Torque and Drag Episode 3 DR Catalin Teodoriu 1675039945

Torque and Drag
Mini-Series
24 January 2023
by Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Sponsored By:
Torque and Drag Miniseries, by Dr. Catalin Teodoriu, MPGE, OU, Norman, OK
In memoriam
Professor Hans Juvkam-Wold
Professor Vlad Ulmanu

Outline
Friction Coefficient, Friction Factor and Co.
Friction versus Sticking
Torq and Drag Basics
Low-side T&D
Capstan Effect
How the models work
3
Friction Coefficient
• “ratio of the frictional force resisting
the motion of two surfaces in contact
to the normal force pressing the two
surfaces together.”
www.britanica.com
Friction is the result of a dynamic process

Known as COF
4
Friction Factor
• Known as FF, and often confused with
COF.
• FF is normally defined as the ratio
between actual COF over a known
COF.
• It is similar to materials specific density

which is relate to water.
5
COF vs. FF
• COF is always less than 1
• FF can be higher than 1
COF values after (Rabbat, 1985 and Samuel, 2010)
6
Friction Laws
• Friction force is directly proportional to
the applied load (Normal Force)
• Friction does not depend on the contact

area (apparent area)
• Kinetic Friction is independent of the

sliding velocity
7
Friction Laws for Real

World
“Friction force is directly proportional to the applied
load (Normal Force)”
F
N N=W+F
W W 8

World
“Friction does not depend on the contact area (apparent
area)”
N=W Hertzian contact stress says
that contact area is a
F = mN function of the contact stress
magnitude between bodies
W
N1 = W/2 N2 = W/2
F = mN1+ mN2
Wikipedia.org
W/2 W W/2 9

World
“Kinetic Friction is independent of the sliding velocity”
Laboratory experimetns have shown the opposite

(Vladimir, 1989; Kirrenkov, 2008; Samuel, 2010)
10
The world of Friction

• Dry friction (air)
• Wet (lubricated) friction
• Static friction
• Dynamic (kinetic or sliding) friction
• Hydrodynamic friction
• Rolling friction
11
Why Friction? N
No Motion = Friction force is ZERO
12
Why Friction? N
Motion = Friction force is
proportional with N
mN F
F=mN=mW
13
Friction vs sticking
STEEL
STEEL
STEEL
CLAY 14
Friction vs shear
STEEL
STEEL
ROCK
15
Static and Dynamic

Friction
F
v
Breakaway Zone
Simple BIT Torque Model
Bit torque model:
where m, DB and W are friction factor, bit diameter, and weight on the
bit, respectively.
SPE-139996
17
Friction Coefficient Values
Typical ranges of Drill String friction coefficients (Drilling Manual 2017)

Water Base Mud Oil Base Mud
Open Hole 0.15-0.3 0.15 – 0.25
Cased Hole 0.125 – 0.4 0.125-0.25
COF =0.75 Experienced friction factors from over 100 wells drilled by
conventional downhole assemblies (Gaynor, et al. 2001)
Planning
Actual Casing Planning Actual Open
Mud System Open Hole
(F.F) Casing F.F Hole F.F
COF =0.65 Water Based
F.F
Generic 0.18 0.24 0.24 0.32

Polyseal/Bar
0.25 0.34 0.30 0.40
asilc
Thixal 0.22 0.29 0.27 0.36
COF =0.50 Pure Oil Based
Generic 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.16
Pseudo Oil Based
Generic 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.23
COF =0.05 XP07

