Machine Learning-Based Earthquake Detection
andP-wave Arrival Time Picking
Gaurav Pagare AnushkaVisapure
Department of Department of Information
Information Technology, Government
Technology, College of Engineering,
Government Karad, India
College of Engineering, anuvisapure2001@gmail.com
Karad, India.
gauravpagare2001@g
mail.com
Abstract -Detection, and identification of
earthquakes are necessary for observational
earthquake seismology. Rapid and minute p-
wave arrival time picking notably affects the
performance of earthquake detection using
earthquake early warning systems. Detection
and identification of seismic p-waves involve
an intensive amount of pattern recognition.
To address these issues, several automatic
algorithms were developed. In this paper,
the authors present a literature survey of the
automatic algorithms used for the detection
and identification of p-wave arrival and
algorithms used for earthquake detection.
First, different algorithms are reviewed and
some challenging tasks are found.. Next,
analysis and discussion is carried out to
gather solutions for drawn challenges.
Index Terms - Earthquake Detection, p-wave
arrival, Capsule Neural Network, PickCapsNet,
Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
The key role in various verticals of seismology
analysis is to identify and detect the problems
regarding earthquakes. Manually picking the
Sanjeev Wagh Pranali Sheth
Department of Department of
Information Information
Technology, Technology,
Government Government
College of Engineering, College of Engineering,
Karad, India. Karad, India.
sjwagh1@yahoo.co.in pranalisheth@gmail.co
m
seismological parameters like magnitude,
hypocentre location, etc becomes challenging
due to the large volume and the presence of a
great amount of background noise especially
when the signal to noise (SNR) is excessively
low. In this manner in the previous 10 years
numerous automatic picking algorithms have
been proposed to pick seismic phases.
The issue with respect to observing a focal
point can be determined to utilize an
arrangement of identified waves (appearance
times). As well as using ground shaking areas
of seismograph locations are set off. In the
middle of different organization structures, the
recurrent neural network (RNN) is fit for dig
out data from an arrangement of information
that is great for dealing with a gathering of
seismic locations that are set off successively
succeeding the spread of seismic influences.
The techniqueis examined to work on the
exhibition continuously. Other AI-based
systems have additionally been proposed for
earthquake observing. Correlations and
difference studies between customary AI
techniques and support vector machines have
additionally been made for the seismic tremor
discovery issue.
In any case, a typical issue in the previously
mentioned AI-based structures is that the
determination of information frequently
requires master information, which might
influence the exactness of strategies.
Convolution neural networks-based bunching
techniques are utilized to regionalize
earthquake focal points or foresee their exact
hypocenter areas.
Short-time average/long-time average
(STA/LTA)algorithmsare used commonlyin the
recognition of earthquakes [6]. Nevertheless,
Short-time average / long-time average
algorithms experience a few disadvantages, e.g.
Off base statement boundaries lead to a few
deceptions, and it doesn't perform well in the
presence of a lot of commotion. Furthermore,
the Akaike data model (AIC) is utilized in the
seismic earthquake recognition problem. In any
case, AIC gauges the worldwide least
mistakenly when the foundation clamor level
turns out to be high. Then again, one more
gathering of programmed discovery strategies
has been suggested to recognize earthquakes in
view of AI procedures e.g. K-means, SVM,
fuzzy,thresholding algorithm and wavelet
transformation. As of late, profound learning
has turned into an integral asset in the area of
seismology. Several deep learning techniques
based on convolutional neural network (CNN),
deep recurrent neural network (RNN), and
autoencoder have been proposed to detect
earthquakes. CNN demonstrates an
extraordinary capacity to remove critical
elements after the info information. Be that as it
may, it experiences a few disadvantages.
Pooling layer of CNN decreases the
dimensionality of the organization.
Nevertheless, it may miss some significant
data, which restricts the presentation of the
organization. Additionally, CNN couldn't care
less overall spatial connections between the
separated highlights, which make the
speculation capacity not powerful enough. The
CNN is prone to invariance so, the capsule
network (PickCapsNet) is used to recognize the
P-wave appearance season of the microseismic
information. In any case, PickCapsNet has a
few pooling layers that lead to a similar issue of
CNN (losing some significant data). The case
brain organization (CapsNet) was first
presented by Sabour et al. to overcome the
drawbacks of CNN. CapsNet is the new age of
the significant learning plan that gives the limit
of the association to learn without the pooling
layer (without losing information), train with
less instances of data, and get theory limit and
an overwhelming request execution in light of
its vector yield given less complex organization
engineering.
In this approach, the issue proclamation
partitions the entire objective region into
subarrays of size around 10×10 km and predicts
an earthquake event in following 10-50 days in
each subarea: the expectation is nearly
contrasted with the past works. Contributions to
our ML model are past perceptions of
earthquakes on a similar matrix, so there are
many sources of information and results. To
diminish the number of boundaries, CNNs
appropriate for the age of helpful information
portrayals in computer vision and remote
sensing and learn spatial connections well. On
top of them, RNNs that monitor previous
occasions, empowering long-haul memory in
our model are used.
This paper is organized as below. Section 1
contains information. Section 2 contains a
literature survey regarding the methodologies
studied. Further Section 3 includes the
discussion along with the taxonomy. Section 4
involves the conclusion.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
From the perspective of Omar M. Saad,
Yunfeng Chen et al. [1] (2022). A random
forest (RF) based method was the best
technique to find tremors utilizing the
differential P-wave appearance times and
station areas. The proposed calculation just
depends on P-wave appearance times
recognized at the initial not many stations.
This framework takes advantage of P-wave
appearance times at the initial five stations
recording a seismic tremor and processes their
separate appearance time contrasts with a
reference station. (i.e., the first recording
station). These different P-wave appearance
times and station regions are organized in the
RF model to evaluate the epicentral region.
