Chapter Title: Index

Book Title: The Lonely Crowd

Book Subtitle: A Study of the Changing American Character
Book Author(s): David Riesman, Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney
Published by: Yale University Press

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxkn7c9.23

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Lonely Crowd

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 Index
Abraham, Karl, xxxi
abundance, xxiii, xxv, lix, 31, 40,
111–112, 124, 139–140, 219, 265
abundance psychology, 16
acculturation, 31
accumulation of capital, 13, 15, 16
acquisitive consumer, 102–104, 123,
128
Adams, Brooks, 182, 281n5 (Ch.
VIII)
Adams, Henry, xi, xiii
adaptation, xxxii, 9, 14, 16, 19, 26, 28–
29, 214, 218–219, 276n10. See also
adjustment; anomie; autonomy
adjustment, xxxii, 212–220; defined,
213–214; of inner-directed, 213,
222; modes of, 214–215; of other--
directed, 213; peer-groups and, 62,
71, 131, 134; through work, 230; of
tradition-directed, 213
adult legitimacy, loss of, xxii, xxvi
advertising and marketing, xiii, 68,
85, 98, 186, 201, 241, 265, 274n21
affection and warmth, 49, 120, 132,
135, 172, 186, 192, 279–280n8
Alger, Horatio, 80, 130, 176
alienation, xxxviii, lii, lviii, lix, 114,
136
Alorese primitive society, 213
ambition, 79–80, 82, 88, 100, 120, 203
American Indians, xxxix, xlvi; com-
pared to American culture, 199;
Hopis, xlvi, 11, 83; Pueblo Indians,
287
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 287
198–200, 204–205; reaction to
white culture, generational dif-
ferences in, 30, 156; Sioux, 30, 31;
Yuroks, 4–5
Americanization, xlii, 30–31
American magazine, 132
American Newspaper Publishers’
Association, 169
Ames, Fisher, 147
Anderson, Sherwood, 106
Anglo-Saxon tradition, 139
anomie, xxii, xxxii, xxxix, 212–216,
227, 229, 245, 269
antagonistic cooperation, 70–71, 88,
119, 120, 133, 204, 206, 233
anthropology, xiv, xxx–xxxi, xlii,
273n5
anxiety: American Indians and, 205;
awareness of nuclear weapons
and, xxvi; equality of condition
breeding, xii; in less developed
countries vs. in America, xlii; of
other-directed, 23, 25, 56, 129, 131,
139, 229, 241, 261; parents passing
to children, 42, 45; of Riesman in
teaching environment, xiv; socia-
bility and, 241; teachers dealing
with, 56
apathy: inner-direction and, 109; po-
litical, 25, 145–150, 167, 169, 173,
234; of primitive societies, 213; sex
and, 128; soldiers hospitalized for,
216. See also indifference
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 288 index
Apple corporation, xiii
approval: children seeking, 42–43;
self-approval, 108–109
Arabs, 11, 217–218
architects, 263–264
Aristotle, 24
arts: gap between high culture
and mass culture, 285n5; media
workers holding in contempt,
180; as way to escape “upward,”
105–106
asceticism, 32, 68, 119, 125, 129, 157,
252
Asch, Solomon E., 279n8
assimilation of minorities, 249–250
Athens and ancient Greece, 23–25,
145
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), l
audience: in inner-directed society,
78–79; in other-directed society,
138, 168, 170–171, 174, 262; of
political new-style indiffer-
ents, 169; in tradition-directed
society, 77
Augustine, St., 108
authoritarianism, xlviii, 271n4
automatization, 238–239
automotive hobbyists, 257–258
autonomy, xv, xxvi, xxxii, 211–229;
choice of character and identity
for future men and, lx, 140; choice
of occupation and, 220; class and,
219, 223–224; conformity and,
214, 227; curve of population
and, 217; difficulty in analysis of,
216, 226; enforced privatization
as obstacle to, 232, 243–250; false
personalization as obstacle to,
230–242; future view of, lvi–lvii;
heroes and, 221; ideal type of, xvi;
increasing concern with, xxii,
xxix; in inner-directed society,
xxxii, xxxiv, lvi–lvii, 220–225, 226,
239; liberal imagination and, xvi;
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 288
loss of, 269; misconceptions of
The Lonely Crowd on, lvi–lviii; in
other-directed society, 220, 223,
225–229, 261; overpersonalized
society and, 237–239; peer-group
and, 254, 261; personal assertion
and, lvii; play and, lvii, 243–265;
sex and, 228; taste-exchanging and,
261–263; tolerance and, 228–229;
in tradition-directed society, 213,
217; utopia and, 266–269; work
and, 230–242
Avery, Sewell, 190, 192
avocational counselors, 263–264
Bagehot, Walter, 278n2
Balzac, Honoré de, 81, 129, 225
Banfield, Edward C., lvi
Beauvoir, Simone de, 225, 230
Becker, Howard C., 277n7, 281n3
Bell, Daniel, Work and Its Discontents,
lvii
Bellamy, Edward, 220; Looking Back-
ward, 105, 241
Benedict, Ruth, xxx, 4, 204, 206, 213;
Patterns of Culture, 198–199
Bentham, Jeremy, 223
Berelson, Bernard, 278n2
Berle, A. A., Jr., The Modern Corpora-
tion and Private Property (with
Means), 100
Berlin, Isaiah, xvi
Bernard, Claude, Experimental Medi-
cine, 223
Bible, 74, 78, 84, 105, 146
Biddle, Nicholas, 152
birth control, 127
birth rate, decline in, 16, 24, 43, 110
Blake, William, 69
blends: inner-direction with other-
direction, xxxiv, 143–144, 197;
politics and, 143–144; tradition-
direction, inner-direction, and
other-direction overlapping with
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 index
each other, 27, 162; work and play,
lviii, 101–102, 123, 135, 137
blue-collar workers, resentment
of, 31
Blumer, Herbert, 279n6
Body and Soul (film), 136
Bohemianism, 227–228
Boulding, Kenneth, The Organiza-
tional Revolution, xxxviii
Britain, xxiv–xxv, 59, 111, 158, 185;
Elizabethan period, 218. See also
Victorian England
Broadcasters’ Code, 169
Bryan, William Jennings, 183, 184
Bryce, James, 21
Bullitt, Stimson, To Be a Politician,
xlviii
bureaucracies, xxxviii, 40, 98, 119,
276n2
Bureau of Applied Social Research,
xxx
Burke, Edmund, 280n5
Burnham, James, 18, 194, 198
businessmen: attitudes toward,
202–203; craft skill and, 113–115,
120; customers’ relationship with,
121–122; entrepreneurship of, 100,
116, 155; fair trade and, 115–118;
“fun” in business and, 118; “glad
hand” and, 116, 118–119, 122–123,
126, 139–140, 192; inner-directed
and other-directed, 113–120,
116–117; manipulation and, 112,
118, 139; power position of, 189,
191–196, 202; professional help
and, 116
Butler, Samuel, 45; The Way of All
Flesh, 44
Cain, James M., 255
California, xxxvii, 194
Calvinism, 38, 83
Caniff, Milton, 89
cannibalism, 9, 12
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 289
289
capital goods industries, 99
capitalism: considered as cultural
homogenizer, xv; free market in
late capitalism, xli; international in
character, 18; private competition
capitalism, 100
career choices: occupational status
and change, xliii, 219, 220,
223–224; satisfaction in age of
other-direction, 121; of young
Americans in 1920’s, 101; of young
Americans in 1960’s, xxv
Carnegie, Dale, 131
Castiglione, Baldassare, The Court-
ier, 80
Catholicism, xiv, 13, 187, 190
CCC camps, 231, 241
censorship, 79, 91
character: as abstractions, 26–27;
business function of, 116–117;
curve of population growth and, 6;
decisiveness in response to similar
conditions, xxxix; defined, 4; dif-
ferences from one era to another,
xxii, xxxvii; diminishing in future
importance, xxxviii; distinguished
from national or modal character,
xxxvii; as focus of study, xxxiii, 3;
ideal types of, 8; inner-directed,
12–15; loss of regional differences
and growing homogeneity, xl,
lix; other-directed, 17–21; politics
and, 143–145, 148, 157–158;
population and, xlv–xlvi; social
change and, 3, 25–26, 28–29; social
function of, xliii, 5, 26; tempera-
ment distinguished from, 280n4;
three types compared, xiv, 21–23,
45, 109; tradition-directed, 10–12;
universal types of, 214. See also
anomie; autonomy; children; fam-
ily; inner-direction; mass media;
other-direction; peer-group;
politics; tradition-direction
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 290 index
characterological struggle, 28–32,
64, 83, 96, 109, 111, 147, 151, 229,
274n15
Chautauqua circuit, 105, 106
Chesterfield, Lord, 57, 80
Chicago Sun-Times, 233–234
Chicago Tribune, 169, 189, 233–234
child labor, 16, 43, 47, 50
child market, 84–86, 264–265
children: in ancient Athens, 24;
changes in child-rearing practices,
19, 34, 42; character formation,
4–5, 19, 33, 37–39; consump-
tion patterns and, 68–70, 265; in
inner-directed society, 16, 79–84;
interactions with parents, 38–39,
48; manipulation between parent
and child, 45–47; mass media and,
44, 48; new social and economic
conditions, effect of, 43; in other-
directed society, 40–45, 53–56,
84–94, 252–253; oversteered,
82–84, 155, 215, 225; passage from
home, 39–40; punishment of, 45,
47; resentment of, 47; role models
of parents for, 36–37; in tradition-
directed society, 34–35, 45, 77–78;
value placed on by middle class,
xlv
children’s stories, xxiii, 91–93, 278n5.
