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4. გიორგი ქავთარაძე. ტერმინ „ქართლის” არსისა და წარმომავლობის საკითხისათვის, - მუზეუმი და კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა, VI-VII. პროექტი - სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია "მუზეუმი და კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა". კრებული შეადგინა და გამოსაცემად მოამზადა: ირმა დოლიძე, ეკა კაჭარავა. თბილისი: საქართველოს კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის დაცვის ეროვნული სააგენტო, 2021, გვ. 288-306. ISSN - 1512-0872.
4. გიორგი ქავთარაძე. ტერმინ „ქართლის” არსისა და წარმომავლობის საკითხისათვის, - მუზეუმი და კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა, VI-VII. პროექტი - სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია "მუზეუმი და კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა". კრებული შეადგინა და გამოსაცემად მოამზადა: ირმა დოლიძე, ეკა კაჭარავა. თბილისი: საქართველოს კულტურული მემკვიდრეობის დაცვის ეროვნული სააგენტო, 2021, გვ. 288-306. ISSN - 1512-0872.
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MUSEUM AND CULTURAL
kulturuli
HERITAGE
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muzeumis
saerTaSoriso
dRisadmi
miZRvnili
samecniero
konferencia
muzeumi
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kulturuli
memkvidreoba MUSEUM
AND
VI-VII CULTURAL
HERITAGE
2021
proeqti - samecniero konferencia
"muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba"
© saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saredaqcio jgufi SesaZloa ar iziarebdes avtorTa zogierT
saagento, 2021 mosazrebas
© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, 2021
ISSN - 1512-0872
www. heritagesites.ge
sarCevi CONTENT mcxeTis axali muzeumi – xedva
eka kaWarava
106
_
kinoTeatri „karibWe“ mcxeTaSi – sabWoTa
modernizmis arqiteqturuli nimuSi 70
nato gengiuri
6 7
ETYMOLOGY OF MTSKHETA AND SUPREME “GREAT MTSKHETA” AT THE TIME 371
AUTHORITY OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 313 OF BEING A CAPITAL CITY
Valerian Vashakidze Vakhtang Nikolaishvili
ETYMOLOGICAL REMARKS
FOR TOPONYMS OF MTSKHETA REGION 330 HEBREWS ON THE TERRITORY
Merab Chukhua OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI (IBERIA) 388
Vakhtang Nikolaishvili
8 9
lurji minis mravalwaxnagebi 426 ENAMELED FIBULA FROM MTSKHETA 492
ana gabunia Nino Sulava
minanqriani fibula mcxeTidan 488 TOYS FROM MTSKHETA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM 541
nino sulava Ketevan Digmelashvili
10 11
_ _
545 ena damwerloba mwignobroba 613 religia saqarTveloSi
597
_
Ketevan Digmelashvili 655 w(mida)i ese dedaqalaqi
12 13
SVETITSKHOVELI AND SVETI-TSKHOVELI (“LIVING PILLAR”) 672 ABOUT MTSKHETA, SVETITSKHOVELI AND MTSKHETOBA
Ketevan Siradze ACCORDING TO NIKOLOZ GULABERISDZE,
ANTON NATROIEV AND GIORGI LEONIDZE 731
Ia Ghadua
mirian mefis samoTxe 674
iulon gagoSiZe
mcxeTis eparqia 732
mzia surgulaZe
THE PARADISE OF KING MIRIAN 680
Yulon Gagoshidze
MTSKHETA EPARCHY 735
Mzia Surguladze
"mcxeTa qalaqi didi" wminda ninos
moRvaweobis droisaTvis
(istoriul-arqeologiuri mimoxilva) 682 afazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos)
guram yifiani sakaTalikosos istoria 736
Tamar qoriZe
14 15
_ _
807 samefo xelisufleba 855 arqeologia
HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
GEORGIAN ROYAL GOVERNANCE – KING INVESTIGATIONS OF MTSKHETA 876
DAVID IV THE BUILDER 822 Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Nikoloz Maisurashvili
Nino Shiolashvili
16 17
IMPLEMENTS OF THE ROOF TILE GRAVES "saganZuri mcxeTis muzeumidan" - eqspoziciis
FROM SAMTAVRO GRAVEYARD 924 momzadeba da Semdgomi rekomendaciebi 962
Kristine Shavlakadze nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe
samTavros fondSi daculi artefaqtebi 926 “TREASURY FROM MTSKHETA MUSEUM” – PREPARATION
Tina kaxeliSvili OF EXHIBITION AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 972
Nino Kebuladze, Nino Kalandadze
939 restavracia
vazisa da Rvinis kultura saqarTveloSi: 998
Rvinis erovnuli saagentos samecniero proeqti
uZvelesi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi d. maRraZe, l. mexuzla, a. koberiZe, i. mdinaraZe, d. lorTqifaniZe, m. jal-
xelovnebis nimuSebi mcxeTis muzeumidan 940 abaZe, e. yvavaZe, n. rusiSvili, T. kezeli, l. ujmajuriZe, p. makgoverni, r.
nino qebulaZe, nino kalandaZe baCilieri, o. faila, g. kola, l. mariani, s. batiuki, t. gilberti, l. bubi, a.
WeiSvili, e. boareto, n. uelsi, l. daviTaSvili
18 19
_ _
1039 gastronomiuli kultura 1105 musika da qoreologia
_
barbare erisTavi-jorjaZe – pirveli
qarTuli kulinariuli wignis avtori 1082
1141 MEMORIA
ekaterine bulaSvili
20 21
22 23
giorgi qavTaraZe Tu Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTve-
li“ Seesatyviseba berZnul-romaul terminebs „iberia“ da „iberieli“, ber-
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Znul-romaul literaturaSi terminebi „qarTli“ da „qarTveli“ ucnobia
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, da mxolod erTi miniSneba mogvepoveba, rom fonetikuri msgavsebis gamo
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, eTno-toponim „qarTl“-s ukavSirebdnen karTagenelebis saxelwodebas.
Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofilebis mxedvelobaSi maqvs usa pitiaxSis parizuli sabeWdavis warweraSi asax-
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli uli termini _ ΙΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΡΧΗΔΩΝ („karTagenel iberTa“), romelic garda
libielTa da dasavleTis iberielTa kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebis legend-
arul cnobasTan misi savaraudo kavSirisa, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs masSi
termin konkretuli geografiuli da, amave dros, garkveuli xanebidan politikuri
mniSvnelobis mqone cneba davinaxoT „mTa qarTlis“ (anu armazcixis) ibe-
"qarTlis" riis saxiT2. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arcTu iSviaTad berZnul-ro-
maul samyarosaTvis ufro Cveul saxelebTan mimsgavsebisa Tu Targmnis
arsisa da Sedegad iqmneboda xolme sxvadasxva mxareebis adgilobrivi saxelebis
warmomavlobis berZnul-romauli variantebi.
