A New Family of Algebras Underlying the Rogers--Ramanujan Identities and

Generalizations

James Lepowsky, and Robert Lee Wilson

PNAS 1981;78;7254-7258
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7254
This information is current as of March 2007.

This article has been cited by other articles:

www.pnas.org#otherarticles
E-mail Alerts Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box
at the top right corner of the article or click here.
Rights & Permissions To reproduce this article in part (figures, tables) or in entirety, see:
www.pnas.org/misc/rightperm.shtml
Reprints To order reprints, see:
www.pnas.org/misc/reprints.shtml

Notes:
Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA
Vol. 78, No. 12, pp. 7254-7258, December 1981
Mathematics
A new family of algebras underlying the Rogers-Ramanujan
identities and generalizations
(Euclidean Kac-Moody Lie algebras/standard modules/principal Heisenberg subalgebras/vacuum spaces)
JAMES LEPOWSKYt AND ROBERT LEE WILSONt
School of Mathematics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
Communicated by G. D. Mostow, September 8, 1981
ABSTRACT The classical Rogers-Ramanujan identities have
been interpreted by Lepowsky-Milne and the present authors in
terms of the representation theory of the Euclidean Kac-Moody
Lie algebra A('). Also, the present authors have introduced certain
"vertex" differential operators providing a construction of A(') on
its basic module, and Kac, Kazhdan, and we have generalized this
construction to a general class of Euclidean Lie algebras. Starting
from this viewpoint, we now introduce certain new algebras 2v
which centralize the action ofthe principal Heisenberg subalgebra
of an arbitrary Euclidean Lie algebra g on a highest weight g-
module V. We state a general (tautological) Rogers-Ramanujan-
type identity, which by our earlier theorem includes the classical
identities, and we show that 2v can be used to reformulate the
general identity. For g = A('), we develop the representation the-
ory of 2v in considerable detail, allowing us to prove our earlier
conjecture that our general Rogers-Ramanujan-type identity in-
cludes certain identities of Gordon, Andrews, and Bressoud. In
the process, we construct explicit bases of all of the standard and
Verma modules of nonzero level for A('), with an explicit reali-
zation of A() as operators in each case. The differential operator
constructions mentioned above correspond to the trivial case 2v
= (1) of the present theory.
In this paper, we launch a program to give explicit constructions
of general standard modules of general Euclidean Lie algebras
and, hence, to produce a wide variety of new realizations of
these Lie algebras as algebras of operators. The first construc-
tion (1) of a Euclidean Lie algebra, namely A('), by differential
operators on a "Fock space" and its sequel (2) for a general class
of Euclidean Lie algebras turn out to be the "trivial" cases of
the present theory, in a sense to be made precise below.
The discovery of the ideas presented here was motivated by
a desire to understand more deeply the Lie theoretic signifi-
cance of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities, continuing a pro-
gram begun in refs. 3-7. In this paper, by introducing new al-
gebras 2v associated with arbitrary Euclidean Lie algebras g
and certain g-modules V, we reduce the problems of inter-
preting Rogers-Ramanujan-type identities and of explicitly con-
structing the modules V to the representation theory of Zv.
For g = A(), we develop the representation theory of 2v
deeply enough to prove the Conjecture in ref. 6 relating the
?-filtrations of the standard A(')-modules to the generalized
Rogers-Ramanujan identities of Gordon, Andrews, and Bres-
soud. In the process, we obtain explicit bases of all the standard
and Verma modules of nonzero level and an explicit recursive
description of the action of Iv and, hence, of A('), in each case.
The modules V under consideration may each be viewed as
the tensor product of a "Fock space" with a "vacuum space" Ql,
for the principal Heisenberg subalgebra ? of g. Our algebra
The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge
payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertise-
ment" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
7254
1v commutes with the action of B and, hence, preserves [1 and
acts richly enough on it essentially to "untwist" the action of
g to the tensor product of two commuting actions.
A striking feature of 1v is that, in its action on V, it satisfies
identities that are themselves the "generating functions" of in-
finite systems of identities. In this paper, these identities are
presented for g = A(')
We obtain a new proof of the main result (Theorem 1) of ref.
6, interpreting the classical Rogers-Ramanujan identities as the
formula
Z X41[n/A[n-11)
=01)
n-0
for the level 3 standard A(') modules, where f[nj designates the
I-filtration of fQ (6). The content of the Conjecture of ref. 6,
whose proof is presented here, is that this same formula, for
general standard A(')-modules, coincides with the generalized
Rogers-Ramanujan identities of Gordon, Andrews, and Bres-
soud. However, we do not have an independent proof of these
identities. The first section of this study is devoted to the def-
inition and general properties of the algebras 2v, in the setting
of Euclidean Lie algebras as discussed in ref. 2. We also note
a slight simplification of the proof of the main result of ref. 2,
from the present viewpoint.
The second section contains the deeper analysis of the case
g = A('). The details will appear elsewhere.
THE ALGEBRAS £v
We shall introduce algebras 2v in the generality of Euclidean
Lie algebras. We shall generally use the notation ofref. 2, whose
results will be summarized below.
Let A = (ay).=0 be a Euclidean generalized Cartan matrix
(8, 9)-i.e., one listed in tables 1, 2, or 3 of ref. 2. Let the cor-
responding Euclidean Kac-Moody Lie algebra g = g(A) over
C (which we say is oftype 1, 2, or 3, respectively) have canonical
generators ei, fi, hi,, i = 0, ---, N.
Define a Z-gradation of g, called the principal gradation, by
the conditions
deg ei = -degfi = 1, deg hi = 0, i = 0,', N.
Let z (normalized as in ref. 2) span the center of , and let lr:g
g/Cz denote the canonical map. Set
N
T-' (X(9y7(e))
e = ei, and =
i=O
t Presentaddress: Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, NJ 08903.
 Mathematics: Lepowsky and Wilson Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981) 7255

