Summing and difference amplifier

Electronic I Labs (ELEN_430)

Hector M. Rodriguez Feliciano, Quely J. Figueroa Ruiz, and Edgar J. Torres Gonzalez

Caribbean University Ponce - Electrical Engineering Department

Abstract- Analyze the structure of a summing and
difference operational amplifier, there use and how we
can apply it in an electrical circuit. Adding to the circuit
a two signal and one load to verify the behavior of
summing operational amplifier and difference
operational amplifier. Also designing and building
different circuit configuration to verify that the
calculated value is almost equal to the measured values.
I. INTRODUCTION
pervious laboratory we work with the inverting
amplifier and non-inverting amplifier, is the exact
configuration, but only in the input voltage signal we
will have more than one, and more than one input
resistor. Using the same equation as the inverting
operational amplifier, we will demonstrate the
equation for the summing operational amplifier, but
first we need to see the schematical circuit of the
summing operational amplifier, figure (b) illustrate the
schematical circuit summing operational amplifier.

S umming operational amplifier and the difference

operational amplifier, to perform this laboratory
we will need the Op-Amp 741 as we used in
previous labs. The 741 Op-amp as we said is the most
common and most famous of the operational amplifier
mA741C of better known as 741, which packaged in
an 8-pin mini-DIP. The integrated circuit have 20
transistor and 11 resistors. The 741, like we say Figure (b): The Schematical circuit summing operational
previously, have 8 pins, this operational amplifier has amplifier. Taken from [elec-opamp-s4- adder
7 functional pins, 4 pins capable of taking input and 1 subtractor].
output pin, provide high voltage gain and can operated
over a wide range of voltages. Other important use of If we notice the circuit have three voltage
this op-amp, that one of the features that short circuit input signal and one voltage output signal that are:
protection and internal frequency compensation circuit
builds in it. The following figure (a) physical view of The input voltage signal
the 741.
𝑉𝑉1 , 𝑉𝑉2 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉3

The output voltage signal

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜

We have three input resistor, so, also we are going to

have three current.
Figure (a): The Op-Amp 741. Taken from [Tady Online]. 𝑉𝑉1 𝑉𝑉2 𝑉𝑉3
𝐼𝐼1 = , 𝐼𝐼 = , 𝐼𝐼 =
𝑅𝑅1 2 𝑅𝑅2 3 𝑅𝑅3
Now we are going to focus on the application
of the summing operational amplifier and the The positive input of the operational
difference amplifier. The Summing operational amplifier is zero, so, the other input of the operational
amplifier its characteristics is that permits more than amplifier will be also zero. Then we look at the first
one input and only one output, for example, we can node and by Kirchhoff Current Law we determine
have five input signal and only one output. In the that:

Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
1
 amplify so the spectator can hear all the component of
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3 = 0 the band.
So,

𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐼3 The difference operational amplifier, we

know that all the operational amplifiers are
As the inverting amplifier that equation is demonstrate differential, because we have two inputs, but when we
below: connect only one input and the other to ground, we
don’t realize that there is a difference because in the
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = (𝑉𝑉 ) other input is zero. So, if we connect a voltage signal
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
in both input there will going to have a differential
Then, the equation for the voltage output signal for the
signal, we are foing to see these relation ship below,
summing operational amplifier is:
but first lets look at the schematical circuit for the
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 difference operational amplifier, figure (c) illustrate
−𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = � (𝑉𝑉 ) + (𝑉𝑉2 ) + (𝑉𝑉3 )� the schematical circuit for the difference operational
𝑅𝑅1 1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
amplifier.
If the input resistor is the same, then it will be
a common factor as same the resistor feedback,
equation will simplify as follows:

𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − (𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉3 )
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1

If the resistor input are not equal, then they are known Figure (c): The Schematical circuit difference
as a scaling summing operational amplifier. This only operational amplifier. Taken from [elec-opamp-s4-
adder subtractor].
applies when 𝑅𝑅1 ≠ 𝑅𝑅2 ≠ 𝑅𝑅3 ≠ 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 , the equation for
the scaling summing operational amplifier will be:
If we notice there are two input voltage
1 1 1 connect in each input pins of the operational amplifier,
−𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 � (𝑉𝑉1 ) + (𝑉𝑉2 ) + (𝑉𝑉3 )� and one resistor feedback that will create are voltage
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
output, in this case we are using the inverting
We said that when the input resistor are equal, is called difference operational amplifier configuration.
a unity gain inverting amplifier, if there not equal, then
is a scaling operational amplifier. To calculate the voltage output for a
difference operational amplifier configuration will be
The gain is calculated as the same way of the as follows:
inverting operational amplifier, below we are going to
shown the equation for the gain of a summing
𝑉𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 − (𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 )
operational amplifier: 𝐼𝐼1 = , 𝐼𝐼2 = , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 =
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = − =−
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏

𝑅𝑅4
All these equation are for the inverting 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = 𝑉𝑉2 � �
𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅4
summing operational amplifier, if is a non-inverting If 𝑉𝑉1 = 0, then:
operational amplifier applies another analysis.
𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅3
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜(𝑏𝑏) = 𝑉𝑉2 � �� �
An example of a summing operational 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅1
amplifier is, when we are in a concert and there is a
band, they have a guitar, drums, and vocal, that’s is the
input signals, and the output signal are the spectators. If 𝑉𝑉2 = 0, then:
So, they are three input signal that they will sum and 𝑅𝑅3
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜(𝑎𝑎) = −𝑉𝑉1 � �
𝑅𝑅1

Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
2

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = −𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜(𝑎𝑎) + 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜(𝑏𝑏)
𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅4
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = −𝑉𝑉1 � � + 𝑉𝑉2 � ��
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅4
If the resistor is equal the equation simplifies to:
𝑅𝑅3
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = (𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉1 )
𝑅𝑅1 2
The gain for a difference operational
amplifier can be calculated as follows:
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑉𝑉1 − 𝑉𝑉2 )
The differential amplifier are used to
increases the amplitude of the heart signal to a level
where it can be converted into a digital form. The gain
of the circuit can be adjusted by appropriate section of
external resistor connected between the output and the
input terminals.
terminal connects to ground.
Pins #7 and #4 connect to 15V
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅3 with positive and negative
�
𝑅𝑅1 polarity respectively. Terminal
or pin #3 of the 741 op-amp is
connected to ground.
ii. The values of the wave
generator are adjusted to 2Vp
and 1kHz in sine wave.
iii. The oscilloscope is connected
to Vo and Vs to observe the
phase of both waves, figure (e)
illustrates the oscilloscope
display.

II. PROCEDURE

I. To demonstrate the operation of the

Figure (d): The Schematical circuit summing operational
summing operational amplifier, we will amplifier. Taken from [Multisim].
assembled the circuit as follows, figure
(d) illustrate the circuit.
II. The circuit consists of a 741-op amp, a
47kΩ resistor, two 100kΩ resistors, a
waveform generator, and a 5 volt power
supply.

i. The wave generator is

connected with its negative
terminal to ground and with its
positive terminal it is
connected to the 47kΩ resistor,
then the resistor negative Figure (e): The oscilloscope display. Taken from
terminal to the terminal #2 of [Multisim].
the op-amp. Between the 47kΩ
resistor and the op-amp
(pin#2) the 100kΩ RF resistor III. The wave generator and the 5v source
is connected to one of its will be exchanged and the previous
terminals, while the other steps will be repeated to observe the
terminal of the resistor waves and the phase, figure (f) and
connects to pin #6 of the op- figure (g) will illustrate the circuit and
amp. Also between pin or the oscilloscope display.
terminal #2 of the op-amp and
the 47kΩ resistor, a 100kΩ
resistor and there is connected
the 5V source via its positive
terminal, while its negative
Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
3
 and #4 connect to 15V with
positive and negative polarity
respectively.

Figure (f): The Schematical circuit summing operational

amplifier. Taken from [Multisim].

Figure (h): The Schematical circuit difference

operational amplifier. Taken from [Multisim].

iii. The values of the wave

generator are adjusted to 2Vp
and 1kHz in sine wave.
Figure (g): The oscilloscope display. Taken from
[Multisim].
iv. The oscilloscope is connected
IV. To investigate the op amp with a to Vo and Vs to observe the
different amplifier configuration, the phase of both waves figure (i)
following circuit will be assembled will illustrate the oscilloscope
figure (h) will illustrate the circuit. display.
i. The necessary components are
two 47k resistors, two 100k
resistors, a 5v source, a wave
generator and a 741
operational amplifier, with
their respective positive and
negative feeds.

ii. The circuit goes as follows, the

wave generator is connected Figure (g): The oscilloscope display. Taken from
with its negative terminal to [Multisim].
ground and with its positive
terminal to a 47k resistor, this V. The wave generator and 5v source will
connects to pin #2 of the op- be swapped and the above steps
amp and in turn connects to a repeated to observe the waves and
resistor of 100k which phase, figure (j) and figure (k) will
connects to pin #6 of the op- illustrate the circuit and oscilloscope
amp. The 5v supply connects display.
its negative terminal to ground
and its positive terminal to a
100k resistor which connects
to pin #3 of the op-amp.
Between the above resistor and
pin #3 connect a 47k resistor
connected to ground. Pins #7 Figure (j): The Schematical circuit difference operational
amplifier. Taken from [Multisim].

Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
4
 |4.25𝑉𝑉 − 4.245𝑉𝑉|
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100% = 0.12%
4.25

The following circuit is the same as above, but

now we interchange the sinusoidal voltage source and
the power supply voltage source, we are going to
notice that the gain will be only reflected in the power
supply voltage source, in the following table we are
going to illustrate our measured values.

Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Figure (k): The oscilloscope display. Taken from
[Multisim]. 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 5.00V -10.6V
III. RESULTS
Applying the theory formula to calculate the
The first circuit we have a summing amplifier, with a voltage output:
sinusoidal input voltage connected in series with a 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − (𝑉𝑉 )
resistor and then to the terminal of the operational 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
amplifier, the other terminal is a dc voltage source 100𝐾𝐾Ω
connected in series with a resistor and in parallel to the 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − (5) = −10.63𝑉𝑉
47𝐾𝐾Ω
sinusoidal voltage source. If we notice at the output,
the only effect in the gain will be to the sinusoidal The calculate values and the measured values are
signal. The measured results are shown in the next shown in the following table.
table.
Voltage source 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 −2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −3.98𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −4.235𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 -10.63V -10.6V
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 5.00V -4.99V
|𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚|
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100%
To calculate peak to peak values the next formula we 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
will be used:
|10.63𝑉𝑉 − 10.6𝑉𝑉|
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝 = 2�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � %𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100% = 0.28%
10.63
Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
The second circuit is a difference operational
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 3.98𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝 −8.47𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝 amplifier, if we notice their will be the same exact
values, the following table illustrate the measured
values.
Applying the theory formula to calculate the
voltage output: Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 =−
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
�𝑉𝑉 �
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 -4.245𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 5.00V 5.00V
100𝐾𝐾Ω
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − �2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � = 4.25𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 To calculate peak to peak values the next formula we
47𝐾𝐾Ω
will be used:
The calculate values and the measured values are
shown in the following table. 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝 = 2�𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �

Voltage source 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 −4.25𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −4.245𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 3.98𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝 −8.47𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝−𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5.00V -5V Applying the theory formula to calculate the
voltage output:
|𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚|
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100%
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
5
 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 IV. CONCLUSION
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
We understand what are the characteristic for the
100𝐾𝐾Ω summing amplifier and difference amplifier, their use
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 =− �2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � = 4.25𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
47𝐾𝐾Ω and how to perform the design to the build the circuit.
The summing amplifier is used to connect more than
The calculate values and the measured values are one input voltage and only we are going to have a
shown in the following table. output voltage, using from example the concert, when
we have more than one instrument, the instrument will
Voltage source 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 be the input signal and the spectator will be the output
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 −4.25𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −4.245𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 signal, so, we need to amplify the signal and all the
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5.00V -5.00V instrument, these will allow the spectators to hear all
the instrument. The difference amplifier as we said
|𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚| above, all the operational amplifier circuit
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100%
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 configuration are difference. So, now we can
difference the summing and the difference operational
|4.25𝑉𝑉 − 4.245𝑉𝑉|
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100% = 0.35% amplifier. Also, using the different techniques that we
4.25 applied in other laboratories.
The following circuit is the same as above, but
V. REFERENCES
now we interchange the sinusoidal voltage source and
the power supply voltage source, we are going to
[1] James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel, Electrical
notice that the gain will be only reflected in the power
Circuits, 9 editions.
supply voltage source, in the following table we are
[2] Neamen D. A., Microelectronics Circuit
going to illustrate our measured values.
Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill,
2007
Voltage source 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
[3] Stephen J. Chapman., Electric Machinery
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −1.99𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Fundamentals, 5th Ed.
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 5.00V -10.6V

Applying the theory formula to calculate the VI. BIOGRAPHY

voltage output:
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − (𝑉𝑉 ) Blondel French physicist born on August 28,
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1863, in Chaumont. Blondel was a standout in
100𝐾𝐾Ω the field of photometry, thanks to him it is due to
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = − (5) = −10.63𝑉𝑉
47𝐾𝐾Ω these processes of this field. Blondel graduated
The calculate values and the measured values are in science in 1888 in Paris, and bridge
shown in the following table. engineering. Then also in 1892 he was professor
of electricity at the University of Paris. In 1897
Voltage source 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 he was awarded the Gaston Plante Prize. One of
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 −2𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −3.98𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Blonde's most prominent works was the inventor
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 -10.63V -10.6V of the oscilloscope, which was moving coil 1893
and hysterometer. I carry out other studies on
|𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚| electric light sources on the lighting of
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100%
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 headlights and public lighting. Another study
|10.63𝑉𝑉 − 10.6𝑉𝑉| was the voltaic arc, he also dealt with
%𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100% = 0.28% radiography creating the first radio beacons,
10.63
where the first long-distance telephonies were
mounted in Paris. Blonde died in 1938 in Paris.

Laboratory report diode characteristics, made for the Electronics I Course (ELEN 430)
Made by: H. Rodriguez, Q. Figueroa, and E. Torres (2023)
6