Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- In Situ Studies of the Effect of CO2 on the
CONTROL OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL Initial NaCl-Induced Atmospheric
Corrosion of Copper
CHAR-ACTERISTICS OF STEEL BY SMALL Z. Y. Chen, D. Persson, A. Nazarov et al.

- Improving motor imagery classification

PUNCH TEST METHOD during induced motor perturbations
C Vidaurre, T Jorajuría, A Ramos-
Murguialday et al.
To cite this article: G. Samigullin et al 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1118 012038
- Synchrotron radiation infrared
microspectroscopy of single living cells in
microfluidic devices: advantages,
disadvantages and future perspectives
L Vaccari, G Birarda, G Grenci et al.
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 193.231.40.30 on 02/08/2023 at 09:46

International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

CONTROL OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHAR-

ACTERISTICS OF STEEL BY SMALL PUNCH TEST
METHOD

G. Samigullin1, A. Schipachev2, L. Samigullina2

1
Saint-Petersburg University of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia, 149,
Moscovsky ave., St. Petersburg, 196105, Russia
2
Saint-Petersburg Mining University, 2, 21 Line, St. Petersburg, 199106, Russia

E-mail: schipachev_am@pers.spmi.ru

Abstract. Analysis of applicability of methods using microspecimens indentation tests to deter-

mine the physico-mechanical characteristics of steels, as well as the damage state of the material
by the example of steel 10 and steel 20, was conducted. The dependency of the load value, to
which the steel was subjected, on specific characteristics obtained by testing microspecimens
was received.

1. Introduction
Currently, the use of small-sized specimens in oil and gas industry as a method for determining the
damage of in-service pipelines and equipment is becoming more and more promising [1]. One of the
most commonly used techniques is the bending test of small disk-shaped specimens (Small Punch Test
– SPT). Although this technique has been used for more than 30 years, there is still no generally accepted
procedure for determining the basic physical and mechanical properties by SPT data. This method has
been applied not only in the oil and gas industry, but also in various other industries, including mining,
nuclear and diagnostics of composite materials and biomaterials [2, 3].
SPT involves pressing punch with hemispherical tip into a specimen until the specimen is destroyed.
In this case, the load value (N) and the displacement of the indenter (mm) are fixed. Taking into account
the local changes in physical and mechanical properties, the methodology proposed allows an assess-
ment of pipeline section/facility residual life [4].

2. Results and discussion

For evaluation of damage of test material (pipeline steel 10 and steel 20 as per GOST 1050-88), tests
were conducted on specimens with a 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness for two initial conditions:

− undamaged;
− previously exposed to external loads with accumulated internal stresses and strains.

First, standard specimens as per GOST 1497-84 «Methods of tension test» (fig. 1) were produced to
carry out the experimental part of research.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

Figure 1.Standard and small sized specimens

Some of the standard specimens were subject to tension load up to different values using test machine
Zwick/Roell Z100. For steel 20, the value of pre-load was as follows (fig. 2):

1) less than yield stress value (17 kN);

2) approximately the same as the yield stress value (20kN);
3) above the yield stress value (25kN);
4) almost the same as the ultimate tensile strength value (30 kN).

Figure 2. «Stress-strain» diagram for standard specimens

After removal of the tensile load, internal stresses and plastic irreversible deformations remain in the
steel, the nature of which is similar to the damage accumulated during the operation of steel of oil and
gas pipelines and facilities. Furthermore, standard specimens are cut into small sized specimens (66 -
for steel grade 10, 55 - for steel grade 20).
Small Punch Test was carried out using test machine Zwick/Roell Z100 with special tooling (punch,
upper/lower dies).Test configuration is shown in fig. 3. A working tool, by which the small sized spec-
imen is indented, has a hemispherical tip made of chisel steel U8 (as per GOST 1435-99) exposed to
hardening and high-temperature tempering. Other tooling, i.e. upper and lower dies with threaded con-
nection, made from steel 45 (as per GOST 1050-88), is designed for holding the specimen fixed and

2
International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

directing the punch [5, 6]. According to the obtained data, the «force – displacement» diagram is plotted,
which determines the characteristic points: Fe (elastic-plastic transition force) and Fm (the maximum
force), and corresponding displacements de and dm [7, 8].

Figure 3.SPT method: a – geometrical parameters of small sized specimen,

b – test configuration

While Fm and dm can be easily obtained from the diagram, Fe and de coordinates can be obtained only
using bi-linear fit as recommended by CWA 15627:2007 [9] since plasticity occurs consistently in dif-
ferent areas of small sized specimen. Accordingly, “two tangents method” was used in this study. In this
case, Fe is identified as projection of the intersection point of two linear functions on the force-displace-
ment curve (fig. 4) [1].

Figure4. Determination of Fe (by means of bilinear fitting) and Fm

To establish numerical values of yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of material from SPT data,
empirical correlations [1, 6, 10] should be used, since the force in this method is not uniaxial.