where the superscript denotes centralizer. As in ref. 2, denote
by bl, b2, *-- the sequence
m(e) + dh('), j = 1, *--, r; d = 0, 1,2, *-
arranged in nondecreasing order; here e is the type, and the
positive integers hWe) and m -, m(t) are the (generalized) Cox-
eter numbers and exponents listed in table Eo of ref. 2. (For
e = 1, these are the classical Coxeter number and exponents
of the underlying finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra; for e
> 1, see ref. 10.)
PROPOSMION 1 (1, 2). The algebra B is a (principally) graded
Heisenberg subalgebra of g with basis {z, pi, qi i = 1,2, },
where
[pipj] = 0= [qiqj], [pi,qj] = 6ijz for a ij = 1,2,
and
deg z = 0, deg pi = bi = -deg qj for all i = 1,2,
We call B the principal Heisenberg subalgebra of g.
The principal gradation of g induces in the natural way the
gradation U(g) = 3 U, of the universal enveloping algebra of
g. For k E C, we say that a g-module has level k if z acts as the
scalar k on it. Denote by wk the category of level k g-modules
V with a nonpositive integer grading V = V. such that each
Vj is finite-dimensional and Uj * Vj 5 Vi+j for alij E Z (taking
Vj = (0) forj > 0).
A highest weight vector in a g-module is a nonzero vector
annihilated by eo, ., eN and whose span is preserved by ho,
-, hN. Let V be a graded highest weight g-module, i.e., a g-
module generated by a highest weight vector, say vo, such that
the sum Ej<o V., where V = Uy* vo, is direct. This defines the
principal gradation of V. If k E C is the level of V, then, of
course, V 8 %k. The standard g-modules, i.e., the irreducible
g-modules with dominant highest weight (11), are graded high-
est weight modules, and our definition of "level" generalizes
the usual definition (cf. ref. 5) for standard modules.
For a nonpositively graded vector space W = }920 W_1, with
dim Wj finite for each j, we define the character of W to be
the formal power series
x(W) = > (dim W-j)qJ
jpo
in the indeterminate q. Let Wbe a graded subspace ofa module
V in %k-i.e., W = ESO W_, where Wj = wnvJ. If Y is a
graded subspace of W, then W/Y has an obvious gradation. In
particular, y(W) and A(W/Y) are defined. Characters associated
with the principal gradation ofa graded highest weight module
are called principally specialized characters (cf. ref. 4).
Denote by B+ the subalgebra @D>j, Bj of B and by p the sub-
algebra Cz (3 B+. For k 8E C*, let Ck, denote the one-dimen-
sional p module on which z acts as k and ?+ acts as 0. The in-
duced ? module Mk = U(0) ®u(P) Ck is irreducible. For V E
Ck, denote by fQv (or by fQ, if there is no confusion) its vacuum
space
Qv = {v 8 V V = 0,
which is graded. The map
fi U(M) ®U(P)) QV V in C(g).
u 0 w k-+ u * w
(u E U(B), w E flv) is a well-defined b-module map. Note that
the A-module U(?) ®U(t) flv is semisimple and, in fact, is a direct
sum of copies of Mk.
PROPOSION 2 (cf. refs. 6 and 7). Suppose that k E C*. Then
the map f is an b-module isomorphism. In particular,
x(V) = F * x(flv),
where
F = H| (1 - qbJ)
j21
The principally specialized characters y(V) of the standard
modules V have known product expansions given by the "nu-
merator formula" (4, 10, 12). Thus, the characters xf() for these
modules have known product expansions. For the case g =
