UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING, AND SURVEYING

DIPLOMA IN BUILDING

SEMESTER MARCH 2022 - AUGUST 2022

BGN273: BUILDING SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT

GROUP 1: ASSIGNMENT_SECTION A & B

Prepared By:
NO. NAME MATRIC NO.
1. MUHAMMAD AMIR AIZUDDIN BIN GOSTANTO 2020461166
2. MUHAMMAD DANISH QAYYUM BIN ZULFAIDI 2020460642

Group:

AAP1164D

Prepared For:

DR. ASMAT BINTI ISMAIL

Submission Date:

17th July 2022

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we want to give thanks and praise to God, the Almighty, for His
unending favours during our research endeavour, which allowed us to complete this assignment
successfully.

A great thank you also goes out to our instructor Dr. Asmat Binti Ismail, without whose
guidance our case study would not have been completed as well as it has. She constantly
encourages and mentors us on how to complete our assignments so that our study yields positive
results.

Finally, we would want to express our gratitude to all of our dear friends who
consistently put in effort and responsibility to deliver a quality assignment. Hope that our efforts
will pay off handsomely for our organisation. Finally, we would want to express our gratitude to
our classmates for being so willing to provide a hand. They always offer suggestions and
criticism on our reports, allowing us to make several improvements.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SECTION A

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIA’S CLIMATIC CONDITION AND DETAIL OF

FLOOR PLAN INCLUDING THE SIZE OF WINDOWS, WALL
MATERIALS, AND OTHERS............................................................................... 4
1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................... 5
2.0 METHOD OF STUDY ........................................................................................... 6
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 8
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................... 12
5.0 REFERENCES........................................................................................................ 15

Section B
1.0 Introduction
1.1 introduction of measurement traffic noise........................................................16
1.2 Noise Source in And Around Building..............................................................16

1.3 Objective..........................................................................................................17
2.0 instrument for study case
2.1 Tools …............................................................................................................18
2.2 Measurement procedures...............................................................................19

3.0 Location...............................................................................................................................20

4.0 Result and Observation...........................................................................................21

4.1 Observation............................................................................................................22
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation..........................................................................23
Reference......................................................................................................................24
 SECTION A

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Malaysia Climates

Malaysia experiences tropical weather. The average yearly temperature in Malaysia is 25.4
°C. The average monthly temperature varies just slightly from season to season, fluctuating by
one degree Celsius between a minimum of 24.9°C in January and a maximum of 25.9°C in May.
These three months—April, May, and June—are the hottest of the year. Additionally, there is
still a lot of rain, with an average annual rainfall of 3,085.5 millimetres (mm). Along with
remaining fairly consistent throughout the year, the average monthly precipitation ranges from
about 200 mm in June and July to 350 mm in November and December. The Southwest
Monsoon (April to September) and the Northeast Monsoon are the two monsoon seasons
(October-March). Malaysia experiences roughly six hours of direct sunlight each day, with the
likelihood of cloud cover increasing in the late afternoon and evening.

Due to their shared tropical latitudes and exposure to similar airstreams, Peninsular and
Insular Malaysia share many characteristics. Their climate year is shaped by the northeast and
southwest monsoons, and they have high temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. The
first intermonomer period (from March to April or May), the southwest monsoon (from May or
June to September or early October), and the second intermonomer period (from April to May)
are the four seasons of the climatic year (October to November). The two monsoons don't have
well defined onsets or retreats.

Despite having an equatorial climate, Malaysia's narrowness, and physical configuration—

central mountainous cores with flat, surrounding coastal plains—allow maritime climatic effects
to penetrate interior. The monsoons affect the climate more. The northeast monsoon frequently
causes flooding in the eastern portion of the peninsula and brings heavy rain and stormy seas to
the exposed coasts of southern Sarawak and northern and northeasters Sabah. Sabah's southwest
coastline region is most affected by the southwest monsoon, and flooding there is frequent.
Although Peninsular and Insular Malaysia are not in the typhoon (tropical cyclone) area, their
coasts do occasionally experience the torrential downpours brought on by squalls.

