REVIEW OF RELATED SYSTEMS

Li, Y., Lu, J., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2017) The Didi Dache app is China’s
biggest taxi booking mobile app and is popular in cities. Unsurprisingly, short-term traffic
demand forecasting is critical to enabling Didi Dache to maximize use by drivers and
ensure that riders can always find a car whenever and wherever they may need a ride. The
real taxi-hailing orders data are applied to evaluate the model’s performance and
practicality, and the results are encouraging. The Wave SVM model, compared with the
prediction error of state-of-the-art models, not only has the best prediction performance
but also appears to be the most capable of capturing the nonstationary characteristics of
the short-term traffic dynamic systems.
MTB app In the article Consumers’ intention to adopt Mobile Taxi Booking App
by EACP Karunathne and Hansani, due to the Drastic Digitalization, the Mobile Taxi
Booking (MTB) app have become very popular in Sri Lanka due to the abundance of
smartphones. In the past few years, efficient taxi service was a hot topic in where the taxi
service providing firms faced challenges due to the disparity between the taxi supply and
passenger demand (Weinandy and Ryan, 2021, Shen et al., 2015). The emerging trend of
mobile taxi booking has shown its introduction level by having a huge rate of consumer
adoption rather than traditional taxi service in Sri Lanka. This MTB app makes a larger
consumer adoption of it by changing their user behaviour. (EACP Karunarathne, 2021)
Baghudana, A., & Leis, J. (2015) MATATUS public transport is the main means
of transportation in many African countries. In Kenya, they go by the informal name
“matatus” whose mode provides most of the public transport in Kenya which are owned
by SACCOs operated by private individuals who must pay SACCOs a fixed daily rate.
The management complained of long queues in their offices where passengers visited in
order to make a booking for their journey causing inconveniences to the passengers
(Kiwanuka, 2016). According to FinScope survey 2016, several countries have tried to
introduce cashless payment systems in the transport industry among them Rwanda where
Tap&Go (NFC) cashless payment system was introduced to pay for the transit service
which later expanded similar services to Cameroon, Singapore which introduced
interoperable, contactless Visa payment options and aims at achieving cash free payments
by 2020 in the transport industry and Nigeria which utilizes NFC technology to pay for
fare transactions.

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 Amita Vashisht, et al (2015) Cab Services App is a cutting-edge solution for
resolving our day-to-day transportation issues. The features, challenges, implementation,
and development of the cab booking application are discussed in a paper by Amit
Vashistha, Rohit Goyal, Aman Chaudhary, and Prabu S. Cab service software aims to
make booking cab rides simple, economical, and pleasant for everyone with a smartphone.
The app also gives you options for the sort of taxi you’d like to take. This is assured by the
fact that there are several cab service providers from which the consumer may choose the
one that offers the greatest services at the lowest price. This app enables consumers in
several cities in India with a free online (internet-based) cab booking service. It serves as a
link between cab drivers and customers/users/people who want to book a cab. This app
also gives a fantastic opportunity for tour operators, who can make use of the feedback
they receive from customers who used taxi services through the app.
Farshad Kooti and Et al. (2019) Uber Taxi on the other hand can be described as
a taxi service for the elite. It portrays its users as successful individuals who have style,
class and elegance. The Uber smartphone application that is available on all mobile
platforms connects passengers to drivers in an area. All passengers have to do is to
download the Uber application on their smartphone. When a request is made, a GPS based
dispatcher feature simply sends the location of the requesting passenger as pinpointed on a
Google map, in specifics to the country. The user then selects the type of car s/he wants to
use. A picture of the driver and the vehicle's registration detail is sent so the passenger and
a suitable price is then agreed upon. When a passenger is in the car, s/he can send a link of
an online map to a friend or loved one, who can track their entire journey via GPS. Driver
rating is also a feature of the app, in which a rider can rate the driver and also give a
testimonial on the service provided by Uber. However, this service is not yet functional in
Nigeria.
S. Wakoba (2015) Afro Cab is another Nigerian based taxi hailing app, which
emerged in 2012. The company is currently servicing Lagos and Abuja with plans to
expand their reach to more major cities in the country. The company has over 600
registered drivers in Abuja and Lagos. The application works by allowing users to input
their location and then a menu of registered locations/streets are shown. If the location
keyed-in is not known, an alternative pickup location is shown. The type of car the user
wants to ride is listed and the user is also able to specify the range of amount that s/he is
willing to pay before tapping the Get Cab button. The app sends the request to a number of
the drivers within the vicinity. A driver can either accept or reject the request and the

