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• How do we classify ceramics?
Chapter 13 - 1
Classification of Ceramics
Ceramic Materials
Chapter 13 - 2
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Chapter 13 - 3
Ceramics Application:
Cutting Tools
• Tools:
-- for grinding glass, tungsten,
carbide, ceramics
-- for cutting Si wafers
-- for oil drilling
Chapter 13 - 4
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Refractories
• Materials to be used at high temperatures (e.g., in
high temperature furnaces).
• Consider the Silica (SiO2) - Alumina (Al2O3) system.
• Silica refractories - silica rich - small additions of alumina
depress melting temperature (phase diagram):
2200 3Al2O3-2SiO2
T(ºC)
mullite
2000 Liquid
(L) alumina + L
1800
crystobalite mullite alumina
+L Fig. 12.27, Callister &
+L + Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 12.27
1600 mullite adapted from F.J. Klug and
mullite R.H. Doremus, J. Am. Cer.
+ crystobalite Soc. 70(10), p. 758, 1987.)
1400
0 20 40 60 80 100
Composition (wt% alumina)
Chapter 13 - 6
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Advanced Ceramics:
Materials for Automobile Engines
• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
– Operate at high – Ceramic materials are
temperatures – high brittle
efficiencies – Difficult to remove internal
– Low frictional losses voids (that weaken
– Operate without a cooling structures)
system – Ceramic parts are difficult
– Lower weights than to form and machine
current engines
Chapter 13 - 7
Advanced Ceramics:
Materials for Ceramic Armor
Components:
-- Outer facing plates
-- Backing sheet
Properties/Materials:
-- Facing plates -- hard and brittle
— fracture high-velocity projectile
— Al2O3, B4C, SiC, TiB2
-- Backing sheets -- soft and ductile
— deform and absorb remaining energy
— aluminum, synthetic fiber laminates
Chapter 13 - 8
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Suspended
parison
Finishing
mold wind up
Adapted from Fig. 13.8, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 13.8 is adapted from C.J.
Phillips, Glass: The Miracle Maker, Pittman Publishing Ltd., London.) Chapter 13 - 9
Chapter 13 - 10
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Glass Structure
• Basic Unit: Glass is noncrystalline (amorphous)
4- • Fused silica is SiO2 to which no
Si0 4 tetrahedron impurities have been added
Si 4+ • Other common glasses contain
O2- impurity ions such as Na+, Ca2+,
Al3+, and B3+
• Quartz is crystalline
Na +
SiO2:
Si 4+
O2-
(soda glass)
Adapted from Fig. 12.11,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 13 - 11
Glass Properties
• Specific volume (1) vs Temperature (T):
• Crystalline materials:
Specific volume
-- crystallize at melting temp, Tm
-- have abrupt change in spec.
Supercooled Liquid
Liquid (disordered)
vol. at Tm
Glass • Glasses:
(amorphous solid)
-- do not crystallize
Crystalline -- change in slope in spec. vol. curve at
(i.e., ordered) solid
glass transition temperature, Tg
Tg Tm T -- transparent - no grain boundaries to
Adapted from Fig. 13.6,
scatter light
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 13 - 12
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• Viscosity, :
-- relates shear stress () and velocity gradient (dv/dy):
dy dv
glass dv
dy
dv / dy
velocity gradient
Chapter 13 - 13
10 14 strain point
annealing point
10 10
10 6 Working range:
glass-forming carried out
10 2
Tmelt Adapted from Fig. 13.7, Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Fig. 13.7 is from E.B. Shand,
1 Engineering Glass, Modern Materials, Vol. 6,
200 600 1000 1400 1800 T(ºC) Academic Press, New York, 1968, p. 262.)
Chapter 13 - 14
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Chapter 13 - 15
Ao
container die holder
force Adapted from
ram billet extrusion Ad Fig. 12.8(c),
Callister &
container die Rethwisch 8e.
Chapter 13 - 16
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(50%) 1. Clay
(25%) 2. Filler – e.g. quartz (finely ground)
(25%) 3. Fluxing agent (Feldspar)
-- aluminosilicates plus K+, Na+, Ca+
-- upon firing - forms low-melting-temp. glass
Chapter 13 - 18
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Hydroplasticity of Clay
• Clay is inexpensive Shear
• When water is added to clay
-- water molecules fit in between
layered sheets charge
-- reduces degree of van der Waals neutral
bonding
-- when external forces applied – clay
particles free to move past one
weak van
another – becomes hydroplastic
der Waals
• Structure of bonding
4+
Kaolinite Clay: charge Si
3+
Adapted from Fig. 12.14, Callister & neutral Al
Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 12.14 is adapted from -
W.E. Hauth, "Crystal Chemistry of
OH
2-
Ceramics", American Ceramic Society O
Bulletin, Vol. 30 (4), 1951, p. 140.)
Shear Chapter 13 - 19
Si02 particle
• Firing: (quartz)
-- heat treatment between glass formed
900-1400ºC around
-- vitrification: liquid glass forms the particle
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Chapter 13 - 21
Sintering
Sintering occurs during firing of a piece that has
been powder pressed
-- powder particles coalesce and reduction of pore size
15 m Chapter 13 - 22
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Tape Casting
• Thin sheets of green ceramic cast as flexible tape
• Used for integrated circuits and capacitors
• Slip = suspended ceramic particles + organic liquid
(contains binders, plasticizers)
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Summary
• Categories of ceramics:
-- glasses -- clay products
-- refractories -- cements
-- advanced ceramics
• Ceramic Fabrication techniques:
-- glass forming (pressing, blowing, fiber drawing).
-- particulate forming (hydroplastic forming, slip casting,
powder pressing, tape casting)
-- cementation
• Heat treating procedures
-- glasses—annealing, tempering
-- particulate formed pieces—drying, firing (sintering)
Chapter 13 - 25
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