Although Malaysia experiences year-round tropical weather, the country's climate is frequently
very humid due to its proximity to the ocean. Despite this, the climate is generally pleasant, with
average annual temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C; the highlands, however, have milder
summers. The monsoon season occurs in Malaysia due to the country's weather and climate,
albeit it varies depending on the location. May through September is monsoon season in the
south-west, while the wettest months are November through March in the north-east. On the west
coast in January and February, in Sabah in April, and on the east coast and in Sarawak in June
and July, are the ideal periods to travel, particularly for beach vacations.

On the Peninsular Malaysian coastline, where Kuala Lumpur receives rain from March to April
and September to November, the monsoon also varies. East Malaysia often has 5080 mm of
yearly rainfall compared to the main Peninsula’s 2500 mm on average. Malaysia is a great area
to visit virtually any time of year due to the temperature, which is particularly comfortable
outside of the monsoon season and is characterised by warm bright days and somewhat chilly
evenings.

1.1 Objectives Of the Report

i. To examine the case study house's structure and surroundings.
ii. To identify problems related to thermal comfort inside the case study
building.
Iii To suggest passive design approaches that can raise the case study building's
thermal comfort level.
2.0 METHOD OF STUDY
2.1 Literature Study
Students learn more about thermal comfort for a Malaysian building in this case study.
Malaysia's climate is classified as tropical, which means that the weather is hot and humid, with
an average temperature of 27°C. Throughout the year, the temperature rarely falls below 20°C
(68°F) at night and rarely rises above 30°C (86°F) during the day. As a result, there are
numerous factors that can contribute to a building's comfort.

Thermal comfort is important because it affects how individuals feel in interior spaces, which
affects their attitudes. Thermal comfort typically implies the elimination of significant health
dangers, making it simpler to think and operate in an optimum setting. In addition, it is essential
to consider building orientation and shading systems to guarantee the comfort of all occupants.

Students who are enrolled in the Diploma in Building course Building Science and Environment
learn about the natural heat gain and loss that buildings experience. Students are aware of the
various aspects that can increase a building's occupants' comfort because these situations have
been examined over time. Additionally, this case study was carried out at Blok Teratai 1 at
UITM Seri Iskandar in Perak, Malaysia. Finally, because a building is a space that people occupy
and must be comfortable in all ways, it is important for everyone to understand what thermal
comfort is.

2.2 Observation
The method you want to use to conduct your research falls under the category of observation
methodology. Included in this is your approach to topics like data gathering techniques,
statistical analysis, participant observations, and more. Students will examine the building in this
case study with regard to its surroundings, design, and thermal comfort in an effort to pinpoint
the thermal gain and thermal loss. All images of the observation building will be included in
order to demonstrate the building's design.
Windows, doors, roofs, and other features of the case study building have all been noted. The
goal of this observation was to determine the range of climatic circumstances, such as heat gain
and heat loss, that may be regarded acceptable and comfortable inside the case study building.

2.3 Observation Of the Surrounding Area of The Case Study Building

There were many objects that could be seen in the area around the case study building, including
a tree, bush, and other items, when the area around the case study building was inspected. After
you've finished identifying everything, take some photos of the items around for reference.

The first thing that was noticed in this case study building was the vegetation. Following the
observation, a range of vegetation was spotted close to the case study building, including trees,
grass, and shrubs. The vegetation was very helpful in lowering solar heat uptake and penetration
into the inside of the building.

The next element of that building's surroundings was the ground itself. The location of the
ground surface has been established

2.4 Observation of The Case Study Building

Figure 2.1 Faculty of Architecture, Planning, And Surveying UiTM building

 Figure 2.2 Case study room for observation thermal comfort

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result and discussion from the observation of building design.