sakiTxisaTvis termini „qarTli“ pirvelad gvxvdeba iakob xucesis ax.w. V saukunis hagi-
ografiul nawarmoebSi „SuSanikis martviloba“ („wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSan-
ikisi dedoflisaÁ“) da samive SemTxvevaSi _ rogorc qoronimi: „viTarca
terminebis „qarTlisa“ da „qarTvelis“ mniSvnelo- moiwia igi sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, qveyanasa mas hereTisasa“3, „...da mieriTgan
bisa da warmomavlobis sakiTxi imTaviTve qarTvel ganiTqua yovelsa qarTlsa“4, „aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani“5;
mecnierTa kvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda. gamoiTqva
araerTi gonebamaxviluri da TiTqos sakmaod kar- xolo yvelaze adreuli ganmarteba topo-eTnonim „qarTlis“ warmomav-
gad dasabuTebuli varaudi, romlebic erTmaneTis- lobisa, romlisganac, Tavis mxriv, warmodgeba eTnonimi „qarTveli“, moce-
agan ZiriTadad sakvlevi sabaziso masalis Tavise- mulia „mefeTa cxovrebaSi“: „da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa
burebiT gansxvavdebodnen. Tu zogierTi mkvlevari mas, sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa
upiratesad qarTvelur masalas iyenebs, sxvebi ka- ewodebis armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda
vkasiuri, axloaRmosavluri Tu sulac evraziuli saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli. da vidre aRm-
monacemebiT xelmZRvaneloben. arTebamde mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, da mis gamo
ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde spe[gv. 51:]
Zvel qarTvel swavlulTa da mwignobarTa didi naw- risa... mokuda qarTlos da dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw
ili endonim „qarTvels“ berZnul-romaul werilo- ewodebis armazi. da Semdgomad amissa colman misman aRaSena deda-cixe“6.
biT wyaroebSi gamoyenebuli _ eqsonimis „iberis“ amrigad, „mefeTa cxovrebis“ monacemebis mixedviT, „qarTlosi“ qarTvelTa
Sesatyvisad miiCnevdnen da am ukanasknels, imisda eTnarq-eponimia.
miuxedavad Tu ra konteqstSi iyo igi gamoyenebuli,
rogorc wesi, „qarTvelad“ Targmnidnen xolme. toponimi „qarTli“ gvxvdeba juanSerTanac, rodesac vaxtang mefem
sparselebTan mosalodneli brZolis win Tavisi laSqari, mematianis
am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom il. abulaZis „Zveli cnobiT, daabanaka „diRmiT vidre qarTlis karTamde“7. vinaidan Semdgom
qarTuli enis leqsikonis“ ganmartebis mixedviT, juanSeri ixseniebs mogvTis xidsac, cxadia, „qarTlis karni“ mcxeTis siax-
termini „qarTveli“, garda kavkasieli iberielisa,
aRniSnavs iberiis naxevarkunZulis (espaneTis) ibe-
rielsac1. da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. IX, Tb., 2009, gv. 35)
2 qavTaraZe g., kavkasia da „karTagenelebi“, iberia-kolxeTi, saqarTvelos klasikuri da
adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli mkvlevari, #4, Tb., 2008, gv. 112-119
3 iakob xucesi, wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi, dedoflisai, istoriuli cnobebi, komentarebi,
* naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda ,,istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromebSi“, ganmartebebi da leqsikoni daurTo n. RambaSiZem. seria _ qarTli literatura komen-
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013 tarebiT 1, Tb., 2012, Tavi II
1 abulaZe il., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi), Tb., 1973, gv. 451 (qarTvel-i). 4 iqve, Tavi XI
Sesabamisad, ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi gvxvdeba iseTi 5 iqve, Tavi XVII
ucnauri termini, rogoricaa „kelt-qarTvelni“, miRebuli berZnul-romauli teqstebis 6 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
eTnonimis _ „keltiberebis“ gadmoqarTulebis Sedegad. sainteresoa, rom qarTul dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 8: 6-11,
mwignobrul wreebSi ara mxolod „iberia“, aramed TviT qoronimi „espaneTi/spania“ 18-19
uSualod „saqarTvelod“ iTargmneboda xolme, xolo qarTul enas pirenel iberTa anu 7 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili
„spanTa“ enasTan aigivebdnen (ix. qavTaraZe g., arianqarTlis sakiTxisaTvis, istoriisa yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 179: 20
288 289
loves, armazTan aris saZebari8. „mefeTa cxovrebis“ qvemoT moyvanili amonaridis Sinaarsis zegavlenis
Sedegad, sadac naTqvamia: „xolo aman azon moarRÂvna zRudeni qalaqsa
arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturebulia, rom swored aq, mtkvris mcxeTas safuZvliTurT, da dautevna oTxni igi cixeni, romelni mosdgmides
marjvena napirze, sadac mTa qarTli, igive armaz/armazcixea9 lokalizebu- pirsa qarTlisasa: Tavadi cixe, romel ars armazi, da erTi cixe dasas-
li, isaxeba iberiis Zveli dedaqalaqis dedacixis rTuli safortifikacio rulsa armazisa cxÂrisasa; da erTi Tavsa zeda mcxeTisasa; meoTxe cixe,
nagebobebis mTeli sistema; aqve unda yofiliyo samefo rezidencia da dasavliT, mcxeTa mtkuarsa zeda“14, a. afaqiZe fiqrobda, rom „qarTli“ am
odnav moSorebiT _ sapitiaxSoc10. SemTxvevaSi did teritoriaze gaSlili Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli unda
yofiliyo, romlis nawilebsac Seadgendnen: „pirvel mcxeTa“, „Zueli mcx-
ganaTxari masalis monacemebis safuZvelze armazcixe/qarTlis uZvele- eTa“, „Zueli qalaqi“, „armazi“, „armazis cixe“, „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da
si ganaSenianeba _ armazcixe I _ aqemenianTa xaniT aris daTariRebu- „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“15. Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT TviT „qarTlis cx-
li. aq mikvleulia persepolisSi arsebulis msgavsi, apadāna-s ti pis didi ovrebis“ teqstebs, SevamCnevT, rom sityva „qarTli“ aq zogjer „qalaqis“
svetebiani darbazi, texili zRudeebi, oTxkuTxa koSkebi da kontrforsebi, mniSvnelobiTac aris gamoyenebuli. mag., „...da i pyra igi zurgad, qalaqi
qvaTlilebis (kvadrebis) sagangebo samagrebiT (xiT, rkiniT, e.w. uwyveti xunani“, varianti: „...qarTli xunani“ 16; „...mefe iqmnes Svilni maTni: armazs
„mercxlis boloebiT“ SeerTeba) da sxv. aqemenianTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli _ farsman da Sida qalaqsa _ kaos“, varianti: „...Sida qarTlsa _ kaos“
17
arqiteqturuli Taviseburebebi. Tumca Zeglis mkvlevari a. afaqiZe SeniS- ; „...moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi qarTli“, varianti: „...armazi qalaqi“18.
navs, rom adgilis SerCeva _ midamoze gabatonebuli mdebareoba, cixisaTvis CvenTvis aq sainteresoa ara is, Tu am sityvaTagan romelia ama Tu im
sagangebo saZirkvlis uqonloba, mSralad, uduRabod nawyob qvaTlilebze nusxaSi marTebulad Casworebuli, aramed TviT faqti terminebis _ „qa-
amoyvanili didi zomis alizis kedlis wyobisa da Selesvis Taviseburebe- rTli“ da „qalaqi“ urTierTmonacvleobisa. s. kakabaZec SeniSnavda, rom
bi, gamoyenebuli sazomi erTeulis _ e.w. qarTuli wyrTis sigrZis faqto- Tu megrulad Tbiliss „qarTi“ ewodeboda, qarTlur kiloze mas martivad,
brivi igiveoba urartul da winaaziur wyrTasTan armaz-mcxeTas damatebiT aqemenidur xanaSi sparsulidan qarTulsa da somxurSi Semosuli saxeli
urartuli cixe-simagreebis samSeneblo tradiciebTanac aaxloebs11. „qalaqi“ erqva da orive es saxeli erTmaneTis sinonimi iyo; ufro adreul
xanebSi ki qalaqis aRmniSvnel saxelad, misi azriT, swored TbilisisaT-
texili zRudeebi, anu galavnis zigzagiseburi texili xazi, ufro postaqe- vis megrulSi xmarebuli saxeli „qarTi“ unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli19.
meniduri xanis kuTvnilebaa da ZiriTadad elinisturi xanis cixesimagre- misive dakvirvebiT, saxeli „qarTli“, rogorc fonetikurad, aseve semanti-
bisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli12. rogorc Cans, urartuli cixesimagree- kurad, ueWvelad uaxlovdeba megrulsa da dasavleTqarTul dialeqtebSi
bis aqemenidur da gansakuTrebiT elinistur xanaSi gamoyeneba farTod dadasturebul sityvebs _ „oqarTe“, „qarTas“, mniSvnelobiT: „SemozRuduli,
gavrcelebuli movlenaa ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebSi, maT Soris moRobili adgili saqonlis samwyvdevad anu baki“20. s. kakabaZe, mis mier
somxeTsa da iranSi. arinberdis (erebuni) urartuli cixesimagre mniS- saerToqarTvelurad miCneul „qarTs“ ukavSirebda iranul „kerts“ (amave
vnelovan rekonstruqcias daeqvemdebara aqemenidur xanaSi da Semdegac
intensiurad iyo gamoyenebuli elinistur xanaSi13.
