ARCHITECTURAL AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS OF POPULAR ROMAN

CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PRESIDENT ROXAS

CAPIZ

CHARLES T. BERGONIO

MA. JIANA CLAREESE PALORMA

NICOLE MARIE DELA CRUZ

DANIEL TARROC
 January 2023

ARCHITECTURAL AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS OF POPULAR ROMAN

CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PRESIDENT ROXAS

CAPIZ

CHARLES T. BERGONIO

MA. JIANA CLAREESE PALORMA

NICOLE MARIE DELA CRUZ

DANIEL TARROC
 SPECIAL PROGRAM IN THE ARTS

Grade 10 - SPA

January 2023

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

REGION IV – Western Visayas

Division of Capiz

FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

President Roxas Capiz

ARCHITECTURAL AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS OF POPULAR ROMAN

CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PRESIDENT ROXAS

CAPIZ

SPECIAL PROGRAM IN THE ARTS

Grade 10 - SPA

Submitted by:

CHARLES T. BERGONIO

MA. JIANA CLAREESE PALORMA

NICOLE MARIE DELA CRUZ

DANIEL TARROC

Submitted to:

SIR.CHRISTIAN PAUL DIAZ

January 2023
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Architectural design is a discipline that focuses on covering and meeting the needs and

demands, to create living spaces, using certain tools and especially, creativity. Therefore, the

aim is to combine the technological and the aesthetic, despite the general belief that architecture

is only a technological task (MCM Mass Collection Housing, 2020). In addition to this,

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of space about shape, size,

distance, and relative position with the use of lines, points, 2D and 3D shapes, surfaces, and

angles. The geometric design is about the representation and construction of free-form volume,

curves, lines, and shapes for creative results (Rethinking the Future, 2022). In the same way,

the two complements each other, it mixes design, understood as the creative process, and

architecture, which is based on the creation and presentation of solutions at a technical

level. By mixing both disciplines, architectural design seeks the values and formal qualities of

the works, through spatial experiences. In general, we associate it with drawings, sketches or

outlines of a project, and it is one of its fundamental basis. In this aspect of architectural design,
there are also other factors involved, that are related to geometry, space or aesthetics, among

others. After all, architecture, and therefore architectural design, is made up of many elements

and processes or phases.

Places of worship, like pagan temples and Christian basilicas, became significant points

of reference in the history of architecture Each architectural style, whether it is religious or

secular structure, speaks for the periodof its history. In all cases, however, these elements and

systems should be interrelated to form an integrated whole having a unifying or coherent

structure. Architectural order is created when the organization of parts makes visible their

relationships to each other and the structure as a whole. When these relationships are perceived

as mutually reinforcing and contributing to the singular nature of the whole, then a conceptual

order exists- an order that may well be more enduring than transient perceptual visions.

An architect is it generally the one who in charge of the architectural design. they work

With space and elements to create a concrete and functional structure. And geometric design

is that focuses on simplistic beauty of mixing certain shapes, line, and curves, together for

creative result. you may have seen on stained glass that have patterns of colors at the churches.

At its roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people live, but

architecture is more than just the built environment, it's also a part of our culture. It stands as

a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we see the world.

The geometric design of stained glasses, as we know stain glasses of churches have many

colors, green, yellow, white blue, orange, red, Violet and etc. But as we know don’t know this

color have a meaning and symbolize. At Saint Joseph the worker parish church there have 16

stained glasses. On the other hand, architectural design, many churches constructing the bell

towers statue, sculpture and walls, most of these made of cement and stone the bell is

constructed to a tower style to be heard at far distance places. Architectural geometry is a part
of research looking at the analysis, manufacturing and design processes of geometry while

combining architecture and applied geometry.

