9

TECHNICAL DRAFTING
 Fundamentals of Drafting
HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

MATERIALS,
1. Follow carefully all the contents TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT
and instructions indicated in every page of this
module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning,
that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer keycard.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations – These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Pre-test – This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking BackMATERIALS,
to your Lesson TOOLS, AND
– This section willEQUIPMENT
measure what learnings and skills
did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction – This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities – This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember – this section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how much you have learned from the
lesson.
• Posttest – This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

1
 LESSON 1: Fundamentals of Drafting
• Identify materials and tools in terms of its uses and classification
• Describe how tools and materials are used
• Maintain effective use of drafting tools in the production of quality projects

PRE-TEST

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It refers to a sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or
activities especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation.
A. Drafting Tools B. Drafting Equipment
C. Drafting Materials D. Drawing
2. These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting
works or activities.
A. Drafting Equipment B. Drafting Tools
C. Drafting Materials D. Drawing
3. It is used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for triangles
when drawing other kinds of lines.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object in full size
on a drawing or to reduce or enlarge them in regular proportion.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
5. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles
that cannot be measured with either the 45o or the 30o x 60o triangles.
A. Ruler B. Triangles C. Protractor D. T-square
6. It is used as guides for drawing symbols on plans.
A. Eraser B. Drawing Template C. Protractor D. Ink
7. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles
A. Triangular Scale B. Triangles
C. Protractor D. Erasing Shield
8. It is used for fastening paper to the drawing board or table
A. Masking Tape B. Pencil
C. Ink D. Leroy
9. It is used to remove smears, pencil, or ink lines.
A. Technical pen B. Erasing Shield
C. Ink D. Eraser
10. It is used in technical drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted to
form a right angle on an articulated protractor head that allows an angular
rotation.
A. Drawing Board B. Drafting Machine
C. Drawing Table D. Leroy

2
 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Which of the following professions requires knowledge in Technical Drafting?

Put a check mark on the space provided (✓).

( ) Carpenter ( ) Architect

( ) Engineer ( ) Electrician
( ) Baker ( ) Cook

( ) Interior Designer ( ) Cosmetologist

( ) CAD designer ( ) Plumber

GUIDE QUESTION

Why do you think your choices require knowledge in Technical Drafting?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Unlike other subjects, the objectives of drawing cannot be obtained without the
presence and proper use of drawing instruments, tools and materials used in
technical drafting. Each tool and material have their own functions and uses in
completing a drawing. Good tools are necessary to get exact results.
This lesson is a review on what you have learned in your exploratory phase in
technical drafting, particularly on the proper use of drawing tools, materials, and
equipment. This allows you to recall its importance in Drafting works.

Objectives
1. Identify tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting;
2. Know the proper use of tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting;
3. Observe proper maintenance and handling of tools.

3
WEEK
1
LEARNING CONTENT

Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment

Drafting tools refers to a set of tools that are used in all drafting works or activities
especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Before the start of any
activity, it is expected that all drawing tools needed must be available in the work
station.
Drafting materials are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in
drafting works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task without
these items. Drawing Equipment are the instruments, attachments, and other
equipment used to make mechanical drawings.

Classification of Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment

Classificatio
Name Function Illustration
n

This is where the

drawing paper is laid
and fastened. Their

Drafting working edge should

be perfectly straight
Table or
Drafting Tool and their surface
Drawing trim and smooth as
Board this is the place
which the T-square
is moved.

This is made of
plastic, wood, or
combination of both.

Drafting Tool It is used for drawing

T-square
horizontal lines and
serves as a guide for
triangles when
drawing other kinds
of lines.

4
 Used for drawing
vertical and oblique
Drafting Tool lines. The most
Triangles
commonly used are
the 45o and the 30o
by 60o.

The type of scale

commonly used for
general drawing. The
scale has various
divisions.
Triangular Its sole purpose is to
Drafting Tool
Scale reproduce the
dimensions of an
object full size on a
drawing or to reduce
or enlarge them to
some regular
proportion.

A technical pen is a
specialized
instrument used by
an engineer,
Technical architect, or drafter
Drafting Tool
to make lines of
Pen
constant width for
architectural,
engineering,
or technical drawing
s

5
 A mechanical pencil,
also known as a
clutch pencil, is
a pencil with a
replaceable and
mechanically
extendable solid
pigment core called a
Drafting Tool Mechanic "lead". The lead,
often made
al Pencil of graphite, is not
bonded to the outer
casing, and can be
mechanically
extended as its point
is worn away as it is
being used.