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feedback is fed to the customer in real time. However, once a driver accepts the offer, a
live map view of the taxi’s movement is shown on the screen of the user’s mobile device.
A drawback of this application is that it fails to recognize some locations and so customers
requiring the services in those areas may be denied the service.
B. Oluwafemi (2014) Easy Taxi was founded in Brazil and has since been
expanding. Bankole Cardoso introduced the company to Nigeria in July 2013. Its main
goal is to create efficiencies in the Nigerian transportation network by changing the
perception of Nigerians about taxis. With Easy Taxi, users can call a taxi anytime and
anywhere and the app would automatically search for the taxi closest to the vicinity of the
customer. As soon as a taxi is selected, a live map of the taxi’s movement is shown on the
screen of the customer’s mobile device. The drawback of Easy Taxi however is that
because it is new, Nigerians are still rather skeptical about its ability to always deliver
hence it is not yet widely used.
M. A. Hoque, P. Pfeiffer, S. Gabrielle, E. Hall Et al. (2017) SAFARI the Secure,
Autonomic, FAult-Resiliant and Intelligent Taxi Hailing System, currently undergoing
prototyping, will broker rides between taxi drivers and spontaneous taxi users, or hailers.
SAFARI-Taxi will leverage anticipated growth in connected vehicle infrastructure (V2X)
as enabled by dedicated short range communications (DSRC) technology to replace line-
of-sight street hailing with automated dispatch, via public kiosks and smart phone apps
Hailing will be managed with a novel protocol, based on Hailing Request, Service Offer,
Hailer Response, and Ride Cancellation messages.
Krohe Jr, James (2013) Not Your Daddy’s Taxi This app explores e-hailing, a
novel mode of transportation in which riders find, reserve, and pay for rides in idle
automobiles for hire. Digital dispatch companies combine software with global positioning
system (GPS) and smartphone apps to link riders with different types of rides (i.e. black
car limos, traditional taxis, private cars). The author highlights the challenges faced in
major U.S. cities that have seen increased e-hailing, such as Boston, Chicago, San
Francisco, and Washington D.C. These challenges include tensions between upstart digital
dispatch firms and conventional taxi services, as companies such as Uber have battled taxi
companies in court and face pressure from transportation regulators. Despite the friction
between e-hailers and taxis, riders who are satisfied with e-hailing claim that its services
are greener, friendlier and make more use of resources than conventional taxi systems;
indeed, cities where e-transit has been tried have seen increased ridership and high
consumer ratings. As digital dispatch companies expand to more cities, it remains to be

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seen how they will impact the transportation market and what impact regulatory pressure
will have.
Meesala, Nirupama Mrinalini (2012) ToGo Cabs is an Android phone cab
reservation application which targets the residents of the state of Kansas. While some cab
services boast about their cab being just a call away, some other taxi services boast about
the punctuality of their service. Unfortunately, at the end of the day, the passengers are
just tired of waiting at different locations for the cab that they have just reserved to pick
them up and take them home. What we need is a reliable mobile application which
reserves a cab for us from a specific place at a certain time and which tells its users the
status of the cab in order to keep them from waiting for long hours. ToGo Cabs serves just
that purpose.
Navalgund, Arun Kumar Sharma (2015) Branding Missteps Dog UBER After
e-commerce, the taxi booking space is seen as the next big thing by investors. Customers
using a smartphone application hail taxis and private drivers from a company’s network of
hired drivers. Uber, being one such company in this space, had a lot at stake to
consistently maintain the brand that it had created for itself. With a lot of competition and
also a lot of hurdles and obstacles it was trying to maintain its brand. It had a lot of
mishaps Globally wherever it operated, the most recent being the rape case by one of its
drivers in India. Did all these cases dent Uber’s brand image? It made a lot of
compromises across various nations that created legal issues for Uber. It rubbed hard with
the local governments in the countries it operated and with the customers also.
Adewumi, V. Odunjo and S. Misra (2015) Red Cab Transportation is an issue of
concern in big cities of many developing countries today. Due to the large population in
these cities, there is constant traffic congestion and pollution. As a result taxi services are
common. In Nigeria, companies offering these services have discovered that they can
better serve the large population by providing their services through the mobile platform.
Given the wide spread adoption of smart phones in these regions, we designed, developed
and deployed an Android-based application for one of the taxi service company called Red
Cab. The application makes it easier for Red Cab to cater for its current customers and
also reach out to newer ones.
OpenStreetCab As modern transportation systems become more complex, there is
need for mobile applications that allow travelers to navigate efficiently in cities. In taxi
transport the recent proliferation of Uber has introduced new norms including a flexible
pricing scheme where journey costs can change rapidly depending on passenger demand