See also comics; fairy tales; story-
tellers, role of
China, 9, 11, 98, 273nn12,13
Churchill, Winston, 185, 186
Citizen Kane (film), 103
city planners, 162, 245, 264, 268
civil rights movement, xxii, xxvi
Civil War, 157, 181
Clark, Colin, 8, 18
class: autonomy and, 219, 223–224;
bourgeois social organization
and, 224; class-consciousness in
elections, 182; consumption and,
65, 68, 102–104, 126–127, 134; in
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 290
early American era, 181; edu-
cational bias and, 52; food and,
124; inner-direction and, 154,
196; limited generosity of lower
middle and upper working classes,
xxiv; literature and, 81; love and,
127; occupational position and,
127; opposition to hierarchy of,
225; peer-group and, xxxvii, 59,
65, 70; politics and, 143, 154, 161,
182–187; popular culture and, 134;
poverty and lower socioeconomic
groups, xxiv; professional and
white-collar employees, xxv, 111;
race and, 246; Riesman’s insensi-
tivity to, xiv; work and, 235–237;
working class, xiv, 96, 236–237. See
also middle class; ruling class
clergy, role of, 61
Cleveland, Grover, 186
Cold War, lii, lv, lix. See also
Communism
Collier’s, 277n6
colonialism and colonization. See
imperialism and colonization
comics, 85, 86–90, 94, 135–136. See
also mass media
Communism, xlvi, xlix, 159, 219
competence: forms of, 254–263;
freedom from peer-group and,
254–255; in leisure pursuits, 107–
108, 251–265; sincerity’s effect on
ability to overlook incompetence,
166; social, 113; in work, 151
competition: among inner-directed,
71, 101; among other-directed, 84;
Kwakiutl and, 199; parents and
teachers as models of, 71; within
peer-groups, 60, 70, 71; sex and,
128, 129; in veto groups, 188. See
also antagonistic cooperation;
monopolistic competition
conformity and fear of nonconfor-
mity, xi, xxi, xxxii, liii; autonomy
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 index
and, 214, 227; children learning
to conform, 37, 206–207; criticism
of, xxxiv; inner-direction and,
21, 99, 222; Mill and, 225–226;
other-direction and, 134, 159, 161;
peer-groups and, 67; storytelling’s
socializing function and, 75. See
also adaptation; adjustment
Congreve, William, 158
conscience. See psychological
gyroscope
conservatism, xx, 124, 257
conspicuous consumption, 68,
102–103, 138, 199, 200, 223
consumer trainee, 65, 69–70, 84–86,
137, 139, 254–256
consumption patterns, xxiv; acquisi-
tive consumer, 102–104, 123, 128;
businessmen and, 116; captains
of consumption, 183–187; child
market and, 264–265; choice of
having children and, xlv; class
and, 65, 68, 102–104, 126–127,
134; corruption and, xlvi; escaping
consumer, 104–108, 123, 137–138;
Europeans and, 200; individuality
and, 68–70; inner-direction and,
98, 101–108; language as consumer
good, 133; leisure and, 219; Marx
on, 98; mass media and, 254–256;
other-direction and, xiii, 64, 67–71,
123, 166–168, 201; peer-groups
and, 64, 67–71; personalization
as demand in, 239–240; politics
and, 149, 165, 166–168; popular
culture and, 176; Tocqueville on,
274n21; transition from age of
production to age of consumption,
6, 219, 282n1; wasteful, 16; women
as leaders in, 69–70, 101. See also
conspicuous consumption; food,
attitudes toward; sex
cookbooks, 124, 125–126, 129
cooperation: American Indians and,
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 291
291
199; inner-direction and, 97–98;
other-direction and, 158; political,
among captains of industry, 183;
promotion of, 55–56, 57
corporations, lvii; goals of, 121; hu-
man relations emphasis of, 97, 117,
119; lower tolerance for exploita-
tion by, xxv; making promises
to workers, xi; shift from first to
second generation in, 117. See also
businessmen
Counter-Reformation, 5, 127
craftsmanship, 113–115, 118, 120–121,
242, 254, 256–259, 262. See also
hobbies; work
Crampton, Gertrude, 91
Cripps, Richard Stafford, 186
Cromwell, Oliver, 156
cultural differences: cultural anthro-
pology as study of, xxx; heterogene-
ity of Americans, xxxvi; homogeni-
zation of global culture, xli–xliii,
lix, 274n15; retention of heritage by
American immigrants, 249–250
“culture and personality” school,
xxix, 272n3
Curse of the Cat People (film), 45–48
cynicism, 145, 150, 153, 171–172
Dalton plan, 55
Darwinism, xlii, 280n5
dating, 66, 277–278n1. See also sex
Davis, Joseph, xliv–xlv
Defoe, Daniel, 81, 89; Robinson
Crusoe, 80
De Man, Henri, 238
democracy, xii, xxxix, 25, 119
demography. See population
Denney, Reuel, xxix, lx; The Aston-
ished Muse, lv
depression (1907), 184
Depression (1930’s). See Great
Depression
despair, xx, 32, 34
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 292 index
developing countries, goals for, lix
deviants, 11, 213–214, 215, 220–222,
227–228. See also rebels and
rebellions
Dewey, John, 225
Dewey, Thomas E., 168
diary keeping, 39, 54
Dickens, Charles, 278n5
Diggers, 156
distribution system, xxiii, 119, 125,
231, 238, 241. See also consumption
patterns
divorce, 247
Dobuan culture, 198–200, 202–203,
206, 211, 213, 245
“do-gooder” as term of contempt,
lvii, 156
Dollard, John, xlvii
doubt. See self-doubt
dress: casual, 137–138; change of role
and, 105; decline of evening, 137
Drucker, Peter, 18; Concept of the
Corporation, 192
Durkheim, Émile, 109, 213
dwellings: location of home, meaning
of, 58–59; physical living space
in, 35, 43, 59–60; privacy within,
38, 43
eccentricity, 228, 255–256
education, 50, 52–57; change from
nineteenth to twentieth century,
155; cooperation, promotion of,
55–56; creativity, emphasis on,
277n8; Dalton plan, 55; indus-
trialization and, 111; mobility to
seek better schools, 58; new type
of to match new type of career,
119; other-direction promoted in,
53–56, 277n7; parents replaced by
school as determinant of child’s
social standing, 42; physical setting
of school, 51, 54; political, 147; pro-
gressive, 53–56; school textbooks,
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 292
85, 91; tolerance, promotion of, 56;
in transitional growth phase, xxxii,
76; universal, 152. See also teachers
ego, 39
Eisenhower, Dwight D., l, 168, 171
Elkins, Stanley, Slavery, xxxix
Emersonian ideal, xxxvi
emotional detachment: American
Indians and, 199; from consumer-
ism, 201; in politics, 159, 160, 171,
196. See also anomie
empathy, xxxvi, xlvii
enforced privatization, 232, 234,
243–250, 266
Engels, Friedrich, 223
England. See Britain; Victorian
England
entertainers and entertainment, 251;
adjustment to the group and,
130–138; contribution to autonomy
by, 255–256; hierarchy among
kinds of, 174; political sphere and,
182, 187
entrepreneurs, 100, 116, 155
envy. See jealousy and envy
equality of condition, xii–xiii, 269;
ancient society’s creation of
inequality, 23; liberalism’s blind-
ness to inequality, xv; oneness of
mankind, 218
Erasmus, 225
Erikson, Erik H., xvi, lx, 4–5, 30, 156
escape, 104–108, 123, 137–138, 179,
182
ethnic minorities: movement
toward middle class, 249–250;
privatization of, 249–250; veto
groups and, xxiv, 249–250; work-
disenfranchised ethnics, 284n2
(Ch. XIV)
etiquette, 10, 64, 65, 66, 80
Europe, 15, 17, 29, 200. See also
Renaissance
Everybody Does It (film), 254–255
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 index
exclusion. See ostracism and exclusion
extended family. See
tradition-direction
Faces in the Crowd (Riesman et al.),
xvi, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxix, xxx, xxxiii,
xli, xliii, lxi, 273n7, 280n2
factory workers, xxxviii, 130,
235–237, 238–239
fairness and peer-groups, 63, 121–122
fair trade, 115–118, 169, 188
fairy tales, 87, 88, 278n7. See also
myth
false personalization, 230–242, 244,
266. See also “glad hand”
family, xxvi, xl–xli; in ancient Athens,
24; business connections and, 116;
choice of tradition determined by,
14, 15–16, 22, 57, 276n5; disinte-
gration of, 247; grandmothers, role
of, 49–50; in-laws, 49; mixture of
personality types within, 216–217;
siblings, role of, 50, 57, 224; as
social unit of organization, 11;
struggle for autonomy within, 224.