The drawing pencil is

one of the
draftsman’s most
important tool. They
Come in different
grades of hardness
indicated by
numbers and letters
found on one end.

Drafting Tool They range in grade

Pencil
of hardness from 9B,
the softest, to the
medium grade F, and
9H, the hardest. The
grade of the pencil to
be used depends
upon the nature of
work being done as
well as the kind of
paper to be used.

6
 Pencils should be
sharpened whenever
Pencil
they show signs of
Sharpener
Drafting Tool dullness. A pen knife
or
or pencil sharpener
Penknife
is usually used to
remove the wood
from the lead.

A drafting
template is a flat
piece of plastic with
Drawing standard symbols
Drafting Tool cut in it. The drafting
Templates templates shapes are
used as guides for
drawing symbols on
plans.

A semi-circular scale
divided into 180
equal parts, each of
which is called a
degree (o). It is used
Drafting Tool Protractor for measuring and
laying out arcs and
circles as well as
angles that cannot
be measured with
either the 45o or the
30o x 60o triangles.

7
 These dusting
brushes feature
wooden handles for
Dusting the easy removal of
Drafting Tool
eraser shavings, dust
Brush
and dirt from
drawings and/or
drafting surfaces
without smudging.

The erasing shield is

a useful tool to
Erasing
Drafting Tool protect the rest of
Shield the drawing when
making an erasure.

Used for drawing

Drafting Tool Compass arcs or circles.

A flexible tape that

slides into a
Push Pull
Drafting Tool material case and it
Rule is used to measure
irregular and
regular shapes.

8
 Bond paper is a
durable paper that
is especially suitable
Bond
for electronic
Drafting
Paper printing and use in
Material (Short and office machines,
Long) including copiers
and network and
desktop printers.

Tracing paper is
paper made to have
low opacity, allowing
light to pass
through. It is named
as such for its
ability for
Drafting an image to
Tracing
be traced onto it. It
Material Paper
was originally
developed for
architects and
design engineers to
create drawings
which could be
copied precisely.

An A3 piece of paper
measures 297 × 420
Drafting A3
mm or 11.7 × 16.5
Drawing
Material inches. Cutting it in
Paper
half will create two
A4 sheets of paper.

9
Drafting Erasers are used to
Pen and remove smears,
Ink Eraser pencil, or ink lines.
Material

Tapes are used for

fastening paper to

the drawing board or

table. It may be used

either by attaching a

short piece across

Drafting
Masking each corner or by

Material Tape taping the entire

edge of the paper.

Ink, fluid or paste of

Drafting various colors, but
Material Ink
usually black or dark
blue, used for writing
and printing.

10
 A drafting machine is
a tool used in
technical drawing,
Drafting consisting of a pair
Drafting
of scales mounted to
Equipment
Machine form a right angle on
an articulated
protractor head that
allows an angular
rotation.

Mechanical lettering
is done using tools
such as lettering
Drafting guides, templates, or
Leroy using a small
Equipment
mechanical
pantograph referred
to by the Keuffel and
Esser trademark
"Leroy".

A computer is a
machine that can be
instructed to carry
Drafting out sequences of
Computer arithmetic or logical
Equipment
operations
automatically
via computer
programming.

11
 ACTIVITY 1 Is it a Tool, Material or Equipment?
Direction: Name and classify the following figures below.

Name: Name: Name:

Classification: Classification: Classification:

Name: Name:
Classification: Classification:

B. Match column A to column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer.

A
B.
1. A machine that can be instructed to carry out
A. Triangles
sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming.
B. Eraser
2. fluid or paste of various colors, but usually
C. Leroy
black or dark blue, used for writing and
printing.
D. Ink
3. used to remove smears, pencil, or ink lines
E. Drawing compass
4. Used for drawing arcs or circles
F. Computer
5. Used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.

