Third Paper Unit-7

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PAPER – III (UNIT–7)

EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON HUMAN LIFE
1. How do Technology changes Human Life?

 Technology has made our life so easy and has given us so many facilities,
which we could never have imagined before.
 Technology has not only improved the standard of living of human beings
but has brought revolutionary changes in the field of development of the
country and the world.
 However, the rising technology is also having a bad effect on the
environment and human health.
 Technology refers to all the methods, systems or devices that are used for the
use of any research in the world of science. However, to use it in the world of
science requires appropriate skills, knowledge and competence.
 Today, technology has special importance in everyone’s life because it not
only helps in the development of the individual but also plays an important
role in the development of the country and the world.
2. Discuss the effects of Science and Technological Development on Human
Life?
 The technology impacts human life in every field from the cars, cell phones,
computer, internet etc.
 It has been seen that new technology and development made human life easier
and comfortable as it reduces human work load significantly.
 The development of Science and Technology has brought significant progress
in the life of individual and the whole world.
 Science helps us incorporating the practical activity in the Systematic study of
behaviors and Nature of Physical world.
 In other words, Technology has become an integral part of our daily life and
our needs and demands for it are rising exponentially. It has become one of the
primary driving factors in all of society’s progress.
3. How do Science and Technological Development effects Human Behavior
and Attitude?
 Science and Technology have developed in rural communities a learning and
innovation capacity that increases the effectiveness of their efforts to solve
problems and improve their lives.
 They empower these communities and increase the effectiveness of their
development efforts through informed decision making to achieve the
objectives of poverty eradication, food security and sustainable
development in rural areas.
 Rural people are getting into the mainstream of India economy with the
advancement of science and technology and providing a tuft competition to the
urban youth.
 They get a feeling of pride and enrichment that they are at par with the urban
crowd in terms of knowledge and education and are equally fit to compete at
national and international level.
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4. Write down the impact of Science and Technological Development on

Human health?
 It is believed that scientific discovery and technological innovations in medical
science will be able to cure the life threatening diseases like Cancer, HIV-
AIDS, Sickelcell Anemia, Cardiac arrest etc.
 New medical technology is being continuously developed from clinical trials
for pharmaceuticals to robotics for complex surgery.
 Getting success in Gene-editing is another revolution in the health sector, with
the help of Gene-editing doctors can detect defect in DNA and change the
defective DNA.
 Recently, doctors used 3D printing and virtual reality to safely and effectively
separate conjoined twin infants.
 We also have chat bots that are helping to ease new mothers into the
complexities of breastfeeding.
5. Effect of Science and Technological Development on Social Structure?
 Science and Technology is an important tool in development activities to
address the problems of rural development in all sectors of the economy, such
as, agriculture, energy, health and sanitation, rural engineering, housing and
habitat.
 Transforming the entire rural economy and reducing different social barriers of
caste and community when people from all sections come together and work
towards a common goal of increased productivity with optimum utilization of
resources.
 Farmers with better livelihood in terms of increased output and revenue are
contributing to individual wellbeing as well as society’s well being in the long
run.
 Women are coming forward and taking an active participation in agriculture,
forestry as they are effective disseminators and communicators for agricultural
and health-delivery systems.
 In agriculture scientists have worked hard to improve the conditions of farming
and farmers in the country.
6. How do Science and Technological Development on Space Science effects
Human Life?
 With the help of many Space Missions, Humans are trying to find out life and
resources outside the earth. For example JUNO MISSION-JUPITER, TITAN-
SATURN, CHANDRAYAAN I and II, MANGALYAAN etc.
 With the help of Navigation Satellite we can detect our enemy, enhance safety
and security level of the country, we can detect and regulate rescue operation
during the natural and man-made disasters.
 Science and Technological development on Space Science can be very helpful
for energy security because scientist have find HELIUM-3 on the far side of
the surface of Moon. Helium-3 can be great for Electricity generation.
7. Role of Science and Technology for Future Development?
 To ensure national security and social stability, covering energy and oil-
substitutable energy is vital for country like India. Food security is important to
maintain social stability.
 To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its efficiency
 To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society
 To improve the quality of life.
 Technology in areas of public health such as disease control, medicine and
medical electronics needs to be developed.
 To create a new culture suitable for the new society.
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8. What are the negative impacts of Science and Technological Development

of Human life?
 Environmental Effects such as global warming, pollution have made human
life miserable even breathable air is becoming a costly affair.
 Social Effects like social withdrawal, social isolation, degrading familiar
values etc.
 Emotional and Mental Effects: Mental illnesses, rising depression,
loneliness etc is increasing at an alarming rate. People are feeling that they
cannot find a partner, they feel isolated etc.
 Effects on Physical Health: Lots of new diseases and carcinogenic agents
have been introduced due to the industrialization.
 Social media and mobile devices may lead to psychological and physical
issues, such as eyestrain and difficulty focusing on important tasks.
 Rising use of machines, robots artificial intelligence etc has caused
widespread unemployment.
9. What is Indigenization?
 Indigenization of technology implies the process of making tools, techniques,
machines, devices, etc that are developed and nurtured in India by Indians
itself with the help of Indian knowledge.
 In other words indigenization of technology is the capability to design, develop
produce, manufacture or supply a technology or a service to make India self-
reliant and self sufficient as well.
10. What are the benefits of Indigenization?
 The most important benefit to make any technology indigenous is to make it
suitable for the natives of country and their specific requirements.
 Specially, the particular local environment where any borrowed or adopted
technology intervention cannot be as beneficial as it should be.
 Indigenization of technology can reduce fiscal deflect.
 Indigenization of technology can be very helpful in employment generation
as India is struggling with the problem of unemployment.
 Indigenous technology are important drivers of economic and social growth
in the contemporary world it helps country to achieve sustainable and rapid
growth.
11. Importance of Indigenous Technology?
 Indigenous Technology is required to make India self-reliant in technologies
that are necessary for social and economic prosperity.
 It paves the way to reduce the reliance on the foreign manufacturers and
suppliers.
 The indigenization of any technology is also considered to save huge money
towards intellectual property rights.
 Especially in defence, indigenization of technology can be proved as a great
tool for the security of the nation and to make our defense system strong and
more confidential to protect from dangerous elements.
 Science and Technology are the basis of evolution of nation as a global super
power.
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12. Write down the major steps taken by the Government for the promotion
of Indigenous Technology in India?
 The Government of India constituted the Technology Development Board
(TDB) in September 1996.
 The Department of Science and Technology focuses on the development of
convergent technology solutions including the technological demonstrations.
 This includes Water, Solar energy, Nanotechnology, Affordable healthcare,
Homeland Security etc.
 This department also facilitates the validation, demonstration, popularization
of the certified technology that is significant for larger benefit of the Indian
people.
 Industry-institutional-collaborative projects are supported before
commercialization by the department of Science and Technology.
 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) facilitates promotion of
indigenous technologies.
 TIFAC also provides support for promotion of innovative technology/products
through its Technology Refinement and marketing programme (TREMAP).
13. How India can achieve Indigenous Technology? Explain.
 DST should create National Technology Data Bank in coordination with all
publicly funded R & D institutions. This will provide a central database for
technologies that are ready for deployment or under development.
 “Technology Vision 2035,” developed by the Technology Information,
Forecasting and Assessment Council, claims to identify key areas for the
development of Indigenous Technology.
 Atal Innovation Mission has already launched Atal New India Challenges in
partnership with five ministers to create products from technologies and
prototypes in areas of national importance.
 GOI further identified three key activities for the development of indigenous
technology they are Knowledge creation, Ecosystem design and
Technology Depolyment.
 AIM has set up over 1000 Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) around the country
covering over 625 districts. It is aimed to take this number to at least 5,000 by
2019 and 10,000 by 2020.
14. Write down the achievement of India in Indigenous Technology?
 Some major achievements in healthcare sectors are Vaccines, Generic Drugs,
High quality artificial limbs, ECG Machines, Diagnosis kit for TB/H1N1 etc.
 Life expectancy, Child mortality rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality
rate and total fertilization rate have also been reduced since independence to a
great extent.
 The current infant mortality rate for India in 2020 is 29.848 deaths per 1000
live births, a 3.48% decline from 2019.
 GOI has designed Malaria Vaccine Development Programme (MVDP) has
been to promote the development of vaccine against P.falciparum and P.vivax
malaria.
 India eradicated Smallpox in 1977. WHO has been certified India polio free in
March 2014.
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15. Write short note on Indigenously Developed/Developing Vaccines of

