Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, 751024

School of Civil Engineering

M. Tech Programme
Specialization: Geotechnical Engineering

Subject Code : Geotechnical Design CE 6494

Lab report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

Submitted by

Christian Cedric AMOUGOU

Roll No: 2243005

Under the supervision of: Dr. Satyajeet Nanda

Professor, School of Civil Engineering

Academic Year 2022 – 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTE

I. STRESS DISTRIBUTION DUE TO RECTANGULAR AREA AND SETTLEMENT

ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................................... 1

I.1 Stress distribution due to rectangular area and calculation procedure ..................................... 1

I.1.2 Calculations in excel ............................................................................................................. 2

I.1.3 Calculate Δσ for each point ................................................................................................... 3

I.2 Settlement analysis ................................................................................................................... 4

I.2.1 Calculate in each layer the different characteristics below ................................................... 4

I.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 6

II. LATERAL LOADED PILES (ELASTIC SOLUTION) ..................................................... 7

II.1 Steps of calculation ................................................................................................................. 7

II.2 Calculation in excel................................................................................................................. 8

II.3 Plot the graph of Depth of each load .................................................................................... 18

II.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 19

III. COMPRESSION OF LOAD DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PILES .................... 20

III.2 Calculations in excel ............................................................................................................ 20

III.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 23

IV. ELASTIC SOLUTION FOR COMPRESSIBLE PILES ................................................... 24

IV.1 Steps in calculation .............................................................................................................. 24

IV.2 Plot the graph of τ Vs deformation ...................................................................................... 24

IV.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 28

V. Q-Y PILE CURVES FOR SOFT CLAY AND SAND ......................................................... 29

VI. COMPUTATION OF LOAD DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PILES ................... 30

VI.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 33

VII. PAVEMENT DESIGN USING IIT PAVE ........................................................................ 34

Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005

 VII.1 Theory ................................................................................................................................ 34

VII.2 Steps in calculation ............................................................................................................ 34

VII.3 Calculations ........................................................................................................................ 34

VII.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 35

Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005

I. STRESS DISTRIBUTION DUE TO RECTANGULAR AREA AND SETTLEMENT
ANALYSIS

Estimation of Vertical stresses at any point in a soil mass due to external vertical loadings are of
great significance in the prediction of settlements in buildings, bridges, embankments and many
other structures. When the load is applied in the soil surface, it increases the vertical stresses within
the soil mass. The increased are greatest directly under the loaded area, but extend indefinitely in
all directions. The stress distribution load is calculated to know the variation different distance at
particular area.

I.1 Stress distribution due to rectangular area and calculation procedure

1.The load intensity, length, width, depth and the stress intensity are given,
2. Find the point of interest from the given figure i.e. X1 and Y1,
3. Name the sides of the rectangle (I, II, III, IV and V) are A1, A2, A3 and A4 and write the data
of layer 1 to layer 5,
4. Calculate m and n using the statement and the formula. Then calculate Ic and Δq.
Calculate Δq with respect to different conditions of stress distribution at different distance at from
X and Y.
6. Plot the graph of Δq.

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Figure 1: Rectangle of each point

Figure 2: The different layers design

I.1.2 Calculations in excel

Tableau 1: The load intensity, length, width and depth

Lord Density q(Kpa) 250
Length(m) L 40
Width(m) B 30
Depth(m) Z 33
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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
I.1.3 Calculate Δσ for each point

Tableau 2: Ic and Δq for point 1

Point 1 L B m=L/Z n=B/Z Ic Δq= qIC
A1 20 15 0,6060606 0,4545455 0,1286 32,15
A2 20 15 0,6060606 0,4545455 0,1286 32,15
A3 20 15 0,6060606 0,4545455 0,1286 32,15
A4 20 15 0,6060606 0,4545455 0,1286 32,15
Total 128,6

Tableau 3: Ic and Δq for point 2

Point 2 L B m=L/Z n=B/Z Ic Δq= qIC

A1 15 10 0,4545455 0,3030303 0,1284 32,1
A2 15 10 0,4545455 0,3030303 0,1284 32,1
A3 30 15 0,9090909 0,4545455 0,0944 23,6
A4 30 15 0,9090909 0,4545455 0,0944 23,6
Total 111,4

Tableau 4: Ic and Δq for point 3

Point 3 L B m=L/Z n=B/Z Ic Δq= qIC

A1 40 15 1,2121212 0,4545455 0,1953 48,825
A2 40 15 1,2121212 0,4545455 0,1953 48,825
Total 97,65

Tableau 5: Ic and Δq for point 4

Point 4 L B m=L/Z n=B/Z Ic Δq= qIC

A1 50 15 1,5151515 0,4545455 0,0867 21,675
A2 50 15 1,5151515 0,4545455 0,0867 21,675
Total -43,35