A('), see refs. 3 and 4 (cf. ref. 6, Proposition 3). For Verma
modules, we easily obtain:
PROPOSMON 3. If V is a Verma module (i.e., a universal
highest weight module), then
AXfi) = f| (1I q-
j21
Let V be a graded highest weight g-module with highest
weight vector vo. The &-filtration of V,
0 = V_1] 5 V[o]C V[1l c- C V,
is defined as follows (6): For all n 2 0, V[n( is the span of all the
expressions x, *- x; v, j 2 0, where each xe E g and at most
n of the xe lie outside ?. Each V[n] is clearly graded. For n 2
-1, set fl[n = Q f V[n1. Then each f[n] is graded, and
=
[1]] C ROl []CCfl
is a filtration of fQ such that fQ = Un £l[n]. Hence (6):
PROPOSMON 4. We have
A0) = > Ai[nl/fi[n-1l)- [1]
n-0
Eq. 1, which is a tautology as it stands, includes the classical
Rogers-Ramanujan identities, as the cases of the level 3 stan-
dard A(')-modules, by the detailed study of the sum side for
these cases in refs. 6 and 7. The primary goal of the present
paper is to introduce new algebras that implement the sum side
of Eq. 1 in great generality.
The completion C(g) of g is defined to be the vector space
HJEEZ gj. Note that g acts on its completion.
PROPOSmON 5 (1, 2). The completion C(g) contains elements
X(M) =
-_)
In 1, *) N
jez
(subscript denoting homogeneous component) such that g has
basis
{z, pi, qi, Xjm) > 0; m = 1, , N;j E Z}
(see Proposition 1) and such thatfor certain scalars
Ami, vmi (m = 1, -, N; i > 0),
[pi,X(m)] =-AmiX(m) and [qi, X(m)] = vmAX(m)
Let k E C and V E %k, and define the completion C(V) of
V to be the vector space 1j,5O Vj. Then g acts on the completion
7256 Mathematics: Lepowsky and Wilson Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981)
of V, and every element of C(g) may be viewed as a linear op- X(M) = cm(Em)) (Em))
erator from V to C(V).
Assume that k E C*. For m = 1, , N, define the following for each m.
linear operators (cf. ref. 6): As in refs. 1 and 2, we now may view B and the X(m), and hence
g, as differential operators.
E(m) = exp I umiqi/km
Ez End C(V)
i>O
THE STANDARD MODULES FOR A(')
E(+m) = exp E Vmip/k) E End V,
Now we specialize to the case g = A('). We obtain explicit bases
i>O
of all the standard modules and Verma modules of nonzero
where exp denotes the formal exponential series, and level, and an explicit description of the action ofA(1) in each case.
Z(m) = E(m)X(m)E+) 8 Hom(V,C(V)). As noted above, the original construction of Al') on its basic
module through differential operators (1) amounts to the trivial
For each j E Z, let one-dimensional case dim fv = 1, dim Lv = 1, of the present
z7m) E End V theory.
Because N = 1, we write Z for Z(m).
be the homogeneous component of degree j (in the obvious THEOREM 1. Let k E C* and V E8 Ck For an indeterminate,
sense) of Z(m), so that Z(m) = jzEZZ(m) A, set
Definition: Let k E C*, and let V E wk. Denote by 2v or
2 the subalgebra of End V generated by Z(C)= > ,
jez
{7J) j E Z, m = 1, *E, N} aformal Laurent series in C with coefficients in End V. Let {1,
Note that the associations V Z~m), V -+ v, etc., have ob- C2 be two commuting indeterminates. We have
vious functorial properties.
Propositions 1 and 5 and elementary properties of exponen- (1 C1/)2 k(1 + C/f2)lkZ(lIZ(.2)
-