290 291
formiT sparsulidan somxurSi nasesxebsa da cnobils saSualo sauku- varaudebeli, vidre es zemomoxseniebuli saTanado kontaqtebis meSveobiT
neebis qarTulSi), slavur da rusul sityvebs „grad“, „gorod“ da a.S.21 unda yofiliyo mosalodneli da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxuli Cans sesxeba
im indoevropuli enebidan, romlebTanac qarTuls ukanaskneli 2000-2500
a. afaqiZis azriTac, SedarebiT gviandeli da ucxouri warmomavlobis wlis manZilze intensiuri urTierToba hqonda. Tumca, igi verc im ufro
termin „qalaqze“ uwinaresi adgilobrivi, galavniT SemozRuduli uZvele- adreul indoevropul enebSi (Trakiul-frigiulSi, xeTur-luviurSi da
si dasaxlebis aRsaniSnavad qarTuli cixis aRmniSvneli termini „qarTi/ sxv.) xedavs sesxebis wyaros, romlebTanac SesaZloa hqonodaT kontaqti
qarTli“ unda yofiliyo22. qarTvelur enebs da SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan bevri am sityvaTagani sxva-
dasxva qarTvelur enebSi kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis dacviT aris
toponimi „qarTli“ marTlac qalaqis, cixesimagris, galavniT Semovlebu- warmodgenili, isini qarTvelur enaTa diferenciamdel xanas ganekuTvne-
li gamagrebuli adgilis _ akropolisis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. bodnen, ris gamoc aucilebeli xdeba zemoaRniSnuli masalis warmomav-
kasius dio armazs/qarTls sulac „akropoliss“ (Ἀκρόπολις) anu deda-cix- lobis Zieba kidev ufro adreul xanebSi28. g. meliqiSvilis TvalTaxedviT,
es uwodebs23 da amiT TiTqos amarTlebs termin „qarTlis“ cixe-simagris radgan es ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevropuli fena qarTvelur enebSi
saxelwodebidan warmomavlobas. antikur xanaSi armazi/mcxeTa amierkavka- ariuli, somxuri, Trakiul-frigiuli Tu xeTur-luviuri warmomavlobis
siis centraluri safortifikacio kvanZi iyo, qveynis oTxive mxaris gza- mqoned ver CaiTvleba, Cndeba varaudi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matare-
jvaredinis Camketi24. s. kakabaZe SeniSnavda, rom vinaidan kasius dio Sem- beli mosaxleobis indoevropuli kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg
degdroindel armazs „akropoliss“ anu zedaqalaqs uwodebs, anu im mTas, enobrivad asimilirebuli iyo qarTvelur tomTa mier da romelTaTvi-
romelsac erqva „qarTli“, „akropolisi“ unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi sac aRniSnulma indoevropulma mosaxleobam substratis roli Seasrula:
saxelwodebis berZnuli Targmani da saxelwodeba „qarTli“ unda war- mZlavri gavlena moaxdina gamarjvebulTa enis struqturasa da leqsikaze29.
moadgendes iseTi Ziris sityvas, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT amarTleb-
da kasius dios mier mocemul zeda-qalaqis saxelwodebas25. Tumca lingvistTa azriT, leqsikuri da struqturul-ti pologiuri Ta-
viseburebebis mxriv indoevropul da qarTvelur enebs Soris arsebuli
g. meliqiSvili, iseve rogorc s. kakabaZe, termin „qarTls“ aaxloebs analo- saocari izomorfizmi, SesaZloa, aixsnas ara mxolod axlo kontaqtebiT
giuri mniSvnelobisa („zRude, galavani, Robe, SemoRobili adgili, meseri, proto-indoevropulsa da proto-qarTvelurs Soris, aramed, safiqrebelia,
baki, gomi, wvrilfexa saqonlis gomuri“) da aseve indoevropuli warmo- rom isini „proto-qarTvelur-proto-indoevropuli wina-proto enobrivi
mavlobis masalasTan, oRond amjerad msgavsi JReradobisa da mniSvne- erTobis“ Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgendnen da amdenad es msgavseba
lobis mqone litvur (gar~das, gardin~ys), germanul (garda) da albanur (garϑ) ufro unda metyvelebdes maT saerTo warmomavlobaze30. specialistTa az-
sityvebTan26. riT, bevrad ufro advilia am or ojaxs Soris Zalze Soreuli genetikuri
kavSirebis mtkiceba, vidre ramenairi istoriuli saxis urTierTobebisa
sxva mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, g. meliqiSvili termin „qarTlis“ warmo- proto-indoevropuli enis arsebobis periodis ganmavlobaSi31. Tu enaT-
mavlobis sakiTxs metad farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi mecnierTa am mosazrebebs gaviziarebT, gagviWirdeba sityva „qarTlis“ eti-
ganixilavs da swored am metad vrcel CarCoebSi moqceviT ganpirobebu- mologiis aseT farTo sivrcobriv da qronologiur CarCoebSi ganxilva
li arcTu mTlad mkafiod gamokveTili suraTis SeTavazebiT Semdgomi da misi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis indoevropuli
kvleva-Ziebis mastimulirebel Tvalsazriss ayenebs. vinaidan analogiu- Tu proto-indoevropuli kuTvnilebiT axsna.