Tableau 6: Ic and Δq for point 5

Point 5 L B m=L/Z n=B/Z Ic Δq= qIC

A1 40 30 1,2121212 0,9090909 0,1521 38,025

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 I.2 Settlement analysis

I.2.1 Calculate in each layer the different characteristics below

Calculate Effective stress: Po=[ (ɣ1h2) +(ɣ2h2) +…+ (ɣnhn)] - (ɣwhw)

H Po+ΔP
Calculate Settlement of each layer: Sc = 1+eo 𝐶𝑐 log10 ( )
Po

Consolidated settlement: Sct = λ Sc

(1−𝜇 2 )
Immediate settlement for layer 2 and layer 4: Si= 𝑝𝐵 𝐼
E

Total settlement: ST= Si+ Sct

𝐷
Correction Dipth : CDipt =
√𝐿𝐵

Tableau 7: Calculation of settlement

Po(kN/m2) H(m) eo 1+eo Cc H/(1+eo) Cc ΔP 〖log〗_10⁡〖 Sc

((Po+ΔP)/Po)〗
Layer 23,97 6 1,1 2,1 0,35 1 128,6 1,467386679 1,4673867
1
Layer 135,625 3 0,96 1,96 0,27 0,413265306 97,65 2,134639216 0,8821723
3
Layer 225,67 4 0,91 1,91 0,25 0,523560209 38,025 2,353797977 1,232355
5

Tableau 8: Calculation of consolidated settlement

Sc λ Sct = λ Sc
Layer 1 1,4673867 0,8 1,1739093
Layer 3 0,8821723 0,8 0,7057379
Layer 5 1,232355 0,8 0,985884

Tableau 9: Immediate settlement for layer 2 and layer 4

p(kpa) B (m) μ (1-μ2) E (Kpa) I Si= pBI((1-μ2))/E

Layer 250 10 0,5 0,75 20000 1,2 0,1125
2
Layer 250 15 0,5 0,75 30000 1,2 0,1125
4

Tableau 10: Stress distribution at of five points

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Point q(kpa) Δq= qIC
Layer 1 1 250 128,6
Layer 2 2 250 111,4
Layer 3 3 250 97,65
Layer 4 4 250 343,35
Layer 5 5 250 38,025

400
343,35
350
300
250
Δq

200
128,6 S…
150 111,4 97,65
100
38,025
50
0
0 1 2 Point 3 4 5 6

Figure 3: Stress distribution at different point

Settlement
1,6 1,467386679
1,4 1,232354962
1,2
0,882172329
1
Sc

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Point

Figure 4: Settlement

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Consolidated settlement
1,4
1,173909344
1,2 0,985883968
1
0,705737864
0,8
Sct 0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Point

Figure 5: Consolidated settlement

Immediate settlement
0,1125 0,1125
0,12
0,1
0,08
Si

0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Point

Figure 6: Immediate settlement

I.3 Conclusion

The stress distribution design for the five get in figure 3, show that one decrease Δq to point 1 at
point 3 and to point 4 to point five. But the point 3 to point 4 is increase. That mean, the
characteristics of that layer are suitable about the type of foundation in that side

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
II. LATERAL LOADED PILES (ELASTIC SOLUTION)

Piles often experience lateral deformations due to multiple sources of horizontal loading, which
include earthquakes, wind, vehicle forces, wave impact, ship impact and lateral earth pressure.
Depending on the pile geometry, depth and head boundary condition, piles deform with the
different curvature distributions.

II.1 Steps of calculation

The calculation in this path will be take down the following parameters:

- height, moment, Ep, length, depth, Ip, Ep, and β are given,

- βx is calculated at the depth up-to 51 divisions. With these values A1, B1, C1 and D1 are
calculated.
A1 = 𝒆−𝛃𝐱 (cosβx + sinβx) (I.1)
B1 = 𝒆−𝛃𝐱 (cosβx - sinβx) (I.2)
C1 = 𝒆−𝛃𝐱 cosβx (I.3)
D1 = 𝒆−𝛃𝐱 sinβx (I.4)

- deformation, bending moment, shear force, slope and soil reaction are calculated with given
the following formulas:
Deformation: Y= (2PtβC1/Epy) + (MtB1/2EpTpβ2) (I.5)
Slope: S = (2PtβA1/Epy) + (MtC1/EpTpβ) (I.6)
Bending Moment: M = (PtB1/β) – MtA1 (I.7)
Shear Force: V = PtB1 – 2Mt β2 B1 (I.8)
Soil Reaction: P = -2Pt β C1 – 2Mt β2 B1 (I.9)