12
ACTIVITY 2 LINE EXERCISES
Direction: Draw the following line exercises using different drafting tools.
Draw it in Oslo paper using this format. All measurements are in
centimeters. Border line has an allowance of 1 cm from the edge of the
paper. (20 points)

PLT. NO. 1 LINE EXERCISES

13
 POST-TEST

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It refers to a sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or
activities especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation.
A. Drafting Tools B. Drafting Equipment
C. Drafting Materials D. Drawing
2. These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in drafting
works or activities.
A. Drafting Equipment B. Drafting Tools
C. Drafting Materials D. Drawing
3. It is used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for triangles
when drawing other kinds of lines.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object in full size
on a drawing or to reduce or enlarge them in regular proportion.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
5. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles
that cannot be measured with either the 45o or the 30o x 60o triangles.
A. Ruler B. Triangles C. Protractor D. T-square
6. It is used as guides for drawing symbols on plans.
A. Eraser B. Drawing Template C. Protractor D. Ink
7. It is used for measuring and laying out arcs and circles as well as angles
A. Triangular Scale B. Triangles
C. Protractor D. Erasing Shield
8. It is used for fastening paper to the drawing board or table
A. Masking Tape B. Pencil
C. Ink D. Leroy
9. It is used to remove smears, pencil, or ink lines.
A. Technical pen B. Erasing Shield
C. Ink D. Eraser
10. It is used in technical drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted to
form a right angle on an articulated protractor head that allows an angular
rotation.
A. Drawing Board B. Drafting Machine
C. Drawing Table D. Leroy

14
 WEEK
2
LESSON 2: LETTERING
• Recognize the technical know-how in good lettering;
• Practice freehand uppercase lettering with the use of guidelines;
• Value the importance of guidelines and good lettering in Technical Drafting.

PRE-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. A very light lines used for drawing letter
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
2. Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
3. A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
4. It has a uniform stem and be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters
C. Gothic Letters D. Old English Letter
5. It has pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for books, magazine,
newspapers, and text matters.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters D.
C. Gothic Letters Old English Letter
6. It is considered as artistic letters.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters D.
C. Gothic Letters Old English Letter
7. It is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters D.
C. Gothic Letters Old English Letter
8. This particular proportion should be applied only when the space is limited.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive
9. This proportion is applied when there is a more space.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive
10. This proportion is applied when there is normal space.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive

15
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
People around the world speak with different languages but they come up
with common understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing
becomes a universal language.
This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing for
use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing
freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different lettering
styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the
concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.

Objectives
1. Recognize the technical know-how in good lettering;
2. Practice freehand uppercase lettering with the use of guidelines;
3. Value the importance of guidelines and good lettering in Technical Drafting.

LEARNING CONTENT

Guidelines and Upper Case Lettering

Lettering is a fundamental part of drawing. It is a combination of different

types of lines. It is closely related to design. In mechanical drafting, architectural
lettering is used. This is characterized by normal upper case letters. Normal
upper case letters are neither too narrow nor too wide and have the same height.

Generally speaking, letters are important because they constitute the words by
which we communicate through the written language. They are important because:

1. They add other information which the regular orthographic or pictorial

drawings cannot show.
2. Graphic presentation by views of structures or other figures cannot be
constructed correctly by workmen unless accompanied by size specifications
and instructions.
3. A legible and plain style lettering in all dimensions and notes in drawing is a
good practice for ease of interpretation and execution.

LETTERING Cap Line

Base Line
Guidelines are very light lines used for drawing letters. For uniformity in letter
construction, they should be used when lettering any part of a drawing. In
mechanical drafting, horizontal guidelines are used. Horizontal guidelines have
two parts, the cap line and the base line.

1. Cap Line – Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters.
2. Base Line – A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand.

16
 Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing.
He must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the
quality standard in printing letters.

Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing,

it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of
the drawing once it is not done well.

The Four Group of Letters

1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the
four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied
only for poster and advertisement purposes.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
Two forms of gothic letters:
a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used
for advertisement purposes only.

b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for

engineering drawing purposes.

2. Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they

have pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for
books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy

17
 The Three Classics of Roman Letters:

a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout

form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the
thin stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy
stem.

b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke

using the speedball pen.

c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are

printed in single stroke using the speedball pen.
However, this style must be printed in the absence of
serif.

3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely

used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation
cards.

4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four
groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for
certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

18
The Rule of Stability of letters

This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the

letters particularly on the following:

1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form.
Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line.