ri Ziridan nawarmoebi da msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi farTod aris
gavrcelebuli indoevropul enebSi, g. meliqiSvili fiqrobda, rom es si- termin „qarTlis“ raobis garkvevis araerT sxva mcdelobasac hqonia adg-
tyva, mTel rig sxva qarTul-indoevropul leqsikur paralelebTan erTad, ili, romelTac amjerad aRar SevexebiT. viTvaliswinebT mxolod, rom
qarTvelur enebSi dadasturebuli im ucnobi warmomavlobis indoevro- arcTu iSviaTad, erTi SexedviT metad maxvilgonierad SeniSnulma srul-
puli leqsikis fenis kuTvnileba unda iyos, romelic qarTvelur enebSi ma an nawilobrivma damTxvevam zogjer SesaZloa savsebiT gansxvavebul
cnobili gzebiT (iranulidan, berZnulidan, somxuridan da sxv.) ar unda sivrcobriv Tu qronologiur ganzomilebebSi gadagviyvanos da kvlevis
moxvedriliyo27. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, sesxeba ufro adreul epoqaSia sa-
292 293
sagans dagvaSoros. sazogadod, lingvisturi Tu materialuri kulturis evstaTi Tesalonikeli miawers stefane bizantielis eTnogeografiuli
calkeuli nimuSebis identuroba Tu siaxlove bevris arafris mTqmelia leqsikonis _ „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semonaxul informacias imis Taoba-
im konteqstis gareSe, sadac esa Tu is fenomeni iCens Tavs. am mxriv ter- ze, rom persepolisis sparsuli saxelwodeba _ Πασσαργάδαι, anu berZnu-
min „qarTlTan“ mimarTebiT, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mkafiod ikveTeba sivrco- lad: Περσῶν στρατόπεδον35, sparsul enaze niSnavda „sparsul banaks“36. Tumca
brivi, qronologiuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konteqsti, romelsac, Πασαργάδαι, aqemenianTa pirveli dedaqalaqi, kiros II didis mier Tavisi
vfiqrob, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mieniWos termin „qarTli/qarTis“ laSqris dasabanakeblad daaxl. Zv. w. 559-530 ww. daarsebuli, masTan Se-
arsis warmomavlobis, gavrcelebisa da kuTvnilebis sakiTxTa garkvevisas. darebiT ufro gviandeli persepolisisagan 87 km-iT aris Crdilo-aR-
mosavleTiT daSorebuli. am saxelwodebis „farsis baRebad“ (Πασαργάδαι,
mxedvelobaSi maqvs, faqtobrivad, Tanadroulad da ZiriTadad erTmaneTis sparsulad: _ ﭘﺎﺳﺎرﮔﺎدPāsārgād) gaazreba ufro gviandel xanas unda ekuT-
momijnave teritoriebze gavrcelebuli, Sinaarsobrivad da fonetikurad vnodes. benzeleris berZnul-germanuli leqsikonis monacemebiT, sityva
erTmaneTTan TvalsaCinod dakavSirebuli toponimebis vrceli CamonaTva- Πᾰσαργάδαι-T sparselTa uZvelesi tomi aRiniSneboda, saidanac SeirCeoda
li, romlis raobis dadgenas XIX saukunis meore naxevris germanelma ori- xolme molaSqreTa winamZRolebi, sardlebi37. anaqsimenesidan momdinare
entalistebma avtoritetuli germanuli Jurnalis (“Zeitschrift der deutschen cnobis marTebulobasa Tu mcdarobas Cveni kvlevis sagnisaTvis arsebiTi
morgenländischen Gesellschaft“) furclebze xangrZlivi da produqtiuli di- mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes; mniSvneloba aqvs da gasaTvaliswinebelia
skusia miuZRvnes. am diskusiis Sedegebi dResac inarCuneben samecniero Zv. w. IV saukunidan momdinare informacia sityva γάδαι Tu γάρδα-s berZnul
mniSvnelobas da Tanac _ miesadagebian Cveni ganxilvis sagans. didi alba- στρατόπεδον-Tan gaigivebis Taobaze.
TobiT, s. kakabaZisa da g. meliqiSvilis varaudebi termin „qarTli/qarTis“
warmomavlobis Taobaze am diskusiis monacemebidan unda iRebdnen saTaves. toponim „fasargadis“ sawyiss formad o. blau Παρσα-γάρδα-s (Pârsakarta)
varaudobda38. amasTan dakavSirebiT igi iTvaliswinebda agreTve apianes
vinaidan yvela xalxisa da epoqis geografiul nomenklaturaSi SeiniSneba „miTridates omebsa“ da stefane bizantielTan SemorCenil asinius kvadra-
mkafiod gamokveTili tendencia _ ucxouri enebidan nasesxebi idiomebiT tusis „parTikis“ fragmentebSi dacul im cnobebs, saidanac irkveva, rom
moxdes iseTi cnebebis Canacvleba, rogoricaa „qalaqi“, „cixesimagre“ da tigran II-is dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba _ Τιγρανόκερτα _ sparsulad niSnavda
sxv., garkveuli kulturuli Sinaarsis matarebeli sityvebis mimarT ga- tigranis qalaqs _ Τιγρανόπολις39. ToTiusis laTinuri leqsikonis ganmarteb-
morCeuli midrekilebis gamo aseTi cnebebi sakmaod Sors vrceldebian iTac, sityva ,,certa“ aRmosavlur enaze qalaqs niSnavs40. aseve, menandre
TavianTi pirveladi gavrcelebis keridan da gadaiqcevian xolme didi protiqtoris SuamdinareTSi mdebare Μονόκαρτον-s, romelsac stefane bizan-
sivrceebis momcvel, moxetiale, „modur“ terminebad. amis nimuSad miiCne- tielTan Seesabameba Μαννάκαρτα, xolo „ravenis kosmografiaSi“ _Manacarta,
va drosa da sivrceSi ukiduresad gawelili berZnuli πόλις-i, romelmac uraniusi (savaraudod, ax. w. I saukunis avtori siriuli apameidan, romlis
aTasobiT wlebis Semdegac iCina Tavi rogorc braziliaSi (Petropolis), aseve nawerTa fragmentebi stefane bizantielis „eTnikis“ meSveobiT Semoinaxa)
ruseTSi (Ставрополь, Симферополь da sxv.). cnobilia sxva SemTxvevebic, mag., Μάννεως χώρα-s saxiT Targmnis, rac „maneelTa alags, miwas, mxares“ niSnavs41.
elinisturi xanis sirielebis mier koSkis aRmniSvneli berZnuli _ πύργος-
idan nawarmoebi arabuli ربجda bizantiuri xanis TurqulSi Sesuli _ -karta da -kerta toponimebis Sinaarsobrivi Tanxvedra eWvs ar iwvevs da
burghaz-i, romlebic cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel mraval arabul da Turqul maTi nawilobrivi fonetikuri sxvaoba dialeqturi garemos zemoqmedebas
toponims daedo safuZvlad (Sdr. samxreTdasavlurqarTuli toponimebi _ ar unda cildebodes. termin -karta-dan anda misi ganStoebebidan nawarmoeb
`borCxa~, `borjomi“). romauli xanis laTinuri castrum-i (samxedro banaki), toponimebad miCneulia42:
arabuli formiT _ _ ﻗﺼﺮasamde toponimis mawarmoeblad gadaiqca32.
Zvel samyaroSi aseTive didi sivrceebis momcveli, moxetiale, „moduri“ rom aRniSnul pirovnebaSi sinamdvileSi igulisxmeba aleqsandre makedonelis maswav-
termini unda yofiliyo cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli karta da misgan, rogorc lebeli da misi Tanmxlebi aziur eqspediciaSi Zv. w. IV saukuneSi moRvawe anaqsimenesi
Semadgeneli nawilisagan, nawarmoebi toponimebi. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom am (Ἀναξιμένης) lampsakosidan (Zv. w. 380-320 ww.)