- Plot the graph of Depth Vs total load

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
II.2 Calculation in excel

Tableau 11: Data of height, moment, Ep, length, depth, Ip, Epy, and β

H(Pt) 100 KN
Mt 200 KN/m
Ep 35000000 KN/m2
L 30 m
D 1 m
Ip 0,0490625 m4
Epy 15000 KN/m2
β 0,21617396

Tableau 12: βx is calculated at the depth up-to 51 divisions with A1, B1, C1 and D1

βx Dipth(x) A1 B1 C1 D1
0 0 1 1 1 0
7,4352829 0,6 0,9846342 0,7573049 0,8709695 0,1136646
14,870566 1,2 0,9436652 0,5476714 0,7456683 0,1979969
22,305849 1,8 0,8841545 0,3697438 0,6269491 0,2572053
29,741131 2,4 0,8120984 0,2215385 0,5168185 0,29528
37,176414 3 0,7324941 0,1006464 0,4165703 0,3159238
44,611697 3,6 0,64942 0,0044013 0,3269106 0,3225093
52,04698 4,2 0,5661253 -0,069983 0,2480713 0,318054
59,482263 4,8 0,4851233 -0,125301 0,1799111 0,3052123
66,917546 5,4 0,4082853 -0,164275 0,1220052 0,2862801
74,352829 6 0,3369319 -0,189486 0,0737229 0,2632089
81,788111 6,6 0,2719195 -0,203334 0,0342929 0,2376267
89,223394 7,2 0,2137218 -0,208005 0,0028583 0,2108635
96,658677 7,8 0,1625023 -0,205459 -0,021478 0,1839805
104,09396 8,4 0,1181812 -0,197419 -0,039619 0,1578001
111,52924 9 0,0804926 -0,185379 -0,052443 0,1329358
118,96453 9,6 0,0490356 -0,170609 -0,060787 0,1098221
126,39981 10,2 0,0233163 -0,154169 -0,065426 0,0887425
133,83509 10,8 0,0027843 -0,136926 -0,067071 0,0698553
141,27037 11,4 -0,013139 -0,119575 -0,066357 0,0532183
148,70566 12 -0,025035 -0,102653 -0,063844 0,0388091
156,14094 12,6 -0,033473 -0,086562 -0,060017 0,0265447
163,57622 13,2 -0,038993 -0,071588 -0,05529 0,0162978
171,01151 13,8 -0,042098 -0,057919 -0,050009 0,0079103
178,44679 14,4 -0,04325 -0,045661 -0,044455 0,0012054
185,88207 15 -0,042859 -0,034853 -0,038856 -0,004003

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 193,31735 15,6 -0,041291 -0,025484 -0,033388 -0,007903
200,75264 16,2 -0,03886 -0,017503 -0,028181 -0,010678
208,18792 16,8 -0,035835 -0,010827 -0,023331 -0,012504
215,6232 17,4 -0,032442 -0,005357 -0,0189 -0,013542
223,05849 18 -0,028865 -0,000978 -0,014922 -0,013943
230,49377 18,6 -0,025252 0,0024287 -0,011411 -0,01384
237,92905 19,2 -0,021717 0,0049855 -0,008366 -0,013351
245,36433 19,8 -0,018348 0,0068107 -0,005769 -0,01258
252,79962 20,4 -0,015207 0,0080175 -0,003595 -0,011612
260,2349 21 -0,012333 0,0087115 -0,001811 -0,010522
267,67018 21,6 -0,009752 0,0089893 -0,000381 -0,009371
275,10547 22,2 -0,007472 0,0089378 0,000733 -0,008205
282,54075 22,8 -0,005492 0,0086339 0,0015711 -0,007063
289,97603 23,4 -0,003802 0,008144 0,0021711 -0,005973
297,41131 24 -0,002386 0,0075253 0,0025699 -0,004955
304,8466 24,6 -0,001222 0,0068255 0,0028016 -0,004024
312,28188 25,2 -0,000289 0,0060837 0,0028975 -0,003186
319,71716 25,8 0,0004399 0,0053316 0,0028858 -0,002446
327,15245 26,4 0,0009892 0,0045936 0,0027914 -0,001802
334,58773 27 0,0013837 0,0038885 0,0026361 -0,001252
342,02301 27,6 0,0016471 0,0032295 0,0024383 -0,000791
349,45829 28,2 0,0018017 0,0026256 0,0022136 -0,000412
356,89358 28,8 0,0018676 0,002082 0,0019748 -0,000107
364,32886 29,4 0,0018633 0,0016011 0,0017322 0,0001311
371,76414 30 0,0018049 0,0011827 0,0014938 0,0003111

