It consists of a worm at the end of steering rod.

A nut is mounted on the worm with

twosets of balls is the grooves of the worm, in between the nut and, the worm. The balls
reducethe friction during the movement of the nut on the worm. The nut has a number of with
ont h e o u t s i d e , w h i c h m e s h w i t h t h e t e e t h o n a w o r m w h e e l s e c t o r , o n
w h i c h i s f u r t h e r   mounted the drop arm, which steers the road wheels throug h the
link rod and the steeringarms.

When the steering wheel is turned, the balls in the worm roll in the grooves and cause thenut to
travel along the length of the worm. The balls, which are in 2 sets, are
recirculatedthrough the guides, as shown in the figure. The movement of the nut
causes the wheelsector to turn at an angle and actuate the link rod through the drop
arm, resulting in thedesired steering of the wheels.T h e e n d p l a y o f t h e w o r m c a n b e
a d j u s t e d b y m e a n s o f t h e a d j u s t e r n u t p r o v i d e d . T o compensate for the wear of
the teeth on the nut and the worm, the two have to be brought n e a r e r b o d i l y . T o
achieve this, the teeth on the nut are made tapered in the
p l a n e  perpendicular to the plane of Figure. A screw is also provided by means of which the
droparm, aid hence, the wheel sector can be positioned along its axis. When the
wheel sector has to be moved bodily closer to the nut to eliminate backlash due to
wear, the screw isturned which slides the wheel sector in a direction in which the tapered teeth
on the nut arenarrower, till the required adjustment is achieved
cit is very simple and common type mechanism, the system is shown in simplified
sketch.This type is very well suitable in an independent suspension system. The system consists
of a rack housed in a tubular casing. The casing is supported on the frame near its
ends. Theends of the rack are connected to the track rods with the help of ball and socket joints.
The pinion shaft is carried in the plain bearings housed in casing. The pinion is meshed with
therack and the clearance is adjusted with the adjusting screw. When the pinion is given
rotarymotion with the steering wheel, then the rack slides in either sides. This sliding motion
of the rack is used through the track rods to turn the wheels in desired side.

POWER STEERING
Principles of the Power steeringPower steering has two types of device for steering
effort one type is a hydraulic device utilizing engine power. The other type utilizes an
electric motor. For the former, the engineis used to drive a pump. For the latter, an
independent electric motor in the front luggagecompartment is used the pump. Both
develop fluid pressure, and this pressure acts on a  piston within the power cylinder
so that the pinion assists the rack effort. The amount of  this assistance depends on
the extent of pressure acting on the piston. Therefore, if more steering force is required,
the pressure must be raised. The variation in the fluid pressure isaccomplished by a control valve
which is linked to the steering main shaft. Neutral (Straight-ahead) position:F l u i d f r o m t h e
pump is sent to the control valve. If the control valve is in the
n e u t r a l  position, all the fluid will flow pass through the control valve into the relief port and
back
o the pump. At this ti me, hardly any pressure is created and because the pressure on
thecylinder piston is equal on both sides, the piston will not move in either direction.While
turning:When the steering main shaft is turned in either directi on, the control valve also
moves,closing one of the fluid passages. The other passage then opens wider, causing a change in fl uid
fl ow volume and, at the same ti me, pressure is created. Consequently, a
pressuredifference occurs between both sides of the piston and the piston moves in the direction
of the lower pressure so that the fluid in that cylinder is forced back to the pump through thecontrol
valve
T h e fi g u r e s h o w s t h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f i n t e g r a l p o w e r s t e e r i n g w h e n t h e v e h i c l e
m o v e s straight ahead on the road. In this system the oil pump is driven by a belt from the
engine
crank shaft pulley. The system consists of solid cylinder on which two grooves have beencut, known as
“valve spool”, which slides closely within the hole in the valve housing. Thehousing has three internal
grooves the central groove is connected to the pump and two atends are connected to the
reservoir. The two additi onal openings from the internal collarsare connected to the two
sides of the cylinder as shown in the Figure. When the valve spoolis in the positi on shown in the
Figure, then the pump delivers the oil in the central part of  the housing and then delivers back
to the reservoir by the passages shown by the arrows. Inthis positi on there will be no oil pressure
in the cylinder and there is no tendency for the  piston to slide in any direction. Thus there is no
steering action and vehicle moves straightahead.

Similarly refer the above figure when the valve spool is moved towards right side then thedirect return
line from the pump to reservoir is closed. The oil now flows into the cylinder  by the right side passage
and pushes the piston to slide left ward as shown by the arrow inthe Figure. The oil on the left side of
the piston is discharged to the reservoir thro the valvehousing under this position. This outward move of
the piston rod results to turn the vehicletow left side on the road. Similarly the vehicle can be turned to
right side by reversing thesteering operation