35 Bernhardy, Dionysius Periēgētes Graece et Latine cum vetustis commentariis et interpretationibus ex recensione
terminma egvi pteSic ki SeaRwia qartħă-s saxiT, xolo finikielTa meSveobiT et cum annotatione Godofredi Bernhardy, Lipsiae/Leipzig, 1828, pp. 301, 302: 1069 (24-35, 1-17), 968: 1069,
CrdiloeT afrikasa da iberiis naxevarkunZulze gavrcelda33. 14: ἒϑνικά k. Compara in his Steph. v. Πασσαργάδαι, unde fragmenti huius auctor Anaximenes cognoscitur;
Sdr. Steph. Byz. s. v. Πασσαργάδαι; A. Meineke, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, ex recensione
cnobili germaneli orientalistisa da di plomatis - oto blaus (1828- Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/Berlin, 1849, 509-510 (17, 1-8)
1879 ww.) gancxadebiT, ukve ori aTasi welia cdiloben termin - karta/kerta-s 36 Blau 1877, 495. ZvelberZnuli _ στρατόπεδον, garda „banakisa“ niSnavs, agreTve, „TavdacviT
mniSvnelobis dadgenas. msgavsZiriani terminebis arsebobis Sesaxeb uZve- galavans“, „simagres“, ix. Benselers Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Bearbeitet von A. Kaegi, Leipzig,
1981, S. 732
lesi berZnuli werilobiTi cnoba ganekuTvneba anaqsimeness34, romelsac 37 iqve, gv. 608
38 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495; Sdr. J. Conder. Persia and China, London, 1830, pp. 67-68
39 Appian, Bell. Mithr., 57; Asinius Quadratus, Parthika, fr. 14; ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495
32 Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31, 40 Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jacobus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Londini/London,
Leipzig, 1877, SS. 497-498 1828, p. 1146
33 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 498 41 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495, 496; H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen
34 Anaximenes, Frag. 191. ix. Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 495. anaqsimeness o. blau Zv. w. III sauku- Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968, gv. 1278-1292
nis moRvawed Tvlis (iqve). Tumca aq adgili unda hqondes uneblie uzustobas, cxadia, 42 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500-502
294 295
1. babiloneTsa da dasavleT suzianaSi: 1. Vologesicerta; 2. Βατράχαρτα; 3. Destag- eraySi, faqtobrivad, iranis mTel gayolebaze da transsoqsianaSic vrcel-
erd; 4. Hormuzǵird; 5. Aristaǵird; 6. Wasagerd; 7. Susanǵird. deba; aseve, gavrcelebulia iranis im mxareebSi, romlebic sakmaod daSo-
2. asureTsa da SuamdinareTSi: 1. Μονόκαρτον; 2. Μαννάκαρτα; 3. Minicerta; 4. rebuli iyvnen TuranelTa zegavlenisagan, mag., farsSi, qermanSi, midielTa
Χατράχαρτα; 5. Ζαριγάρδια. calkeul olqebSi. amitom, misi azriT, aseTi saxelwodebebis formireba
iranuli enis gavrcelebis arealSi unda momxdariyo46. qronologiuri
3. armeniaSi: 1. Zikarta; 2. Τιγρανόκερτα; 3. Άρκαϑιόκερτα; 4. Άρταγίγαρτα; 5. Ήλεγέρδα; Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, T. nioldeke SeniSnavs, rom transsoqsianaSi
6. Δαδόκερτα; 7. Καπνισκέρτι; 8. Σανόχαρτα; 9. Μάκαρτα/Μανάκαρτα; 10. Μαρτίκερτα/ gerd-elementis Semcveli saxelebi verc parTelebisa da verc sasanianTa
Μερτίκερτα; 11. Μαντζικίερτ; 12. Manavazgerd; 13. Melazgerd; 14. Hatamagerd; 15. Haïg- batonobis xanisad ver CaiTvleba da aqemenianTa xanis kuTvnilebas unda
erd; 16. Henaragerd; 17. Tzolagerd; 18. Tzungerd; 19. Vagarshagerd; 20. Shemiramagerd; 21. warmoadgendes47. h. hiubSmanis azriTac, iranuli saxelwodebebi dariosis
Nephrkert; 22. Vanakert; 23. Gilgerd; 24. Meshingerd; 25. Tawasgerd; 26. Alaschgerd. dros iranis mTel teritoriaze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli48.
4. midiaSi: 1. Γιλίγερδα; 2. Μαζίκερτον; 3. Maragerd; 4. Paguragerd; 5. Phaurǵird; 6. Ash-
nadǵird; 7. Dastaǵird; 8. Buzanaǵird; 9. Burûgird; 10. Walashgird. o. blaus mosazrebis mimarT -karta da -kerta toponimebis parTuli anda
Turanuli warmomavlobis Taobaze kidev ufro mkacria a. d. mordtmani,
5. hirkaniaSi: 1. Κάρτα; 2. Ζαδράκαρτα; 3. Phuzgird. romelic SeniSnavs, rom vinaidan, Tavad o. blau acxadebs, rom igi ar aris
6. parTiasa da xorezmSi: 1. Πασακαρτία; 2. Bashgird; 3. Bulanǵird; 4. Bugagerd. garkveuli parTelebis eTnografiul adgilmdebareobaSi, SegviZlia mas-
7. transsoqsianasa da xorasanSi: 1. Χαράχαρτα; 2. Chatracharta. Tan diskusias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavi avaridoT49.
zemoCamoTvlilTa Soris SeimCneva SedarebiT gviandeli xanis saxelwode- amave dros ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom bevrad ufro damajereblad ga-
bebic. kerZod, somxur-sparsuli enebSi dadasturebul qalaqis aRmniSvnel moiyureba is masala, romelic o. blaus gansaxilveli toponimebis ar-
terminebSi SedarebiT ufro gviandel formebad miiCneven gird-ze da jird-ze ameuli warmomavlobis saCveneblad aqvs moxmobili. o. blau aRiarebs,
daboloebulebs. specialistTa azriT, es formebi Tavdapirvelad arse- rom rodesac axlo aRmosavleTSi -καρτα Semadgeneli nawilis Semcvel
buli karta-sagan arian warmomdgari43. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilis saxelebis wyaros viZiebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom sity-
dasaxelebis _ Valâšgird/Balâšgird-is uZvelesi formaa Vologesocerta (rogorc va karta, rogorc „qalaqis“ aRmniSvneli apelativi, imdenad xSiri iyo, rom
amas pliniusi iuwyeba), sityva gird-s h. hiubSmanic sazogadod kert/karta-dan nebismieri adgilobrivi berZeni, somexi Tu ebraeli mis am mniSvnelobas
warmoqmnilad miiCnevs44. spontanurad xvdeboda; Sesabamisad, am terminis warmomqmneli erTaderTi
savaraudo enobrivi garemo mxolod Crdilosemituri da gansakuTrebiT
_ arameuli SeiZleba yofiliyo. misi azriT, metad macduria is mosazre-
ganxiluli toponimebis sivrcobriv ganfenasTan dakavSirebiT, o. blaus
ba, romlis Tanaxmadac termini -καρτα Tavidanve qalaqis aRmniSvneli iyo
azriT, adgili aqvs erT, aSkarad TvalSisacem, garemoebas, kerZod, imas, rom
da arameul-Zvelebrauli sityvidan _ ( קרתאkrta) aris nasesxebi, vinaidan
aseTi saxelebis qseli mxolod semiturTan mosazRvre iranuli enobrivi
aqemenianTa, arSakidebisa da sasanianTa epoqaSi arameuli enis zegavlena
arealis dasavleT da CrdiloeT kideebze, Turanuli arealis SigniT iCens
mkafiod sagrZnobia im mxareebSi, sadac aseTi saxelwodebebi iCens Tavs.
Tavs, maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT maTi kvali ar SeiniSneba,
es zegavlena aseve aisaxeba sazogadod adgilobriv xalxur metyvelebaSi,
xolo samxreTisaken _ sporadulia. misive azriT,is areali,sadac toponime-
Tumca, yvelaze ufro metad geografiul nomenklaturaSia SesamCnevi. o.
bi -kerta, -kerd gansakuTrebiT xSiria, verc teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT da
blaus azriT, gansakuTrebiT is swavlulebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT viwro
verc eTnografiul-lingvisturi TaviseburebebiT, erTiani saxelwodebis
filologiuri cnobiereba da sagans farTo kulturul-istoriuli Tval-
qveS ver erTiandeba, Tumca iqve dasZens, rom es areali (transsoqsianidan
Taxedvidan ganixilaven, advilad gaiziareben Sexedulebas am terminis ka-
kaspiis zRvamde da Semdeg armeniis gavliT evfratamde) Turaneli tomebis
vSiris Sesaxeb „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameuli warmomavlobis sityvasTan,
momTabareobis zonas warmoadgenda, romelTac parTelTa ZlevamosilebaSi
ufro ukeTesi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis uqonlobis gamo50.