1. Roof tiles

Figure 3.1 Concrete Roof Tiles

 Concrete roof tiles are typically about 20% less expensive than clay roof tiles that are
manufactured. But there are further advantages as well: Concrete often holds up better in
extreme weather than clay, which can fracture or break in very cold temperatures.

2. Casement Window

Figure 3.2 Casement Window

Awning windows can be placed higher on walls than many other types of windows. High
window placement is useful for capturing natural light and ventilation while also maximising
your wall space and maintaining privacy. Awning windows offer superior privacy options to
other openable windows.

3. Wall

Figure 3.3 Concrete Wall

Concrete walls are a durable, resilient, low maintenance, energy efficient option compared to
other building materials. Operating costs, energy consumption, and any repairs needed after
disasters are minimal because of its durability. Concrete prevents temperature swings by acting
as an excellent thermal buffer. Despite the sun, a cool structure will maintain its coolness.
However, if the structure is heated, it will remain warm in spite of the cold.

4. Building Orientation

Figure 3.4 Building Orientation

 Building orientation is a way for determining which direction the ideal building should face in order to
maximise certain elements of its surroundings. An orientation west of north and east of north will allow
for effective passive sun management, whereas solar north is the best orientation in most climes.
Additionally, the energy of the house is another name for building orientation. This is due to the fact
that it reduces the expense of the house's heating, lighting, and cooling systems, and because it lets in
natural light, wind, and sun, the building's occupants may take advantage of the sun's warmth.

The front of the structure faces east, while the back faces west. The north and south sides of the
structure are, respectively, north and south facing. The best orientation for the structure is north-
south, with the east-west side facing the sun. Making the facade a solid wall or one with a small
hole is another smart move. The building's side or sides are more likely to get sunlight than the
front and back. The building's favourable orientation is that the sun will set at its back in the
evening. Because it faces east, the inside will be light and toasty in the morning.
3.2 Observation of Surrounding Area

i. Ground Surface

Figure 3.2.1 Cement Concrete Road as Ground Surface

Cement concrete roads are strong and durable and are unaffected much by weathering agencies.
They give good visibility at night. Cement concrete roads provide dustless and sanitary surface.
Cement concrete roads does not develop corrugations and hence it grants noiseless surface.

ii. Vegetation
 Figure 3.2.2 Vegetation

As a result of absorbing heat during photosynthesis, vegetation releases moisture. By lowering

the amount of energy required for heating and cooling in any of these situations, plants improve
a building's energy efficiency. Around the building, there are numerous trees, flowers, and
patches of grass. Maximum solar absorption can raise the temperature in a cold environment,
while greater moisture evaporation can help cool the leaves in a hot one. In order to cool and
calm the air around the building, trees can reduce the amount of sunlight that touches the
structure. Pavement also reduces the amount of energy absorbed and re-emitted into the
atmosphere. It is thought that plants can lower the temperature to 2–9 °F (–1–5 °C) in the
summer.

3.3 Problem-related to thermal comfort observed in the case study.

The examination for the case study revealed several problems with the thermal comfort of this
building. The absence of tinted glass in the Awning windows that were installed in this building
is the first problem. This enables harmful UV rays to enter the building's interior spaces. When
exposed to UV light while sitting by a window, this type of glass reduces the quantity by 99
percent. In addition, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause furniture, rugs, and
other items in the room to fade and change colour. It may impair one's health as well as furniture,
in addition to being bad for furniture. Because there is no coloured glass, less heat is absorbed,
which causes the rooms in this building to be warm, especially in the morning and afternoon.
The orientation of the building is the following concern in terms of thermal comfort. This is true
because the front and sides of the structure face northeast. The room in this location will
experience more heat than the other areas since it will be exposed to more sunlight in the
morning. The user will experience thermal discomfort because the room will be warmer in the
morning.