See also parents; tradition-direction
fashion: morals vs., 20; peer-groups
and, 65. See also glamor
featherbedding, 194, 236, 239, 246,
253, 259
Federalist Papers, 152
Federalists, 181
Federal Trade Commission Act
(1914), 115
feudalism, 12, 17
fictional works. See literature
Fielding, Henry, 3
Fireside Cookbook, 125–126
folk dancers, 259
folk society, 11
food, attitudes toward, 123, 124–127,
250, 284n2 (Ch. XIV)
Ford, Henry, 117
Forster, E. M., 106
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 293
293
Fortune, 42, 117, 191
Franklin, Benjamin, Poor Richard’s
Almanack, 80
free market, xli, 97, 99
free trade, 116
Freidson, Eliot, 278n7
French Canadians, 95, 245
French Revolution, 280n5
Freud, Sigmund, xxxi–xxxii, 12, 39,
41, 231, 275–276n10, 276n5, 283n4
(Ch. XII), 283n2 (Ch. XIII)
Fromm, Erich, xxxi, xlvii, 4, 5, 17,
225, 275n7, 279n2 (Ch. V), 283n1
(Ch. XIII); Man for Himself, xli
frontier: economy, 24, 98, 110; as
geographical location, 58, 98, 101,
111, 222
Funt, Allen, 106–107
future: autonomy and, lvi; charac-
ter diminishing in importance,
xxxviii; choice of character and
identity for future men, lx, 140;
consumerism in future United
States, 69; incremental change as
way of the future, xxvii; political
control in future United States,
195; power in future United States,
195
Galbraith, John Kenneth, xxiii–xxiv;
The Affluent Society, liv; American
Capitalism, xlix–l
Galileo, 221, 225
gangsters in popular culture, 136
Gans, Herbert J., 281n1
Gemeinschaft, 11
gender differences. See women
General Motors–UAW negotiations
(1946), 192
generational change, xxii; architect’s
function, 263–264; in corporate
and business goals, 117, 191; from
nineteenth to twentieth century,
xiii; to other-direction, 29, 121;
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 294
generational change (continued)
politics and, 149; speed of, 9. See
also characterological struggle;
inner-direction; other-direction;
population; tradition-direction
Gesell, Arnold, 53, 54
Ghost Goes West, The (film), 103
G.I. Bill of Rights, 241
Giannini, A. P., 183
Gilded Age, xii, 200
“glad hand,” 116, 118–119, 122–123,
126, 139–140, 192, 239, 258
Gladstone, William Ewart, 186
glamor, 165, 167–168, 177, 183–184,
232–235
Glazer, Nathan, xxix, xxx, lx–lxi,
271n1, 272n3
Godwin, William, 32
Going My Way (film), 108
Golden Books, 91–93, 278n7
Goldsen, Joseph M., “Manager Meets
Union” (with Low), 192
Good Housekeeping, 132
Goodman, Paul, xxiii; Communitas
(with Percival Goodman), 238;
Growing Up Absurd, lviii
Gorer, Geoffrey, xxx, 4
Gourmet magazine, 126
gourmets, 124–126
governesses, 49, 58, 61
governmental institutions, 99, 101
grandmothers, 49–50, 61
Granger Movement, 151, 182
Grant, Ulysses S., 281n5 (Ch. IX)
Great Depression, xii, 120, 253
Greece and Rome, ancient, 23–25,
145
Green, Arnold, 17
Greenson, Ralph, 216
Griswold, A. Whitney, 130
group-adjustment experiences,
134–137, 140
guilt, 22, 53, 58, 75, 109, 148, 241, 246,
248, 252
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 294
index
Hanna, Mark, 182
Harvard Department of Social Rela-
tions study on American attitudes
toward Russia, 161
Hauser, Philip, 279n6
Havighurst, Robert J., Who Shall
Be Educated? (with Warner and
Loeb), 130
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 223, 242
Hawthorne counseling experiment,
111
hazing and bullying, 60
Hearst, W. R., 169, 173
Heisenberg principle, 195
heroes: authority-hero role in
stories, 87; autonomy and, 221; of
consumption, 184; inner-direction
and, 82–83, 120; in literature, 136;
peer-groups and, 64; personaliza-
tion of relationship with, 170;
winning and, 88–91
high growth potential stage. See
population
Himmelweit, Hilde, liv
Hobbes, Thomas, 199
hobbies, 59–60, 124, 176, 256–259
Hobson, Wilder, 262
Hodges, Harold, xxxvii
Hofstadter, Richard, xxxi
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 282n2
home. See dwellings
Home of the Brave (film), 173, 174
Homeric epics, 23
Hopi. See American Indians (Pueblo)
Horney, Karen, xlvii, 4
hot rodders, 257–258, 262
House of Strangers (film), 36–37
Howe, Helen, We Happy Few,
134–135
Hughes, Everett, 122, 279n1 (Ch. VI)
Huizinga, Johan, The Waning of the
Middle Ages, 15
human sacrifice, 9, 12
Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, 26
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 index
iconoclasts, 75. See also rebels and
rebellions
id, 39
ideal self, 39–40
ideal types, 214
imagination, 54, 73, 82, 89, 128, 240
immigrants, xxxix, 30–31, 110–111,
125, 280n2, 284n2 (Ch. XIV); an-
tiforeign crusades, 155; movement
toward middle class, 249–250;
political indifference of, 145; prior
to passport requirements, 222
imperialism and colonization, xl, xlii,
13, 28, 29, 36, 99, 100–101, 121
India, xlix, lix, 9, 98
Indians. See American Indians;
Kwakiutl Indians
indifference, xvii; to advertising, 201;
political style of, 145–150, 155,
162, 164, 167, 169, 177, 189, 215;
possible alliance of indignants
with indifferents, 179; similarities
between indifferent and inside-
dopester, 162; tradition-direction
and political indifference, 145–147,
150
indignation, 63, 93, 143, 149, 150, 155,
159, 166, 169, 175–179, 191, 197.