umTavresi wvlili hqondaT Setanili; Sesabamisad, am arealis toponimebis
interpretaciisas Turanuli warmomavlobis sityvebis ar gaTvaliswineba,
misi azriT, ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli45. b. dornis varaudiTac, romelic aseve XIX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSia
gamoTqmuli, hirkaniuli adgilis dasaxelebis _ Zadrakarta-s Semadgeneli
nawili -καρτα SesaZloa qalaqis aRmniSvnel arameul-fehlevur -קרתה-s (krth)
o. blaus sapirispirod, T. nioldeke SeniSnavda, rom, rogorc es ukve Tavad
warmoadgendes51.
o. blaum cxadyo, msgavsi saxelwodebebi yvelaze ufro xSiri armeniasa
da xorasanSia, Tumca, amave dros armeniis samxreTidan momijnave mxareebSi,
46 Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlän-
dischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879, SS. 148, 151, 152
43 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 500 47 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 153
44 Hübschmann H., Iranisch-armenische Namen auf karta, kert, gird, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen 48 Hübschmann H., dasax. naSromi, gv. 141
Gesellschaft, Bd 30, 1876, S. 140 49 Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
45 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 502-505.Omiuxedavad zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, o. blaus, Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878, S. 725
imave werilSi moyvanili aqvs angariSgasawevi argumentacia, metyveli termin _καρτα-s 50 Blau O., dasax. naSromi, gv. 497, 498
SesaZlo arameuli warmomavlobis sasargeblod (ix., qvemoT) 51 Dorn B., Caspia (St. Petersburg, 1875), Anm. 7
296 297
mosazreba, rom termini κερτα/καρτα qalaqis aRmniSvneli ebraul-arameuli esTan („mTa qarTli“) da mcxeTa-bebris („beltis“ Tu „berdis“) cixesTan56.
sityvidan _ קרתה, _קרתאaris nasesxebi, ar aRmoCnda yvelasTvis misaRebi:
T. nioldekes azriT, Tu davuSvebdiT semituri enebidan msgavsi sityvebis arameuli termini _ קרתא, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli unda iyos cixeqalaqis
sesxebis SesaZleblobas, maSin isini somxur-semitur anda semitur-iranul aRmniSvnel xuritul terminTan „ard-i/arte-ni“. am xurituli terminidan
sasazRvro zonebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyvnen, magram mis- Cans nawarmoebi qalaq musasiris urartuli saxelwodeba „ardini“; analo-
ive gancxadebiT, am teritoriaze sityva _קרתא-dan nawarmoebi arc sakuTriv giuri saxelwodebebis qalaqebi cnobilia agreTve etiunis qveynidan da
semituri toponimebi iCenen Tavs52. rusaxinilis maxloblad57. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaro-
Si adreuli xanebidanve fexi hqonda mokidebuli cixe-qalaqis aRmniSvnel
termin κερτα/καρτα-s warmomavlobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT msjelobisas, am xuritul termins, romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis xanaSi
albaT, saTanadod aris gasaTvaliswinebeli is kargad cnobili faqti, rom analogiuri mniSvnelobisa da JReradobis mqone da, SesaZloa, misganve
jer kidev Zv. w. IX saukuneSi ( קרת חדשתQart-Hadašt) (igive karTageni), anu nawarmoebi arameuli sityvis _ קרתא-s zegavleniT SeiZina anlautSi velar-
„axalqalaqi“, arameulis axlomonaTesave punikur/finikiur enaze daerqva uli fonema. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze, albaT, unda migvaniSnebdes
CrdiloeT afrikaSi axaldaarsebul savaWro kolonias. qarTul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli araerTi cixesimagris aRmniSvneli
da „arT/art/ard“-Ziriani toponimi.
rogorc ukve viciT, „qalaqis“ aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas _ קרתאwar-
moadgenda, xolo arameuli ena erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo sainteresoa, rom klavdios ptolemaiosis „geografiuli saxelmZRvane-
aqemenianTa zegavlenis qveS myof armazcixis adreul binadarTaTvis da los“ mixedviT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iberiuli dasaxleba yofila
Semdegac, ax. w. VII saukunemde, axlo aRmosavleTSi igi lingua franca-s war- _ Ἀρτάνισσ58, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari pliniusis Harmastis-Tan (igive
moadgenda53; amdenad, savsebiT dasaSvebia, swored sityva _ קרתאdasdebo- Μεστλῆτα-Harmozica-sTan anu armaz-mcxeTasTan) aigivebda (r. q. porTeri)59,
da safuZvlad termin qarT-l-s54. arameul termins kidev imis gamo unda zogi _ q. artaanTan (p. ioseliani, s. kakabaZe), zogic _ artanujTan (v. to-
mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rom savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi maSeki, n. lomouri)60. Tumca, rogorc viciT, pliniusis Harmastis/Harmastus-i61
umniSvnelovanesi simagris, aragvispirTan mdebare „beltis cixis“ saxelic (igive kasius dios Ἀκρόπολις-s), klaudios ptolemaios ara Ἀρτάνισσα-s, aramed
(amJamad cnobili bebris/beris cixed), romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis saerTo Ἀρμάκτικα-s formiT aqvs moxseniebuli62, rac strabonis Ἀρμοζική-s63 (anu „ar-
safortifikacio sistemis nawils warmoadgenda da ketavda CrdiloeTis mazcixes“) Seesabameba.
Sesasvlels, warmomdgari iyos aseve „cixesimagris“ aRmniSvneli arameu-
li sityvidan _ „birta“55. amasTan dakavSirebiT, iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli marTalia, n. lomouri SeniSnavs, rom ptolemaiosis koordinatTa siste-
iyos, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobis, mtkvargamoRma (armazcixis, igive „mTa ma misTvis iseTi Soreuli qveynis aRwerisas, rogoric kavkasiaa, sruli-
qarTlis“) da mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa mefeebis, qarTamisa da bar- ad gamouyenebelia64, magram, safiqrebelia, rom maT, zog SemTxvevaSi,
tomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixesimagreebis aRmniSvnel arameul garkveuli SedarebiTi mniSvneloba mainc unda hqonodaT; kerZod, erTi
sityvebTan _ karta da birta da, Sesabamisad, am sityvebiT moxseniebul maT mxriv, kolxeTisaTvis da meore mxriv _ kavkasiis albaniisaTvis gamoy-
rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio nagebobebTan _ armazcix- enebuli koordinatebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, xolo
maTgan ki _ gansxvavebulia iberiisaTvis gamoyenebuli koordinatebi.
52 Nöldeke Th., dasax. naSromi, gv. 151 56 qavTaraZe g., mcxeTis uZvelesi adgilmdebareobisa da saxelwodebis sakiTxisaTvis, is-
53 Greenfield J. C., Aramaic in the Achaemenian Empire, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. The Median toriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, t. X-XI, Tb., 2010/2011, gv. 55. „mefeTa cxovre-
and Achaemenian periods. I. Gershevitch (Ed.) (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 698-713 bis“ teqstis mixedviT: „xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad
54 t. futkaraZis azriT, termin „qarTlSi“ -l- determinant sufiqss warmoadgens. igi iT- erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi
valiswinebs im garemoebas, rom warmomavlobis, Tvisebisa da mqoneblobis aRmniSvnel mcxeTa da queyana mtkuarsa Sida qarTli, muxnariT kerZi qalaqi da yoveli qarTli
-an-, -ur-, el- sufiqsebis ufro Zvel funqciur variants -l/r- sufiqsi warmoadgenda, mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa da egrisisa - ese yove-
mag.: Tov-s _ Tov-l-i, mama _ mam-r-i, qarTi _ qarT-l-i da a. S. (piradi informacia). li misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi, mtkuarsa samxriT qarTli,
damafiqrebelia q. arTvinis CrdilodasavleTiT, md. Woroxis marcxena napirTan mde- xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, da klarjeTi yoveli misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa.
