declension (grammar)

In the grammar of the Semitic languages ,

the term declension refers to a group of
roots whose declension rules are different
from the usual declension rules. In another
wording, the declensions are a series of
minor rules for declension of verbs and
nouns . The derivations are a clear
example of a morpho-phonemic
phenomenon - a phenomenon in which
phonetic and phonological characteristics
 (theory of the vowel) affect the
.morphology (theory of forms)

In Semitic linguistics it is customary to

describe morphology as being based on
abstract morphemes (forms) called " roots
". According to this theory, a typical root
consists of three elementary consonants ,
and is inserted into building patterns (to
create verbs) or weights (to create nouns ,
adjectives , etc.). The derivations are
groups of roots in which one or more of
the three consonants have unusual
properties that cause it to change or
disappear, or they do not have exactly
.three consonants
 Formation
The formation of derivations is usually
described in two parallel processes: in one
process, regular third roots became "weak"
roots because of phonetic and
phonological processes that took place in
one of the consonants of the root. This
process characterizes, for example, the
roots in which the consonants N , Y , A or V
; For example, the verb "traveled" in the
future tense was supposed to be "traveled"
(as in "wearing"), but in the consonant N,
the resemblance to the consonant S was
applied , after which the form "travel" was
created, with a strong emphasis on the "s".
 ‫‪In a second process, roots that were‬‬
‫‪initially, according to the prevailing‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪hypothesis‬‬ ‫‪source needed‬‬ ‫‪, two-consonant,‬‬
‫‪became roots in a three-consonant form,‬‬
‫‪ by adding consonants or vowels‬לתוך‬
‫השורש; למשל השורש ק"ם‪ ,‬שבו יש תנועה‬
‫ארוכה[דרושה הבהרה] (ָק ם‪ָ ,‬י קּום) במקום שבדרך‬
‫כלל יש בו תנועה קצרה‪.‬‬

‫קבוצות השורשים האלה מכונות "הגזרות" או‬

‫"הפעלים העלולים" (מקור המונח "עלולים"‬
‫מערבית במשמעות "חולים")‪ ,‬ואת מערכת‬
‫הנטייה הרגילה של הפועל מכנים "גזרת‬
‫השלמים"‪ .‬משייכים לגזרות גם את קבוצת‬
‫השורשים שבה עיצור השורש השני זהה לעיצור‬
‫השלישי; קבוצה זו מכונה "גזרת הכפולים"‪.‬‬
 ‫תיאור הגזרות בעברית ובערבית (ובעקבותיהן‬
‫ביתר השפות השמיות) מתבסס על הבלשנות‬
‫[דרוש מקור] ששימשה‬,‫הערבית של ימי הביניים‬
‫תשתית גם לבלשנות של מדקדקי העברית בימי‬
The names of the derivations are .‫הביניים‬
so ,)‫ فعل‬:Arabic( based on the root verb
that the verb P (pa'f) is the first letter of the
root, the verb E (a'f) is the second letter of
the root, and the verb L (la "P) is the third
letter in the root. In modern Semitic
linguistics, it is also customary to use the
for the names of )‫ קפל‬in Arabic( root KTL
because this root ,‫ גשרוט‬weights and
exists (in the t-t alternation) in all Semitic
languages ​and because it is not affected
 exchange and the ‫קפט‬-‫ געד‬by the
. properties of the guttural consonants

Often, the special rules of the derivations

apply only to some of the roots suitable
for their definition; For example, the root
N.S.M. It does not lose the P. Hapoel N. of
. its 22 Gesrat Hapan

Classification of sectors
The sectors are divided into several
groups of sectors, which have common
characteristics related to the processes
.that caused their formation
 Complete sections

Complete segments" are called segments"

in which none of the root letters is dropped
.in any way

Complete - "regular" three-letter roots

that are never dropped or inferior. In this
section you hear and see all the letters
.of the root along the declension
Squares - roots consisting of 4 letters.
Such roots can only come in the
construction fiel, verb, or exclamation.
The three heavy constructions fi'el, pa'al
and teil allow an additional place for an
 additional root letter in the place where
.the pattern emphasis appears