Example:

cap line

waist line

ABCDEFG base line

2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small
letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line,
base line, and dropped line.

Example:

cap line

waist line

abcdfgy base line

dropped line

The General Proportion of Letters

1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be

applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with
closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size.

Example:

COMPRESSED

19
 2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The
width of the letter is wider than the height.
Example:

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The

letter is printed in the normal size.
Example:

NORMAL
The Two Proportion of Thickness

1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.
Example:

BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.
Example:

20
Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses:

1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of

letters

2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting

3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting

4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer

5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer

6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching

7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters

8. Leroy Lettering Pen - used for engineering and architectural

lettering

Order of Strokes in Lettering

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters

are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal.
You should practice making these letters according to the models.

The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the

introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given.

The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the

circle.

The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is

suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by
25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.

21
Making Numerals

All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they

should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and
5 units wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes
found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1

Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals

Figure 1.1

22
 Single stroke vertical lower case letters
Figure 1.2

ACTIVITY 1 KNOW IT!

Direction: IRead ech statement carefully . Write T if it is correct. Otherwise, write F.

Put your answer on the space provided before each number.

_______1. The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters.
_______2. Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it
adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the
appearance of the drawing once it is not done well.
_______3. The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters
are the difficult to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and
horizontal.
_______4. The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the
circle.
_______5. Gothic Letters are the most simple and readable among the four groups
of letters

ACTIVITY 2 Practice Freehand Upper Case Lettering

Direction: In a graphing paper, practice SINGLE STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS using the
Alphabet from A- Z in freehand: (20 pts.) Note: Use pencil only.

Follow the measurement for the height and width of the guidelines below.
Height and length is 6 units except letter W with 8 units width and for letter I with
1 unit width

PLT. NO. 2 SINGLE STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS

23
 Performance Rubrics:
For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, thick, medium, and thin are
Accuracy
- The output is accurately done.
 4 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
3 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed
5 pts - The output is submitted on time of retrieval.
 4 pts - The output is submitted 2 days after the retrieval.
 3 pts. - The output is submitted 1 week after the retrieval.

 Neatness
5 pts. No errors made on the output.
4 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
3 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

 Lettering/Labeling
5 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.
3 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

POST TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. A very light lines used for drawing letter
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
2. Uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letters
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
3. A horizontal guideline where all letters rest or stand
A. Guidelines B. Base Line
C. Cap Line D. Drop Line
4. It has a uniform stem and be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters
C. Gothic Letters D. Old English Letter
5. It has pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for books, magazine,
newspapers, and text matters.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters
C. Gothic Letters D. Old English Letter

24
 6. It is considered as artistic letters.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters
C. Gothic Letters D. Old English Letter
7. It is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.
A. Script Letters B. Roman Letters
C. Gothic Letters D. Old English Letter
8. This particular proportion should be applied only when the space is limited.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive
9. This proportion is applied when there is a more space.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive
10. This proportion is applied when there is normal space.
A. Condensed B. Extended
C. Normal D. Cursive

LESSON 3: ALPHABET OF LINES

• Familiarize with the alphabet of lines in Technical Drafting;
• Apply appropriate line symbols in every drawing;
• Value the i-mportance of line weights in Technical drawing.

PRE-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They are sometimes
called object lines.
A. Hidden Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
2. This type of lines shows surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of
the object.
A. Extension Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Hidden Lines
3. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.
A. Visible Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Break Lines D. Extension Lines

25
 4.. All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be read fr
either the bottom or right side of the paper.
A. Break Lines B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line D. Section Lines
5. These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
A. Long Break Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
6. These are light lines used in sectional views. They are evenly spaced to make
shaded effects.
A. Section Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
7. These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and circles.
A. Extension Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Center Lines
8. These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line.
A. Visible Lines B. Cutting Plane Line
C. Break Lines D. Extension Lines
9.. These are indicated with a heavy freehand lin
A. Short Break Lines B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line D. Section Lines
10. These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits
A. Long Break Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as ALPHABET OF
LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express features of
designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary not only by width but
also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing. Line significance is
conveyed by line weight or thickness of the line.

Every line is drawn at different thickness and darkness to express contrast as

well as importance. Lines that are less important are thin and light. Key to
successful drafting is to have a good technical knowledge of these various line
characteristics – to understand where and when to apply them in technical drawing.