India?
 Rotavirus Vaccine
1. The first indigenous Rotavirus Vaccine has been indigenously developed
from an India strain 116E.
2. The vaccine named ROTAVAC has been developed in collaboration with
Bharat Biotech under the Public Partnership mode by the Ministry of
Science and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
 Corona Vaccine
1. India has started phase I/II clinical trials of Covid-19 vaccine-ZyCoV-D,
designed and developed by Zydus (a pharmaceutical company) with
support from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
2. The adaptive phase I/II clinical trials will assess the safety, tolerability
and immunogenicity of the vaccine.
3. The other indigenously developed vaccine - Covaxin, produced by
Hyderabad based Bharat Biotech is also underway to start clinical trials.
REMOTE SENSING
16. What is Remote Sensing?
 Remote Sensing is a technology to gather information and analyzing an
object or phenomenon without making any physical contact.
 This technology is used in numerous fields like geography, hydrology,
ecology, oceanography, glaciology, geology.
 A geographic information system is a tool that is used for mapping and
analyzing feature events on Earth.
 The remote sensing and GIS technology combine major database operations
like statistical analysis and query, with maps.
 The GIS manages information on locations and provides tools for analysis
and display of different statistics that include population, economic
development, characteristics, and vegetation. It also allows linking databases
to make dynamic displays.
 These abilities make GIS different from other systems and make it a wide
range of private and public remote sensing applications for planning and
predicting outcomes from remote sensing satellites.
17. Write down the Brief History of Remote Sensing?
 The technology of modern remote sensing began with the invention of the
camera.
 Earlier photographs were “still photographs”, but the idea of taking Earth’s
images for the purpose of topographic mapping emerged during the 1840s.
 Cameras were fixed in balloons for the sake of taking images. In this
process cameras were mounted on airplanes to get an aerial view of lands
which proved to bring revolution in the military.
 It was only during the space age, Satellite remote sensing evolved.
 They were used for the purpose of imaging Earth surfaces as well as sensor
other spacecraft.
 The term “remote sensing” was first used in the United States in the 1950s
by Ms. Evelyn Pruitt of the US Office of Naval Research.
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18. What is Remote Sensing Satellite? Also, explain atmospheric transmission

windows.
 The remote sensing satellites are equipped with sensors looking down to
the earth. They are “the eyes in the sky” constantly observing the earth as
they go round in orbits.
 In satellite remote sensing of the earth, the sensors are looking through a
layer of atmosphere separating the sensors from the Earth’s surface being
observed.
 The atmospheric constituents cause wavelength dependent absorption and
scattering of radiation. These effects lead to the deterioration of quality of
images.
 An important consequence of atmospheric absorption is that certain
wavelength bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are strongly absorbed
and effectively blocked by the atmosphere.
 The wavelength regions in the electromagnetic spectrum usable for remote
sensing are determined by their ability to penetrate atmosphere. These
regions are known as the atmospheric transmission windows.
 Remote sensing systems are often designed to operate within one or more
of the atmospheric windows. These windows exist in the microwave
region, some wavelength bands in the infrared, the entire visible region and
part of the near ultraviolet regions.
19. Write short note on Optical and Infrared Remote Sensing?
Optical Remote Sensing:
 In this optical sensors detect solar radiation reflected or scattered from the
earth, resembling photographs taken by a camera high up in space.
 The wavelength region usually extends from the visible and near-infrared
to the short-wave infrared.
 There are also infrared sensors measuring the thermal infrared radiation
emitted from the earth, from which the land or the sea surface temperature
can be derived.
Infrared Remote Sensing:
 Infrared remote sensing makes use of infrared sensors to detect infrared
radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. The middle-wave infrared
(MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) are within the thermal infrared
region. These radiations are emitted from warm objects such as the Earth's
surface.
 They are used in satellite remote sensing for measurements of the earth's
land and sea surface temperature. Thermal infrared remote sensing is also
often used for detection of forest fires.
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20. What is Microwave Remote Sensing? Also define Synthetic Aperture

Radar (SAR).
 There are some remote sensing satellites which carry passive or active
microwave sensors.
 The active sensors emit pulses of microwave radiation to illuminate the
areas to be imaged. The images of the earth surface are formed by
measuring the microwave energy scattered by the ground or sea back to the
sensors.
 These satellites carry their own flashlight emitting microwaves to
illuminate their targets. So, the images can be acquired day and night.
 Microwaves have an additional advantage as they can also penetrate
clouds. Images can be acquired even when there are clouds covering the
earth surface.
 A microwave imaging system which can produce high resolution image of
the earth is the synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The intensity in a SAR
image depends on the amount of microwave reflected by the target and
received by the SAR antenna.
21. Write down the major applications of Remote Sensing?
 With the help of active and passive sensors of remote sensing satellites
land-use pattern can be mapped. It also helps in determining soil moisture
and can estimate crop production.
 It helps in observing the flow of ocean currents and circulation. It can also
assist in studying glacier melts and effects on sea levels. They can help in
making inventory and evaluation of glaciers, glacial lakes, and glacial lake
outburst floods (GLOFs) etc.
 It can help in tracking of displaced refugees to help deliver aid and services
using satellite imagery. The United Nations High Commissioner of
Refugees (UNHCR) can get a lot of help by getting data on refugees.
 It can help in monitoring active volcanoes using thermal remote sensing. It
can make an inventory of potential landslides.
 It helps in mapping ocean floors for further scientific research.
 Remote sensing satellites are quite helpful in comparing climatic factors
from past to present. Example: NASA is mapping different climate factors
on a monthly basis to see how much these variables change.
 It helps in measuring albedo for Earth’s radiation budget. (Albedo
measures the percent of reflected sunlight).
 Improving efficiency and safety of air traffic control: Air traffic control
directs aircrafts from the ground to prevent collision and improve the flow
of traffic. It can save time and manpower by effectively and quickly
locating missing aircraft in case of plane accidents.
 The remote sensing satellites can be used for military surveillance. They
can track down undeclared nuclear installations run some countries by 3-D
mapping of uranium enrichment site.
 They can help in making inventory and evaluation of glaciers, glacial lakes,
and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) etc.
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22. Development of Remote Sensing Satellite System in India?