Tableau 13: Deformation

2PtβC1/Epy MtB1/2EpIpβ2 Y
0,0028823 0,001246165 4,1284844
0,0025104 0,000943727 3,4541393
0,0021493 0,000682489 2,8317432
0,0018071 0,000460762 2,2678295
0,0014896 0,000276073 1,7657094
0,0012007 0,000125422 1,3261106
0,0009423 5,48474E-06 0,9477457
0,000715 -8,721E-05 0,6278108
0,0005186 -0,000156146 0,3624152
0,0003517 -0,000204714 0,1469444
0,0002125 -0,000236131 -0,023638
9,884E-05 -0,000253387 -0,154544
8,238E-06 -0,000259209 -0,25097
-6,19E-05 -0,000256036 -0,317943

9
Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 -0,000114 -0,000246017 -0,360211
-0,000151 -0,000231013 -0,382171
-0,000175 -0,000212607 -0,387813
-0,000189 -0,000192119 -0,380698
-0,000193 -0,000170633 -0,363953
-0,000191 -0,00014901 -0,340272
-0,000184 -0,000127922 -0,311941
-0,000173 -0,000107871 -0,28086
-0,000159 -8,92107E-05 -0,248575
-0,000144 -7,21767E-05 -0,216318
-0,000128 -5,69007E-05 -0,185035
-0,000112 -4,34327E-05 -0,155429
-9,62E-05 -3,17577E-05 -0,127991
-8,12E-05 -2,18114E-05 -0,103039
-6,72E-05 -1,34928E-05 -0,080741
-5,45E-05 -6,67598E-06 -0,061151
-4,3E-05 -1,21935E-06 -0,044228
-3,29E-05 3,02654E-06 -0,029865
-2,41E-05 6,21278E-06 -0,0179
-1,66E-05 8,48729E-06 -0,00814
-1,04E-05 9,99113E-06 -0,00037
-5,22E-06 1,08559E-05 0,0056362
-1,1E-06 1,12021E-05 0,0101033
2,113E-06 1,1138E-05 0,0132509
4,528E-06 1,07592E-05 0,0152875
6,258E-06 1,01488E-05 0,0164067
7,407E-06 9,37781E-06 0,0167851
8,075E-06 8,50569E-06 0,0165807
8,351E-06 7,58134E-06 0,0159327
8,318E-06 6,64403E-06 0,0149617
8,046E-06 5,72443E-06 0,0137702
7,598E-06 4,84569E-06 0,0124437
7,028E-06 4,02446E-06 0,0110524
6,38E-06 3,27187E-06 0,0096522
5,692E-06 2,5945E-06 0,0082865
4,993E-06 1,99519E-06 0,0069879
4,306E-06 1,47382E-06 0,0057794

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Tableau 14: Slope

2Ptβ2A1/Epy MtC1/EpIpβ S
0,000623082 0,000538777 0,001161859
0,000613508 0,000469258 0,001082766
0,000587981 0,000401749 0,00098973
0,000550901 0,000337786 0,000888687
0,000506004 0,00027845 0,000784454
0,000456404 0,000224438 0,000680843
0,000404642 0,000176132 0,000580774
0,000352743 0,000133655 0,000486398
0,000302272 9,69319E-05 0,000399204
0,000254395 6,57336E-05 0,000320129
0,000209936 3,97202E-05 0,000249657
0,000169428 1,84762E-05 0,000187904
0,000133166 1,53998E-06 0,000134706
0,000101252 -1,1572E-05 8,96804E-05
7,36366E-05 -2,13458E-05 5,22908E-05
5,01535E-05 -2,82552E-05 2,18984E-05
3,05532E-05 -3,27504E-05 -2,19717E-06
1,4528E-05 -3,52501E-05 -2,07221E-05
1,73485E-06 -3,61363E-05 -3,44015E-05
-8,1865E-06 -3,57516E-05 -4,3938E-05
-1,5599E-05 -3,43976E-05 -4,99964E-05
-2,0856E-05 -3,23359E-05 -5,31921E-05
-2,4296E-05 -2,97892E-05 -5,40848E-05
-2,6231E-05 -2,69436E-05 -5,31744E-05
-2,6948E-05 -2,39514E-05 -5,08997E-05
-2,6705E-05 -2,09348E-05 -4,76397E-05
-2,5727E-05 -1,79884E-05 -4,37159E-05
-2,4213E-05 -1,51834E-05 -3,93961E-05