The study aims to feature and discuss the distinct architectural and unique geometrical

design of popular churches in the Municipality of President Roxas Capiz and to answer the

underlying question given in the study to further understand the value of architectural and

geometrical designs present in popular Roman Catholic Churches, in our life and in society in

general.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aimed to feature and discuss the distinct architectural and unique

geometrical design of popular churches in the Municipality of President Roxas Capiz for

calendar year 2022- 2023. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

Statement of the Problem

•is there a relation ship abetween architectural and geometric design of churches in

Municipality of President Roxas Capiz?

•Is there similarities and differences of architectural and geometrical design or patterns

present in popular Roman Catholic Churches in the Municipality?

•Is there a significant purpose of in corporating architectural and geometric design in the

churches?
 Theoretical framework

This study is anchored to the theory of (Nikos Angelos Salingaro, and Micheal W Mehaffy

Umbau-Verlag Harald Püschel,2006) in Titled of A Theory Of Architecture that More than a

decade in the making, this is a textbook of architecture rich with design techniques and useful

for every architect whether a first-year students or experienced practicing architects. The

book teaches the reader how to design by adapting to human needs and sensibilities, yet

independently of any particular style. It explains much of what people instinctively know

about architecture, and puts that knowledge for the first time in a concise, understandable

form. There has not been such a book treating the very essence of architecture. Preface by the

Prince of Wales

Significance of the study

The study aims to feature and discuss the distinct architectural and unique geometrical

design of popular Roman Catholic Churches in the Municipality of President Roxas Capiz to

further understand the value of architectural and geometrical designs present in the latter, in

our life and in society in general. The topic provides an avenue to further understand the role

of geometry and architecture in aesthetical beauty of popular Roman Catholic Church in the

locality as it serves as a reflection of community’s way of life, its religious belief, economic

status, advancement in technology and the structural implicit purpose. Thus, looking back in

the past and how far we’ve become, the architectural evolution and its struggle is significant

to feature and discuss the distinct architectural and unique geometrical design of popular
Roman Catholic Churches of a certain place. As we are part of the society and the architect of

it.

The generalization of this study can be a great significant to the following:

Special Program in Arts (SPA). Is a nationwide program for students with potentials

or talents in the Arts made by the Department of Education in the Philippines to give talented

students a chance to enhance their talents in different fields. Part of its major field is Visual

Art; thus, this study will serve as a supplemental information, point of reference, and source of

program further improvement for whatever purpose it may serves.

Special Program in Arts (SPA) Visual Arts Students. The findings of the study are

beneficial to the Visual Art Students of SPA in formulating relevant studies, strategies and

enhancement of their visual arts skills, likewise a source of information on their specialized

field.

Future Architecture and Civil Engineering Students. Since this study deals with

Architectural and Geometric design of popular Roman Catholic Churches, the result of this

study can be beneficial for art enthusiast particularly those heading to be an architecture or

civil engineering student in the near future. The study will give them an insight.

Local Religious Society. Architecture and Geometry stands as a representation of how

we see ourselves, as well as how we see the world. The study allows them to rekindle the in-

depth role of the Roman Catholic Church beauty in the context of the study, the representation

of it structure to the community’s way of life. Thus, the study itself will raise the appreciation

of the society, the researcher in particular as they feature and discuss the fundamental elements

and its structure aligned in the subject matter.

 Community. Architecture has stood as a representation of society, reflecting the

values, successes, and eventual downfall of civilizations over time. From the monumental

structures to the residences and buildings that make up the fabric of a city The results of this

study will raise the awareness of the general public about the role of architecture and

geometrical design as it conveys a particular purpose, story and origin, likewise will equip

them with additional knowledge on the subject matter that they can share to the current and

future generations.

The Academe. This study is important to add to the pertinent knowledge that is

necessary for academic study, professional practice, and future research in a particular area and

for a particular goal. This might also act as some sort of inspiration for them to carry out their

legal obligations specially to the Special Program in the Arts of DepEd.

The Researchers. The result of this study will answer the researcher’s objectives and

inquiry focused on Architectural and Geometric design of popular Roman Catholic Churches

in the locale.