See also moralizers
indispensables, 237
individuality: ability to shape one’s
own character, lx; of American
business, 199, 202; in ancient
Athens, 24; consumption and,
68–70; developing into egocen-
trism and eccentricity, lvii; in
inner-direction, 14, 16, 68, 99, 153;
literacy and, 84; progressive educa-
tion and, 53; Tocqueville on, xii; in
tradition-directed societies, 10–11,
13–14. See also autonomy
industrialization: captains of industry,
182–183, 191; changing character
structure and, 29, 219; child labor
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 295
295
and, 16; defense industry, l–li;
government planning and, 101;
growth required for people to
feel successful, lii; in incipient
decline phase, 15–17, 127, 158;
inner-direction and, 100, 101;
international, 18; literacy and, 73;
literature and, 76; problems of
centralized and bureaucratized
society as result of, 16; ruling class
from, 182; tertiary trades and, 240.
See also production
industrial relations, 97, 117; teacher’s
role compared to, 56
Industrial Revolution, 5
inequality. See ethnic minorities;
Negroes; ostracism and exclusion;
racism
infanticide, 9, 12, 24
inheritance norms, 23
inhibition, 14, 35, 41, 83, 104–105,
205, 276n5
inner-direction, xl, 7, 95–109, 273n7;
in ancient Athens, 24–25; apathy
and, 109; autonomy and, xxxii,
xxxiv, lvi–lvii, 220–225, 226, 239;
blending with other-direction,
xxxiv, 143–144, 197; colonial-
ism and, xl; compared to both
tradition-directed and other-
directed, xiv, 21–23, 45, 109;
compared to other-direction, xiii,
xxi, xxxiv, 45, 139–140; compared
to tradition-direction, 13–14, 102;
conformity and, 21, 99, 222; criti-
cism of, xli; cultural differences
and, xlii; defined, 13–14; disap-
pearance of, xli; food and, 124–125;
generational conflict and, xxii, 29,
117; goals of society and, 13–14,
36, 60, 100–101, 120, 222; guilt and
shame in, 22; heroes and, 82–83,
120; historical development orga-
nized around, xxxvii; hobbies of,
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 296 index
inner-direction (continued)
257; leisure and, 101–108; literacy
and, 76–84, 138; manipulation and,
112, 114–115; middle class and,
38–39, 50; moralizer, political style
of, 143, 150–158, 166, 171–173,
176–178, 182–185, 189, 196;
over-idealization of, 97, 137, 140;
overlapping with other-direction
and tradition-direction, 27, 162;
parental role and, 36–45, 48, 57–58;
peer-group and, 57–61; in politics,
143, 148, 150–158, 165, 175, 196;
in professions today, 114–115;
property and, 100; refusal to waste
time, 137; relation to product, xiii,
97–98, 110; in Renaissance, 218;
self-approval and, 108–109; sex
and, 127, 129; stability and, 22;
teacher’s role and, 49, 51; univer-
sality of, 27; work and, 96, 97–101,
110, 150–151, 182, 222–223. See also
small-town trait of inner-direction
invisible hand of the market, 97, 99,
101, 140
isolation, 4, 27, 58, 82, 100, 161. See
also loneliness
Israel, xxxiv, lix
Ive, Jony, xiii
Ives, Charles, 242
Jackson, Andrew, 181
Jahoda, Marie, 260
James, Henry, 106, 200, 243
James, William, xxxvi, 279n2 (Ch. V)
Janowitz, Morris, 277n6
Jansenism, 99
Japanese social character, changes in,
xxxvii–xxxviii
jazz, 68, 94, 250, 258, 262
jealousy and envy, 63, 68, 75, 155, 156,
236–237
Jews, 136, 187, 188, 195, 249, 250,
284n2 (Ch. XIV)
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 296
Jobs, Steve, xiii
Joyce, James, A Portrait of the Artist as
a Young Man, 196
Joy of Cooking, The, 125, 126
Kafka, Franz, 225
Kaiser, Henry, 183
Kardiner, Abram, xxxii, 4, 213
“keeping up with the Joneses,” 21
Keniston, Kenneth, lix, 272n10
Kennan, George, xlvii
Key, V. O., Southern Politics, 194
Keynes, John Maynard, 104
Kingsley, Charles, 220
kinship organization, 11, 215
Kluckhohn, Clyde, xxxi
Knupfer, Genevieve, 280n2
Komarovsky, Mirra, Leisure: A Sub-
urban Study (with Lundberg and
McInerny), 257
Kriesberg, Louis, 281n2
Kwakiutl Indians, 198–207, 211,
212
labor: acceleration of division of, 36;
child, 16, 43, 47, 50; factory legisla-
tion, introduction of, 153; second
jobs, 275n25. See also work
labor unions, 111, 112, 147, 188, 190;
pre–Civil War, 152
Ladies’ Home Journal, 132, 133; “Pro-
file of Youth” series, 76
Lamb, Charles, 223, 242
language: child market and, 84–85; as
consumer good, 133; peer-groups
and, 72. See also literacy; storytell-
ers, role of
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 283n4
Lasswell, Harold D., xlvii, 280n1
lawyers: legal advice for business
firms, 116; in nineteenth century,
156
Lazarsfeld, Paul, liii, 118, 278n2,
281n6 (Ch. IX)
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 index
leaders: in business and politics, 115,
182, 193; captains of consumption,
183–187; captains of industry,
182–183, 191; social structure and,
127; in tradition-directed society,
35; women as leaders of consump-
tion, 69. See also opinion leaders;
ruling class
League of Women Voters, 249
Lee, Ivy, 184
legends. See myth
leisure. See play and leisure
Leites, Nathan, 126
Lerner, Daniel, The Passing of Tradi-
tional Society, xli
Letter to Three Wives, A (film), 201,
254–255
Levellers, 156
Lewin, Kurt, 27
liberalism, xiv–xv, xx
librarians, 284n4
life expectancy, 9, 12, 80
Life magazine, 54, 175, 261, 277n6;
“Teen-age Fun,” 70
Lilienthal-Baruch plan for control of
atomic energy, xlviii
Lincoln, Abraham, 281n5 (Ch. IX)
Lipset, Seymour Martin, xxxiv, xxxv,
xliv, 271n1, 272n3
literacy, lix, 73, 75, 76–84, 147, 150,
284n3
literature, xxiii; adult vs. children’s,
278n5; fiction, xxiii; group reading
of, 86–88; heroism in, 86–88, 136;
inner-directed character forma-
tion and, 81–82, 130, 138; other-
directed character formation and,
130–132; rise of capitalism and, 80;
Romantic poets, 227; social classes
and, 81; women’s, 132–134. See also
specific authors and types of literature
Livermore, Charles, 284n3
lobbying and lobbyists, 186, 187, 190,
194
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 297
297
Loeb, Martin B., Who Shall Be
Educated? (with Warner and
Havighurst), 130
London, Jack, 202