tials readily imply:

PROPOSITION 6. The algebra O centralizes the action ofBon -(1 - 2/1)2/k(1 + 2/1)-/kZ(C2)Z(C1) = k> j(Y-/;2)j [2]
V. In particular, 2 preserves fQ. jEz
PROPOSITION 7. For all m = 1, , N,
The coefficients of Z(C1)Z(;2) and Z('2)Z(C1) on the left-hand
X(m) = (E-))rlZ(m) (E+ ))-' 8 Hom(V, C(V)). side of Eq. 2 are to be understood as formal power series in C/
By looking at homogeneous components and applying Prop- C2 and C2/hC, respectively. The right-hand side is a formal Lau-
ositions 2, 6, and 7, we now readily obtain: rent series in C1/C2. Eq. 2 is to be interpreted as the "generating
PROPOSITION 8. The correspondences function" for the infinite system of identities obtained by equat-
ing the coefficients of all the monomials a[ a (rs E Z) on the
W ~-+ U(B) *W and Y + Y n n two sides. Each such identity involves formal infinite sums of
define mutually inverse bijections between the set of all 2-sub- endomorphisms of V, and each such sum acts as a well-defined
modules W of 51 and the set of all g-submodules Y of V. In par- endomorphism of V in view of the fact that the grading of V is
ticular, V is g-irreducible if and only if 51 is !-irreducible. truncated from above. Theorem 1 may thus be reformulated as
Suppose now that V is a graded highest weight module with follows:
highest weight vector vo. We define the ff-filtration of fl = f1v THEOREM 2. Define the numbers 1 = ao,aj,a2, *X by the
expansion
° = a[-,] C d°] C fl1l' c ... C ai
(1 - {)2/k(j + {)-2/k = Ea
by the condition that for all n . 0, f[n] is the span of all the j-O
elements xl xi vo, 0 ' i ' n, where each xe is one of the (aan indeterminate). Then for all e, m 8 Z with e # 0,
Z*m) (j E Z, m = 1, ', N). We have:
PROPOSITION 9. The 2-filtration of 51 coincides with the
b-filtration of51, i.e., fl[nl = l[n] for all n 2 0. In particular, 2 aj(Zm-jZe-m+j Ze-m-jzm+j) = 0
j'O
[3]
51 = v O, and the identity 1 for V can be equivalently for-
mulated using the 2-filtration. and
Now assume that V is irreducible under B. This can occur
only if either g has symmetric Cartan matrix or g is of type 2
or 3 and, in these cases, occurs if and only if V is a basic g-mod-
E a, (Zm-jZ-m+j -Z-m-jzm+j) = (-l)mkm.
j0o
[4]
ule (2), i.e., a standard g-module of level 1. (The equivalence Remark: It is easy to see that for j 2 1,
of V as an b-module with the irreducible induced &-module Ml
defined above follows from the numerator formula, together a1 = -(4/k)2F1(l + (2/k), 1 - j;2;2),
with Theorems I and 2 of ref. 13 for g $ A2 and from ref. 10
for g - A2). See ref. 2.) In this case, 51 is clearly one-dimen- where 2F1 is the hypergeometric function.
sional, so that for each m and each J # 0, 7m) =- on Q and, Proposition 3 asserts that if V is a Verma module, then
hence, on V. Also, Z(m) = cm on 51 and, hence, on V for some
cm GC. Thus, Z(m) = cm, and we obtain the main result of ref. X(5v) = > pjqi
2 by a slightly shorter argument: jpo
PROPOSMION 10 (1, 2). If V is a basic g-module, then there where p is the classical partition function. Using this and Theo-
are (nonzero) scalars c1, *-@, CN such that rem I or 2, we can prove:
 Mathematics: Lepowsky and Wilson Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981) 7257