Future Researchers. This study will provide future researchers with knowledge, a

point of reference, and a general understanding of the subject in order to help them conduct in-

depth investigations into related topics.

Scope and Limitations of the study

The empirical result of this study will be limited to architectural and geometrical design

of popular Roman Catholic Churches in the Municipality of President Roxas Capiz.

 The locale of the study is within the Municipality of President Roxas Capiz to its

selective popular Roman Catholic Churches.

In this study, descriptive research will be used. Using Primary and Secondary Sources
such as: observation, interviews and relevant researches to feature and discuss the distinct
architectural and unique geometrical design of popular Roman Catholic Churches in the
locale.

CHAPTER II

Review of related Literature

This chapter provides literature and the results of other related researches to which

the present proposed study was related or has some similarity or implication. This provided the

researcher sufficient background in understanding the study

 According to Robert Proctor ,Routeledeg (2016) Architectural historian Robert

Proctor examines the transformations in British Roman Catholic church architecture that took

place in the two decades surrounding this crucial event. Inspired by new thinking in theology

and changing practices of worship, and by a growing acceptance of modern art and architecture,

architects designed radical new forms of church building in a campaign of new buildings for

new urban contexts. A focused study of mid-twentieth century church architecture, Building

the Modern Church considers how architects and clergy constructed the image and reality of

the Church as an institution through its buildings. The author examines changing conceptions

of tradition and modernity, and the development of a modern church architecture that drew

from the ideas of the liturgical movement. The role of Catholic clergy as patrons of modern

architecture and art and the changing attitudes of the Church and its architects to modernity are

examined, explaining how different strands of post-war architecture were adopted in the field

of ecclesiastical buildings. The church building’s social role in defining communities through

rituals and symbols is also considered, together with the relationships between churches and

modernist urban planning in new towns and suburbs. Case studies analyzed in detail include

significant buildings and architects that have remained little known until now. Based on

meticulous historical research in primary sources, theoretically informed, fully referenced, and

thoroughly illustrated, this book will be of interest to anyone concerned with the church

architecture, art and theology of this period.

According to Building 12 (3),280, (2022) The evolution of the interior organization, to

be composed of only a single nave for the oldest architecture and then developed with

additional lateral naves, is one of the multiple aspects that characterizes this building type,

studied mainly from an architectural perspective. The variety of roof morphology, being flat,

double slope, vaulted or domed, contributes to determining the overall acoustics. This paper

deals with the analysis of the acoustic characteristics related to five Byzantine churches located
in Albania, specifically in Berat and Cete. A comparison of the impulse response (IR) measured

inside each church was given by analyzing the most appropriate acoustic parameters and in line

with ISO 3382. The acoustic surveys were undertaken with a minimal furniture and without

any audience. The results highlight small difficulties in terms of speech understanding,

especially under a speech clarity index found to be below the optimal range limit. This shortfall

is attributed to the geometry of the volumes and to the reflecting materials applied to the

surfaces that facilitate the build-up of sound energy.

According to International Journal of Architectural Heritage 15 (11), 1609-1622,

(2021)Masonry churches represent a significant construction typology at risk from

earthquakes, as clearly shown by recent seismic events. For a quick assessment of the

vulnerability of historical churches, a very effective method is the well-known form for the

evaluation of damage and vulnerability based the macro-element approach. Anyway, in the

calculation of the vulnerability index of the method intangible aspects related to architectural,

historical and artistic value are not included. Vulnerability analysis with the evaluation of

architectural and artistic assets such as frescoes, statues and paintings, by applying the

Analytic Hierarchy Process. A site test, involving eight churches in Valencia (Spain) and

Tuscany (Italy) regions, shows how important it is to provide a complete overview of a church’s

structural condition that includes its artworks in order to create a priority scale for the

assessment, retrofitting and protection of existing masonry churches.