loneliness, xi, 60, 136, 138, 252, 268
Long, Huey, 195
Look magazine, 175
Low, Lillian, “Manager Meets
Union” (with Goldsen), 192
Lowenthal, Leo, xliv, 271n1, 272n3,
282n1
Lundberg, George A., Leisure: A
Suburban Study (with Komarovsky
and McInerny), 257
Lynd, Helen Merrill and Robert S.,
Middletown, 60
Lynd, Robert S., “The Pattern of
American Culture,” 202
Lynes, Russell, 126
MacMurray, Fred, 126
Mademoiselle magazine, 132, 176
maladjustment, 213–214
Malthus, Thomas, 9, 32, 125, 158, 231
manipulation: businessmen and, 112,
118, 139; inner-direction and, 112,
114–115; other-direction and, 112,
122; between parent and child,
45–47; preferred to force, 139; self-
manipulation, 130–132, 159, 211,
233; between teacher and child,
55; white-collar personalization
and, 233
manliness, 31, 47
Mann, Thomas, Buddenbrooks, 99
marginal differentiation, 41, 60, 64,
65, 68, 70, 93, 125, 211
market research, 85–86, 117, 173, 269
Marshall Plan, xlviii–xlix
Martineau, Harriet, xxxv
Marx, Karl, and Marxism, xv,
xxxviii, xlvi, 98, 194, 220, 222, 225,
251, 267
Masons, 155
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 298
mass media: children and, 44, 48,
84–86; consumer training and, 124,
254–256; corruption and, xlvi; crit-
ics of, 175–176, 179–180, 262–263;
freedom of peer-group from,
93–94; hierarchy of, 174–175; in
incipient population decline, 18;
influence of, 226; misconceptions
of The Lonely Crowd on, liii–lvi;
modern communications and, 73,
76–77; monopoly control of, 169;
nineteenth-century press, 153,
166; opinion leaders and, 278n2;
other-direction and, 18, 74, 84–94,
168–170, 254; parents and, 44–45,
48, 83–84; peer-group and, 19, 64,
66, 86–87, 93–94; politics and, liv,
166, 168–170, 172–175, 179–180,
185; popular culture and, 166; sex
and, 128; tolerance and, 168–170,
172, 175, 180; in transitional
growth phase, 18, 76–84; values
portrayed in, 30
materialism, 200, 201–202, 260
Mayo, Elton, 238
McCarthy, Glenn, 183
McCarthy, Mary, 282n3
McClelland, David, xxiii
McInerny, Mary Alice, Leisure: A
Suburban Study (with Lundberg
and Komarovsky), 257
McKinley, William, 182, 183, 185, 187
McWilliams, Carey, 194
Mead, G. H., 217
Mead, Margaret, xxii, xxx, xlv, 4, 247,
276n1
Means, Gardner C., The Modern
Corporation and Private Property
(with Berle), 100
Mechanics’ Associations, 152
Meier, Richard L., lvi
Melville, Herman, 225
Mencken, H. L., 157
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 298
index
Merton, Robert K., xx, 260, 273n6,
278n2, 281n6 (Ch. VIII)
Mexicans, 76, 95, 249
Meyerson, Martin and Margy, 148
Middle Ages, 5, 6, 15, 80–81; political
indifference in, 145; tradition-
direction in, 11
middle class: advertising and
consumerism of, 201; children as
consumers, 84–86; inner-direction
and, 38–39, 50; lifestyle changes,
219; lower, and group-adjustment,
xxxvii; middle- and upper-middle-
class women, 248; “old” vs. “new,”
xxxii, 18, 42; peer-group’s power
in, 61, 70, 120; political views of,
161; role models of, 101; transition
from lower to upper, 255; upper,
and other-direction, xxi, xli, 17,
123; upper- parents and children,
45, 63, 70, 124; urban upper, 20;
white suburban as role model, xiv
migrants. See immigrants
military service, 120, 193, 280n3
Mill, John Stuart, 38, 186, 211,
225–226, 228
Mills, C. Wright, xlvii, xlix, l, li, lii,
17, 198, 278n2; The Causes of World
War III, 274n18; White Collar, xi
mobility, 13, 201, 276n2; in career,
113–114, 121; character and, 36–37;
household relocation, frequency in
America, 245; in mass media roles,
174–175; in nineteenth century,
154; in other-directed society,
40–41; peer-groups and, 62; in
phases of population curve, 35,
58; schooling and, 52, 58; in status
hierarchy, 38
monopolistic competition, 41, 84, 116,
188, 211, 282n2
mood engineering, 234
moonlighting, 275n25
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 index
morale, 56, 111, 119, 235
morality: in children’s literature,
88–89; fashion vs. morals, 20;
parents’ role in enforcing, 60; peer-
groups and, 60, 63; teacher’s role in
enforcing, 52, 60; winning and, 91;
women as enforcers of, 107
moralizers, 143, 150–158, 182–185,
189, 196; enthusiast variant of,
156–157; indignant, 143, 149, 150,
155, 159, 166, 169, 175–179, 191,
197; influential men as, effect on
other-directed persons, 158; in
presidential election (1896), 182;
resentment of, 30
More, Thomas, 99
Morgan, J. P., 182, 184
movies, xxiii; autonomy shown
in, 256; conspicuous consump-
tion and, 103; heroes of, 89–90,
135–136; play and, 254–256;
politics and, 180, 187; realism of,
89; sophistication and, 262. See also
entertainers and entertainment;
mass media; popular culture
Mr. Belvedere movie series, 255–256
Murphy, Gardner, 275n4
Murray, Henry A., xxxi
music: middle-class aspirations and,
105; peer-groups and musical
taste, 66–67; tolerance and, 170;
tradition-directed society, songs
in, 74; as way of bringing people
together, 134. See also jazz
myth, 74, 75, 79–80, 82, 83, 109
narcissism, 41, 90
national character and culture, xxx–
xxxi, xliii, li, 273n13; “national
honor,” concept of, 162–163; “our
way of life,” concept of, 163
National Commission on America’s
Goals and Resources of the
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 299
299
National Planning Association,
xxiv
National Opinion Research Center,
xxx
National Recovery Act (NRA), 115
Negroes: assimilation of, 250, 284n2
(Ch. XIV); learning and, 76;
leisure pursuits tainted by race
considerations, 250; in media
portrayals, 172–173; middle class
integration of, 249; move from the
South to the North, 30–31; politics
and, 145–146; privatization of,
249–250; proximity to southern
whites, 59; role model of Booker
T. Washington, 82; sociability
of other-directed man and, 246;
tolerance and, 228–229; tradition-
direction and, 29, 95; in Trilling’s
The Other Margaret, 44; Uncle
Tomism and, 250; white tolerance
of, 249–250
Negro Worker, The (Washington), 82
neo-Freudians, xxxi
neotraditionalists, 245
New Deal, xlviii, 191. See also Roos-
evelt, Franklin D.