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion
We were assigned to produce a report for this case study that discussed environmental
concerns and the idea of using non-mechanical techniques to make a building more
pleasant. This observation's objectives are to learn about the changing climate in Malaysia,
investigate thermal comfort in different buildings, make observations, report building
design based on elements like the type of overhang, windows, or glass, openings for natural
ventilation systems, building orientation, and materials, and describe the neighbourhood.
This study was carried out in Blok Teratai 1, Indera Mulia College, UiTM Seri Iskandar,
Perak, Malaysia. Additionally, the data we gathered while performing this case study shows
that the design of the structure, the right materials, and the kinds of materials utilised all
have a big impact on thermal comfort.

Finally, the type of window used when doing construction needs to be reconsidered. This is
because if the construction only uses any windows to be installed in the room or dorm of
the students, it is feared that it will cause extreme heat to occur in a room or dorm for the
students. Next, vegetation should also be multiplied in the area around the building.
Because the students occupying the building are many, the carbon dioxide heat emitted by
the students is very much and requires a lot of vegetation to overcome it.

4.2 Recommendation
It is crucial to consider orientation before starting to build a property, build a new buildings,
or renovate an existing one. Consider the orientation of your current main house as well,
particularly if there are few or no windows facing north or if there are significant expanses
of glazing facing east, west, or south. Adding larger north-facing windows or restructuring
existing spaces such that the sunniest areas become your living spaces are two simple ways
to take control of the orientation.

Additionally, a building will appear more spacious and have a calmer mood if bright
colours are used in its design. As they give shade and shield the building from direct
sunshine, trees and grassy areas can also aid in cooling the air inside the structure. As a
result, the building's orientation should be situated between the wind and sun's paths. When
moving from east to west, the building is situated in the most advantageous spot. To
prevent direct sunlight, the aperture faces south and north.
 5.0 REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/Climate

https://www.travelonline.com/malaysia/weather.html

https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/malaysia/climate-data-historical

https://civilengineeringnotes.com/cement-concrete-road/

Section B
1.0 Introduction
1.1 introduction to measurement of traffic noise
 In general, heavier traffic volumes, faster speeds, and a greater number of
vehicles enhance the loudness of traffic noise. The noise created by the engine, exhaust, and
wheels is referred to as vehicle noise. Defective mufflers or other poor vehicle equipment can
potentially increase the volume of traffic noise. Any circumstance that produces excessive
working of motor vehicle engines can likewise enhance traffic noise levels. There are other
more intricate aspects that influence the loudness of traffic noise. Distance, geography,
vegetation, and natural and constructed impediments, for example, diminish traffic noise levels
when a person goes away from a roadway.
Traffic noise can disturb the community like their work and sleep will disturb which
will cause health problems. Sleep is essential because our energy will be recharged after sleep, and it
also can help consolidate memory. Noise is the most major environmental disturbance in developed
nations, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, according to the WHO, noise
is a serious contamination that can harm a person's mental health and physiology.

1.2 Noise Source in And Around Building

In this case, to achieve the goal for study case, a student resident building in block
Teratai at UiTM Seri Iskandar in Perak, Malaysia was selected as a subject in this task. This is
due to the frequency of hearing numerous sounds in the surroundings, either outside or inside
the area or building, such as the sound of animals, passing vehicle, people talking, the sound of
human footsteps, and many others that will be heard, including noise from the next room. This
is because several elements must be considered and investigated. A window, for example. If
there are automobiles or students on the road, facing the road will increase the volume of the
sound. Furthermore, having tight room walls in a structure will impact hearing loud sounds
again if the room entrance is wide open with no blockage.

1.3 Objective
• To find out the factors that influence the noise level around the building area.
• To assess the level of noise within the confines of the building.
• To determine whether the noise level is acceptable in accordance with the applicable
Standard
2.0 INSTRUMENTS AND PIECES OF STUFF INVOLVED
2.1 Tools

Diagram 2.1 Sound Meter App in play store

Sound Level Meter is a tool that may be used to effectively measure sound level. This system
gives good sound level readings and a sound response comparable to that of the human ear.
This sound meters application's design has enough flexibility and a clean, appealing
appearance. It may also display the noise reference and decibels in accordance with the gauge.
The decibel levels at the bottom, middle, and top of the scale are displayed.