3
International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

Fig. 5 and tables 1, 2 show averaged «Force-displacement» curves obtained from SPT data and cor-
responding characteristic values.
3500 4500

3000 4000
3500
2500 1 3000 1
Force, N

Force, N
2000 2 2500
2
1500 3 2000
3
4 1500
1000 5
5 1000
500 500 4
6
0 0
0 1 2 3 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Displacement, mm Displacement, mm

a b
Figure 5. Averaged «Force-displacement» curves obtained from SPT data: a – steel grade 10,
b – steel grade 20

Table 1.Characteristic values obtained from SPT (steel 10)

№ on dia-
gram Pre-load, kN Fm, N dm, mm F e, N de, mm
(fig. 5a)
1 25 3241 2,11 755 0,28
2 23 3201,5 2,09 735 0,26
3 20 3035 2,05 693 0,24
4 17 2778,5 2,02 655 0,21
5 13 2546 1,97 505 0,17
6 0 2424 1,94 480 0,14

Table 2. Characteristic values obtained from SPT (steel 20)

№ on dia-
gram Pre-load, kN Fm, N dm, mm F e, N de, mm
(fig. 5b)
1 30 4032 2,01 1280 0,35
2 25 3769 1,97 1130 0,33
3 20 3358 1,92 970 0,29
4 17 3104 1,9 802 0,26
5 0 3025 1,89 774 0,25

In reviewing the obtained data, it appears that by means of SPT it is possible to record the change in
mechanical properties on the small sized specimens exposed to pre-load in comparison to undamaged
steel specimens.
With the increase of pre-load value, gradual increase in the values of SPT characteristic point can be
observed. The rational for this is the process of accumulation of internal stresses and irreversible defor-
mations in pipeline steels, and consequently, hardening and embrittlement.
According to SPT data (tables 1 and 2), linear relationships (1) – (2) between pre-load value and the
maximum force Fm recorded during SPT were obtained by an ordinary least-squares technique (fig. 6):

4
International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

for steel 10 – 𝑁 = 0,015 ∗ 𝐹𝑚 − 23,86, (1)

for steel 20 – 𝑁 = 0,014 ∗ 𝐹𝑚 − 25,90. (2)

30
35
25 N = 0,015Fm - 23,86 30 N = 0,014Fm - 25,90
Pre-load (N), kN

Pre-load (N), kN
R² = 0,9823 25 R² = 0,9886
20
20
15
15
10 10
5 5
0
0
3000 3500 4000 4500
2300 2500 2700 2900 3100 3300 3500
Fm , N
Fm , N

a b
Figure 6. Dependence of pre-load value (N, kN) on the maximum force
obtained from SPT data (Fm, N): a – steel grade 10,b – steel grade 20

Similarly, linear relationships (3) – (4) between pre-load and elastic-plastic transition force Fe,
which can be considered as an analogue to yield stress from the standard tension test, were obtained
(fig. 7):
for steel 10 – 𝑁 = 0,042 ∗ 𝐹𝑚 − 9,03, (3)
for steel 20 – 𝑁 = 0,028 ∗ 𝐹𝑚 − 5,77. (4)

30 35
25 30 N = 0,028Fe - 5,77
Pre-load (N), kN
Pre-load (N), kN

N = 0,042Fe - 9,03
R² = 0,9395 25 R² = 0,9822
20
20
15
15
10 10
5 5
0 0
450 550 650 750 850 700 900 1100 1300 1500
F e, N F e, N

a b
Figure 7. Dependence of pre-load value (N, kN) on the elastic-plastic transition force
obtained from SPT data (Fe, N): a – steel grade 10, b – steel grade 20

Thus, using the data obtained by SPT (Fe and Fm values) and derived dependencies (1) – (4), it is
possible to determine the value of the pre-load, to which the steel grade 10/20 was subjected while in
service. The obtained value makes it possible to predict the technical condition and health of pipeline/fa-
cility for a certain period in the future.

3. Conclusion
Based on the results of the experimental part of metal testing (steel 10 and steel 20), the following con-
clusions were made:

5
International Conference “Complex equipment of quality control laboratories” IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1118 (2018) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1118/1/012038

- the example of pipeline steel 10 and steel 20 showed that small sized specimens and SPT
method can be used to determine the material condition via values of characteristic points,
in particular maximum force and elastic-plastic transition force;
- according to the received experimental data, having accumulated internal stresses and de-
formations, pipeline steels have tendency to gradual hardening and embrittlement;
- linear dependencies (1) – (4) with high accuracy describe the relationship between the state
of steel and the results obtained by SPT method.

References
[1] Bruchhausen M, Holmström S, Simonovski I, Austin T, Lapetite J-M, Ripplinger SF. de Haan
2016 Recent developments in small punch testing: Tensile properties and DBTT Theoretical and
Applied Fracture Mechanics 86 2-10
[2] Serebryannikov A A, Serebryannikov D A, Hakimov Z R 2017 Justification of indirect methods
of bending stresses polyethylene pipes evaluation IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science 87
[3] Maksarov V V, Olt J J 2014 The use of anisotropy of metals to influence the dynamic properties
of mechanical systems (Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University)
[4] Zvonarev I, Ivanov S, Fokin A, Shibanov D 2014 Residual life estimation for coarse-pitch gear
wheel of mining machinery on the basis of local changes in surface hardness Jounal of Mining
institute 209 31-36
[5] Siegl J, Stephan J, Kopriva R, Eliashova I 2015 Assessment of mechanical properties
of component materials in nuclear power plants using modern methods and their comparison with
standard mechanical testing Proceedings of 17-th International scientific-technical conference of
young specialists on nuclear power units (Podolsk: OKB Gidropress JSC) 10-17
[6] Lacalle R, Alberto J, Álvarez, Cicero S, Federico Gutiérrez-Solan 2010 From Archaeology
to Precious Metals: Four Applications of Small Punch Test Hutnicke listy LLXIII 123-127
[7] Džugan J, Konopík P 2010 Evaluation of fracture toughness properties for low carbon steel
in the brittle state by small punch test technique Hutnické listy LXIII 119-122
[8] Karel M 2007 Nondestructive evaluation of mechanical characteristics of in-service components,
materials by Small Punch Test NDT for Safety 145-152
[9] Small Punch Test Method for Metallic Materials, Part B: A code of practice for small punch
testing for tensile and fracture behaviour (CEN Workshop Agreement, CWA)
[10] Ottosson J B 2010 Development and Evaluation of a Small Punch Testing Device (Linköpings
universitet)