Newsweek, 41
“New Thought” movement, 130
New York Daily News, 169
New Yorker, The, 20
New York Herald Tribune, 165
New York Times, 79
Nick Carter stories, 176
Niebuhr, Reinhold, xlvii
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 225
nineteenth-century Americans, xi;
change of character from, 3, 21;
distinguished from twentieth-
century Americans, xiii; enthusiast
variant of moralizers, 156–157;
food and decor of, 125; litera-
ture of misunderstood youth in,
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 300 index
nineteenth-century Americans
(continued)
44; meaning of work for, 96;
moralizers in politics of, 150–154;
nostalgia for earlier age, 105–106;
optimism of, 32; portrait of, xxi;
speculation necessary on religious
differences among social strata,
xxxv. See also inner-direction
nonconformists, 227–228. See also
rebels and rebellions
nonvoters, 149
Norris, Frank, 202
Notestein, Frank W., xliv–xlv, 13,
275n3
nouveaux riches, 200
nuclear awareness, xxvi, l–li
occupational status and change, xliii,
219, 220, 223–224
Olmsted, Michael S., 273n8
opinion leaders: children as, 84; peer-
groups and, 64, 67–68, 70, 278n2;
teachers as, 55
oral tradition, 74
Ortega y Gasset, José, 225
Orwell, George, 85
ostracism and exclusion, 23, 24–25,
246. See also class; racism
other-direction: advertising and, 202;
as American trait, xxxii–xxxvii,
17; in ancient Rome, 25; autonomy
and, 220, 223, 225–229, 261;
blending with inner-direction,
xxxiv, 143–144, 197; in business,
115–118; child raising and, 40–45;
child’s search for approval and,
42–43; compared to both tradition-
directed and inner-directed,
xiv, 21–23, 45, 109; compared to
inner-direction, xiii, xxi, xxxiv, 45,
139–140; conformity and, xxxii,
18, 134; consumption and, xiii, 64,
67–71, 123, 166–168, 201; criticism
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 300
of, xli, 97, 139; defined, 8, 17–21;
food and, 124–127; generational
change to, 29, 117, 121; goals of,
19, 120–122; grandparents, role of,
50; human element and, 110–113,
132–133; inside-dopesters,
political style of, 143, 158–164,
165, 167, 176–178, 188, 196, 211,
267; manipulation and, 112, 122;
mass media and, 18, 74, 84–94,
168–170, 254; opinion leader and,
67–68; overlapping with inner-
direction and tradition-direction,
27, 162; parental role in, 40–45, 61;
peer-group and, xiii, liv, 19, 27–28,
61–71, 196, 277–278n1; play and
leisure and, 124–127, 243–250,
252, 259, 264, 268; political style
of, 18–19, 158–164, 166–168, 196;
power and, 190, 196–197, 211–212;
as Riesman’s undoing, xiv; sex and,
128–130, 246–247, 276n5; socializa-
tion of performance and, 66; so-
cialization of taste and, 54, 63–65;
social media and, xiii; teacher and,
53–56; tolerance and sincerity in,
xxvi, xxxvi, 166, 168–171, 177,
188–189, 191, 196; universality of,
27; as urban trait, 29; urban upper
middle class and, 20; work and, 97,
110–122
oversteered children and adults,
82–84, 99, 108, 155, 215, 225
Paddleford, Clementine, 125
Panassié, Hugues, 262
parents, xxxv, xli, 4; anxiety passed
to children, 42, 45; approval of
children, effect of, 42; changes in
role of, 34–48; character training
as conscious parental task, 37–39;
inner-direction, parental role in,
36–45, 48, 57–58; interactions with
children, 38–39, 48; manipulation
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 index
between parent and child, 45–47;
mass media and, 44–45, 48, 83–84;
mother’s role, changes in, 47–48;
other-direction, parental role in,
40–45, 61; rule of reason and,
45–48; socialization of children,
34, 39; tradition-direction, parental
role in, 34–35; in upper middle
class, 45. See also family
Park Forest (Chicago) interviews,
167–168, 281n1
Parsons, Talcott, xlv, lviii, 273n9,
273–274n14, 283n1 (Ch. XIV)
passivity, 107, 148–150, 154, 156,
166–167, 262
Patterson Robert, 186
Paul, St., 158
Payne Fund study of movies, 131
Peabody, Endicott, 107
peasant society, 29, 274n15
Peel, Robert, 186
peer-group, xxxii, 57–94; adjustment
and, 62, 71, 131, 134; adoles-
cent, 205; in ancient Athens, 25;
antagonistic cooperators of, 70–71;
autonomy and, 254, 261; business
and, 118, 192; class and, xxxvii, 59,
65, 70; competition within, 60, 70,
71; consumption and, 64, 67–71;
enlarged to allow for larger group
of peers, xxxvi; fairness and, 63,
121–122; freedom from, 254–255;
goals and, 121–122; hobbies and,
59–60; increase in authority of,
xxvi, 226; in inner-directed society,
57–61; language and, 72; mass me-
dia and, 19, 64, 66, 86–87, 93–94;
Mill and, 225–226; morality and,
60, 63; in other-directed society,
xiii, liv, 19, 27–28, 61–71, 196,
277–278n1; outcasts designated by,
122; parents replaced by, in deter-
mining child’s social status, 42; in
politics, 159, 162; popular culture
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 301
301
and, 138; in progressive schools,
54; repression of, 62–63; seeking
affection of, 120, 134–136; sex
and, 129, 205; sincerity and, 171;
socialization and, 61, 63–70, 244;
standardization of performance
and, 66; taste-exchanging and, 261;
temper and, 63, 204; tolerance of,
63, 171
personal choice: in food, 125; to have
children, xlv; inner-direction and,
14; in lifestyle and leisure, 256. See
also autonomy
personality, 3–4, 27, 279–280n8; basic
personality type, 213; cult of, liv;
as product in demand, 41; of sales-
man, 120. See also affection and
warmth; character
personalization, 99; overpersonalized
society, 237–239
pessimism, 32, 34, 281n5
pioneering spirit, 98
plasticity and “plastic man,” xl, xli, 89
Plato, 24
play and leisure, 18, 251–264; ac-
ceptance of potentialities of, 140;
arts as way to escape “upward,”
105–106; autonomy and, lvii,
243–265; avocational counseling
for, 263–264; blending of work and
play, lviii, 101–102, 123, 135, 137;
character formed for, 219; com-
petence and, 107–108, 251–265;
conservatism of, 257; consumption
and, 69, 102–104, 219; craftsman-
ship in, 256–259; enforced “real-
ism” and, 54; in era of incipient de-
cline of population, 16, 127, 276n2;
escape “downward,” 106–108, 182;
escape “upward,” 105–106; food
and, 125–126; guilt and, 250; holi-
days, 251–252; inequality between
sexes, 247; of inner-directed adult,
96, 101–108, 137, 182; of inner-
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 302 index
play and leisure (continued)
directed child, 57, 60; of other-
directed adult, 124–127, 243–250,
252, 259, 264, 268; privatization
and, 251; race and, 250; schools,
play in, 53, 55; sex and leisure
masses, 127–128; specialization
in, 253–254; of tradition-directed
adult, 102; vacation, 264. See also
consumption patterns; enforced
privatization; popular culture
Polanyi, Karl, 279n1 (Ch. V)
police brutality, 159
Polish rural press, role in literacy,
76–77, 84
politics: anomic character types and,
215; apathy and, 25, 145–150, 167,
169, 173, 234; autonomy and, xvi;
character and, 143–145; con-
sumption and, 149, 165, 166–168;
cynicism toward, xxi; distinction
between civic and political activity,
274n17; economic interests intrud-
ing in, 152; emotional detachment
in, 159, 160, 171, 196; enthusiast
variant of moralizers, 156–157;
incomprehensibility of, 154–155;
indifference, political style of,
145–150, 155, 162, 164, 167, 169,
189, 215; inner-direction and,
143, 148, 150–158, 165, 175, 196;
inside-dopester, political style of,
143, 158–164, 165, 167, 176–178,
188, 196, 211, 267; mass media
and, liv, 166, 168–170, 172–175,
179–180, 185; of middle class, 161;
misconceptions of The Lonely
Crowd on, xlvi–liii; moralizers,
political style of, 143, 150–158,
166, 171–173, 176–178, 182–185,
189, 196; in nineteenth century,
150–154; other-directed character
and, 18–19, 158–164, 166–168,
196; party system, 179, 194; real-
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 302
ism in, 162; regional differences
and, 162; style of, 144, 280n1; in
tradition-directed society, 145–147,
150; in twentieth century, xxvi,
154–155, 281n5 (Ch. VIII); veto
groups and, 187–191. See also
power; tolerance
Polybius, 24
popular culture, xxiii, 76, 79, 130–138,
140, 166, 170, 174, 176, 180, 262,
285n5. See also literature; mass
media; play and leisure
population: in ancient Athens, 23–24;
birth rate and, 16, 24, 43, 110;
control measures, 9, 12; decision
to use population theory in book,
xlv, 8; economic indicators, xxiii;
geographic locations, 28–29; high
growth potential stage of, 6, 8–12,
58, 101; incipient decline of, 7–8,
15–18, 47, 48, 58, 65, 73, 84, 96,
111–112, 120, 124, 127, 219, 220,
264, 276n2; misconceptions of The
Lonely Crowd on, xliv–xlvi; other-
directed character and, 17–21;
phases of growth described, 6–8;
transitional growth stage of, 7–8,
12–15, 18, 31, 36–37, 39, 40, 47–48,
58, 76, 81, 96, 100, 110, 125, 127,
220. See also regional differences;
rural areas; urbanization
poverty: exclusion from storyteller’s
market, 80; political style and,
147; poor whites moving from
the South to the North, 30–31;
resentment of the not-quite-poor,
xxiv; tradition-direction and, 29.