bare soflisa da mTis saxeli _ „qarTla“, romelic dadasturebulia, agreTve, „kast- da mokuda aderki“ (leonti mroveli, 43: 18-24)
las“ formiT (sixaruliZe i., nigali (livana). saistorio geografiis sakiTxebi, baTumi, 57 Арутюнян Н. В., Корпус Урартских Клинообразных Надписей (Ереван, 2001), c. 496, 497
1985, gv. 44), Sdr., laT. castellum _ „cixesimagre, forti, gamagrebuli adgili, TavSesafari, 58 F. A. Nobbe (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
mTis samosaxlo“, rac, SesaZloa, kidev erTxel migvaniSnebdes „qarT/ard/arT“-Ziriani 59 Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I, London, 1821, pp. 104, 110
saxelebis semantikur kavSirs cixesimagrisa Tu qalaqis aRmniSvnel sityvebTan da, 60 lomouri n., klavdios ptolemaiosi, „geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo“, cnobebi
vin icis, iqneb laTinuri Porta („karibWe, Sesasvleli“) imalebodes xanZTis meore, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 34, 1955,
araqarTul saxelwodebaSi _ „forTa“. Tumca toponimi „xanZTa“ ufro arqauli Cans gv. 59, 60
da SesaZloa ganekuTvnebodes im „an“-Ziriani saxelebis wyebas, romlebic uxvadaa war- 61 Mayhoff K. F. T., (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J., Riley H.T. (Lipsiae,
modgenili samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis momijnave mxareebSi 1906); Plin., n.h., 6, 29
55 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen: Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage, 62 Nobbe K. F. A., dasax. naSromi; Cl. Ptol., 5, 11, 3
Leipzig, 1962, S. 154*; Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi..., gv. 85, 173, Sen. 361. sayuradReboa, 63 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
rom karTagenSic gvxvdeba msgavsi JReradobis saxelwodeba _ birtha _ adgilobrivi vol. V . The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961, gv. 221
akropolisas aRmniSvnelad 64 lomouri n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 40
298 299
Tu Cven klavdios ptolemaiosis koordinatebis SedarebiT mniSvnelo- an/ardahani“, „artanuji/artanuWi“, „kardanexi“69, „RarTiskari“70 da sxv. (maT
bas gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vivaraudoT Ἀρτάνισσα-s mdebareoba mcxeTis- Soris anlautSi gansxvavebuli fonemebiTac)71. savaraudoa, rom mxedvelo-
gan (ptolemaiosiseuli Μεστλῆτα) Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT65. baSi unda iyos misaRebi agreTve urartuli ʼA bgeris igiveobaaUUa-sTan72
sainteresoa, rom am regionSi dadasturebulia „ard“-Ziriani saxelebi: da, Sesabamisad, imave ard-fuZis Zieba toponimebSi: „varcixe<vardcixe“73,
centraluri amierkavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilSi, kavkasionis mTavari qe- „varZia“ (<*vard-Zia), „vardis sofeli“ da sxv. gasaTvaliswinebelia, somxur
dis mimdebare mxareebSi, mag. ardoti (cixesofeli piriqiT xevsureTSi, enaSi arsebuli „ard/arT“ da „vard/vardan“fuZiani toponimebic.
md. andaqis marcxena napirze), iqneb arxotic (←ardxoti), arTxmo (ka-
vkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, stefanwmin- iqneb aqve unda gavixsenoT ardam erisTavis saxelic: „aman [fridon] war-
didan 15 km), ardvisi (sof. eredvTan), ardisi (md. mejudis saTavesTan), mogzavna erisTavi TÂsi spiTa didiTa, romelsa saxeli erqua ardam, Svili
arTani/arTana (Telavidan 26 km-is daSorebiT, kavkasionis mTis kalTebis nebroTis naTesavTa... aman ardam mohkida kiri-zRude cixesa armazisasa da
samxreTiT), artani (TianeTidan 13 km manZilze, ivris marjvena napirze). aqaT mtkuramdis, da wamozRuda cxÂiri armazisi vidre mtkuramde“74.
md. Tergis ukiduresi zemo welis mxares, Zveli somxuri wyaroebis, kerZod, kasius dios informaciiT, „akropolisi“ agebuli iyo im mizniT, rom daecva
anania Sirakacis e. w. VII saukunis somxuri geografiis anu „aSxarhacuicis“ uviwroesi adgili, sadac erT mxares mtkvari (Cyrus) moedineba, xolo meo-
Tanaxmad, „ardozi“ ewodeboda da miCneulia, rom es toponimi nawarmoebi re mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli75. mcxeTa-armazis unikaluri TavdacviTi
unda iyos osuri oerduz-idan, mniSvnelobiT: tyiani mdelo, axo66. magram, SesaZleblobebis aRniSvnas verc bevrad ufro gviandeli xanis TviT-
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xuritul-urartuli warmomavlobis „ard“-Ziriani mxilvelebi uvlidnen gverds76. vinaidan mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi
saxelebis simravles amierkavkasiaSi, albaT, ar unda moi povebodes safuZ- mdebare armazcixe/qarTli aramarto mniSvnelovan savaWro gzebs, aramed
veli maTgan toponim „ardozis“ daSorebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, swored am kavkasionis ZiriTadi uReltexilis _ darialisaken mimaval gzasac akon-
saxelwodebas _ „ardozi“ aigivebda movses xorenaci vaspurakanSi mdebare trolebda (saidanac xdeboda CrdiloeTis momTabare tomebis mraval-
adgilis saxelwodebasTan _ „artazi“67, rodesac SeniSnavda, rom „artazs“ ricxovani talRebis Semosevebi da saidanac unda SeeRwiaT axlo aRmo-
es saxeli TiTqosda imis gamo ewoda, rom am adgilas somexTa mefes ar- savleTSi kimerielebsa da skviTebs)77. swored amis gamo, savaraudoa, rom
taSess dausaxlebia amave saxelwodebis mqone mxaridan wamosxmuli tyve jer kidev aqemenianTa xanamde yofiliyo mxedvelobaSi miRebuli qarTlis
alanebi68. (Semdegdroindeli armazcixis) uaRresad xelsayreli strategiuli mde-
bareoba; rig sxva niSnebTan erTad amazeve unda migvaniSnebdes urartul
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, qarTul enobriv samyaroSi gvxvdeba cixes- samSeneblo tradiciebTan zemoT SeniSnuli siaxlove.