Inferior cuts

Inferior declensions" are declensions in"

which in some of the inflections one of the
letters of the root is "neha" (that is, it is
written but not used as a consonant ), and
.in some it is even omitted altogether

Napa - Roots where the verb P is the

consonant A. This derivation takes place
in the simple future tense with only 8
roots - A.H.B (Yahab), A.P.I/E (Yapa),
A.H.Z (hold), A.K.L (eat), A.B.I/E (Yabe),
A.M.R (Yamer), A.B.D (Yaved), A.H.D
(Yahd) These verbs are characterized by
a special future form: yoachal, yoamer,
yoave, in which the a is not heard and
the vowel before it changes to dream.
The declension applies only to some of
the verbs and to others it does not
apply: ya'hav. Arabic does not tolerate
two consecutive mezes, the second of
which is punctuated by a void, and
therefore in cases As such, the mazeh
will become an appropriate reading or
.will be omitted altogether
.'‫ י‬or '‫ ח‬is ‫ פהפ‬Nafi'u - roots in which
They are treated as a single declension,
both because of the processes of
recitation between the declensions, and
also because in biblical Hebrew a copy
occurs from the consonant V to the
consonant Y at the beginning of the
words (for example, " child " versus "
Wald " or Wold in Arabic). These roots
were apparently two-consonantal, and
the V was often added to them as an
epenthetic consonant, until it became
part of the root (epenthesis - a
consonant or vowel that is added to a
word to maintain a pattern or weight, for
example the N in the adjective "manual"
[ ] ]
). Source needed [Because... The derivation
is characterized by two-vowel
 ‫‪contractions when the 'V' or the 'Li' is‬‬
‫‪preceded by a vowel, for example *Holid‬‬
‫‪.> Holid or *Heishir > Heishir‬‬
‫נעו"י ‪ -‬שורשים שבהם עה"פ היא ו' או י'‪.‬‬
‫מכונים גם "שורשים חלולים"‪ .‬גם שורשים‬
‫אלה היו‪ ,‬ככל הנראה‪ ,‬במקורם דו‪-‬עיצוריים‪.‬‬
‫גזרה זו דומה מאוד לגזרת ע"ע (ראו להלן)‪.‬‬
‫נלי"ה ‪ -‬שורשים שבהם האות האחרונה היא‬
‫ה' או י'‪ .‬גם מקורם של השורשים האלה‪ ,‬ככל‬
‫הנראה‪ ,‬בשורשים דו‪-‬עיצוריים‪ .‬בעברית‬
‫מקובל לפעמים לכנות את הגזרה גזרת ל"ה‪,‬‬
‫כיוון שלה"פ ה' בסוף מילה מתחלפת באות י'‬
‫באמצע מילה לדוגמה‪ :‬נראה‪ -‬נראיתי‪ ,‬קנה‪-‬‬
‫קניתי אין לבלבל שורשים אלה עם השורשים‬
‫בהם לה"פ היא ה' עיצורית‪ ,‬ג‪.‬ב‪ּ.‬ה‪ ,‬נ‪.‬ג‪ּ.‬ה‪,‬‬
 ‫כ‪.‬מ‪ּ.‬ה‪ ,‬ת‪.‬מ‪ּ.‬ה‪ ,‬מ‪.‬ה‪.‬מ‪ּ.‬ה‪ ,‬בהם לה"פ נשמעת‬
‫ונשארת לאורך הנטייה ולכן משתייכת לגזרת‬
‫השלמים (גבּה‪ -‬גבְה תי)‪.‬‬
‫נל"א ‪ -‬גזרה המאפיינת בעיקר את העברית‪,‬‬
‫ובמידה מסוימת גם דיאלקטים של ערבית‪.‬‬
‫גזרה זו כוללת שורשים שלה"פ שלהם היא א'‪.‬‬
‫ה‪-‬א' נאלמת בסופי המילים‪ ,‬וגורמת לשינוי‬
‫בתנועה שבאה לפניה‪ ,‬למשל *ָמ ַצ ְא ִּת י >‬
‫ָמ ָצ אִת י‪ .‬לעיתים שורשים מגזרת ל"א נוטים‬
‫כמו פעלים מגזרת ל"ה‪-‬ל"י (בלשון המקרא‪:‬‬
‫ְל ַמ ֹּלאת במקום למלא; בלשון חז"ל‪" :‬מצינו"‬
‫במקום מצאנו; בעברית מודרנית‪ ,‬בשפה‬
‫המדוברת‪ ,‬נפוצות צורות כגון "מיליתי" במקום‬
‫"מילאתי")‪.‬‬
 ‫גזרות חסרות‬