From the view of Omar M. Saad, Yangkang
Chen [6] (2022). The capsule neural network
consists of several layers, e.g., convolutional,
primary capsule, and digit capsule layers. The
convolutional layer extricates the critical
elements from the seismic information, while
the essential container joins the removed
highlights into a few vector portrayals named
cases.Here the final aim is to get the seismic
data classified and picked.
Another piece of work notable in this area is
done by Zhengxiang He, PinganPeng, Liguan
Wang, Yuanjian Jiang, [2] (2022). They
proposed the PickCapsNet to understand the
programmed P-wave appearance picking.
PickCapsNet is developed in light of the
capsule network. It consists of two
convolutional layers and a CapsNet.
PickCapsNet can be prepared with a restricted
informational collection. This makes it stand
apart from other AI-put-together techniques
based with respect to CNN and RNN.
Furthermore, it gives a viable way for this sort
of strategy to be utilized practically speaking.
Similarly, In [3] (2021). Omar M. Saad,
Yangkang Chen, said the solution whose goal
is to automatically identify and detect
earthquakes consequently finding the P-wave
arrival time picking for this capsule neural
network is being used. Because of which
learning can be done over smaller datasets too.
And can result with great accuracy. Here as we
are using the capsule neural network so
learning is done without a pooling layer hence
there is no information loss.
Furthermore, several robust earthquake
detection methods have been suggested in order
to address the challenges in recognizing the p-
wave arrival time and earthquake detection. [5]
(2022) Roman Kail, EvgenyBurnaev, Alexey
Zaytsev propose the neural network (NN)
architecture design was created which focused
on the midterm forecast of earthquakes. Our
database model intends to foresee assuming an
earthquake with an extent over a limit happens
at a given little area of size 10 km × 10 km in a
midterm scope of 10-50 days from a given
second.The methodology fundamentally is a
mix of both RNN and CNN structures, as we
go data through RNN as a feature map,
acquired utilizing CNN.
III. DISCUSSION
In this paper, we focused on 2 main core
challenges that are to detect an earthquake or
predict its location further identify the P-wave
arrival time by picking there are multiple
methodologies available location. Further
identifying the P-wave arrival time picking
there are multiple methodologies available for
solving those challenges in the paper proposed
by [1] (2022) Omar M. Saad, Yunfeng Chen,
Daniel Trugman, they introduced the approach
to use a random forest method which depended
on the p-waves arrival time of different stations
installed in the given area. Roman Kail,
EvgenyBurnaev, Alexey Zaytsev [5] (2022)
also gave their approach where they used a
Fig. 1 Taxonomy of challenges and solutions for Earthquake detection and P-wave arrival time
CNN to detect the occurrence of earthquakes in
a small area of around 10Km x 10Km. Despite
these methodologies, there are other methods
too available like CNN (convolution neural
networking), AIC (Akaike information
criterion), Short-time average/long-time
average (STA/LTA), etc. these same
approaches also contribute to the detection of
the earthquakes as well as in p-wave arrival
picking but in case of AIC (Akaike information
criterion), Short-time average/long-time
average (STA/LTA) we find the performance
degrades as the noise in the dataset increases.
CNN can also be used for p-wave arrival
combination of RNN
picking but in CNN we have the pooling layer
which results in the loss of the information
solving these challenges we have the capsule
neural networks into the picture which provides
great accuracy over a limited set of data too.
CONCLUSION
The main goal of this survey paper was to do
the survey over the methodologies available to
solve the earthquake detection/location
estimation and also detect the p-wave arrival
timing. For which authors referred to various
papers providing different approaches to solve
challenges like for location estimation. They
analyzed the random forest technique and RNN
and CNN together in the reviewed papers. For
getting the p-waves associated it is observed
that capsule neural networks coming up with
multiple perks like model training over limited
data, better accuracy compared to other
methodologies, here it is analyzed thatcapsnet
and picks capsnet 2 methods are used to solve
the challenge.
REFERENCES
[1] Omar M. Saad, Yunfeng Chen, Daniel
Trugman, M. Sami Soliman, LotfySamy,
AlexandrosSavvaidis, Mohamed A. Khamis,
Ali G. Hafez, Sergey Fomel, and Yangkang
Chen, “Machine Learning for Fast and Reliable
Source-Location Estimation in Earthquake
Early Warning”, IEEE Geoscience and remote
sensing letter, vol. 19, 2022
[2] Zhengxiang He, PinganPeng, Liguan Wang,
Yuanjian Jiang, “PickCapsNet: Capsule
Network for Automatic P-Wave Arrival
Picking”, IEEE Geoscience and remote sensing
letter, vol. 18, no. 4, April 2021
[3] Omar M. Saad, Yangkang Chen,
“Earthquake Detection and P-Wave Arrival
Time Picking Using Capsule Neural Network”,
IEEE Transactions Geoscience and remote
sensing letter, vol. 59, no. 7, July 2021
[4] Ali G. Hafez, MostafaRabie, T. Kohda,
“Seismic noise study for accurate P-wave
arrival detection via MODWT”, 2012 Elsevier
Ltd.
[5] Roman Kail, EvgenyBurnaev, Alexey
Zaytsev, “Recurrent Convolutional Neural
Networks Help to Predict Location of
Earthquakes”, IEEE Geoscience and remote
sensing letter, vol. 19, 2022
[6] Omar M. Saad, Yangkang Chen,
“CapsPhase: Capsule Neural Network for
Seismic Phase Classification and Picking”,
IEEE Transactions Geoscience and remote
sensing letter, vol. 60, 2022