 IRS-1A, the first of the series of indigenous state-of-art operating remote
sensing satellites, was successfully launched into a polar sun-synchronous
orbit on March 17, 1988 from the Soviet Cosmodrome at Baikonur.
 IRS-1A was followed by the launch of IRS-1B, an identical satellite, in
1991. These two satellites in the IRS series have been the workhorses for
generating natural resources information in a variety of application areas,
such as agriculture, forestry, geology and hydrology etc.
 The National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) is the
nodal agency for natural resources management and infrastructure
development using remote sensing data in the country.
 There have been various thematic IRS missions premised on applications
like natural resources monitoring, ocean and atmospheric studies and
cartographic applications. This resulted in the realization of theme based
satellite series like:
1. Land/water resources applications (RESOURCESAT series and RISAT
series)
2. Ocean/atmospheric studies (OCEANSAT series, INSAT-VHRR,
INSAT-3D, Megha-Tropiques and SARAL)
3. Large scale mapping applications (CARTOSAT series)
 IRS-1A development was a major milestone in the IRS programme. India
has made remarkable strides in building and launching the state-of-the-art
Indian remote sensing satellite as well as in operational utilisation of the
data in various applications.
23. Write short note on CARTOSAT?
 The Cartosat satellites are earth observation satellites, used mainly
for large-scale mapping of the Earth through high-resolution cameras.
 It also helps to detect changes in natural geographical or man-made
features. As their cameras can `look back and forth' in an angle to
generate continuous spot images.
 The Earth-observation satellites also include the Resourcesat and RISAT
series, the Oceansat series.
1. The Resourcesat and RISAT series of satellites, for example, provide
images and data that are needed for land and water resources
applications.
2. The Oceansat series and the SARAL satellite, meanwhile, produce
data on the oceans.
3. The satellites like INSAT 3D, INSAT-VRR or Megha Tropiques
study the atmosphere.
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24. What do you know about the CARTOSAT-3, which was launched by
ISRO?
 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched Cartosat-3 and
13 commercial nanosatellites into Sun Synchronous orbit from Satish
Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota.
 Cartosat-3 is an earth-observation remote sensing satellite which will
replace Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series. So far, ISRO has orbited 8
Cartosats since 2005.
 The 13 commercial nanosatellites are from the USA, which is the
first commercial order for New Space India Limited, the commercial arm
of ISRO which was formed in March 2019.
 Cartosat-3 is a third-generation advanced earth observation
satellite carried by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C47.
 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is an indigenously-developed
expendable launch system of the ISRO.
 Data from most of the Cartosat satellites are exclusively used by
the armed forces. Cartosat-3’s optical imaging will also help to detect
precise cartographic or mapping activities.
ORGANISATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS

25. Write short note on Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)?
 ISRO is the space agency under the Department of Space of Government of
India, Headquarter in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
 The space research activities were initiated in India under Dr. Vikram
Sarabhai, the founding father of India Space programme, during 1960’s
 Indian space agency, founded in 1969 to develop an independent Indian Space
program.
 ISRO’s chief executive is a chairman, who is also chairman of the Indian
government’s Space Commission and the secretary of the Department of
Space.
 Vikram Sarabhai was the first chairman of ISRO, presently K.Sivan serving
as a chairman of ISRO.
26. Write down the major achievements of ISRO?
 Communication Satellites: The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is
one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific
region with nine operational communication satellites placed in Geostationary
Orbit.
 Earth Observation Satellites: Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has
launched many operational remote sensing satellites. Today, India has one of
the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation.
 Navigation Satellites: ISRO is working jointly with Airport Authority of India
(AAI) in establishing the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigatio (GAGAN)
system.
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27. Write short note on Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) and Chandrayaan-I
the space program of ISRO?
 Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
1. Also known as (Mangalyaan), the truly maiden interplanetary mission of
ISRO, launched on November 5, 2013.
2. MOM is credited with many achievements like cost-effectiveness, short
period of realization, economical weight-budget, miniaturization of five
heterogenous science payloads etc.
3. Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars were also imaged from close
distances by Mars Colour Camera (MCC).
 Chandrayaan-I
1. The Chandrayaan-I mission was ISRO’s first exploratory mission to the
moon, in fact to any heavenly body in the space.
2. It was designed to jst orbit around the moon and make observations with
the help of the instruments on board.
3. The closest that Chandrayaan-I spacecraft came to the moon was in an orbit
100 km from its surface.
4. For largely symbolic reasons, though, the Chandrayaan-I mission made one
of its instruments crash-land on the moon’s surface.
28. What do you know about Chandrayaan-2?
 Chandrayaan-2 is India’s first lander mission. It consists of an Orbiter,
Lander and Rover, all equipped with scientific instruments to study the
moon.
 Orbiter: The Orbiter would once again watch the moon from a 100-km
orbit. The Orbiter is a 2379-kg spacecraft with 7 instruments on board.
 It is equipped with different kinds of cameras to take high-resolution three
dimensional maps of the surface.
 Lander: ISRO has named the Lander module as Vikram after Vikram
Sarabhai, the pioneer of India’s space programme. The 1471-kg lander will
remain stationary after touching down on the moon’s surface.
 Rover: The Rover is a 6 wheeled, Artifical Intelligence-powered and solar
powered vehicle named Pragyan, meaning wisdom. Once on the moon, the
rover will detach itself from the lander.
 Its primary objective is to study the composition of the moon’s surface, near
the landing site.
 It would also determine the abudance of different elements on the moon’s
surface.
29. Write short note on GAGANYAAN and Vyommitra?
 In December 2018, the Indian government has announced allocation of 100
billion rupees for first manned space mission, set to be launched by 2022.
 Also known as Gaganyaan, this project is part of the governemnt’s ambition
to make India a global low-cost provider of services in space.
 A manned space mission is very difficult to launch in terms of complexity
and need of advance technology.
 Vyommitra, a half-humanoid is being developed by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) for an unmanned space mission later in 2020.
 She will fly in space on an unmanned mission later this year, aiming to lay
the ground for ISRO's manned mission Gaganyaan in 2022.
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30. Write short note on Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
(RRCAT)?
 Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology is a unit of Department of
Atmoic Energy, Government of India.
 It engaged in R&D in non-nuclear front line research areas of Lasers, Particle
Accelerators & related technologies.
 On February 19, 1984 the president of India, Gyani Zail Singh, laid the
foundation stone of the centre. It is headquartered at Indore.
 The Centre has indigenously designed, developed and commissioned two
synchrotron radition sources: Indus-1 and Indus-2, serving as a national
facility.
 The Centre is also involved in development of a variety of laser systems and
their utilization for applications in industry, medicine and research.
31. Who do you know about Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota
(SDSC)?
 Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota formed on 1, Oct,
1975.
 The Centre provides world class launch base infrastructure for national and
international customers in accomplishing diverse launch vehicle/satellite
missions for remote sensing communication, navigation & scientific
purposes and is one among the best known names of the Spaceports of the
world today.
 This Centre has the facilities for solid propellant processing, static testing of
solid motors, launch vehicle integration and launch operations, range
operations, comprising telemetry tracking and command network and
mission control centre.
 The Centre has two launch pads from where the rocket launching operations
of PSLV and GSLV are carried out.
 The centre is mandate:
1. To produce solid propellant boosters for the launch vehicle programmes of
ISRO.
2. To provide the infrastructure for qualifying various subsystems and solid
rocket motors and carrying out the necessary tests.
3. To provide launch base infrastructure for satellites and launch vehicles.
32. Write shot on Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)?
 DRDO was established in 1958. It is working under the Department of
Defense Research and Development in Ministry of Defense of the
Government of India.
 DRRO’s headquarter is in Delhi and its motto is Strength’s Origin is in
knowledge.
 Design, develop and lead to production state-of-the-art sensors, weapon
systems, platform and allied equipment for our Defence Services.
 Provide technological solutions to the Services to optimize combat
effectiveness and to promote well-being of the troops.
 Develop infrastructure and committed quality manpower and build strong
indigenous technology base.
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33. Write down the major achievements of DRDO?

