PUNCTUATION

+Oxford comma

+Period

-Used to end an independent clause

- Used for abbreviations

+Comma

- Used to set off an introductory word, phrase or clause

- To separate elements in a series
- To set off an appositive in a sentence
- To set off non-restrictive elements in a sentence
- To separate two independent clauses
- To set off interrupting phrases
- To set off a concluding element
- To set off direct command or address

To set off tag questions and quotations

+Semicolon

- Used to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas
- Used to join independent clauses to avoid run-on sentences
- Used to join independent clauses when the next clause starts with a conjunctive adverb

+Colon

- Used to join independent clauses when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or other
idea directly related to the independent clause
- Used to join an independent clause to a word, phrase, or clause provided that the second
element explains the idea of the first element
- Business letter greeting
- Time notation
- Biblical Reference

+Dash

- Loose ideas
- Used for Emphasis
- To set off an appositive that already used commas

+Hyphen

- Before an author’s or composer’s name

- For compound adjectives

+Apostrophe

- Used in contractions
- Used to form possessives

+Quotation Marks

- To enclose direct quotations

TIPS:

- If a complete sentence introduces a quotation, use a COLON before the quote.

- If an introductory phrase precedes a quotation, use COMMA before the quote.

Communicative Functions & Strategies

Communicative functions

+REGULATION = Serves to regulate and control

+MOTIVATION = Serves to encourage or persuade yourself or others

+INFORMATION = Relays message to inform

+SOCIAL INTERACTION = Helps to build connection or relationship

+EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION = Expresses one’s emotions

Communicative Strategies

+SPEECH CONTEXT

- INTRAPERSONAL= internal use of language or thought messages

- INTERPERSONAL=people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and
non-verbal
+SPEECH STYLE

- INTIMATE = Close relationship

- CASUAL= Everyday conversation
- FORMAL= Serious, Use of technical words
- CONSULTATIVE = Expert and non-expert
- FROZEN = Most formal ceremony

Types of Speeches
According to Purpose

+EXPOSITORY

+PERSUASSIVE

+ENTERTAINMENT

According to Delivery

+MANUSCRIPT = with document/ script

+IMPROMPTU = on the spot, little/no preparation

+MEMORIZED = committed to memory

+EXTEMPORANEOUS = with few minutes to prepare, structured, with outline or notes

Speech Acts

+LOCUTIONARY = utterance with meaning in a traditional sense

occurs when the speaker performs an utterance, which has a meaning in the traditional sense.

+ILLOCUTIONARY = with specific intention of stating an opinion, confirming, denying

something, making prediction, issuing an order, promising, and giving an advice or permission.

+PERLOCUTIONARY = the utterance has an effect on the listener, This is seen when a
particular effect is sought from the speaker, listener, or both. The response may not necessarily
be physical or verbal and elicited by: inspiring or insulting, persuading or convincing, and
deterring.
Logical Fallacies
= common error in arguments lacks evidence in specific claims or statements

+Fallacies of Relevance

- Ad Hominem = attacking the person

- Ad Baculum = force or threat
- Ad Populum= popular acceptance (bandwagon, patriotic, snob)
- Genetic Fallacy = wrong because of the origin
- Appeal to tradition =always true because it has always worked in the past
- Adverse consequence= false because if it is true, it would create negative results
- Ad Vericundiam = improper authority/famous person
- Ad Misericordiam = appeal to emotion
- Personal Incredulity = false, because i cannot understand

+Component Fallacies

- Hasty Generalization = one incident = all situations/ biased statistical data

- Faulty Analogy = relies on comparison
- False-Cause =cause-effect does not exist/coincidence
- Red Herring = deviating the issue
- Begging the question = no supporting evidence
- Non Sequitor = it does not follow
- Either/Or Fallacy = two choices

+Fallacies of Ambiguities

- Equivocation =Misused Words

- Amphiboly= vague sentence
- Composition = part-whole
- Division = whole-part

+Fallacies of Omission

- Ad Ignorantiam = lack of evidence

- Ad Speculum = hypothesis contrary to the fact/what if?
- Complex Question = loaded/ implies something

Communication and Culture

- behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols
- passed from one generation to another through rituals, traditions, and everyday interactions
- a form of symbolic communication that people use to reaffirm their unity, identity, and harmony
as a collective.

Material = any tangible object that people create, use, and share with other members of the
society

Non-Material = any intangible creation that members of a society use to communicate and
influence other members’ behaviors and perspectives

Low- and High-Context Cultures

+Association

+Interaction

+Territoriality

+Temporality

Cultural Sensitivity

= To avoid awkward situations where we unintentionally offend people of different nationalities, it

is highly recommended that we practice and improve our cultural sensitivity.

- open-mindedness
- mutual respect
- interactions as learning opportunities

Tips

1) Do some research

2) Avoid knee-jerk reactions

3) Be honest

4) Observe their practices. Ask them if you should do those practices too or not.

5) Apologize if necessary.