Objectives
1. Familiarize with the alphabet of lines in Technical Drafting;
2. Apply appropriate line symbols in every drawing;
3. Value the i-mportance of line weights in Technical drawing.

26
 LEARNING CONTENT

Alphabet of Lines

For finished inked drawings, three weights of lines, thick, medium, and thin
are considered desirable and for pencil drawings, the medium and light lines.
Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as alphabet
of lines. Certain conventional lines have been developed and standardized by
long usage in industry. Some of the most used lines in a working plan are:

1. Visible Lines – This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil.
They are sometimes called object lines. The thickness of the lines may vary
to suit the size of the drawing.

2. Hidden Lines – This type of lines is represented by a series of medium

weight dashes about 1/8” long and spaced 1/16” apart. They show
surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of the object.

3. Cutting Plane Lines – These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through
an object along the line. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with
two small dashes. Also, phantom lines.

27
4. Center Lines – These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and
circles. They are drawn by a series of lightweight long and short dashes. The
short dashes are about 1/8” long and the long dashes 1” in length and the
spaces between dashes are about 1/16”.

5. Dimension Lines – They are light in weight and broken in the middle to
provide space for dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the middle to
provide dimensions. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines to show
the points where the dimension end.

6. Extension Lines – These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits.

7. Break Lines – These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut
off or broken out.

a. Long Break Lines – These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
b. Short Break Lines – These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
8. Section Lines – These are light lines used in sectional views. They are
evenly spaced to make shaded effects.

ACTIVITY 1 ARRANGE IT!

Direction: Rearrange the letters in the box to form the word that describe the
statement

1. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They

are sometimes called object lines.

E L I V B I S E I N L

2. It is made with long heavy dashes alternating with two small dashes.

G T I N U T C

A N L E P E L N I

3. These are lines used to show the fact that a part has been cut off or
broken out.

K B R E A E L N I

4. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.

M D S N O E I E L N I

5. This type of lines shows surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts
of the object.
N D I H D E E L N I

28
ACTIVITY 2 IDENTIFY IT!

Direction: Identify the different alphabet of lines used in the drawing. write
your answer in your answer sheet.

ACTIVITY 3 ALPHABET OF LINES

Direction: Draw the different Alphabet of Lines in Oslo Paper. Use the Title block for
your drawing. (20pts)

29
 POST-TEST
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. This is a heavy solid line in ink, medium weight in pencil. They are sometimes
called object lines.
A. Hidden Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
2. This type of lines shows surfaces or edges hidden from view by other parts of
the object.
A. Extension Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Hidden Lines
3. Arrow heads are placed at the ends of these lines.
A. Visible Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Break Lines D. Extension Lines
4. All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be read from
either the bottom or right side of the paper.
A. Break Lines B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line D. Section Lines
5. These lines are light in weight with definite breaks.
A. Long Break Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
6. These are light lines used in sectional views. They are evenly spaced to make
shaded effects.
A. Section Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines
7. These lines are used to locate centers of objects, arcs, and circles.
A. Extension Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Center Lines
8. These are used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line.
A. Visible Lines B. Cutting Plane Line
C. Break Lines D. Extension Lines
9. These are indicated with a heavy freehand line.
A. Short Break Lines B. Visible Lines
C. Cutting Plane Line D. Section Lines
10. These are lines used to show clearly the dimension limits
A. Long Break Lines B. Dimension Lines
C. Visible Lines D. Extension Lines

30
 WEEK
3
LESSON 4: Basic Calculations
• Identify different kinds of scale and commonly used scale
• Learn the kinds and method of dimensioning
• Apply the commonly used scale and dimensions in drawing

PRE - TEST

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_____1. It is a dimension that represents the structure shown in a plan

A. Scale B. Fraction
C. Dimension D. Drawing
_____2. A measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
A. Scale B. Fraction
C. Dimension D. Drawing
_____3. A kind if scale that views on the drawing paper are the same as those of the
actual object
A. Ruler B. Full-size C. Reduced D. Enlarging
_____4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size on a
drawing or to reduce or enlarge them to some regular proportion.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
_____5. The drawing is drawn with the bigger dimensions in comparison to the actual
dimensions of the object
A. Ruler B. Full-size C. Reduced D. Enlarging
____6. Process of placing sizes/measurements and related information on a drawing
A. Dimensioning B. Scaling C. Drawing D. Enlarging
_
_____7. A kind of dimension that gives the detail and overall sizes of the object
A. Staggered Dimension B. Size Dimension
C. Location Dimension D. Narrow Dimension
_____8. A kind of dimension that merely locates part or parts and features
of the object
A. Staggered Dimension B. Size Dimension
C. Location Dimension D. Narrow Dimension