 Aeronautisal Systems: LCA Tejas, AEW and C-system, TAPAS-BH,
Heavy Drop Systems, Nirbhay, Small Turbofan Engine etc.
 Missiles and Strategic Systems:
1. Long Range Ballistic Missile Agni
2. Ballistic Missile Defence System Akash and Brahmos
3. Tactical Missiles Astra
 Electronic and Communications Systems: DRDO has developed family of
state-of-the-art Communication System, Radars, Electronic Warfare and
Electro-optical systems.
 Naval Systems and Materials
The naval cluster laboratories of DRDO namely, NPOL, NSTL, and NMRL
are ensuring self reliance in underwater sensors and weapon systems for the
Indian Navy.
 Microelectronic devices and computational systems
Significant advances have been made in the area of advanced computing
microprocessors, microwave tubes, solid-state materials and devices, etc.
34. Write short note on Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)?
 Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha conceived the Nuclear Progamme in India. Dr.
Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) for
carrying out nuclear science research in 1945.
 Dr. Bhabha established the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET)
in January 1954 for multidisciplinary research program essential for the
ambitious nuclear program of India
 AEET was later renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
35. Wrote down the functions and achievements of BARC?
 BARC’s core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy,
primarily for power generation.
 It manages all facts of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of
reactors, to computerized modeling and simulation, risk analysis,
development and testing of new reactor fuel materials, etc.
 BARC has designed and built India’s first Pressurized water reactor at
Kalpakkam, a 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant’s nuclear power
unit, as well as the Arihant’s propulsion reactor.
 On 4th August 1956, Nuclear Research Reactor APSARA was commissioned
by Bhabha Atomic Resarch Centre (BARC). APSARA was the first Nuclear
Research Reactor in India and also Asia.
36. Write short note on Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)?
 TIFR is a National Centre of the Government of India, under the umbrella of
the Department of Atomic Energy, as well as a deemed University awarding
degrees for master’s and doctoral programs.
 The Institute was founded in 1945 with support from the Sir Dorabji Tata
Trust under the vision of Dr. Homi Bhabha.
 At TIFR, we carry out basic research in physics, chemistry, biology,
mathematics, computer science and science education. It main centre is
located in Mumbai and other centres are located in Pune, Bengaluru, and
Hyderabad.
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 Initial research was carried out in the areas of cosmic rays, high-energy
physics, theoretical physics and mathematics.
 The Institute expanded its research umbrella to embrace nuclear physics,
condensed matter physics, computer science, geophysics, molecular biology,
radio astronomy and science education.
37. Write short note on National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)?
 NARL is at Gadanki near Tirupati, an autonomous research laboraroty fully
funded by the Department of Space, Government of India and involved in
carrying out fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space
Sciences.
 If had its humble beginning in 1992 as the National Mesophere-Stratosphere-
Troposphere (MST) Radar Facility.
 NARL has now become one of the prime centres for atomospheric research
in the country and operates a state-of-the-art MST radar, Rayleigh/Mie Lidar,
Boundary Layer Lidar, Sodium Lidar, Lower Atmospheric Wind Profiler,
Soar, Disdrometer, Optical Rain Gauge, GNSS-NavIC receiver, Automatic
Weather Station apart from regular launching of the GPS Radiosonde.
38. What do you know about Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC)?
 Liquid Propulsion system Centre (LPSC) is the lead Centre for development
and realization of earth-to-orbit advanced propulsion for ISRO’s Launch
Vehicles and also the in-space propulsion system for Spacecrafts.
 The LPSC activities and facilities are spread across its two campuses viz,
LPSC Headquarters and Design Offices at Valimala/Thiruvananthapuram,
and Spacecraft Propulsion System Unit at LPSC, Bangalore/Karanataka.
 LPSC Valiamala is the Centre Headquarters, responsible for R & D, System
Design/Engineering and Project Management functions. The Fluid Control
Compondents Enitity and the Materials & Mechanical Engineering Entity are
located here.
 LPSC Bangalore focuses on satellite propulsion. Design & Realizaiton of
Propulsion Systems, integration of spacecraft propulsion systems for Remote
Sensing and Communication satellites, Development and production of
transducers/sensors are other major activities at LPSC, Bangalore.
39. Write short note on Space Applications Centre (SAC)?
 The genesis of the centre dates back to 1966, with establishment of the
Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES), by late Dr.
Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmadabad.
 It was an experimental Earth Station and training centre where scientists and
engineers of India and other developing countries could receive training and
firsthand experience in the design, development and operations of an earth
station for communications and broadcasting.
 Later in 1972, the different units of ISRO in Ahmedabad pursuing research
in applications of space technology were merged to form SAC.
 The applications cover communication, broadcasting, navigation, disaster
monitoring, meteorology, oceanography, environment monitoring and natural
resources survey.
 SAC also contributed significantly in scientific and planetary missions of
ISRO like Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission and Chandrayan-2
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40. Define Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)

