LINEAR ALGEBRA

ASSIGNMENT NO.03

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Submitted To Dr Muhammad Aqeel

Submitted By Raza Hussain
Registration No 210401072
Date of Submission 25/05/2023

Institute Of Space Technology |EE |linear algebra 1

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are used in a variety of domains, illustrating their adaptability and
significance. Here are five examples of how they are used:

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA): By finding the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a

dataset's covariance matrix, PCA enables dimensionality reduction and data visualisation. The
eigenvectors represent the major components that capture significant data variation, and the
eigenvalues represent the amount of variance explained by each component.

2. Quantum Mechanics: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues are crucial in quantum mechanics.

Eigenvectors of operators, such as the Hamiltonian, represent stationary states or energy
levels of a quantum system, with associated eigenvalues representing associated energy
values.

3. Image Compression: Eigenvectors and eigenvalues help image compression techniques

such as Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). An image is decomposed into eigenvectors
(basis functions) and eigenvalues (importance indicators) by SVD. Images can be reduced
while keeping vital features by retaining the most significant eigenvalues.

4. Structural Engineering: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are important in analysing structural

systems, especially vibrations and natural frequencies. Eigenvectors are displacement
distribution mode forms, whereas eigenvalues are natural frequencies of structural
oscillations.

5. PageRank Algorithm: The PageRank algorithm, which is used by search engines such as
Google, uses eigenvector calculations to determine the significance and ranking of web
pages. The approach computes the dominating eigenvector associated to the biggest
eigenvalue by interpreting web page links as a stochastic matrix. This eigenvector assigns an
importance score to each page, impacting its position in the search results.

CONCLUSION:
These examples show how eigenvectors and eigenvalues are used in a variety of fields, including
data analysis, physics, image processing, and network research, demonstrating their broad
utility and significance.

Institute Of Space Technology |EE |linear algebra 2