THEOREM 3. Let V be a Verma module of level k E C* and t-1 t-I

highest weight vector vo. Then f1v has basis Q(v) lot+ E qjVp
=
j=o
= Hl (v- k+ 4e).
C=o
fzilZ., Zin vol n 2 0,. ii i2 * in < °}, Then
with the identities 2, or equivalently 3 and 4, giving effective Zt + I qjot (D{jt}Zl)
recursive definitions of the action of the generators Zj of t on j<t
j-tmod2
Qv with respect to this basis.
Remark: Combining Theorem 3 with Propositions 2 and 7, + e E qjat(C{t - l,t}ot_(D{j,t 1}z7 ))= 0. [5]
-
we observe that we have obtained a new explicit construction j<t
of A(') for each Verma module of nonzero level. jit-1 mod 2
Remark: For Vas in Theorem 3, Eq. 1 coincides with the well- Suppose that k is even, and let
known identity t-1

fj (I qj)-1
- q n/(l - q) (I q2) (1 qn)
...
R(v)= v` + E
j<t
rjij = H1 (M-k + 4e),
e=o
ja1 n-0 jet mod 2 t-2
of Euler. S(v)= vt+ sP = vJ7 (V- k+ 2+ 4f).
S

The standard A(')-modules require a much deeper analysis. j<t e=0

In what follows, the symbols and formulas are to be interpreted j-t mod 2
as in the. discussion after Theorem 1. Then
Let , 23),2, be a sequence of commuting indeterminates.
---

zt + (1/2) (rj sj)o-t(D{jt}z)

For ij >O, i # j, set E + [6]
j<t
jet mod 2
[ij] = (1 + WVjx)(' - J)-',
C(j) = [ji] + [ji], + (1/2)E E (rj sj)o-t(C{t 2,t}t-2(D{j,t -2}z2-)) = 0
- -

j<t
D(ij) = [ij]-' + [ji]'. jet mod 2

For i ' j, define and

My= 1ca<i
H [i] HI [im],
i<msj (zt - eZt-L1)
+
j<t
E sfo-i_(Dj 1,t - -
1} (zeal -
eZRAi)) = 0. [7]
jet mod 2

Nj = fo [em],
ce<msj
There is a generalized Rogers-Ramanujan identity, due to
Gordon (14), Andrews (15-17), or Bressoud (18, .19), whose
C{ij} = C(i,i + 1)C(i + 1,i + 2) ... CU - 1j,
product side coincides with XIfv) for V the most general stan-
dard A(')-module of.positive level (3, 4; cf. ref. 6). (Bressoud's
D{ij} = D(i,i + 1)D(i + 1,i + 2) ... DU - 1,j). unified proof (18) of these identities does indeed include the
case ko = k1 excluded in ref. 6.) Combining these identities with
Also define the infinite systems of new identities for which Eqs. 5, 6, and
C{Gj} = C{1j}, D{Gj} = D{lj}. 7 are the generating functions, we can prove the Conjecture of
ref. 6:
Given an expression fl1, , i) involving the first i indeter- THEOREM 5. In the notation of Theorem 4, let
minates, write
ko= min(A(ho),A(hl)),
fl 1),
Ofi = Orif(g1, 0,) = (1/i!) N , {<i)), and let J = 0 if k is even, J = 1 if k is odd. Then for all n 2 0,
IT