Diagram 2.2 Measuring Tape

Measuring tape is used for measuring the distance between phones which are used for taking
sound level for this study cases and wall that surround the room. The distance between phones
and wall is taken in a range of 1.0 meter to 1.5 meter.
 Diagram 2.3 The Decibel level
Source: Sound Meter App
Decibels are units of measurement for sound (dB). The louder the noise, the greater the decibel
level. A level increase of 10 on the decibel scale indicates that a sound is 10 times more intense,
or powerful.
 2.2 Measurement procedures

Case Study Room

Data was collected on June 16, 2022, from 3:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. The investigation made use of
a sound level measurement app. While calculating the noise level, use a measuring tape to set
up for the phone's position. The phone is safe at 1.5 meters above the ground, 1.2 meters from
the wall, and 1.3 meter from the window. Every five minutes, the data was monitored every
time there was noise.
 3.0 Location

Photo 3.1 Block Teratai 2 in satellite mode of google map

Photo 3.2 outside look of block Teratai 2

We take block Teratai 2 as our case study in room 15 on the second floor. Teratai 2 is one of the
hostels that the university prepares for every student from diploma to degree stays during the
semester until final exam.
 4.0 Result and Observation
TIME (PM) NOISE LEVEL (dB) Remark
3.00 40 Inside room
3.05 46 Fan making sound
3.10 55 Group of people talking
3.15 38 Inside room
3.20 59 Music from the lower floor
3.25 69 Horn from car
3.30 37 Quiet room
3.35 40 Inside room
3.40 60 Student screaming outside
3.45 43 Inside room
3.50 52 Sound of door from room
3.55 66 Talking with roommate
4.00 54 Motorcycle outside
Average 50.5 People outside

Table 4.1 data of sound recorded

 4.1 Observation

The sound level was measured using the Sound Meter App, which was installed from
the Play Store on the Android smartphone. The minimum and maximum decibel values
measured by a sound meter to determine ambient noise levels were recorded (dB). To measure
decibels of noise, we use an integrated sound level meter or noise dosimeter.

Based on the results from the experiment show that the noise level has been
recorded at 5 minutes interval, in the 1-hour time frame. The test was conducted from 3 p.m.
to 4:00 p.m. The test was held in room 15, at the block Teratai 2 part. This experiment was
conducted using “Sound Meter” app for android. The surrounding sounds and noise were
measured in decibels (dB).

According to the results, the highest noise in the 1- hour experiment is the horn of
the car at 3.25 p.m. which is 69 dB, and the lowest noise is quiet room AT 3.30 p.m. which is 37
dB. This resulted in the lowest sound level because the area was empty of people and any other
noise. The average sound for this experiment is 50.5 dB which is the average sound level of the
hostel environment.
 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

For the conclusion that we got from this study cases are, the noise that is below 70 dB
is normal level because when we speak with other people in front of you, the average sound
level that we use is 67 dB according to researcher. Researchers discovered that those who are
exposed to noise levels of 85 dBA or above over extended periods of time are at a much higher
risk of hearing damage. Many gadgets used by students today have noise levels that exceed 85
decibels. For example, music played through headphones at maximum level is frequently 94-
110 dB.

A sound booth or acoustic foam and acoustic panels on the walls are the finest ways to
reduce outside noise in your room. To further reduce incoming noise, move the furniture,
carpets, and rugs. Another alternative, depending on where the noise is coming from, is to hang
sheets over sound entry points.
 Reference

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/what_noises_cause_hearing_loss.html
https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/loud-noise-dangers/
https://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/parents/too-loud-too-long
https://moderncastle.com/blog/cheapest-way-to-soundproof-a-room/#:~:text=The%20best
%20way%20to%20stop,blankets%20over%20sound%20entry%20points.