Petrofree
0.17
0.14
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.23
0.24
Ecomul 0.16 0.21 0.20 0.27
18
Friction Factor Autopsy
Nour et al. 2022
19
Frictionless Case Wellbore
20
The math:
෍𝐹 = 0 along wellbore: T = W cos I (1)
෍𝐹 = 0 ⊥ar to wellbore: N = W sin I (2)
The above equations are used for ROTATING

pipe in simplified calculations
21
Friction in action
22
Effect of Friction (no doglegs)
• Frictional Force, F = mN = mW sin I,

where 0 < m < 1 (m is the COF)
COF: 0.15 < m < 0.4 in the wellbore
T = Wmotion,
• Friction opposes cos I − Ff is a vector
T =TW=cos I +
− F
W cos If − mW sin I
T = W cos I +− mW sin I
23
Effect of Friction (no doglegs)
(a) Lowering: Friction opposes motion:
T = W cos I − Ff
T = W cos I − mW sin I
(b) Raising: Friction still opposes motion:
T = W cos I + Ff
T = W cos I + mW sin I 24
Example
• What is the maximum hole angle
(inclination angle) that can be logged
without the aid of drillpipe, coiled tubing
or other tubulars (free fall of the tool)?
T = W cos I − mW sin I
At free fall the extreme is when the tool
is barely sliding down the hole, hence:
T  0
 0 = W cos I − 0.4 W sin I

25
Solution
 cot I = 0.4 or tan I = 2.5
I = 68.2 
• Maximum angle that can be logged with

wireline is independent of the weight of
the tool in the wellbore.
• This applies to BHA as well.

26
Horizontal Well – basic EQ.

Sliding direction
N=W
F = mN T=F*s
( s=d/24 )
Force to move pipe, F = mW = 72,000 lbf
Torque, T = mWd/(24 ) = 21,000 ft-lbf
27
Horizontal - Torque
Torque: T F
T = W * (d/2) sin f in-lbf d/2 f
P
Where f = atan m
Samuel, 2010
28
Effect of Pipe Tension

CAPSTAN EFFECT
Resultant=2F N=2F
Drilling Manual, 2023

29
Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

 = dogleg angle
30
• A. Neglecting Axial Friction

(e.g. pipe rotating)
 
 Falong normal : W sin I + (T + T) sin 2 + T sin 2 − N = 0
 
W sin I + sT sin + T sin − N = 0
2 2

N  W sin I + 2T sin (10)
2
31
 
F along tangent : (T + T ) cos
2
− W cos I − T cos
2
=0

T cos = W cos I
2

cos →1 T = W cos I (11)
2
32
Including Friction while pipe is rotating

N = W sin I + 2T sin
2
T = WcosI
33
• Including Friction while lowering pipe

(RIH)

N = W sin I + 2T sin
2
T = W cos I − mN

T = W cos I − m ( W sin I + 2T sin )
2
34
• Including Friction while raising pipe

(POH)
T = W cos I + mN

T = W cos I + m ( W sin I + 2T sin )
2
d d 
Torque = mN   m  ( W sin I + 2T sin )
 2  2 2
35
Other Analytical Equations

m 
 sin  top − sin  bottom   cos  top − cos  bottom 
Ftop = Fbottom  e + L     mL   
  top −  bottom    top −  bottom 
Ttop = m rFN + Tbottom = m rFbottom  +Tbottom
Case for Tension
36
Example of T&D
Elgibaly et al, 2016

37
Wellbore real contact
Menand, 2016
Sliding direction
F = mN N=W
38
Side Forces
Azeez, 2019
39
Two major models

• Soft String
▪ Hole drillstring is model as a cable that lays
on the low side of the wellbore.
• Stiff String
▪ Adds the required stiffnes to drillstring
components
▪ Contact points are calculated as part of the
model, hence friction may occur in any
position with respect to wellbore
40
Models, after Menand (2016)
41
Friction Adjustments
ÇAĞLAYAN, 2014
42
Why do we have Friction in

Vertical wells?
Sliding direction
Ff = mN N=W
W
Sliding
direction
Ff=mx0
BUCKLING!!!
N=0 43
Why do we have Friction in

Vertical wells?
Menand, 2016
44
Lets Burn It!