_____9. It used in survey maps drawn on the drawing.

A. Engineers Scale B. Architectural Scale
C. Metric Engineering scale D. Graphical Scale
_____10. All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be read
from either the bottom or right side of the paper.
A. Aligned Method B. Staggered dimension
C. Uni-directional D. Section Lines

31
 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

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-Identify requires
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of drawing tools, in Technical
materials andDrafting?
Put a check mark on the space provided (✓).
equipment

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

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and proper use ofand Scaling
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s,, to ols will
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ols arare
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ecessarary
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used in technical drafting. Each tool and material have their own functions and
uses proportion
in presentation of object drawing.

Obje
ectives
s

1. Identify different kinds of scale and commonly used scale

2. Learn the kinds and method of dimensioning
3. Apply the commonly used scale and dimensions in drawing

32
LEARNING CONTENT:

Scaling

Scale – a graduated measurement to allow production of a

drawing to any size desired.
Proportion – size or distance in comparison to another.
Proportion scale – A scale for measuring distances for drawings

The Scale
In drafting, architecture and engineering, the term scale has
two meanings.

1. Scale is a dimension that represents the structure shown in a plan.

2. A ruler used in drawing and measuring architectural and
engineering plans an used for enlarging or decreasing the size of
a drawing.

REMEMBER
To scale a drawing by hand, start by measuring the width and
height of the object you'll be scaling. Next, choose a ratio to resize your
drawing, such as 2 to 1 to double the image in size. Then, multiply your
measurements by the first number in your ratio to increase the size.

Architect Scale Engineer Scale Metric Scale

https://www.amazon.com/Aluminum-Triangular-Metric-Scale-Ruler/dp/B004QJVNTS

33
Drafting Scale Rulers Read Architectural & Engineering Drawings in
Inch & Metric

Architectural scales units are based on foot/inch dimensions. Floor

plan drawings are usually drawn to the scale of 1/4" = 1'-0". For a very large
plan, a scale of 1/8" = 1'-0" may be used. When drawing a small plan or a
single room, scales of 3/8" = 1'-0", 1/2" = 1'-0", 3/4" = 1'-0", or 1" = 1'-0"
may be used to fit the size of your drawing format.

Engineers Scales units of measure are equal to parts per inch and parts
per foot. The most common graduations are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 parts per
inch, but there are scales available that have 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
parts per foot. The graduations vary based on the application. An engineer’s
scale is the representation of the scale used in drawing on the drawing sheet
numerically. For example, if the length of the drawing is 5 cm and the actual
length is 10m, then it is numerically represented as 5cm = 10m.

Metric Engineering Scales - metric scale measurements is the standard.

Used in meters (m) and millimeters (mm). One meter is slightly larger than
one yard. A millimeter is 1/1000 of a meter. Metric scales are usually based on
ratios. A ratio is the relationship of one measurement to another. For
example, metric plot plans are often drafted in ratios of 1:100. This scale is
very close to the scale 1/8" 1'-0" (1:96). Metric floor plans are drawn in a
ratio of 1:50. This is very close to a scale of 1/4" = 1'-0" (1:48). Construction
details may be drawn to metric scales of 1:20, 1:10, or 1:5. It should be
noted that all dimensions in metric dimensions are in millimeters. Therefore,
it is not necessary to use the symbol mm.

Graphical Scale = used in survey maps drawn on the drawing. When the
drawing ages, the engineer’s scale shrinks and may not give accurate results.
Hence graphical scale is used as the drawing shrinks, the scale will also
shrink.

Commonly Used Scale

1. Full-Size Scale – has a ratio of 1:1 his means 1mm on the drawing
represents 1mm of the actual object. The views on the drawing paper
are the same as those of the actual object

2. Reduced Scale (Scaled Down) – has a ratio of 1:2 this means that
1mm on the drawing represents 2mm on the actual object. The actual
object is twice the size of the drawing.