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 -2,2328E-05 -1,25703E-05 -3,48985E-05
-2,0214E-05 -1,01826E-05 -3,03966E-05
-1,7985E-05 -8,03944E-06 -2,60246E-05
-1,5734E-05 -6,14823E-06 -2,18821E-05
-1,3532E-05 -4,50735E-06 -1,8039E-05
-1,1433E-05 -3,10813E-06 -1,45407E-05
-9,4751E-06 -1,93671E-06 -1,14118E-05
-7,6847E-06 -9,7569E-07 -8,66038E-06
-6,0762E-06 -2,05406E-07 -6,28157E-06
-4,6555E-06 3,94949E-07 -4,26056E-06
-3,4218E-06 8,46448E-07 -2,57536E-06
-2,3688E-06 1,16976E-06 -1,19907E-06
-1,4864E-06 1,3846E-06 -1,01788E-07
-7,6164E-07 1,50942E-06 7,47779E-07
-1,7996E-07 1,56108E-06 1,38112E-06
2,74121E-07 1,55478E-06 1,8289E-06
6,16347E-07 1,50395E-06 2,1203E-06
8,62152E-07 1,42026E-06 2,28241E-06
1,0263E-06 1,3137E-06 2,34E-06
1,1226E-06 1,19265E-06 2,31524E-06
1,16369E-06 1,06398E-06 2,22768E-06
1,16099E-06 9,33261E-07 2,09425E-06
1,12458E-06 8,04812E-07 1,92939E-06

Table 15: Bending Moment

PtD1/β MtA1 M
0 200 200
52,580166 196,92684 249,507
91,591447 188,73303 280,32448
118,98072 176,8309 295,81162
136,59368 162,41969 299,01336
146,14333 146,49882 292,64215
149,18973 129,884 279,07372

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 147,12872 113,22506 260,35378
141,18827 97,024668 238,21294
132,43044 81,657068 214,0875
121,75793 67,38637 189,1443
109,92381 54,383904 164,30772
97,543417 42,744352 140,28777
85,107635 32,500462 117,6081
72,996829 23,636234 96,633063
61,494843 16,098526 77,593369
50,802663 9,8071174 60,60978
41,051406 4,6632662 45,714672
32,314408 0,5568602 32,871268
24,618259 -2,627729 21,99053
17,952697 -5,006965 12,945731
12,27933 -6,694516 5,584814
7,5392032 -7,798527 -0,259324
3,6592363 -8,41969 -4,760453
0,5576143 -8,649963 -8,092349
-1,851799 -8,571855 -10,42365
-3,655924 -8,258137 -11,91406
-4,93972 -7,77192 -12,71164
-5,784119 -7,166996 -12,95111
-6,264551 -6,488375 -12,75293
-6,449974 -5,772962 -12,22294
-6,402314 -5,050318 -11,45263
-6,176237 -4,343462 -10,5197
-5,819194 -3,669688 -9,488882
-5,371668 -3,041359 -8,413027
-4,867567 -2,46667 -7,334236
-4,334722 -1,950357 -6,285078
-3,795456 -1,494348 -5,289805
-3,267183 -1,098349 -4,365532
-2,763011 -0,760356 -3,523366
-2,29234 -0,477109 -2,769448
-1,861432 -0,244474 -2,105906
-1,473944 -0,057766 -1,53171
-1,131412 0,0879887 -1,043423
-0,833692 0,1978379 -0,635854
-0,579347 0,2767376 -0,302609
-0,365988 0,3294266 -0,036561
-0,190558 0,3603359 0,1697781
-0,049578 0,3735281 0,3239504
0,0606554 0,3726613 0,4333167
0,1439076 0,3609735 0,5048811

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 Table 16: Shear Force

PtB1 2MtβD1 V
100 0 100
75,730492 9,8285334 65,901958
54,767144 17,120707 37,646438
36,97438 22,24044 14,73394
22,153849 25,532736 -3,378887
10,064641 27,317803 -17,25316
0,4401293 27,88725 -27,44712
-6,998269 27,501997 -34,50027
-12,53012 26,391579 -38,9217
-16,42749 24,754524 -41,18201
-18,9486 22,759569 -41,70817
-20,33338 20,547479 -40,88086
-20,80052 18,233277 -39,0338
-20,54588 15,908722 -36,4546
-19,74191 13,644913 -33,38682
-18,53791 11,494907 -30,03281
-17,06087 9,4962741 -26,55714
-15,41686 7,673523 -23,09038
-13,69264 6,040362 -19,733
-11,95752 4,6017615 -16,55928
-10,26529 3,355803 -13,6211
-8,656201 2,2953105 -10,95151
-7,158823 1,4092635 -8,568086
-5,791908 0,6840018 -6,47591
-4,566065 0,1042319 -4,670297
-3,485306 -0,346147 -3,139159
-2,548437 -0,683383 -1,865055
-1,750282 -0,923356 -0,826926
-1,082746 -1,081195 -0,001551
-0,535722 -1,170999 0,6352774
-0,097848 -1,20566 1,1078115
0,242868 -1,196751 1,4396188
0,4985519 -1,154491 1,6530432
0,6810725 -1,087751 1,7688238
0,8017503 -1,004098 1,805848
0,8711476 -0,909869 1,7810161
0,8989295 -0,810267 1,7091962
0,8937835 -0,709465 1,6032482
0,8633855 -0,610717 1,4741029
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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 0,8144042 -0,516475 1,3308792
0,752534 -0,428495 1,181029
0,6825494 -0,347948 1,0304971
0,6083738 -0,275517 0,8838904
0,533158 -0,211489 0,7446469
0,4593638 -0,155838 0,6152014
0,3888483 -0,108294 0,4971426
0,3229474 -0,068412 0,3913595
0,2625552 -0,03562 0,2981752
0,2081989 -0,009267 0,2174662
0,1601064 0,011338 0,1487684
0,1182686 0,0268999 0,0913687