imagris aRmniSvneli mravali art/ard-fuZiani toponimi. zemoCamoTvlilebTan
erTad, savaraudod, aseTi toponimebi unda iyos: „aradeTi“, „ardasa“, „ardaSe- am, Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTad da uZveles ker-
ni“ „ardisubani/ardasubani“, „ardola“, „arTvini/arTvani/arTavanisi“, „arta- asTan mimarTebiT, yuradRebas i pyrobs pliniusis SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom
iberiuli qalaqi harmastusi kavkasiis im karis pirdapir mdebareobda, ro-
melic „samyaros or nawilad ganyofda“78. es garemoeba miuTiTebs, imdroin-
deli iberiis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis funqciaze, gadaeketa gza Crdi-
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„kardanexis“ moxsenieba giorgi aleqsandre mefis Zis mier 1455 w. vaCnaZeebis saxelze
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erTmaneTs emTxveva _ 75°40, „maSin rodesac mcxeTis monacemebia _ 74°40` (Sdr. lomouri danexis“ gverdiT, vejinisa da vejinis piris sofelTa Soris, „kardanucis“ moxsenieba
n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 46 da Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptolemy. Translated and Edited by (kakabaZe s., sasisxlo sigelebis Sesaxeb (axlad mopovebul sasisxlo sigelebTan da-
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Μεστλῆτα-sTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ufro CrdiloeTiT aris lokalizebuli nagebobaTa kompleqsi warmoadgenda mcxeTis (=RarTis/arTis/qarTis?) CrdiloeTis
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OF THE
lide: the Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europe- H.T., Lipsiae, 1906 TERM
ans. Linguistica Extranea Studia 19. Markey T. L. & 49. Meineke A., Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae su-
J. Greppin A. C. (Eds), Ann Arbor, 1990 persunt, ex recensione Augusti Meinekii, Berolini/ ~KARTLI”
38. Dorn B., Caspia, St. Petersburg, 1875 Berlin, 1849
39. Greenfield J. C., Aramaic in the Achaemenian Em- 50. Mordtmann A. D., Ueber die Endung kart, kert, gird
The nature and the origin of the term “Kart- ta as a constituent part of them were covering
pire, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2. The in Städtenamen, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgen-
li” has been the subject of a research during a wide area of the old world from Central Asia
Median and Achaemenian periods. I. Gershevitch ländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 32, 1878
long time. There are several well-founded as- up to the Iberian Peninsula as a “fashionable”
(Ed.), Cambridge, 1985 51. Nobbe (Ed.) K. F. A., Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei
sumptions that differ from each other mainly term with the meaning “town/fortress/military
40. Hewsen R. H., The Geography of Ananias of Širak Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845
by the character of the starting material used. camp”.
(Ašxarhac´oyc´, The Long and the Short Recen- 52. Nöldeke Th., Ueber iranische Ortsnamen auf kert
Some scholars used predominantly Georgian
sions, Introduction, Translation and Commentary und andere Endungen, Zeitschrift der deutschen
material, others – Caucasian, Eurasian or Mid- In the opinion of some specialists the element
by Robert H. Hewsen, Beihefte zum Tübinger At- morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 33, 1879
dle Eastern. Sometimes, at a first glance, rather karta, as an appellative denoting “city”, was
las des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B, Geisteswissen- 53. Porter R. K., Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
shrewd explanations of the complete or partial so widespread that the only possible linguis-
schaften; Nr. 77, Wiesbaden, 1992 Ancient Babylonia (1817-1820), vol. I (London,
similarity detected among some terms in the tic environment of its origin may have been
41. Hübschmann H., Iranisch-armenische Namen auf 1821)
field of toponymical studies can take us into the North Semitic and especially the Arama-
karta, kert, gird, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgen- 54. Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificis, ix.: penelo-
quite a different spatial and chronological con- ic. It’s assumed that the term karta from the
ländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 30, 1876 pe.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/
text, far away from the object of our study. beginning meant a “town” and is borrowed
42. Jones H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an En- Buildings/home.html
from the Aramaic-Hebrew word with the
glish translation by Horace Leonard Jones, vol. V . 55. Stevenson E. L., The Geography by Claudius Ptol-
In general, the linguistic or cultural identity same meaning – קרתא. It is sufficient to recall
The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachu- emy. Translated and Edited by Edward Luther Ste-
or the proximity of individual cases are not of the name of Carthago ( קרת חדשתQart-Ha-
setts & London, 1961 venson, New York, 1932
very large value without taking into account dašt or “new city”) founded already in the
43. Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the rai- 56. Totius Latinitatis Lexicon. Egidio Forcellini, Jaco-
the context in which this or that phenomenon 9th century B.C. by the Phoenicians, closely
son d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), bus Bailey. Consilio et cura Jabobi Facciolati, Lon-
occurs. In this regard, the term “Kartli/Karti” –
Orbis Terrarum, Journal of Historical Geography of dini/London, 1828
the oldest designation of Armaztsikhe/Armazi related to the Arameans. Even in the Hyrcanian
the Ancient World, 6, 2000, Stuttgart, 2001 57. H. von Wissmann, Uranios, Paulys Realency-
of the most ancient capital of Georgians at the toponym Zadrakarta some scholars view the
44. Kroll St., Ancient Armenian sites in Armenia and clopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft,
confluence of the Kura with the Aragvi on the Aramaic-Pehlevi קרתהas its second component
north-western Iran: Hellenistic period, Archaeology Supplementband XI, Stuttgart, 1968
opposite side of Mtskheta – quite clearly shows part. We should consider the fact that the in-
of Armenia in Regional Context, Proceedings of the
the spatial, chronological, cultural and linguis- fluence of the Aramaic language is especially
tic context in which it finds its true place. I frequent in pre-Achaemenian, Achaemenian,
mean, conceptually and phonetically clearly Hellenistic and Sasanian times and was used
related to each other toponyms, which exist- as a lingua franca in the areas where such top-
ed more or less simultaneously on the vast, onyms were widely distributed.
but neighbourly situated areas. In the time of
clearing up a question of the origin, nature and It’s a well-known fact that the Aramaic lan-
distribution of the term “karta”, this fact is of guage beside the Greek was an official language
crucial importance. It seems that this toponym of the Armaztsikhe/Armazi early inhabitants
or mainly toponyms having the element -kar- which were under the influence of the Achae-
304 305
menians and whose supreme deity Armazi was ancient city, what was undoubtedly Armazi,
designated by the name derived from Old Per- as if justifying the origin of the name “Kart-
sian Ormazd (i. e. Ahura Mazda). Therefore, it li” from the name of a fortress. According to
is quite possible that the Aramaic word קרתאis the information of Cassius Dio, Acropolis was
the basis for the term “Kartli”. built in order to protect narrowest place where
the Kura flows on one side and the Caucasus
In which period did this term penetrate to cen- is erected on the other side… (Roman History,
tral Transcaucasia? Aramaic term, אתרקin turn, 37, 1, 4).
may be linked by its origin to the Hurrian word
for a city or a castle – “ard”. It seems that in the In antiquity Armazi/Kartli-Mtskheta, the forti-
Georgian linguistic area from early times were fied place of an extremely outstanding signifi-
distributed Hurrian toponyms with the word cance in the central Transcaucasia, was control-
“ard” which allegedly were acquired in the ing the crossroads that came from all four sides.
period of the Achaemenian dominance, under Most important of them was the northern direc-
the influence of Aramaic word with the same tion connected with the Dariali Pass which was
meaning and similar sound, a [gv. 63:] velar dividing Transcaucasia from Ciscaucasia. The
consonant as an initial sound of the word. The Armazi/Mtskheta and, generally, the Caucasian
possibility of such an assumption is confirmed Iberia which located right in the south of the
by the existence of many Georgian toponyms Caucasian Gates historically had the respon-
with “ard/art” element by which are designated sibility of protecting the Mediterranean-Near
mainly fortresses, castles and cities. Eastern oikoumene (οίκουμένη) - the civilized
world of common interests, from the numer-
Perhaps, we should remember also the name ous invasions of the northern nomadic tribes.
from “The History of the Kings of Kartli” – Ar- As the invasions of Cimmerians and Scythians
dam, of the person who undertook to build the fall in the days before the Achamenians, it is
wall of the castle of Armazi (Armaztsikhe, i. e. likely that a highly favorable strategic loca-
Kartli) and enclosed the projection of Armazi tion of Armazi/Mtskheta should already have
with a wall as far as the Kura river (13: 12-13). been taken into account in the Pre-Achamenian
times. It must be mentioned that beside the ex-
The fact that the term “Kartli/Karti” undoubted- istence of obvious architectural traits typical of
ly meant a fortress, a place enclosed by a wall, the Achaemenian period, the excavations of the
can be concluded on the basis of Cassius Dio’s Armaztsikhe revealed the signs of the Urartian
information. He calls Armazi/Kartli Acropolis building tradition, as well.
(‘Ακρόπολις) or the fortified upper part of an
jvris monasteri
306 307