3. Enlarging scale - the drawing is drawn with the bigger dimensions in

comparison to the actual dimensions of the object. A representative
fraction of 1:0.2 means 5:1, i.e. the drawing is five times bigger than the
actual object. Hence the scale is enlarging scale.

34
 ACTIVITY 1 Can you Scaled it for me!
Direction: Scale the following and identify what kind of scale is used. 1 pt in
every correct answer. write it on your answer sheet.

Example

108 cm 1:1 Full-size scale 108 cm

5 meters 1:3 Reduced 1.67 m

13 mm 8:1 Enlarging 104 mm

1. 0.25 mm 5:1

2. 78 meters 1:12

3. 9 dm 1:1

4. 18.25 cm 7:1

5. 2400 meters 1:25

LEARNING CONTENT:

Dimensioning

DIMENSIONING
Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
Dimensioning – process of placing sizes/measurements and related
information on a drawing either in Metric or English system

35
METHODS OF DIMENSIONING

1. Aligned method – all dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension
line and be read from either the bottom or right side of the paper.

2. Unidirectional method – all dimensions are read from the bottom of

the page as illustrated. This is a new method.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6236085/21/images/10/Dimensioning+systems+Aligned+system.jpg:

KINDS OF DIMENSIONS

1. Over – all dimension – every object regardless of its shape, has three over
- all dimension. An over- all dimension indicates the over – all
width, height and depth of an object.

2. Detail dimension – provide size or location information concerning

any feature or object other than its over – all dimension.

3. Size Dimension – gives the detail and overall sizes of the object

4. Location Dimension – merely locates part or parts and features of

the object

36
 http://knowwelding.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/9/6/46967305/p107.png

RULES IN DIMENSIONING

1. Dimensions should be placed between views

2. Avoid repetition of dimensions

3. Use outside dimensions if the space is limited, and use an

inside dimension if there is enough space

4. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible

5. Staggered dimensioning may be used when the space for

dimensioning is limited

6. When dimensioning a circle, it should be from center to center.

7. Dimensions without measures are entered in millimeters

8. Extension line must have a distance of about 10mm from the object
edge and approximately 2 millimeters between dimension lines.

37
ACTIVITY 1 Check Your Understanding
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the type of scale in which the representative fraction is

1:1?
A. Enlarged scale
B. Reduced scale
C. Full size scale
D. Graphical scale

2. Which of the following representative fraction depicts an enlarging

scale?
A) 1:0.2
B) 1:2
C) 1:3
D) 1:1

3. Which of the following is a reducing scale?

A) 3:2
B) 1:3
C) 1:1
D) 1:0.4

4. Which of the following scale is used in surveying maps?

A. Engineer’s scale
B. Diagonal scale
C. Graphical scale
D. Vernier scale

5. A scale which is numerically represented on the drawing sheet is

called a
A)Graphical scale
B)Engineer’sscale
C)Reducing scale
D)Fullsize scale

38
ACTIVITY 2 Measure it!
Direction: Draw and get the dimensions of the following objects found
inside your house. Draw it in Oslo paper using this format. All
measurements are in centimeters. Border line has an allowance of 1 cm
from the edge of the paper. Use the scale 1:25

Object to be measured are the following:

1. Front view of window
2. Top view of dining table
3. Top view of your bed
4. front view of cabinet

POST TEST

Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_____1. It is a dimension that represents the structure shown in a plan

A. Scale B. Fraction
C. Dimension D. Drawing
_____2. A measurable extent such as length, thickness and width.
A. Scale B. Fraction
C. Dimension D. Drawing
_____3. A kind if scale that views on the drawing paper are the same as those of the
actual object
A. Ruler B. Full-size C. Reduced D. Enlarging

39
_____4. Its sole purpose is to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size on a
drawing or to reduce or enlarge them to some regular proportion.
A. Ruler B. Triangular Scale C. Protractor D. T-square
_____5. The drawing is drawn with the bigger dimensions in comparison to the actual
dimensions of the object
A. Ruler B. Full-size C. Reduced D. Enlarging
____6. Process of placing sizes/measurements and related information on a drawing
A. Dimensioning B. Scaling C. Drawing D. Enlarging
_
_____7. A kind of dimension that gives the detail and overall sizes of the object
A. Staggered Dimension B. Size Dimension
C. Location Dimension D. Narrow Dimension
_____8. A kind of dimension that merely locates part or parts and features
of the object
A. Staggered Dimension B. Size Dimension
C. Location Dimension D. Narrow Dimension