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and driver supply. To make informed choices on the most appropriate provider for their
journeys, travelers need access to knowledge about provider pricing in real time. To this
end, they developed OpenStreetCab a mobile application that offers advice on taxi
transport comparing provider prices. They describe its development and deployment in
two cities, London and New York, and analyse thousands of user journey queries to
compare the price patterns of Uber against major local taxi providers. They have observed
large heterogeneity across the taxi transport markets in the two cities. This motivated them
to perform a price validation and measurement experiment on the ground comparing Uber
and Black Cabs in London.
C. T. Adhikara and K. C. Bagus Wicaksono (2016) OJEK ONLINE The
advancement of the internet has created significant changes to business process in the
world. Furthermore, rapid growth of smartphone and its mobile application users have
attracted an increasing amount of society attention. Many organization saw it as an
opportunity to enter the market and some of them take advantages to build the new “Blue
Ocean”. Ojek (in Indonesian term), or motorcycle taxi, or cart bike, is a popular licensed
form of transportation in Indonesia. With a touch of internet and its Application (Apps),
this transportation service enter a new level of business, called Ojek Online. There are two
popular Ojek Online Company in Jakarta City, Indonesia, namely Go-Jek and GrabBike.
The purpose of this study is to find differences among Brand Image Apps Service of
Gojek and GrabBike by comparing six factors : Attributes, Benefits, Cultures, Values,
Personality dan User. Data obtained from respondents questionnaires who have been used
both online ojek services, so they can evaluate both brand image from each point of view
attributes, benefits, cultures, values, personality and user. Data analysis using ANOVA
method to test the difference of Brand Image. This study concludes that there is a
difference in terms of Brand Image owned by Go-Jek and GrabBike online motorcycle
services, although both sites offer similar services.
Salama, Ramiz; Jabbar Et al. (2014) North Cab Taxi Transportation is extremely
important in society's day-to-day operations. A major portion of the working class in most
cities go to work and school regularly. Commuting can be used for a variety of reasons,
including relaxation, dining out, and other activities. Land transportation, which includes
the use of both individual and commercial cars, is the most frequent mode of
transportation in North Cyprus, particularly in emerging cities... Commercial
transportation, on the other hand, has a significant cost benefit over having a personal
vehicle. Taxis are becoming increasingly popular, particularly in the cities of Nicosia,

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Famagusta, and Karenina. Before, the institutions providing such services were unable to
reach as many people as they would have liked, particularly in rural areas. Given the
widespread use of smartphones in this area, there is an urgency to reach more customers
while taking care of the existing ones. Some businesses in North Cyprus have
implemented mobile applications to be used by their consumers, but North Cab Taxi is
still a work in progress. Instead, the company uses a Web-based cab reservation system.
North Cab has realized the necessity for a smartphone version of its cab booking service
for it to keep a competitive step above its competition.
Ashok Kumar and Et al (2017) Careem is another taxi booking app introduced in
10 countries. It is moreover similar to uber, it provides you every single information
regarding your ride which makes users more comfortable. Drivers in Careem service are
well mannered. Drawback of this service is that it is expensive than Uber and many users
who are not familiar with touchscreen faced problem while using it.
B. Oluwafemi (2014) Easy Taxi was founded in Brazil and has since been
expanding. Bankole Cardoso introduced the company to
Nigeria in July 2013. Its main goal is to create efficiencies
in the Nigerian transportation network by changing the
perception of Nigerians about taxis. With Easy Taxi, users can
call a taxi anytime and anywhere and the app would
automatically search for the taxi closest to the vicinity of the
customer. As soon as a taxi is selected, a live map of the taxi’s
movement is shown on the screen of the customer’s mobile
device. The drawback of Easy Taxi however is that because it
is new, Nigerians are still rather skeptical about its ability to
always deliver hence it is not yet widely used.
G. Porter (2016) Tranzit unlike other mobile enabled taxi service is not just
a transportation service, but also a delivery service that helps a person locate required and
interesting places, events, by
suggestions based on the person’s current location. It can also
be described as an intermediary between passengers and
drivers [14]. Tranzit claims that with a few taps, goods can be delivered to a customer’s
doorstep, and can with those same
taps find a license-vetted taxi. Tranzit, which was first called
Taxi Park, was launched in August 2013, bridging the gap
between passengers and drivers. Tranzit was borne of the
desire to better serve our steadily growing database of client.
The service is currently running in Lagos, though there are
plans to expand the coverage. Lagos traffic is legendary and
booking a taxi with ID and details of drivers unknown is very
risky. Tranzit’s plan is to change all this, is by developing a system of service that moves

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people and objects from one place
to another in the city of Lagos