Table 17: Soil Reaction

2PtβC1 2Mtβ2B1 P

-43,23479 9,3462366 -52,58103

-37,65619 7,0779509 -44,73414

-32,23881 5,1186669 -37,35748

-27,10602 3,455713 -30,56173

-22,34454 2,0705512 -24,41509

-18,01033 0,9406652 -18,95099

-14,13391 0,0411355 -14,17505

-10,72531 -0,654075 -10,07124

-7,778418 -1,171095 -6,607323

-5,27487 -1,535352 -3,739518

-3,187394 -1,770981 -1,416413

-1,482645 -1,900406 0,4177613

-0,123577 -1,944066 1,8204882

0,9286071 -1,920266 2,8488735

1,712918 -1,845126 3,5580437

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 2,2673714 -1,732596 3,9999679

2,6280936 -1,594549 4,2226426

2,8286847 -1,440896 4,2695807

2,8998023 -1,279746 4,1795486

2,8689273 -1,117578 3,9865052

2,7602771 -0,959419 3,7196957

2,5948353 -0,809029 3,4038643

2,3904703 -0,66908 3,0595508

2,1621186 -0,541325 2,703444

1,9220128 -0,426755 2,3487681

1,6799384 -0,325745 2,0056834

1,4435028 -0,238183 1,6816858

1,2184088 -0,163586 1,3819943

1,0087205 -0,101196 1,1099165

0,817118 -0,05007 0,8671879

0,6451343 -0,009145 0,6542795

0,4933719 0,022699 0,4706729

0,3616978 0,0465958 0,315102

0,2494154 0,0636547 0,1857607

0,1554138 0,0749335 0,0804803

0,0782955 0,0814195 -0,003124

0,016483 0,0840161 -0,067533

-0,031693 0,0835351 -0,115228

-0,067924 0,0806941 -0,148618

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 -0,093868 0,0761161 -0,169985

-0,111109 0,0703336 -0,181443

-0,121125 0,0637927 -0,184918

-0,125271 0,0568601 -0,182131

-0,124765 0,0498302 -0,174596

-0,120686 0,0429332 -0,163619

-0,113971 0,0363427 -0,150313

-0,10542 0,0301834 -0,135603

-0,095705 0,024539 -0,120244

-0,085381 0,0194588 -0,104839

-0,074891 0,0149639 -0,089855

-0,064583 0,0110537 -0,075637

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
II.3 Plot the graph of Depth of each load

Deflexion Slope
-2 0 2 4 6
0 -1 -0,4 0,2 0,8 1,4 2 2,6 3,2 3,8
0
5
5

10
10

Dipth
15
15
Dipth

20 20

25 25

30 30

35 35

Bending moment Shear force

-100 0 100 200 300 400 -50 0 50 100 150
0 0

5 5

10 10

15 15
Dipth

Dipth

20 20

25 25

30 30

35 35

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Soil reation
20 0 -20 -40 -60
0

10

Dipth
15

20

25

30

35

Figure 7: Deflexion, slope, bending moment, shear force and soil reaction

II.4 Conclusion

As the pile displaces laterally, the capacity of pile and the soil reduces with each displacement
cycle, this fact is regularly between 5.0 m and 15 m. Detailed analysis and successful design of
laterally loaded pile depends on the predictions of the response of the soil with approximate
accuracy.

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III. COMPRESSION OF LOAD DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PILES

The response of rigid and compressible single piles embedded in a homogeneous isotropic linear
elastic medium has been obtained by rigorous analysis based on Mindlin’s solutions for a point
load in the interior of an ideal elastic medium. The analytical method is extended to analyse axially
loaded rigid and compressible pile groups.

Steps in calculation

- Length, diameter, diameter base, average shear modulus, base

shear modulus is given.

- Calculate the base enlargement ratio η stiffness gradient ratio ρ,

base stiffness ratio ξ.