According to Sylvie Duvernoy, Nexus Network Journal 17, 425-456, (2015) Italian

religious architecture of the late Cinquecento is marked by an innovative interpretation of the

canon of the central plan that generates a new type of Baroque church: the elongated central

space. By building oval churches covered with oval domes, Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola (1507–

1573) introduced a new pattern into the architectural shape grammar. The geometry of the oval
figure gracefully combines the theoretical concept of cosmic centrality and the pragmatic

necessities of liturgical linearity. However, it raises a number of design problems for which

architects devised various and inventive solutions. The comparison of various churches dating

back to no later than the end of the Seicento, highlights the diversity of all the projects.

Although every church is unique in its layout, design, features and decoration, all oval churches

propose similar challenges to their designer, the most important of which are the choice of the

geometrical pattern, the dome, and the façade.

According to Rebecca Erika Schmitt and, David Wendland, History of construction

cultures, 371-378, (2021) Johann Dientzenhofer’s Banz Abbey Church (1710–18) and

Balthasar Neumann’s Church of Vierzehnheiligen (1743–72), both located in Upper Franconia

(Germany), are characterized by their masonry vaults, sequences of oval domes separated by

double-curved arches. This Late Baroque architecture has been called “Guarinesque”; however,

the conceptual connection between the vaults and Guarino

Guarini’s architecture remains to be thoroughly investigated. This paper discusses the

geometric definitions of these vaults using the modern methods of geometric analysis and

reverse geometrical engineering, based on 3D-laser scanning. Analysis of these scans reveals

a design process based on plane circle segments and ovals, while more complex geometric

procedures are not necessary to describe the vaults. Further, the relationship between these

designs and the procedures of geometric design described in the treatises of stereotomy since

the 16th century can be shown. Based on this background, the relation to Guarini’s Architettura

Civile (1737) is discussed.

According to Jian Tang Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 17 (2),

159-165, (2018) reference to related historical archives and literature, this study conducted

research into the history, the designer 8and the design dimensions of St. Paul's Church in
Macao. The remaining drawing of the facade merely reflects the correlation deduction of each

controlling point in its geometric drawing. Through digital analysis, this study has further

obtained the" digitally-derived geometric design" relations of the five-layer elevation design

drawing and number-rounding adjustment of the constructing dimensions: the application of

the law of equal-partition in the horizontal direction, the application of the law of upward

successivesubtraction in stratification in the vertical direction, and the complicated

combination of golden-rectangle controlling designs. The latter two applications are key

geometrical features of Baroque Architecture.

According to Amineddin Salimi, Aysegul Yurtyapan Salimi, Nuran Kara

Pilehvarian The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, (2016) Art has

been included customary and possible dimensions to speak by man with holiness, before when

was related to the veil of human's egotism. In this age, since the dimension was not sourced

from right and truth for man and good names of providence did not come to seek the veil of

idolatrous, symbols and motifs appear the occult meanings and themselves are showy of

theological facts. The art can appear as religion, because from our sight of principle of

knowledgeable, art and religion are intertwined naturally. Every ingenious demonstrate the

mysteries that don’t appear except with brightness of intellectuality, and it is for having a share

of the divine realm, which is the agency cause of manifesting artistic works. The ingenious

should attract to the truth to create the making clear beautiful faces by assisting God diffusion.

Ingenious lives in the shadow of the verbal knowledge tree. In this sense, if we look closely,

we can find very similarities between religious and artistic knowledge:knowledge of art is as

immediate and direct as religious knowledge. In the knowledge of art, the reason was not

discussed as well acquired knowledge. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the religious

influence on architecture, especially on the architecture of religious buildings such as churches

and mosques.
 According to Ahmed Abdulwahid Dhannoon and, Oday Qusay Abdulqader, Amer

Abdullah Al-Azawi International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied

Sciences & Technologies 13 (1), 1-13, (2022) Influences of Intangible Needs on the

Architectural Expression of Tangible Culture Heritage: Comparative Study between Mosque

and Church The architectural buildings are the mirror which the cultures reflect the interiority

in tangible form. This study clarifies the dialectic of the differences between Islamic and

Western architectures and interior design, especially in the way of expression of religious

needs. Moreover, it focuses on the heritage buildings that included religious performances.