_____9. It used in survey maps drawn on the drawing.

A. Engineers Scale B. Architectural Scale
C. Metric Engineering scale D. Graphical Scale
_____10. All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be read
from either the bottom or right side of the paper.
A. Aligned Method B. Staggered dimension
C. Uni-directional D. Section Lines

REFERENCES

Module 1: Fundamentals of Drafting

• K-12 Deped Module

• Exploratory Drafting for Philippine Secondary Schools
• https://www.slideshare.net/teppxcrown98/drafting-materials-and-tools-its-
usesfunctions
• https://www.slideshare.net/ReymerMelendres/common-drafting-tools-and-
materials
• http://www.iitg.ac.in/dsharma/me111/Lecture%201%20Introduction.pdf
• https://www.joshuanava.biz/successful/mini-demonstration.html

40
References:
• MELC K12 MODULE Mechanical drafting. Revised Edition,
• Roy Narvaez Ropa Fundamentals of Drafting SEDP Edition
• Swing Crispin, Frederic, Dictionary of Technical Terms The Bruce Publishing Co.1948.
• The Oxford Dictionary of Current English. New Revised Ed. Oxford University
Press, 1998.
• Frederick Gieseck Technical Drawing
• www.google.com.ph
• en.wikipedia.org

Acknowledgement

This Learning Module was developed for Technical Drafting, Grade 9 of the K
to 12 Curriculum with the assistance of the following persons:

Writer: Linda Desamero MT - Ramon Magsaysay High School

Editors: Ariel D. Tosio EPS,
Reviewer: Jesusa Y. Alcaraz - HT-VI,
Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim-Schools Division Superintendent-
Manila, Aida H. Rondilla-Chief Education Supervisor Lucky S. Carpio-EPS and Lady
Hannah C Gillo, Librarian II-LRMS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Copyright Department of Education

2008 First Published JUNE 2008

This draft was prepared during the Competency-Based

Learning Materials Development Workshop conducted at the
Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on February 18-22, 2008 and
Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) on May 5-10, 2008.

This learning instrument was developed by the following

personnel:

Technology Teachers:
Mario S. Gregorio, Ed.D.
Tagum National Trade School
Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region XI

Roy S. Luneta
Bauan Technical High
School Bauan, Batangas

41
 Ariel F. Maglalang
Assemblywoman Felicita G. Bernardino
Memorial Trade School, Lias, Marilao, Bulacan, Region III

Juanito Bugaoisan
Don Alejandro Roces, Sr. Science and
Technology San Fernando, La Union

Arlene V. Tobias
Mabalacat Technical High
School Mabalacat, Pampanga

Facilitator:

Aida T. Galura
Angeles City National Trade
School Sunset Valley, Angeles
City

Encoders:

Mel Contapay
Office of Legal Affairs
Department of Education
Meralco Ave., Pasig City

Maria Riza Zamora

DepED Budget Division
Meralco Ave., Pasig City

The Refinement And Enrichment Of The Competency-Based

Curriculum and Competency-Based Learning Materials was done in
Marikina Hotel, Marikina City on April 13-18, 2009 through the
concerted effort of the following writers:

Technology Teachers:

Mario S. Gregorio Ed. D.

Tagum National Trade School
Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Region 11

Condrado C. Casulla
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Lingayen, Pangasinan, Region 01

Nelson M. Arisga
Malvar National High School
Malvar, Batangas, Region 4A

42
 Alexander M. Latoga
Manuel S. Enverga Memorial College of Arts and Trades
Mauban, Quezon, Region 4A

Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro Relocation Center National High School San
Pedro, Laguna
Region 4A

Contextual Writer:

Marvin R. Viernes
Muntinlupa Business High School
Muntinlupa City, NCR
Encoder:

Lawrence D. Cruz
DepEd EID-TS
DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.
Quezon City

Jeffree O. Ponce
DepEd EID-TS
DepEd Complex Meralco Ave.
Quezon City

Facilitator:

Orlando E. Manuel PhD

Principal
Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades
Cabarroguis, Quirino
Region 02 This work was funded by the Department of
Education.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th

editon: 1960

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

43
44