ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE

2023 JC1 H2 CHEMISTRY

KINETICS
T3W3 HBL
15
Name: …………………………………………………………………… Class: 23S………….

To determine the order of reaction with respect to [lime juice] in the decolourisation of
yellow highlighter

 Refer to the Padlet to learn about the prior knowledge on Kinetics required for this activity.
https://padlet.com/chemdeptsajc/t3w3-hbl-resources-euvio2f2resl17ch

Pyranine is present in the yellow dye of the highlighter. Pyranine is yellow because it absorbs violet
light from the visible light spectrum.
– –
O O
O S O O S O

– O – – O
O O O –
S +
O
+ H S
S S
O O O
O O
O

–
O OH
pyranine protonated pyranine
yellow colourless

When acidic lime juice is added to the yellow highlighter, pyranine gets protonated. The protonated
structure absorbs light of a wavelength, which is out of the visible light range. Hence, the protonated
structure is colourless.

 Refer to the Padlet to learn about colours.

https://padlet.com/chemdeptsajc/t3w3-hbl-resources-euvio2f2resl17ch

You are to investigate the order of reaction with respect to lime juice in the decolourisation of pyranine.

1
You will perform a series of four experiments. Then you will graphically analyse your results using
Microsoft Excel to determine the order of reaction with respect to the concentration of lime juice. The
concentration of lime juice is represented by percentage of lime juice.

For each experiment, you will record the time taken, t, to the nearest second, for the yellow highlighter
to decolourise. You will then calculate values for 1/t, lg(1/t) and lg(%lime).

Apparatus List

2 limes (provided)
2 droppers (provided)
1 yellow highlighter (provided)
1 A4 paper
3 clean and dry cups/bowls – 1 for 100% lime juice
1 for 30%, 20%, 10% and 5% lime juice
1 for water

Procedure

Preparation of Control
1) Fold a piece of A4 paper into half.
2) Make numerous short yellow highlights (roughly 2 x 2 mm) on the folder paper neatly.
3) Using a dropper, add 1 drop of water to the first highlighter marking. This is your control. The
droplet should cover the short highlight completely. If it doesn’t, redo step 2 with shorter
highlights.

Preparation of 100% lime juice

4) Cut a lime and squeeze the lime juice into a cup.

Preparation of 30% lime juice

5) Using the dropper, add 28 drops of water into another cup.
6) Into the same cup of water, use a clean dropper to add 12 drops of 100% lime juice into it. Stir
the mixture with the dropper. This is your 30% lime juice.
7) Using the dropper, add one drop of lime juice from the cup onto a highlighter marking.
8) Using a stopwatch (function on your mobile phone or watch), measure the time taken, t, for
the highlighter ink to disappear. Record the time taken to the nearest second on Page 3.

How did we get 30% lime juice?

12 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠
Volume % of lime juice = 12+28 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠 × 100% = 30%

Preparation of 20%, 10% and 5% lime juice

9) Come up with a plan to obtain 20%, 10% and 5% and 5% lime juice. For each percentage of
lime juice, the total number of drops (number of drops of water and number of drops of lime
juice) have been given. Write your plan below.
10) For each experiment, measure and record the time taken for the highlighter ink to disappear
on Page 3.

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Preparation of 20 % lime juice
Total number of drops = 40
No of drops of lime juice =
No of drops of water =

11) Using the dropper, add ______ drops of water into another cup.
12) Into the same cup of water, use a clean dropper to add ______ drops of 100% lime juice
into it. Stir the mixture with the dropper. This is the 20% lime juice.
13) Repeats steps 7 and 8.

Preparation of 10 % lime juice

Total number of drops = 30
No of drops of lime juice =
No of drops of water =

14) Using the dropper, add ______ drops of water into another cup.
15) Into the same cup of water, use a clean dropper to add ______ drops of 100% lime juice
into it. Stir the mixture with the dropper. This is the 10% lime juice.
16) Repeats steps 7 and 8.

Preparation of 5 % lime juice

Total number of drops = 40
No of drops of lime juice =
No of drops of water =

17) Using the dropper, add ______ drops of water into another cup.
18) Into the same cup of water, use a clean dropper to add ______ drops of 100% lime juice
into it. Stir the mixture with the dropper. This is the 5% lime juice.
19) Repeats steps 7 and 8.

[3]

Data
Expt % lime juice time (s)
1
2
3
4

[2]

3
Table of Results
You are to use Microsoft Excel to produce the Table of Results. Note the usual presentation of data
(proper headers with units, significant figures and/or decimal places) for a usual practical must be
followed and reflected in your Table of Results.

 Download the spreadsheet from the Padlet and use it to create the table of results required for this
experiment. You can also refer to the Padlet to learn how to use Microsoft Excel to calculate the table
of results.
https://padlet.com/chemdeptsajc/t3w3-hbl-resources-euvio2f2resl17ch

Copy and paste your Table of Results here:

[3]

4
(a) Plot a graph of lg(1/t) against lg(%lime) using Microsoft Excel.
Include the equation for the line of the graph (trend line).

 You can refer to the following Padlet to learn how to use the spreadsheet containing your
table of results to plot the required graph.
https://padlet.com/chemdeptsajc/t3w3-hbl-resources-euvio2f2resl17ch
An example of the expected graph is shown on page 7.

Copy and paste your Graph here:

[4]

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(b) The rate equation can be expressed as rate = k[lime juice]m where m is the order of reaction
with respect to the concentration of the lime juice.
rate = k[lime juice]m
lg rate = lg k + m lg [lime juice]

 Watch the video on the Padlet to learn how the graph plotted on your spreadsheet can be
used to determine m, the order of reaction with respect to concentration of the lime juice.
https://padlet.com/chemdeptsajc/t3w3-hbl-resources-euvio2f2resl17ch

(i) State the relationship between rate and time.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. .

(ii) With the reference to the graph plotted on your spreadsheet, determine m, the
order of reaction with respect to the concentration of lime juice. Explain how you
derived the order. [1]

6
 (iii)

Graph 1

Use Graph 1 to determine the time required to decolourise the highlighter when the
percentage of lime was 15%. Show your working on Graph 1 clearly. [1]

(c) Complete the following mandatory feedback form (found on Padlet too). [1]
https://forms.moe.edu.sg/forms/JAxWOv

(d) Save your work in pdf and submit your work to your tutor by T3W3 Tues 11 July 5 pm through
the method specified by your tutor.