 It is established in 17th October 2008
 Indian Deep Space Network is a network of large antennas and
communication facilities operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation
to support the interplanetary spacecraft missions of India. Its hub is located at
Byalalu, a village near Bangalore, Karnataka in India.
 The IDSN is the first of its kind in the country which provides ISRO the
capability to handle deep space mission of India and also provide cross-
support to similar missions of other space agencies because of its inter-
operable features and world standard specifications and state-of-the-art
capabilities.
 While Chandrayaa-1 orbit is tracked by this network, the IDSN provides the
two-way radio communication like with the spacecraft. It receives signals
from the spacecraft and transmits commands from SCC to the spacecraft.
41. Write short note on Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC)
 The Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) is located at the Indian Deep
Space Network (IDSN) Byalalu campus of ISTRAC/ISRO.
 ISSDC provides data ingestion, processing, archival and dissemination
services to the global community for the science mission of ISRO.
 ISSDC is designed to provide high computation, high capacity storage, and
high bandwidth network and for secure hosting of variety of application
necessary to support all the planetary, lunar and space science mission of
ISRO.
 ISSDC is the primary data centre for the payload data archives of Indian
Space Science Missions.
 This data centre, located at the IDSN campus in Bangalore, is responsible for
the Ingest, Prcessing, Archive, and Dissemination of the payload data and
related ancillary data for Space Science mission like Chandrayaan-1, Mars
Orbiter Mission, Astrosat, Chandrayan-2, Megha-Tropiques etc.
42. Write short note on Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)?
 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) is the lead Centre of Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) under the Department of Space (DOS),
 VSSC had a small beginning at Thumba, a coastal village at
Thiruvananthapuram, on the south west coast of India, in 1962.
 The ongoing programmes at VSSC include launch vehicle projects like Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV), Rohini Sounding Rockets and Space-capsule Recovery
Experiments.
 The next generation launcher GSLV Mk-III (also known as LVM3) has
successfully undergone an experimental flight with passive cryogenic stage
and proved the atmospheric regime.
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43. Describe in brief about Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
(IIST)?
 It was inaugurated on 14th September 2007 by G. Madhavan Nair, the then
Chairman of ISRO.
 Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology is a government-aided
institute and deemed university for the study and research of space science,
located at Valiamala,
 IST functions an an autonomous body under the Department of Space,
 The idea of such an institute was mooted keeping in mind the need for high
quality manpower for the Indian Space Research Organization, one of
world’s leading scientific organization engaged in space research and space
applications.
 The institute is the first of its kind in the country, to offer high quality
education at the undergraduate, graduate, doctoral levels on areas with
special focus to space sciences, space technology and space applications.
44. What do you know about National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)?
 National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is responsible for
remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination,
aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management.
 NRSC has a data reception station at Shadnagar near Hyderabad for
acquiring data from Indian remote sensing satellites as well as others.
 NRSC Ground station at Shadnagar acquires Earth Observation data from
Indian remote-sensing satellites as well as from different foreign satellites.
 The Aerial Services and Digital Mapping (ASDM) Area provides end-to-end
Aerial Remote Sensing services and value-added solutions for various large
scale applications like aerial photography and digital mapping, infrastructure
planning, scanner surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, large scale base map,
topographic and cadastral level mapping.
 Regional Remote Sensing Centre (RRSc) support various cadastral level
mapping, etc. to their regions as well as at the national level. RRSCs are
carrying out application projects encompassing all the fields of natural
resources.
45. Write short note on Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)?
 The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a constituent unit of Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Department of Space and Government
of India.
 Since its establishment in 1966, IIRS is a key player for training and capacity
building in geospatial technology and its applications through training,
education and research in Southeast Asia.
 The training, education and capacity building programmes fo the Institute are
designed to meet the requirement of Professionals at working levels, fresh
graduates, researchers, academia and decision makers.
 The M.Tech Course in’Remote Sensing & GIS’, being offered by the
institute in collaboration with the Andhra University, Visakhapatanam, is
approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
 IIRS hosts headquarters of Centre for Space Science and Technology
Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTEAP), affiliated to the United
Nationas and provides support in conducting the Remote Sensing and GIS
training and education programmes.
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLES

46. What do you know about GSLV?
 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is an expendable
launch system operated by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO).
 The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was
initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an Indian launch
capability for geosynchronous satellites.
 The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk I configuration) was
launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the
intended orbit parameters.
 The launcher was declared operational after the second development
flight successfully launched the GSAT-2 satellite.
 GSLV was used in fourteen launches from 2001 to 2021, with more
launches planned. Even though GSLV Mark III shares the name, it is an
entirely different launch vehicle.
47. Write down the generations of GSLV?
First Stage
 GSLV-D1 used the S125 stage which contained 125 t (123 long tons; 138
short tons) of solid propellant and had a burn time of 100 seconds.
 All subsequent launches have used enhanced propellant loaded S139
stage. The S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and has a nominal burn time of
100 seconds.
Second stage
 The GS2 stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has a diameter of 2.8 m.
Third stage
 The third stage of the GSLV Mark II is propelled by the Indian CE-
7.5 cryogenic rocket engine while the older defunct Mark I is propelled
using a Russian made KVD-1.
 It uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX). The Indian
cryogenic engine was built at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre.
 The engine has a default thrust of 75 kN but is capable of a maximum
thrust of 93.1 kN
48. What is GSLV-Mk II?
 GSLV-Mk II is the largest launch vehicle developed by India.
 It is a fourth-generation launch vehicle. It has three stages:
1. First stage: The 138-tonne solid rocket motor is augmented by 4
liquid strap-ons.
2. Second stage: One Vikas engine is used in the second stage of GSLV.
3. Third Stage: Developed under the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project
(CUSP), the CE-7.5 is India’s first cryogenic engine, developed by the
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre.
 It has four liquid-engine strap-ons.
 The first flight by GSLV was on 18th April 2001.
 It can carry 2500 kgs INSAT class of communication satellites and place it
to GTO.
 It can carry 5000 kgs heavy satellites to multiple smaller satellites in LEO.
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49. Write down the objectives of GSLV Mk III and mention all the GSLV Mk
III launches till 2020?
 GSLV Mk -III has higher thrust than the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV), the most successful launch vehicle of ISRO.
 The objective of developing GSLV Mk III are listed below:
1. To launch heavier communication satellites
2. To launch heavier multi-purpose satellites
3. Future Interplanetary exploration
4. To launch future crewed missions i.e. to carry humans to space.
 GSLV Mk III has had 4 successful launches till 2020
1. CARE (Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Mission)
2. GSAT – 19 Mission, launched in June 2017.
3. GSAT – 29 Mission, launched in November 2018.
4. Chandrayaan 2 Mission – It was a mission to the Moon. It was
launched in 2019.
 All the above launches were from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR),
Sriharikota, located in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.
50. Write down the important features of GSLK Mk III?
 It is designed to carry satellites weighing 4 tons into Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO).
 It can carry satellites weighing 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) – at an
altitude of 600 kms.
 2 Vikas Engines powers the Core Stage. These engines are developed by
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO.
 S 200, 2 Solid Boosters are used to give the GSLV Mk III a huge thrust. S
200 was developed at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Trivandrum.
 The Upper stage is known as the cryogenic stage (C-25). This stage is
powered by CE-20, the largest Cryogenic Engine built by ISRO. Cryogenic
engines are a very complex technology that has been developed by very
few countries.
51. What is PSLV?
 The full form of PSLV is the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It is a
launcher that is used to carry spacecraft into space. It is a third-generation
launch vehicle. It is termed as the ‘Workhorse of Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO)‘.
 It is the first launch vehicle of India that has liquid stages. There is a total
of 4 stages in this launch vehicle.
1. First Stage: PS 1 – PSLV uses the S139 solid rocket motor that is
augmented by 6 solid strap-on boosters.
2. Second Stage: PS 2 – PSLV uses an Earth storable liquid rocket
engine for its second stage, known as the Vikas engine, developed by
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre.
3. Third Stage: It is a solid rocket motor that provides the upper stages
high thrust after the atmospheric phase of the launch.
4. Fourth Stage: The PS4 is the uppermost stage of PSLV, comprising of
two Earth storable liquid engines.
 The first successful launch of PSLV was in October 1994.
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52. Mention the important features of the PSLV and it’s varients?
 It can carry the payload of 1750 kg to sun-synchronous polar orbits (SSPO)
(Altitude – 600 Kms).
 It can carry the payload of 1425 kg to Geosynchronous and Geostationary
Orbits (GTO).
It has launched Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites.
It has the following variants:
1. PSLV-G: It has strap-on motors
2. PSLV – CA: It does not have strap-on motors
3. PSLV – XL: It has strap-on motors
53. Define GSLV and when it was used in India for the first time?
 Launchers or Launch Vehicles are used to carry spacecraft to space.
 India has two operational launchers: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
 GSLV with indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage has enabled the launching
up to 2 tonne class of communication satellites.
 The first developmental test flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle, GSLV, was successfully carried out this evening (April
18, 2001) from SHAR Centre, Sriharikota, about 100 km north of Chennai,
marking a major milestone in the Indian space programme.
54. What is meant by a satellite launch vehicle and which is India’s first
experimental satellite launch vehicle?
 Satellite launch vehicles are used to place the satellites in their specific
orbits.
 It is a vehicle with 4 stages using solid and liquid fuels.
 The weight of the vehicle decreases after each stage because of
consumption of fuel at that stage and detachment of that stage (i.e. the
empty tank) from its body.
 Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) was India’s first experimental
satellite launch vehicle.
 It was an all solid, four-stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes with a height of
22m and capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit
(LEO).
55. Where does ISRO develop its launch vehicles?
 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, located in Thiruvananthapuram, is
responsible for the design and development of launch vehicles.
 Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre and ISRO Propulsion Complex, located
at Valiamala and Mahendragiri respectively, develop the liquid and
cryogenic stages for these launch vehicles.
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56. What are the differences between GSLV and PSLV?
S.No. GSLV PSLV

1 GSLV is the fourth PSLV is a third-generation launch
generation launch vehicle vehicle
2 The first flight by GSLV The first successful launch of

was on 18th April 2001 PSLV was in October 1994
3 It delivers the It delivers the earth-observation

communications satellites and remote-sensing satellites to
to the highly elliptical sun-synchronous Polar Orbit
Geosynchronous Transfer
Orbit (GTO)
4 It is 3-staged divided into: It is 4-staged of which two are
solid, liquid and cryogenic using solid rocket motors while
the other two use liquid fuel
BIOTECHNOLOGY, CLONES, PATENTS & RIGHTS OF

INTELLECUTAL PROPERTY
57. Write a description about mRNA vaccine?
 Unlike a normal vaccine, RNA vaccines work by introducing an
mRNA sequence which is coded for a disease specific antigen.
Once produced within the body, the antigen is recognised by the
immune system, preparing it to fight the real thing.
 mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that triggers
an immune response inside our bodies.
 That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects
us from getting infected if the realvirus enters our bodies.
 mRNA vaccines can be delivered using a number of methods, via
needle-syringe injections or needle-free into the skin, injection into
the blood, muscle, lymph node or directly into organs; or via a nasal
spray.
 There are different types of mRNA vaccine like Non-replicating
mRNA, In vivo self-replicating mRNA, In vitro dendritic cell non-
replicating mRNA vaccine etc.
58. Discuss the benefits of RNA vaccines?
 Safe and non-infectious: RNA vaccines are not made with pathogen
particles or inactivated pathogen, so are non-infectious. RNA strand
in the vaccine is degraded once the protein is made.
 Efficacy: mRNA vaccines can generate a stronger type of immunity
as compared to traditional vaccines, & are well-tolerated by healthy
individuals with few side effects.
 Production: Vaccine can be produced more rapidly in the laboratory.
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59. Write a short note GM Crops?

 A GM crop has a gene artificially inserted into it from another
species to give it some desired properties like – pest resistance,
herbicide-tolerance, drought resistance etc.
 Currently, only GM crop permitted for cultivation in India is Bt
Cotton. But cultivation of illegal GM crops (Brinjal, Soyabean etc)
has been reported from across states.
 There is a well established regulatory framework for approval of
GM Crops as per “Rules for the Manufacture/Use/Import/Export and
Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered
Organisms or Cells, 1989” under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986.
 There are certain concerns regarding GM crops for Human
health (like allergic reaction, gene transfer etc.), Environment (like
introduction of engineered genes into wild populations, loss of
biodiversity etc).
60. What is Genome Sequencing. Also highlight it’s potential benefits?
 A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA. It includes all
chromosomes, which houses the DNA, and genes. Each genome
contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that
organism.
 The genome can be understood through the process described as
sequencing.
 Genome sequencing means deciphering the exact order of base pairs
in an individual.
BENEFITS:
 Reavealing population-level predispositions to diseases.
 Improving the understanding of how virus spreads and evolves.
 Identifying genomic causes of rare diseases, understanding
variation in complex diseases.
 Identifying genetic mutations and how these mutations impact gene
functions.
61. Examine Genome India Project?
 It is India’s gene-mapping project that is being described as the
“first scratching of the surface of the vast genetic diversity of India”.
A genome sequence spells out the order of each base/nucleotide of
the DNA, while genome mapping simply identifies a series of
landmarks in the DNA.
 It hopes to form a grid after collecting 10,000 samples in the first
phase from across India, to arrive at a representative Indian genome
 It was cleared by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of
Science and Technology in Jan, 2020.
 It involves 20 leading institutions including the Indian Institute of
Science in Bengaluru and a few IITs.
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62. What IndiGen Programme. Describe in details?