See also class
power: amorphousness of, 181, 189,
195; of army officers, 193; captains
of consumption, 183–187; captains
of industry, 182–183; in future
United States, 195; images of,
181–182, 198, 202, 206, 219; indif-
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 index
ferents and, 189; interpretation of,
144–145; misconceptions of The
Lonely Crowd on, xlvi–liii; other-
direction and, 211; of ruling class
in United States, 191–196; state
and national, 194–195; students’
images of, 202–203. See also ruling
class; veto groups
presidential elections: 1896, 182; 1948,
168
press. See mass media
privacy: of adults, 108, 222, 252; of
children, 38–39, 43, 46, 51, 66, 94,
252; politics and, 154
privatization, liii, 23, 233, 239, 251,
253. See also enforced privatization
product differentiation. See marginal
differentiation
production: economic problem of
abundance and, xxiii; expansion
of, 13, 111; foreman’s position and,
111; hardness of material and, 98,
106, 111, 114, 120, 139, 172, 223,
257, 260; inner-direction and, xiii,
97–98, 110; loss of fine handi-
crafts due to mass, 262; mass and
marginal differentiation, 65; not
as necessary as public goods, xxiv;
transition from age of to age of
consumption, 6, 219, 282n1
productive orientation, 232, 283n1
(Ch. XIII)
professionals. See class; and specific
professions
Prohibition, 284n2 (Ch. XIV)
property, 100, 123, 223–224, 225
Protestantism, 13, 37, 38, 81, 137,
157, 187, 222, 225. See also Puritan
(Protestant) ethic
psychological gyroscope, 14, 16, 22,
27, 40, 41, 109, 219, 221, 222
public opinion polling, xxiii, xxix–xxx
punishment and sanctions, 22, 25, 38,
51, 222; of children, 45–47, 104
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 303
303
Puritan (Protestant) ethic, xv, xl, 13,
16, 36, 37, 68, 84, 99, 105, 106, 108,
124, 125, 222, 251–252, 260, 276n1,
284n2 (Ch. XIV)
Pyle, Howard, 89
Quakers, 156
race. See ethnic minorities; Negroes
racism, xv, xx, xxii, 29–30, 159,
172–173, 250
radio, 85, 94, 124, 173. See also mass
media
Rand, Ayn, The Fountainhead, 136
Ranulf, Svend, 280n4; The Jealousy
of the Gods and Criminal Law in
Athens, 25
realism: in children’s stories, 89, 93;
in comics, 89–90; in The Curse of
the Cat People, 46–47; in fiction, 82,
133; in play, 54; in politics, 162; in
progressive education, 54
rebels and rebellions, 29, 51,
52–53, 58, 74, 75, 132, 216. See also
deviants
Reformation, 5, 13, 38, 127
regional differences: limitations of,
143; loss in modern age, xxxix–xl;
politics and, 162. See also frontier;
rural areas; South, the
religion: clergy, role of, 61; evangeli-
cal revivalism, 105, 158; mean-
ingfulness for earlier generations
of Americans, xxxv; missionary
zeal, 98; movie makers and, 187;
opposing control of, 225; secular,
xxvi. See also Catholicism; Jews;
Protestantism; Puritan (Protestant)
ethic
Renaissance, 5, 12–13, 36, 38, 39, 84,
218
repression: of evil, 151; of peer-
groups, 62–63
resentment, 29–31, 47
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retirement, 253
revivalist movements, xliii, 105, 259
revolutions, lix, 5. See also rebels and
rebellions
Riesman, David: as embodiment of
other-direction, xiv; methodology
of, xv–xvi, xxx, xliv; vulnerability
of, xiv. See also Faces in the Crowd
rigidity, 14, 213, 246
ritual, 202, 205, 252, 267
Robinson, E. A., 225
Robinson-Patman Act (1936), 115
Rockefeller, John D., 182, 184
role models, xiv, 36–37, 82, 101. See
also heroes
Romantic poets, 227
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 168, 185, 187
Roosevelt, Theodore, lix
rule of reason and child rearing,
45–48
ruling class, 143, 182, 183–187,
191–196. See also power; status
rural areas, 29–30, 59, 81, 156, 161
Russell, Bertrand, 225
Russia and the Soviet Union:
autonomy and, 221; Cold War
relations, lii, lix, 15; five-year
plans of, 100; as focus of American
attention, 195; Harvard Depart-
ment of Social Relations study on
American attitudes toward, 161;
industrialization of, 76; in transi-
tional growth phase, 8; in United
Nations, 163. See also Communism
Russian novels, 20–21. See also specific
authors
Sachs, Hanns, 283n2
salespersons, 239–240
Samish, Artie, 194–195, 282n4
(Ch. X)
Santayana, George, 3
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 221, 225
Saturday Evening Post, 277n6
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 304
scarcity psychology, 16
Schachtel, Ernest, 278n2
school. See education
Schumpeter, Joseph, xxv
Schurz, Carl, 222
Scientific American, 176
scientific research, 98–99
second jobs, 275n25
security of Americans, 148
self-approval, 108–109
self-awareness, 39–40, 43, 158
self-consciousness: about relations
with others, xxi, xxxvi; autonomy
and, 229; of parents, 43
self-criticism, xx, 109
self-doubt, xiii, xxii, 108, 122
self-fulfilling prophecy, xx
self-interest, 152, 167
self-manipulation. See manipulation
self-reliance, 98, 100, 104
Seneca, xvi
Sennett, Richard, The Hidden Injuries
of Class, xiv
sensitivity, xii, xvii, xxv, xxxvi, 21, 22,
116, 227, 229, 235
servants, 125
service trades, 18, 69, 111
sex: American Indians and, 199; as
area of competition, 128, 129;
attitudes toward, 123, 205, 276n5;
autonomy and, 228; children
learning about, 35, 92–93, 276n5;
Dobuan culture and, 199; glamor
and, 167; inner-directed and, 127;
other-directed and, 128–130, 246–
247, 276n5; peer-group choices
and gender bias, 59; peer-group
pressure and, 277–278n1
shame, 22, 75
siblings. See family
Simmel, Georg, 110, 119
sincerity, xxvi, 166, 170–172, 184,
281nn2,3; cult of insincerity,
170–171
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 index
slavery, xxxix, 152
Slocombe, Lorna, “Let’s Go Out
Tonight,” 132, 133–134
small-town trait of inner-direction,
29, 30, 112, 148, 156, 157; com-
pared to inside-dopesters of upper
middle class, 161
Smiles, Samuel, 80, 130
Smith, Adam, 97
soap operas, 175–176
sociability: denial of, 244–246; pack-
aged, 249–250; spontaneity in
play and, 252–253; women and,
246–249; in work and business
settings, 119, 241
social determinism and Social Dar-
winism, 280–281n5 (Ch. VIII);
reluctance to accept, xxxviii–xxxix
socialization of children: parents and,
34, 39; peer-groups and, 61, 63–70,
244; in period of rising literacy, 83;
storytellers as agents of, 73, 77–78;
teachers and, 53, 54
socialization of taste. See taste
socialization
social media, xiii, xvi. See also mass
media
social mobility. See mobility
social norms, 214
social science research, xxx, xxxii,
xxxiv–xxxv, xxxvii
Social Security Act, 189–190
sociopsychological fit, 214
Sofer, Elaine Graham, xxxiv, 273n7
solidarity, need for, xiv, 235
sophistication, 262
South, the: food in, 124; media por-
trayal of Negro problem and racial
prejudice, 172–173; migration to
the North from, 30–31, 280n2;
Negro community encapsulating
ideal sociability in, 245; Negroes’
proximity to southern whites, 59
Spaulding, Sheila, 275n9
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 305
305
Spectator, The, 20
spontaneity, 45, 51, 105, 168, 235,
252–253, 264
stability of inner-directed individu-
als, 22
standard of living, 15; goal of improv-
ing, 23; taken for granted, 68;
tradition-direction and, 77
status. See class; power; ruling class
Stimson, Henry L., 186
storytellers, role of, 72–94; as agents
of socialization, 73; child market
as focus of, 84–86; comics and,
85, 86–90; mass media in stage of
outer-direction, 84–94; meaning of
“story,” 73; oversteered child and,
82–84; print in stage of inner-
direction, 76–84; Tootle the Engine,
91–93, 279n9; in tradition-directed
society, 74–76, 86
Strategic Air Command, l
Street and Smith publishers, 176
student protests and movements, xiv,
xxii