η = Dbase/ D

ρ= Gavg/ G

ξ = ln(2rm/D)

rm = 2.5lp(1-ν)

ν=Poison’s ratio

λ = EPl

𝟐 𝟐 𝑳
μL= √
𝜻𝝀 𝑫

III.1 Calculate V/W

III.2 Calculations in excel

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Table 18: Data calculation of elastic solution for compressible

Length L 25 m
Diameter D 1 m
Diameter de base Dse 1 m
Average shear modulus Gaveg 15000 kPa
Base shear modulus GL 35000 kPa
Base modulus Gbas 35000 kPa
Poison ratio ν 0,35
Pile Elastic modulus Ep 35000000 kPa
Base enlargement ratio η 1
Stiffness gradient ρ 0,4285714
Base Stiffness ratio ξ 1
rm 17,410714
(tanhμL/μL)(L/D)V 17,41071434
ζ λ μL
3,550232962 1000 1,1867427

A B C A+B/C V/W
3,0769231 13,248306 1,0192941 16,016211 560567,37

Table 19: elastic solution for compressible

W(mm) V
0,0001 56,056737
0,0002 112,11347
0,0003 168,17021
0,0004 224,22695
0,0005 280,28368
0,0006 336,34042
0,0007 392,39716
0,0008 448,4539
0,0009 504,51063
0,001 560,56737
0,0011 616,62411

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 0,0012 672,68084
0,0013 728,73758
0,0014 784,79432
0,0015 840,85105
0,0016 896,90779
0,0017 952,96453
0,0018 1009,0213
0,0019 1065,078
0,002 1121,1347
0,0021 1177,1915
0,0022 1233,2482
0,0023 1289,3049
0,0024 1345,3617
0,0025 1401,4184
0,0026 1457,4752
0,0027 1513,5319
0,0028 1569,5886
0,0029 1625,6454
0,003 1681,7021
0,0031 1737,7588
0,0032 1793,8156
0,0033 1849,8723
0,0034 1905,9291
0,0035 1961,9858

Elastic Solution for Compressible Pile

V(KN)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

0
0,0005
0,001
W(mm)

0,0015
0,002
0,0025
0,003
0,0035
0,004

Figure 8: Elastic Solution for Compressible Pile

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
III.3 Conclusion

The elastic compressibility of pile modifies the distribution of shear stress along a pile as compared
with the compressible pile. As the pile becomes more compressible, the stresses increase about the
depth.

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
IV. ELASTIC SOLUTION FOR COMPRESSIBLE PILES

Accurate estimation of pile settlement usually requires complex three-dimensional analysis, such
as boundary element method solutions, finite element solutions. Calculations of pile settlement can
be simplifies using one-dimensional “t-z” curves describing pile theoretical settlement at certain
depth at the function of side friction.
IV.1 Steps in calculation

- Pile length, diameter, depth, GO, μ, Em, Ee, τm, Rf are given:
rm = 2.5Lp (1- μ).
- Calculate Zs with Randolph and Worth, Kraft et al. t-z curve. is given.

𝝉𝒓𝒐 𝒓𝒎
Randolph and Worth t-z curve: ZS = 𝐥𝐧 ( 𝒓𝟎 )
𝑮𝟎

𝒓𝒎 𝝉𝑹𝒇
𝝉𝒓𝒐 −[ ]
𝒓𝟎 𝝉𝒎
Kraft et al. T-Z curve: ZS = 𝐥𝐧 ( 𝝉𝑹𝒇 )
𝑮𝟎 𝟏−
𝝉𝒎

IV.2 Plot the graph of τ Vs deformation

Calculations in excel sheet

Table 20: Data of T-Z curve

Pile length 15

Pile Diameter(ro) 1

Depth 6

Go (KN/m2) 20000

μ 0,3

Em 15000

Ee 25000

rm 15,75

Rf 0,98

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 τm (KN/m2) 70

Softening factor (0,7 to 0,8

0,9)

Table 21 : Kraft et al T-Z curve

τ(KN/m2) Zs (mm)

0 0

3,5 0,30187391

7 0,603747821

10,5 0,905621731

14 1,207495641

17,5 1,509369551

21 1,811243462

24,5 2,113117372

28 2,414991282

31,5 2,716865192

35 3,018739103

38,5 3,320613013

42 3,622486923

45,5 3,924360833

49 4,226234744

52,5 4,528108654

56 4,829982564

59,5 5,131856474

63 5,433730385

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 66,5 5,735604295

70 6,037478205

Table 22: Randolph and Worth T-Z Curve

τ(KN/m2) Zs (mm)