 It aims to undertake whole genome sequencing of a thousand
Indian individuals representing diverse ethnic groups from India.
 It is funded by the CSIR India (autonomous body).
 CSIR is the largest research and development (R&D) organization
in India under Ministry of Science and Technology.
 Its objective is to create a pilot dataset to enable genetic
epidemiology of carrier genetic diseases towards enabling
affordable carrier screening approaches in India.
 It is also seen as a precursor to a much larger exercise to map a
larger swathe of the population in the country.
 Now, CSIR has announced the conclusion of ‘Whole Genome
Sequencing” of 1,008 Indians from different populations across the
country. It was found that:
 32% of genetic variations in Indian genome sequences are
unique as compared to global genomes.
 The computational analysis led to the identification of 55,898,122
single nucleotide variants in the India genome dataset.
63. Write a note on Biopesticides. Also highlights it’s type?
 Biopesticides are the formulated form of active ingredients based
on microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes or
naturally-occurring substances, including plant extracts and
semiochemicals (e.g. insect pheromones).
 Advantages of using Biopesticides: less toxic than conventional
pesticides, affect only the target pest and closely related organisms
(not overall ecosystem), effective in very small quantities and often
decompose quickly etc.
64. Discuss different types of Biopesticides?
Microbes:
 Organisms like bacteria and fungi. For example Bacilius thuringiensis.
 More targeted in their activity than conventional chemicals.
Substances found in nature:
 Plant materials like corn gluten, garlic oil, and black pepper.
 Insect hormones that regulate mating, molting, and food-finding
behaviours.
 Tend to control pests without killing them.
Plant Incorporated Protectants:
 Genes and proteins, which are introduced into plants by genetic
engineering.
 Allow genetically modified plant to protect itself from pests.
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65. Write a short note on Golden Rice?

 Golden rice is the collective name of rice varieties that are
genetically modified to counter vitamin A deficiency in developing
countries.
 Golden rice differs from standard rice in that it contains extra genes
one from maize and one from bacterial origin together responsible
for the production of provitamin A (beta-carotene) in the rice grain.
 Research has indicated that one cup of Golden Rice can provide up to
50 per cent of the daily requirement of an adult for vitamin A.
 The Golden Rice can be grown just the same way we grow normal
rice. There is no change in cost of cultivation.
 It reduces water use by up to 30 per cent without any yield loss.
 It should not be stored for more than three months. It may lose its
nutrients after that.
66. Discuss the objectives of National IPR Policies 2016?
Seven Objectives of IPR Policy are:
 IPR Awareness: To create public awareness about the economic,
social and cultural benefits of IPRs.
 Generation of IPRs: To stimulate the generation of IPRs.
 Legal and Legislative Framework: To have strong and effective
IPR laws, which balance the interests of owners with larger public
interest.
 Administration and Management: To modernise and strengthen
service oriented IPR administration.
 Commercialization of IPRs: Get value for IPRs through
commercialization.
 Enforcement and Adjudication: To strengthen the enforcement and
adjudicatory mechanisms for combating IPR infringements.
 Human Capital Development: To strengthen and expand human
resources, institutions and capacities for teaching, training, research
and skill building in IPRs.
67. Write an account on Patents?
 A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention.
 It provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether
- the invention can be used by others.
 Patents should be obtained in each country where the applicant
requires protection of his invention.
 The term of protection for utility models is shorter than for patents,
(usually between 6 and 15 years).
68. Write a note on Geographical Indications?
 Signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and
possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially
attributable to that place of origin.
 Most commonly, a geographical indication includes the name of the
place of origin of the goods.
 It is registered for a period of 10 years and the registration may be
renewed from time to time for a period of 10 years at a time.
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69. What is Utility Model of Intellectual Property.Describe?

 A Utility Model just like a Patent also protects inventions/innovations
but for a shorter period.
 The main difference between a Patent and Utility Model is that the
requirements for granting a Utility Model are less stringent than for
Patents.
 A product or process which is Novel and Industrial applicable passes
for Utility Model, inventive step is not a requirement.
 The term of protection for utility models is shorter than for patents,
(usually between 6 and 15 years).
70. Write a short note on the following terms?
 Ever-greening of patent: Section 3(d) Indian Patent Act doesn’t
allow the renewal of patent over a product by introducing minor
changes to it. It has been an issue of concern for pharmaceutical
companies (Ex: Novartis issue on the issue of patent of cancer drug
Glivec).
 Compulsory Licensing: It enables a competent government authority
to license the use of a patented invention to a third party or
government agency without the consent of the patent holder.
71. Define Patent Pooling also provide some example?
 According to World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO),
patent pools are defined as an agreement made between two or
more patent holders for licensing their patents to one another or any
third party for the purpose of sharing their intellectual property rights.
 Generally, patents pools are made for complex technologies which
necessitate complementary patents for providing productive
technical solutions such as vaccines in the present COVID-19 crisis.
 Patent pooling structures were discussed and considered in response
to the SARS outbreak of 2002-03, the H5N1 influenza outbreak of
2005, and the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009.
 Patent pooling ensures:
 Innovation between companies while minimizing potential
legal issues.
 Lower transaction costs and better process efficiencies as
businesses that hold complementary patents can effectively
agree not to sue each other for infringement.
72. Discuss the provisions available in India with regard to Patent
Pooling?
 The concept of ‘patent pooling’ is new in India and has been primarily
focused to have solutions for the affordable health care.
 Indian Patents Act (IPA), 1970 does not render for any provisions
related to formation of patent pools or any guidelines for the same
but at the same time it neither restrain for creation or formation of
patent pools.
 Under IPA, Central Government can set up patent pool by
acquiring inventions and patents which are required in the public
interest.
 However, in India, patent pooling is viewed as restrictive practice
by Competition Act, 2002, which are anticompetitive in nature.
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73. Write a note on Cloning?

