law in

Thermodynamics Amorphous, crystalline

este
#
of A
gas liquid
solid solid

#citation
e

of
ww
moles tes Centropy Yes)

I
·

W
H
Tt-w No. of atoms in molecule des -Ssys 0 in an

spontaneous
irreversible
process
conversion of heati nto
withouta ny source centropy feel
100%
Not I heatc an be For a spontaneous process in universe
work possible
is to

I converti nternal energy

-
o
&
Suniverse
of system into work
-Give the sign of as, in the Following
or not
(1)
CO2Cs)
->
C0219) +Ve
4S=

⑪) Istlaw can nott ell aboutFeasibility of a

(2)
-ST
process under given condition. He0,1 ->
H20cs1 &S =
-
ve
S 70
- S
surrounding
+

sys
(3) Diamond -> graphite CS the
Islaw
=

(2) can notexplain

whether 100%couver-

sion of heati nto work possible

is or not. ve Ind law
↳
ofThermodynamics
NH3,gi+ H4,g, -NU44s)
CS =-

(4)

spontaneous process: -
58319)
CS--ve -IF OStotal 70, Process spontaneous.
is
#
-
(5)
SOzy+0219) non-spontaneous.
<0, Process is
These
=> are the process which after proper
JF
=>>
Stotal
initiation occur
own
by their or natural Mathematical defination of entropy JF
=>
Stotal 0,
= system & surrounding are

equilibrium
tendency to occur. For any calculated
process, entropy change is
in
Reversities)
as
Natural spontaneous and dS 2nd
Rer
All Process are -- State Function statement of law ofThermodynamics
=

=>

irreversible. -> extensive spontaneous process

-For
S 1 - a

Flow of heatfrom high I to low t property

eg. Overall change 30 or
Stotal >0
&
Suniverse
-s
Rer
=

Process: entropy of universe 4es during a

#
As so, the
-

process and since all natural

own. constantTemp.
spontaneous
do noto c c u r by their at
process are spontaneous the entropy of
non-spontaneous be carried out
r
x process can -S
continuously ring.
=

universe is

by supplying energy
constant from an external

&SUCC.
For
=>
any irreversible process entropy is justrie entropycan be createdtothe
calculated by considering an imaginary reversible
#
Entropy (S) conversion of heati nto worki snot
5 2
-100%
Path
-

"Randomness disturbance" possible. Work can be 100% converted into heat.

Pte.
or disorder or

1
Measure of degree of Randomness or
convey heatfrom
=>

: I ti s impossible to a

disorderness of system. Imaginary Reversible

=

(FRev)-m. low objectt o high objectwithout

I

I
=>
More Random a
is system, higher will be Path
carry work.
its entropy. is
(USAB)5mg. (*SAB) sem ae #calculation of ssys, Surrounding
& OS
total
->
Solid <Sliquid Sgas Function.
-eversible process irreversible process
(SIsmg
/rsmg
=
e ve n m e e

solid
⑯Total 0
=

9 Jr.

~
ssys. Surr
A se.
'B
crystalline Amorphous
solid

=-
solid
Ssver. ImaginaryRev.Path
*

andSpontanie.
↓ ↓
# e
Regular arrangement Irregular or

Random This heatw ill be taken up

↑
by surrounding reversity.
Scrystalline -
Samorphous I
I
8⑧ .
⑬.

.
E n

As the

become
no.

more
of atoms in

complex and
a molecule yes, it

hence its
Rev. Path
rounding -- be
the

v-

asva. Her
entropy res
o (forspontaneousi

wartsee
2
9.9.

SN2, g,SNe84,91
-

the

ser.1) her
Ssog <SsUb19)
(y) o

CH4(g) <Scals18)
S

=>

mode
He -> 2H
2 mole
Pere/per o

re</er
1

No. of particles tes so randomness

will yes, entropy tes

change in
-(s tre)
=

entropy.
 expansion compression Irreversible process:

Peterene
ofa n Ideal

Saric
For or
-

#
mermanen

gas. - S
Total
> 8

unituse E 3
astated
Osse
Pe, Ve
Y T2 nape are
TI

=-hp1nE
the ↑Sswr=- OSses T
dS
Rew
=

From FLT

mFLT
du dF
=
+ dw
v P
=

wo Irreversible process
w
a ree

wosys- nnGnE=*ei
*V
dr-dW Por
=

dPRev
=

dFRev UCrdT+PexdV
sur
=

↑Ssur.
Pext
N+ ds
~Ssur=
=

S8Fnc- *
8
Ssys. + Ssu.
as
=

+ ar
① Stotal =

mole ofanidealdiatomic
as the
-o

↳trace inmicgasof
SI

-
-

ofI ate to
-2

jas= Inc+ ar double its temperature. Theinitial

calculates are
Temp.

Si the gas was 27, then

&
Ses ncu
=
+
UR Ins was ①Sswo. And Stotal ↳given:1n2 0.7}
=

VI
(i) when the process carried reversibly
out

~
Calculate &Ssys, S and
Ark. sur.
outi rreversible.
(ii) when the process carried
( I* }
=

is
-3 Total

when the process carried outreversibly. (i) Reversible Isobaric

WS 0

+naln) )
=

carried outirreversibly.
+
Ossy nar
(ii) when the process
=

↳Sse =

ncpd
Reversible Isochoric
ncrl+URIRI
(i) 1X
1n8 x0.7
=

=
=

↳Ss P2 ↳ Stotel=0
= 4.9R

↳Sses
=

(ncr + R)
in hrin
P2
+
-Sses
=

nerd I
4. gR
①Ssuer -
=

URIn
=IX
in to
-Ssys nCp1 +
=

P2
(ii) Irreversible Isobaric

2.30310y10

vsys-Fag=a
x
=

me
- 3.45R
e
-

~
Sy nCv1n+hRIn
=

Sswa.= Sses.

in
-

(rowr= ee
= -

3.45R

sno 345
beachine
versible
↑

(ii)

↳ both Reversible
Es -

Applicable for T

Irreversible

malearehere
3.45R

#her
& =

-
run en
are

we
apie Imeansare
VI rsson

e asses
=n+ UR1
Tswer.
-Ssys=URIn?=URInP
z

↳Sse URI
=

UBI
=

↳
Sswr.--
URIU?=-URMURPe
I - 2.7 R =
=
135R
-

versible
Peace
*
-

(- 1.35R)
Process:
#ric Stotal 3.45R
= +

-
-
no re
2.10R P2
process:
=

↳me

Soher
0
* Stotal
=

Es
·weare
-SsyS nCv1n+ URI
=

↑ Ses =nar
in
ene
esses.
Cu
=-o ofanIdealgasattice
mole e ne

constantexternal pressure of
againsta
-

1 atm. Calculate Cssys, Sswr. and Stotal.

So:
-
sses=NRIn
P2

IXR 1n
=2.303R
=

ire
-so
=- atm
x/XR)+ j) -

=- 0.9R

&
Stota 2.303R-0.9R
=

=1.4R