Friction generates heat, heat accumulates, tools fail
𝐐 = 𝛍 ∗ 𝐅 ∗ 𝐯 [𝐖] 𝒗=
𝝅∗𝑵∗𝑫 𝒎
𝜇 is the Friction Coefficient 𝟔𝟎 𝒔
[Dimensionless] N is Rotational Speed [rpm]

F is Friction Force [N] D is Casing Outer Diameter [in]
v is Relative Velocity [m/s]
ASSUMPTIONS
❖ There is no heat transfer in the form of convection or radiation to the environment.
❖ There is only heat conduction to the formation.
❖ No heat transfer outside the region of interest.
❖ No heat partitions.
45
Heat from friction (T&D)
Rabinowicz 1982
where f is the friction factor between the wellbore and

surrounding rock, L is the normal force of the system,
along with v being the translational velocity of the
wellbore.
J is the conversion factor listed later in Rabinowicz
1982, r is the radius of the wellbore and the k values
represent the thermal conductivity of both the wellbore
and surrounding rock
46
Why T&D matters today
47
Why Vibrations?
Azar and Samuel, 2007

48
Reducing Torque and Drag

• Reduce friction coefficient
• Change contact parts (i.e. rotating

protectors)
• Drill smooth (control tortuosity

especially micro tortuosity)
49
Quiz
• Why is RSS considered the best tool to
reduce friction in a well?
Continuous rotations
Control micro-tortuosity
50
Reducing downhole
friction
• Keep moving (agitators or continuous
rotation)
Drilling contractor, 2019
51
T&D for completions

• What is the same?
▪ All equations applies (do not forget the
assumptions)
• What is not the same?
▪ Stiff model is needed
▪ Casing centralizer may change the
apparent friction coefficient
▪ Casing coupling are not face hardened
52
Torque and Drag

complications
• “Based on nonlinear coupling vibration of
drilling string, three-dimensional nonlinear
dynamic model and dynamic friction torque
model were established in highly deviated
well with mud drilling by using the finite
element method to study the vibration rule
of dynamic drag and friction torque of the
drill string in rotary drilling” Zhu et al., 2014
53
Current Trends
More detailed models Digital Twin
Menand, 2016
54
Torque and Drag
24 January 2023
by Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Torque and Drag Episode 3 DR Catalin Teodoriu 1675039945

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Torque and Drag

Professor Hans Juvkam-Wold

Professor Vlad Ulmanu

Friction versus Sticking

Torq and Drag Basics

How the models work

Friction is the result of a dynamic process

• It is similar to materials specific density

COF values after (Rabbat, 1985 and Samuel, 2010)

• Friction does not depend on the contact

• Kinetic Friction is independent of the

Friction Laws for Real

Friction Laws for Real

Friction Laws for Real

“Kinetic Friction is independent of the sliding velocity”

Laboratory experimetns have shown the opposite

The world of Friction

No Motion = Friction force is ZERO

Static and Dynamic

Simple BIT Torque Model

Bit torque model:

Friction Coefficient Values

Typical ranges of Drill String friction coefficients (Drilling Manual 2017)

Generic 0.18 0.24 0.24 0.32

COF =0.05 XP07

Friction Factor Autopsy

Nour et al. 2022

Frictionless Case Wellbore

෍𝐹 = 0 along wellbore: T = W cos I (1)

෍𝐹 = 0 ⊥ar to wellbore: N = W sin I (2)

The above equations are used for ROTATING

Effect of Friction (no doglegs)

• Frictional Force, F = mN = mW sin I,

COF: 0.15 < m < 0.4 in the wellbore

(a) Lowering: Friction opposes motion:

 0 = W cos I − 0.4 W sin I

• Maximum angle that can be logged with

• This applies to BHA as well.

Horizontal Well – basic EQ.

Force to move pipe, F = mW = 72,000 lbf

Torque, T = mWd/(24 ) = 21,000 ft-lbf

Effect of Pipe Tension

Drilling Manual, 2023

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

• A. Neglecting Axial Friction

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

Including Friction while pipe is rotating

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

• Including Friction while lowering pipe

Effect of Doglegs - Dropoff

• Including Friction while raising pipe

Other Analytical Equations

Ttop = m rFN + Tbottom = m rFbottom  +Tbottom

Case for Tension

Elgibaly et al, 2016

Wellbore real contact

Two major models

Models, after Menand (2016)

Why do we have Friction in

Why do we have Friction in