‫"גזרות חסרות" הן גזרות שבהן אחת מאותיות‬

‫השורש חסרה‪ .‬גזרות בהן בחלק מההטיות‪,‬‬
‫אחת מאותיות השורש נופלת כתוצאה מהיותה‬
‫חסרת תנועה‪ ,‬או מנוקדת בשווא נח‪ .‬התהליכים‬
‫הגורמים להיווצרותן הם לרוב תופעות לשוניות‬
‫כמו הידמות מלאה והתלכדות עיצורים‪.‬‬

‫חפ"נ ‪ -‬שורשים שבהם פ' הפועל היא העיצור‬

‫נ'‪ .‬אופיינית בעיקר לעברית‪ ,‬וכוללת פעלים‬
‫כגון "נסע"‪" ,‬נזל"‪" ,‬הביט"‪" ,‬השיק"‪ .‬בפעלים‬
‫אלה העיצור נ' עובר לפעמים הידמות לעיצור‬
‫שבא אחריו‪ ,‬ונבלע בו‪ .‬יש גם קבוצת שורשים‬
‫שפה"פ שלהם היא י' ונטייתם זהה לנטיית‬
‫גזרת פ"נ‪ .‬בעברית המודרנית לא תמיד חלה‬
 ‫ וכך נוצרות צורות מקבילות‬,‫ההידמות‬
.‫ִה ְנ ִּב יט‬-‫במשמעות שונה כמו ִה ִּב יט‬
is ‫ אפפ‬is Y, and ‫ פפפ‬roots where - ‫חפיצ‬
segment in ‫ פי פו‬It differs from the .‫ק‬
that it is a missing segment (and not
is not rested but ‫ פפפ‬,rested), that is
omitted, for example "Hatziv" ( as
opposed to "appear" or "direct"). To this
derivation belong the roots beginning
with the letters "Yaz"]1[ , as well as the
."verbs "Zeza" and "Izem

other cuts

roots in - ) ‫ עע‬or( The double derivation

These .‫ לפע‬is the same as ‫ אפעפ‬which
roots were also, apparently, double-
 consonantal, but in them an epenthetic
‫ אפעע‬consonant was not added, but
was doubled (the second consonant in
the root). In writing, doubling is often
expressed with a strong emphasis
In part of the .)‫ شَد ة ال ِش دة‬:Arabic(
declension, this declension is the same
.as the declension A-V-Ai
Complex derivations - there are roots
that belong to more than one derivation,
and each of them can have an effect on
the final form, until certain words in
Arabic have one letter as a result of the
omission of root letters. For example:
"Apa" is composed of the segment PA
and LH, and "Naka" is composed of the
.segment PN and LH
The guttural derivation - a derivation in
which one or more of the root
consonants is a guttural letter (in
Hebrew : 5 , 1 , 8 , 1 , 2 ). In Hebrew, due
to certain difficulties in pronouncing
these letters, there were changes in
vowels that distinguish buildings or
. weights, such as vowel abductions

Footnotes
16 ,16 ,16 ,16 ,16 ,12 .1

see also
Buildings in Hebrew
 root
root

for further reading

Yehoshua Blao , The Theory of the
Wheel and Forms , Tel Aviv 1972

external links
Wikimedia Foundation projects
Dictionary entry in Wiktionary: cut
Dictionary entry in Wiktionary: The division of
the wholes
Textbook in Wiktionary: language/verb
analysis/conjugation

" Retrieved from

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" title=Decision_(grammar)&oldid=36002998
 This page was last edited on April 2, 2023, at
• .07:05
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