–1, is more exothermic than that of
RbN3(s).

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]
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6 (a) Describe and explain the trend in the solubility of the hydroxides down Group 2.

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.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Calcium reacts vigorously with HCl (aq) producing H2(g).

Ca(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl 2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) How would you expect the enthalpy change for this reaction to compare with the enthalpy
change for the reaction where HNO3(aq) is used in place of HCl but all other conditions
are the same?
Explain your answer.

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....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(ii) The ionic equation for this reaction is shown.

Ca(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) ∆H o = x kJ mol–1

Construct a fully labelled Hess’ Law cycle to connect each side of this equation to the
relevant gas phase ions.

Use your cycle, the following data, and data from the Data Booklet, to calculate a value for x.

standard enthalpy of atomisation of Ca(s), (Ca) +178 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy of hydration of Ca2+(g), (Ca2+) –1576 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy of hydration of H+(g), (H+) –1090 kJ mol–1

x = ............................ kJ mol–1 [4]

(c) The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between Ca(s) and CH3CO2H(aq) is less
negative than x by 2 kJ mol–1.

Suggest an explanation for this.

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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]
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7 (a) Chromyl chloride, CrO2Cl 2, can be prepared by heating a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and potassium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.

K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl 2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

Use the following data to complete the Hess’ Law cycle and calculate the enthalpy change of
the reaction, ∆Hr.

enthalpy change of
compound
formation, / kJ mol–1
K2Cr2O7 –2061
KCl –437
H2SO4 –814
CrO2Cl 2 –580
K2SO4 –1438
H2O –286

∆Hr
K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 3H2SO4 2CrO2Cl 2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

elements

∆Hr = ............................ kJ mol–1 [2]