suffrage, 152
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 275–276n10
superego, 39, 215, 275–276n10
Superman, 72, 85–86, 89–90
taboos, 59, 127
talk radio, xxiii
taste-exchanging, 254, 258, 261–263
taste socialization, 55, 60, 63–66, 85,
227
Tawney, R. H., 40, 99
teachers, 48–56, 277n7; anxiety of,
56; inner-direction, role in, 49,
51; intellectual development as
focus of, 50, 52–57; manipulation
between teacher and child, 55;
other-direction, role in, 53–56;
as peer-group facilitators, 61; in
progressive education, 53–56; so-
cialization of children and, 53, 54
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 306 index
technological change, 116, 219; mod-
ernization’s effect on society and
nations, xliii, 272n9
television, liv–lv, 259. See also mass
media
Teller, Edward, l
temper, 63, 132, 204, 206
Temple, Willard, “The Rebellion of
Willy Kepper,” 132–133
tertiary trades and services, 8, 18, 231,
239, 240, 276
Theobald, Robert, xxiii
Thomas, W. I., 27, 57; Polish Peasant
(with Znaniecki), 76
Thoreau, Henry David, 242
Three Musketeers, The (film), 87
Time magazine, 41, 173
Tocqueville, Alexis de, xii, xv, xxxiv–
xxxv, xlv, lix, 17, 21, 98, 123, 143,
177, 181, 183, 193, 198, 206–207,
226, 266, 274n21
tolerance, xxvi; autonomy and,
228–229; of inner-directed, 178;
mass media and, 168–170, 172,
175, 180; other-direction and, xxvi,
xxxvi, 166, 168–171, 177, 188–189,
191, 196; peer-groups and, 63, 171;
in politics, 143, 166, 168–171, 177,
185, 188–189; in race relations,
lix; schools teaching, 64. See also
sincerity
Tolstoy, Leo, xxxiv; Anna Karenina,
20–21, 160; “The Death of Ivan
Ilyitch,” 160, 260; War and Peace,
160
Tootle the Engine (in “Little Golden
Books” series), 91–93, 279n9
Torment (film), 51
totalitarian vs. democratic countries,
xxxix, 221
tradition-direction, xxxii, xl, 7, 10–14,
274n15; adjustment and, 213; ano-
mies and, 215; audience and, 77;
autonomy and, 213, 217; children
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 306
and parental role in, 34–35, 45,
77–78; compared to both inner-
direction and other-direction, xiv,
21–23, 45, 109; compared to inner-
direction, 13–14, 102; defined, 10–
12; deviants, 215; family role in, 14,
15–16, 22, 57, 276n5; individuality
and, 10–11, 13–14; materialism
and, 200; overlapping with inner-
direction and other-direction, 27,
162; the peasant and, 29, 76–77,
274n15; personalization and, 99;
political indifference and, 145–147,
150; privatization disrupting, 23;
standard of living and, 77; stories
and communication in, 74–77,
86; surviving in America, 95–96;
universality of, 27; work and play,
102. See also myth; population
transitional growth phase. See
population
Trilling, Lionel, xvi, 278n4; The
Middle of the Journey, 260; “The
Other Margaret,” 44, 45
Truman, Harry S., 168, 177
tutors, 49
Twain, Mark, 202, 278n5; A Con-
necticut Yankee in King Arthur’s
Court, 245
tyranny: parental, 44, 57; political, 24,
145, 222
uncertainty, 120–121
unfair competition, 115
United Nations, 163
urbanization: in ancient Athens, 24;
closing of gap with rural dwellers,
156; incipient decline of popula-
tion and, 158; mass media and, 18,
73; other-direction in metropolitan
centers, 29, 61
utopian vision, xxvi, liii, 238, 259,
266–269; misconceptions of The
Lonely Crowd on, lvii–lviii
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 index
vacation time, 264
Van der Velde, Theodoor Hendrik,
129
vanity, 62–63
Veblen, Thorstein, xlv, 41, 103–104,
183, 184, 194, 199, 220, 274n18;
“The Breadline and the Movies,”
134
Verne, Jules, 89
veto groups: alienation and, lix; bar-
gaining power of, 190; as barriers
to action, 268; dispersal of power
among, 181; enforced privatization
of women and, 249; ethnic minori-
ties and, xxiv, 249–250; miscon-
ceptions of The Lonely Crowd on,
xlvi–liii; nonconformists and, 228;
of one person, 190; other-directed
officials and, 190; in politics, xxiv,
187–191, 193–196; power and, 185,
195–196, 211
Victorian England: boys’ weeklies
in, 85–86; idealized as charming,
139; inspirational literature in, 80;
letting go in “unsocialized” ways,
104; recurrence of moralizing in,
158; social values in, 276n5; stereo-
types in literature of, 81
Vietnam War, movement in opposi-
tion to, xxvi
villains, 87
Voltaire, 222
voluntary associations, 14
Wallace, Henry, xlvi
Wall Street, 191
war: capital goods industries to
support, 99; destroying surplus
product in, 16; economy of, 232;
enthusiastic version of moralizer
and, 157; middle-class opinion on,
161; population curve and charac-
ter differences between countries
spawning, 32; sensitizing effect of,
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 307
307
xii; uncertainty caused by, 120. See
also specific wars
warmth. See affection and warmth
Warner, W. Lloyd, xxx, 127; Who
Shall Be Educated? (with Havi-
ghurst and Loeb), 130
War Production Board, 191
Warshow, Robert, “The Gangster as
Tragic Hero,” 136
Washington, Booker T., 82
Washington, George, 82
wealth: acquisitive consumerism and,
102–104; other-direction and, 124;
self-manipulation to attain, 130;
social structure and, 127. See also
class
Weber, Max, xv, xvi, xxxviii, xl, 16,
40, 80, 108, 194, 214
Weekly Reader, The, 54
Wells, H. G., 278n5
West, Patricia Salter, 260
White, Antonia, Frost in May, 51
White, William Allen, Autobiography,
113
White, Winston, xlv, 273n9, 274n14
white-collar workers, xi, 18, 233–237,
239
Whyte, William H., The Organization
Man, xi
Williams, Roger, 222
Williams, William Carlos, 242
Wilson, Woodrow, 150, 151, 185, 186
Witkin tilting-room-tilting-chair
experiment, 273n7
Wittfogel, Karl, 275n8; Oriental Des-
potism, xlv–xlvi
Wolfenstein, Martha, 126
women: contemporary literature and,
132; dress reflecting role of, 138;
enforced privatization of, 246–249;
as factory workers, 130; food and
cooking and, 124–126; as leaders of
consumption, 69–70, 101; as moral
enforcers, 107; nineteenth-century
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 308 index
women (continued)
crusade for women’s rights, 153; as
office workers, 233–235; as sales-
girls, 240; sex and, 129–130, 228; as
workers, lvii, 231, 233, 246–249
work: automatization of, 238–239;
cultural definitions of, 230–232;
definition of, 231; in era of
incipient decline of population,
127; foreman’s position, 111; Great
Depression and, 253; managerial
work force, 97; meaning of, for
inner-directed, 96, 97–101, 110,
150–151, 182, 222–223; in modern
literature, 132–133; opportuni-
ties presented by, xi, lvii–lviii; in
other-directed society, 97, 110–113;
personalization of, 233–235; play
interwoven with, lviii, 101–102,
123, 135, 137; politics, connection
with, 182; promotions for compe-
tence in trade, leading to working
with people, 113–114; resistance to,
231; in tradition-directed society,
102; validation of, 223; women
workers, lvii, 231, 233, 246–249
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Y7616-Riesman.indb 308
working class. See class
World War I veterans, 157, 202
World War II: building army for,
284n2 (Ch. XV); veterans, 157, 216;
war workers’ housing community,
260, 284n2 (Ch. XV); women’s role
in, 248
Young, G. M., 279n3
young Americans, xxv–xxvi, xli;
alienation among, lix; autonomy
seeking by adolescents, 224–225;
peer-groups and, 64–66; politics of
outer-directed, 148–149; popular
culture favoring the young, 43;
Riesman’s desire to respond to
radical students of 1960’s, xiv;
rituals among, 205; sex and, 205;
student movements, xxii
Young Americans for Freedom,
272n10
Y.W.C.A., 249
Znaniecki, Florian: Polish Peasant
(with Thomas), 76
Zuñi. See American Indians (Pueblo)
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