0 0

3,5 0,3061338

7 0,62125216

10,5 0,946130243

14 1,281665663

17,5 1,628907391

21 1,989093973

24,5 2,363704997

28 2,754531792

31,5 3,163776861

35 3,594197501

38,5 4,049319875

42 4,533770207

45,5 5,053810694

49 5,618255996

52,5 6,240154112

56 6,940164788

59,5 7,754261079

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 63 8,754887493

66,5 10,13066852

70 12,82820912

Table 23 : API T-Z curve

τ(KN/m2) T

0 21

3,5 35

7 49

10,5 63

14 77

17,5 91

21 105

24,5 119

28 133

31,5 147

35 161

38,5 175

42 189

45,5 203

49 217

52,5 231

56 245

59,5 259

63 273

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 66,5 287

70 301
80
Curve Kraft et al , Randolph and Worth
70

60

50
τ(KN/m2)

40
Kraft et al
30
Randolph and Worth
20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Zs (mm)

Figure 9: Curve Kraft et al, Randolph and Worth

API
80
70
60
τ(KN/m2)

50
40
30 API
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
T

Figure 10: curve API

IV.3 Conclusion

In this case of design, the curve of Kraf et al is very increasing upto 70 Nk/m2 and 6.0 m of depth.
The curve of Randolph and Worth is also increasing but is done a limited at 70 Nk/m2 with 13 m
of depth. The curve of API is increased with 70 Nk/m2.

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V. Q-Y PILE CURVES FOR SOFT CLAY AND SAND

Figure 11 : Pile dis placement curve

The pile displacement of show two types of variation in this case, such as 0 KN to 310 KN and the
last phase at 310KN to 2000 KN. That deflexion means beyond of this point the piles can be resisted
of that load.

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
VI. COMPUTATION OF LOAD DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PILES

Table 24: The variable data

Load (KN) 50 100 150 200 250

Diameter (mm) 0,5 0,8 1 1,2 1,5

Length of pile (m) 10 20 30 35

Moment (N) 50 75 100 150

Table 25: Data load Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Load Max deflexion(mm) Max shear force Max

(kN) moment(kN/m)
50 11,155 50 54,897
100 22,309 100 109,794
150 33,464 150 164,69
200 44,618 200 219,587
250 55,773 250 274

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Load Max deflex (mm) Load Max shear force(kN) Load Max mment(KN/m)

Figure 12: Curve of load about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Table 26: Data of diameter about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Dimeter(mm) Max Max shear force Max

deflexion(mm) (kN) moment(kN/m)
500 55,773 250 274,484
800 23,833 250 392,759
1000 15,87 250 465
1200 11,365 250 535,621
1500 7,538 250 634,89
2000 4,423 250 790,841

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Diameter, Max deflexion (mm) Diameter, Max shear force (KN)

Diameter, Max moment(KN/m)

Figure 13: Diameter about, Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Table 27: Data of length about, Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Length pile Max Max shear force Max moment(kN/m)

(m) deflexion(mm) (kN)
10 8,238 250 414,759

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 20 4,609 250 745,242
30 4,423 250 790,801
35 4,421 250 790,228

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Length pile (m), MAX deflexion(mm)
Length pile (m), Max shear force (KN)
LENGTH PILE (m), Max moment(KN/m)

Figure 14: Curve of length about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Table 28: Data of moment about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

Moment Max Max shear force Max moment

(KN/m) deflexion(mm) (kN) (kN/m)
50 4,524 250 823,502
75 4,576 250 840,011
100 4,627 250 856,519
150 4,73 250 890,479

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Moment (KN/m), Max deflexion (mm) Moment(mm), Max shear force(KN)

Moment(KN/m), Max moment(KN/m)

Figure 15: Curve of moment about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment

VI.1 Conclusion

The Curve of load (Figure 12) the increase and about Max deflexion, Max shear force and Max
moment is very increasing. The case of diameter the maximum moment is increase, but the else
parameter is constancy (Figure 13). In the case of the length the maximum moment has two
phases, a phase increasing and another constancy (Figure 14), however, the maximum deflexion
and shear force are always constancy and in curve figure 15 the parameter of moment about Max
deflexion, Max shear force and Max moment are very constancy but it’s had load.

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
VII. PAVEMENT DESIGN USING IIT PAVE
VII.1 Theory

IIT Pave is a software package that facilitates rapid, accurate and reliable flexible pavement
design. It has been developed by researchers at the Illinois Institute Technology (IIT) and is now
made available to the public.

VII.2 Steps in calculation

- Put the values of the number of layers required for the design.
- With respect to each layer put the values of elastic modulus and poison’s ratio, the wheel
load (N), tyre pressure (MPa), analysis points. Depth (mm) and radial distance (mm) at each point.
Set the type of wheel (single wheel or dual wheel)
- Submit the values and run the program
VII.3 Calculations

Figure 15: Pavement design using IIT Pave 1

34
Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005
 Figure 15: Pavement design using IIT pave 2 and 3

VII.4 Conclusion

Thus, this software is used to study the design and evaluate the rutting and fatigue performance of
flexible pavements for different composition of pavement design.

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Submitted by Christian Cedric AMOUGOU Roll No: 2243005