The study's problem is:" There is a gap of knowledge and unclear image of the influences of

intangible heritage on the architectural and interior outcomes". Literature focuses on the

Islamic and western architecture themes, including architectural identity, building typology,

and architecture and interior elements. The research question of the current study is:" What are

the differences between mosque and church in terms of the influences of intangible cultural

heritage". Therefore, the study aims to determine the intangible factors of the Mosque and the

Church's architectural and interior design. The qualitative approach is adopted to reach the

study's aim, via visual observation and interview. The case study justification follows the

criteria of place, age, and heritage value. Experts in architecture, culture, and religion are the

focuses of the interview. The data analysis applies formal analysis for the visual data, while the

textual data applied content analysis. The results showed that religion needs and cultural value

are the main intangible factors that influence architectural expressions, which affect the

architectural and interior design elements with three levels of influenced tangible needs,

interior, exterior, and layout of the buildings.

Disciplinary: Architecture, Religion & Believe, Heritage Study.

According to Jian Tang and, Liyao Lan Journal of Asian Architecture and Building

Engineering, 1-9, (2023) This ancient building in Macau’s historical town is listed in
UNESCO’s World Heritage List. “Digitally-derived Geometric Design” is an important

implicit logic of the correlation between numbers and shapes in Western Classic Architecture,

and the method of parametric analysis is highly effective in the interpretation of

“Digitallyderived Geometric Design”. However, there are limited digital studies on Western

Classic Buildings in the Far East and even less conducted from a parametric and detailed

perspective.

With the façade of the Macau St. Dominic’s Church as the research subject, this study applied

the methods of historical document research, field measurement and digital analysis, especially

parametric analysis with the assistance of the modeling software of Rhinoceros 6.0 and the

software plug-in of Grasshopper, and analyzed the design features of the façade: its upward

“successive decrease by equal difference” in stratification, modularization and golden ratio.

The “digitally-derived” design pattern of the Macau St. Dominic’s Church is of significant

historical value.

According to André Frans De Naeyer International Journal of Architectural Heritage 15

(6), 942-971, (2021) Using digital measurement on the thirteenth century double church of St.

Francis in Assisi (Italy) revealed a modulated design canon involving symbolic geometries and

proportional arithmetic. The author identifies the simulacrum of the biblical temple of King

Solomon and the integration of an exclusive sepulchral sphere geometry with several design

components copied from both Christian mother churches: the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and

the Old St. Peter’s in Rome. St. Francis Church is the result of a double mission, translated in

two different architectural languages: an Umbrian Romanesque Lower

Church for devotion of the Saint’s tomb, and an Early Gothic, French inspired, Upper Church

for use by the Roman Pope and the Convent. The geometry and design canon are both

instruments for communication and education addressed to the medieval community. This
analysis aims to contribute to architectural design, construction history and digital

measurement applications.

According to Rebecca Erika Schmitt Timber and building construction: the proceedings

of the ninth annual conference of the Construction History Society, 143-155, (2022) The

building, a popular pilgrimage church, is known in the history of art and architecture as a Late

Baroque jewel with a curious design and famous frescoes. While the shape of the building and

its vault has led to different interpretations in the past, its geometry has not yet been analysed

on a reliable basis. Moreover, the construction of the brick vault has not yet been subject to

scientific research. In order to investigate these aspects, a 3D laser scan of the vault’s extrados

and intrados was utilised as the primary source. The 3D model generated from the scan not

only enabled the detailed description of structural ribs, brick patterns and construction details

on the extrados, but also made a geometrical analysis using reverse geometric engineering

possible. The results show a geometric design of the vault surfaces as well as double-curved

arches based on simple plane circle segments. This clear geometric definition of the vault is

associated with a remarkable simplicity of construction method and centering. In the context

of other vault designs by members of the Dientzenhofer professional circle of master builders

and architects, the vault of St. Hedwig can be seen as both a continuation and an improvement

in terms of geometric design and construction details

According to them Valentina Beatini, Gianni Royer-Carfagni, and Alessandro Tasora