x( [n]Q[n-1]) = ECneq
where the sum ranges over the symmetric group of {1, , i}, ego
and set
where Cnt denotes the number of partitions d, + + dn of
e such that 0 < di di+,; di + 2 i-
-
d,+,,; if di+t_2 di + 1,
then di + *i + di+, 2-ko (mod 2-J); and at most ko of the di
THEOREM 4. Let V be a standard A(')-module of level k > = 1. In particular, Eq. 1 for V coincides with the generalized
0, with highest weight A. Let E = (-1)A ho) and t = [k/2] + 1. Rogers-Ramanujan identity of Gordon, Andrews, or Bressoud.
Set zo 1, and for j > 0 define In particular, we have a new proof of the main result (Theo-
rem 1) of ref. 6, our interpretation of the classical Rogers-
Z) Z,
= *, vj) =
2icoj (MjNj Hz(;i)) Ramanujan identities by the ?-filtration of fl for the level 3 stan-
dard Ar1-modules. At the same time, we obtain a new explicit
(where the noncommutative product is Z(;1) ...
Z(;j)), so that also construction of A(,') for each standard module V of positive level,
via an explicit basis for fQv:
= 2 jNj2/k H Z(-v)) THEOREM 6. In the notation of Theorems 4 and 5, let vo be
a highest weight vector of V. Then Qv has basis
Suppose that k is odd, and define the polynomial {Z-dnZ-dn- .
Z-di Vo}
7258 Mathematics: Lepowsky and Wilson
where n 2 0 and the di vary as in Theorem 5. The identities 5,
6, 7 give effective recursive definitions of the action of the gen-
erators Z ofL on fQv with respect to this basis, and Propositions
2 and 7 give a corresponding explicit construction of A(')
Remark: The case k = 2 of the present theory is much simpler
than the cases of larger k because for k = 2, M2N2-2/k in Theo-
rem 4 is the constant 2, and our algebra 2 is just an infinite-
dimensional Clifford algebra. The vacuum space Q is the Fock
space for2, and the module Vis realized in this case very simply
as the tensor product of a symmetric Fock space, on which e
acts through creation and annihilation operators, with an anti-
symmetric Fock space, on which the generators ofZ act through
creation and annihilation operators.
Remark: The similarity ofthe polynomials in Theorem 4 with
"conical polynomials" (20, 21) is tantalizing.
We are indebted to H. Garland for informing us of his and I. Bars'
new proof of our original construction (1) of A('). Their proof involved
inserting formal variables in a manner which inspired our directions of
investigation. We are grateful to D. Bressoud for informing us that the
ko = k, identities that we conjectured on page 700 of ref. 6 had already
been proved by him (ref. 18). We also thank I. Frenkel and S. Milne
for stimulating conversations. Both authors gratefully acknowledge the
hospitality of the Institute for Advanced Study during part of the prep-
aration of this work and partial support from the Rutgers University
Faculty Academic Study Program and National Science Foundation
Grant MCS 80-03000.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981)
1. Lepowsky, J. & Wilson, R. L. (1978) Comm. Math. Phys. 62,
43-53.
2. Kac, V. G.,Kazhdan, D. A., Lepowsky, J. & Wilson, R. L. (1981)
Adv. Math. 42; 83-112.
3. Lepowsky, J. & Milne, S. (1978) Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA 75,
578-579.
4. Lepowsky, J. & Milne S. (1978) Adv. Math. 29, 15-59.
5. Feingold, A. & Lepowsky, J. (1978) Adv. Math. 29, 271-309.
6. Lepowsky, J. & Wilson, R. L. (1981) Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA
78, 699-701.
7. Lepowsky, J. & Wilson, R. L. (1982) Adv. Math., in press.
8. Kac, V. G. (1968) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 32, 1323-1367.
(English translation: Math. USSR-Izvestija 2, 1271-1311.
9. Moody, R. V. (1968)J. Algebra 10, 211-230.
10. Kac, V. G. (1978) Adv. Math. 30, 85-136.
11. Kac, V. G. (1974) Funkt. AnaL Ego Prilozheniya 8, 77-78 (English
translation: Funct. AnaL AppL 8, 68-70.
12. Lepowsky, J. (1980) Adv. Math. 35, 179-194.
13. Lepowsky, J. (1978) Adv. Math. 27, 230-234.
14. Gordon, B. (1961) Am. J. Math. 83, 393-399.
15. Andrews, G. E. (1976) The Theory ofPartitions, Encyclopedia of
Mathematics and its Applications, ed. Rota, G.-C. (Addison-
Wesley, Reading, MA), Vol. 2.
16. Andrews, G. E. (1967), J. Combin. Theory 2, 422-430.
17. Andrews, G. E. (1967) J. Combin. Theory 2, 431-436.
18. Bressoud, D. (1979) J. Combin. Theory 27, 64-68.
19. Bressoud, D. (1980) Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 24, No. 227.
20. Lepowsky, J. (1975) Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 208, 219-272.
21. Lepowsky, J. (1975) Ann. Math. 102, 17-40.