Computers & Structures 187, 88-100, (2017) A Non-Smooth Contact Dynamic (NSCD)

formulation is used to analyze complex assemblies of rigid blocks, representative of real

masonry structures. A model of associative friction sliding is proposed, expressed through a

Differential Variational Inequality (DVI) formulation, relying upon the theory of Measure

Differential Inclusion (MDI). A regularization is used in order to select a unique solution and

to avoid problems of indeterminacy in redundant contacts. This approach, complemented with

an optimized collision detection algorithm for convex contacts, results to be reliable for

dynamic analyses of masonry structures under static and dynamic loads. The approach is

comprehensive, since we implement a custom NSCD simulator based on the Project Chrono

C++ framework, and we design custom tools for pre- and post-processing through a user-

friendly parametric design software. Representative examples confirm that the method can

handle 3-D complex structures, as typically are architectural masonry constructions, under both

static and dynamic loading.

According to them VI Pallotta, EV Vasilenko, and PG Vasilenko IOP Conference Series:

Materials Science and Engineering 1079 (4), 042090, 2021 The article analyzes the aspects of

socio-cultural design and construction of modern churches in Russia. Today, for many residents

of our country, religion is a freely manifested spiritual, moral and regulatory framework that

regulates the way society acts. Most of the residents consider themselves to be of various faiths.

The professional community continues to discuss the problems of searching for a new image

of a modern Church and the hereditary development of the system of objects of the Orthodox

Church. Since design as a field of professional activity always projects through a specific type

of consumer and features of production, it is possible to look at the problem in several planes.

Thus, the socio-cultural aspect of the design and construction of Orthodox churches in modern

Russia, conferences and seminars held in the capital and regions reflect the historical approach.

In the historical approach to the Church building, the issues of its relation to traditions and

historical models are discussed, without an active attitude to the social environment. The

theological approach focuses on the spiritual dimension of Church activity. Creative activities

related to the design and construction of Orthodox religious sites that solve the problems of
spatial approach. The spatial characteristics of the Church building and its surroundings are

Central. Architects, designers and planners solve the problem of integrating Orthodox

aesthetics into the urban environment.

According to Sam McLennan, Andre Brown Heritage 4 (4), 4040-4055, (2021) This

article describes a Smart Heritage computational system that automatically produces a wide

range of design proposals for new timber Gothic churches based on an intelligent interpretation

of an architectural database of historic churches. The system enlists the software ‘Houdini ‘and

a digitally archived dataset of 19th Century timber Gothic churches. The cases presented here

focus primarily on timber churches built in Wellington, New Zealand. Through a process of

analysis and deconstruction of these historic churches into their characteristic architectural

components, spatial organization and geometric relationships, the system assembles them into

novel designs based on high-level design parameters. This paper details this computational

system, its development, its operation and its outputs. The role of the system that has been

developed is two-fold. One is designing in an architectural heritage context, and one is as an

aid to historical architectural investigations, or what can be called digital forensics. The

particular outputs are automatically generated hybrid churches that capture the historical design

values and complexities of Gothic inspired churches in New Zealand. However,the broader

applications are as an investigative tool for historians, and as an objective generative tool for

those involved in heritage reconstruction.

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SYNTHESIS

This study focuses on analyzing the architectural and geometric design of various

churches. The professional community is actively engaged in finding a new image for churches,

and this research aims to contribute to that discussion. The primary source of investigation is a

3D laser scan of the vault's exterior and interior surfaces. By utilizing this scan, a 3D model

was created, allowing for a detailed examination of the structural ribs, bricks, and construction

patterns on the exterior surface. Additionally, reverse geometric engineering techniques were

employed to perform a geometrical analysis. The findings of the study provide insights into the

architectural and geometric design of the church's ceiling, walls, and overall surface.

Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the research methodology, the definition of research design,

presentation of the research participants, sampling frame and procedure, details on instrument

development, and datagathering procedure and analysis. Research Design In determining the

architectural and geometric design of churches in President Roxas Capiz the researcher will

utilize a qualitative research design that employed an interview data. A qualitative research

design will be used to gather primary data through open-ended and coversational

communication to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-

depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research (Pritha Bhandari 2020). The

researcher will be guided by this design in order to investigate and understand the architectural

and geometric design of churches in a specific context. By employing qualitative methods such

as church visits, interviews with priest architects, designers, and analysis of architectural plans

and drawings, the researcher aims to gather detailed and contextualized data that explores the

various elements, principles, and considerations involved in church design. This approach will

allow for an in-depth exploration of the historical, cultural, and religious influences on

thearchitectural styles, spatial organization, and symbolic features of churches. The researcher

will analyze the collected data using thematic analysis and comparative analysis to identify

common themes, design patterns, and unique characteristics across different churches. The

findings from this qualitative research will contribute to the understanding of

churcharchitecture, providing insights into the artistic, cultural, and functional aspects of these

religious structures. It may inform future architectural practices and preservation efforts, as well

as contribute to the broader field of architectural history and design studies.

Research Participants and Sampling Procedure

 The data collection procedure will be carried out with a total of six people involved

including priest, architect of the church, secretary of the church, devotee of the church,

renovator of the church and worker of the church. Priest: This individual holds a leadership role

within the church and is responsible for conducting religious ceremonies, providing guidance

to the congregation, and overseeing spiritual matters. Architect of the church: This participant

played a key role in designing and planning the construction of the church. They have expertise

in architectural designand were involved in the creation of the church building. Secretary of the

church: The church secretary is responsible for administrative tasks such as record- keeping,

organizing events, managing communication, and coordinating various activities within the

church. Devotee of the church: This participant is a member of th congregation and actively

participates in church activities. They have a personal connection to the church and can provide

insights into their experiences as a devoted member. Renovator of the church: This individual

is involved in the renovation and maintenance of the church building. They have expertise in

renovating and improving the physical aspects of the church. Worker of the church: This

participant represents the general worker or staff member of the church who assists in various

tasks. such as cleaning, setting up for events, or providing support during church services. In

this study, the respondents were asked by a researcher through face to face interview to gather

information about the architectural and geometric design of the church.

Research Instrument Use

This study will use a interview guide questionnaire as a tool for gathering primary data.

The interview guide questionaire provides a framework for the interviewer to follow while

allowing for flexibility to explore relevant topics in more depth. The questions in an interview

guide can be open-ended, closed-ended, or a combination of both.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before proceeding with the formal collection of data, the researcher will dutifully seek

permission from the principal or relevant authority to conduct interviews, ensuring adherence

to ethical guidelines and obtaining the necessary consent, following which, upon the principal's

approval, the subsequent step involves coordinating and arranging the mutually convenient

time, date and a specific location where the interviews will take place, taking into consideration

the logistical aspects and ensuring a conducive environment for the participants, and finally, as

the last crucial step, the researcher will diligently undertake the task of translating and capturing

the essence of what the participants express during the interviews, employing the architectural

and geometric design of churches inPresident Roxas, Capiz.

Data Analysis and Interpretation Procedure

The data gathered from the study was analyzed using the Thematic Analysis This method

is used to analyze and interpreting data that involves identifying patterns, themes, and meanings

within a dataset to gain insights into the research topic or research questions. Thematic analysis

is a flexible and iterative process, allowing researchers to explore and uncover new insights as

they engage with the data. It emphasizes capturing the participants' perspectives and

experiences, highlighting the richness and complexity of qualitative data. This study was used

to determine the architectural and geometric design of churches in President Roxas, Capiz.