 Cloning is application of biotechnology to produce cells or organism
being originally derived from a single organism or cell through
asexual method in laboratory condition. The organisms formed at time
of cloning have similar genes are termed as clones. A clone is an
individual cell or organism developed by a single of body and is
genetically similar to its parental cell.
 In 1950s, scientist initiated the cloning of frogs and until the 1980s,
mice were cloned. In the year 1996, Ian Wilmot was successful for the
first time in the cloning of an adult sheep. He succeeded with his team
of researchers and the clone was named as Dolly.
74. Discuss the potential benefit of application of Biotechnology in
agriculture?
 Genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests, viruses, drought,
etc.
 Genetically modified crops that ripen slowly during transport.
 Use of organic material to produce biodegradable plastics, fuel,
fertilizer.
 In-vitro fertilization of farm animals using selected sperm and eggs.
 Use of recombinant growth hormone to increase milk and meat
production.
 Genetically modified crops with better nutritional qualities.
75. Write a note on Tissue Culture?
 A piece of tissue extracted from an organism is isolated and grown
in an artificial environment.
 The environment for the growth of the tissue is controlled that
allows manipulation.
 The source can be a single cell (in the case it becomes cell culture), a
group of cells, part of an organ or the whole organ.
 The factors introduced in the culture medium bring about changes in
the cell population, size or form or function.
 It has helped in gaining knowledge about the basic composition and
form of the different cell types.
76. Describe Stem Cell Technology?
 Stem cells are characterized by their ability to renew themselves
through mitosis cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of
specialized cell types.
 Stem cell are found in all multi-cellular organisms.
 The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are:
 Embryonic Stem (ES) cells that are isolated from the inner cell
mass of blast cysts.
 Adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues.
 The ES cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into all types of
spececialized tissues.
 The adult stem cells are multipotent (linage restricted) and act as a
repair sysem for the body by maintaining the normal turnover of
regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
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77. Discuss some of the advantages of Stem Cell Technology?

 It provides medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and
regenerative medicine.
 It provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a
variety of diseases including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenta,
Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, spinal cord injuries, diabetes and many
more.
 Limbs and organs could be grown in a lab from stem cells and then
used in transplants or to help treat illnesses.
 It will help scientists to learn about human growth and cell
development.
 Embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell types of the body, and
may then be more versatile than adult stem cells.
78. What is Artificial Embryo Twinning. Also describe how it works?
 It is another method to produce clones.
 Artificial twinning follows the same process observed in nature which
leads to the development of twins.
 In artificial embryo twining, the process takes in a lab instead of
mother’s womb.
 A very early embryo after fertilization is separated into individual
cells.
 These cells are allowed to divide and develop for a short time in the
Petri dish.
 The embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother where they
develop fully.
 The organisms formed are genetically identical as their source is a
single fertilized egg.
79. Examine advantages of Cloning?
 Cloning of stem cells will provide treatment for variety of diseases.
 It gives an opportunity to the parents to choose the characters and
traits they want in their children and also eliminate the unwanted
characters.
 It provides understanding of the hereditary/genetic diseases.
 The endangered species of various animals can be preserved and no
risk of any extinction.
 Provide organs for transplantation and also eliminates certain risks
thus associated with the procedure of transplantation, so better life
expectancy.
 If labs can clone and grow only the parts needed, this would eliminate
the moral and ethical issues associated cloning an entire person.
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80. Examine Ethical Issues Involved in Human Cloning?

 Loss of Diversity: Large scale cloning could deplete genetic
diversity. It is diversity that drives evolution and adaptation. It
prevents an entire species from disappearing because of susceptibility
to a disease.
 Issue of Natural Rights: Proponents of animal rights argue that non-
human animals possess certain moral rights as living entities and
should therefore be afforded the same ethical considerations as human
beings.
 Right to Self-determination: There may be expectations that the
cloned individuals would act identically to the human from which they
were cloned, which could infringe on the right to self-determination.
 Religious and Cultural Norms: Most pro-life supporters believe that
a fertilized ovum is a full human person. When its nucleus is removed
during cloning, that person is, in effect, murdered.
 Emotional Connect: It might affect relationships. For example, a
child born from an adult DNA cloning from his father would be, in
effect, a delayed twin of one of his parents. That has never happened
before and may lead to emotional difficulties.
81. Enlist Animals Cloned in India?
 The world’s first buffalo calf GARIMA-1, through the “Hand guided
cloning Technique” was born in 2009 at National Dairy Research
Institute at Karnal.
 ‘Shresth’ was the male buffalo calf cloned in 2010 at NDRI, Karnal.
 The word’s first Pashmina Goat Cloned at Centre of Animal
Biotechnology at Sher-i-Kashmir Agriculture University for Science
and Technology.
82. What is In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Also highlight it’s application
in Treatment for Infertility or Genetic problems?
 In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to
help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the
concenption of a child.
 During IVF, mature eggs are collected (retrieved) from ovaries and
fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized eff (embroyo) or eggs
(embroyo) are transferred to a uterus. One full cycle of IVF takes
about three weeks.
Application:
 Fallopain tube damage or blockage: Fallopain tube damage or
blockage makes it difficult for an egg to be fertilized or for an embryo
to travel to the uterus.
 Ovulation disorders: It ovulation is infrequent or absent, fewer eggs
are available for fertilization.
 Impaired Sperm production or function: Below-average sperm
concentration, weak movement of sperm (poor mobility), or
abnormalities in sperm size and shape can make it difficult for sperm
to fertilize an egg.
 A genetic disorder: If you or your partner is at risk of passing on a
genetic disorder to your child, you may be candidates for pre-
implantation genetic testing- a procedure that involves IVF.
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83. What is TRIPS Agreement. Also highlight it’s objective?

 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights is an
international agreement administrated by WTO that sets down
minimum standards for IP regulation for WTO member nations.
 TRIPS contain provisions that allow a degree of flexibility and
sufficient room for countries to accommodate their own patent and
intellectual property systems and developmental needs.
 Create an effective economic deterent to international trade in goods
and services which infringe intellectual property rights through
implemtation of border measures.
 Recognize and implement standards and norms that provide adequate
means of obtaining and maintaining intellectual property rights and
provide a basis for effective enforcement of such rights.
 Ensure that such measures to protect intellectual property or enforce
intellectual property rights do not create barriers to legitimate trade.
 Extend international notification, consultation, surveillance and
dispute settlement procedures to protection of intellectual property and
enforcement of intellectual property rights.
84. Examine Three Main Features of the TRIPS Agreement.
 Standards: The Agreement sets out the minimum standards of
protection to be provided by each Member. The Agreement sets these
standards by requiring, first, that the substantive obligations of the
main conventions of the WIPO, the Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne
Convention) in their most recent versions must be complied with. The
TRIPS Agreement is thus sometimes referred to as a Berne and
Paris-plus Agreement.
 Enforcement: The second main set of provisions deals with domestic
procedures and remedies for the enforcement of intellectual property
rights. The Agreement lays down certain general principles applicable
to all IPR enforcement procedures. In addition, it contains provisions
on civil and administrative procedures and remedies, provisional
measures, special requirements related to border measures and
criminal procedures, which specify, in a certain amount of detail, the
procedures and remedies that must be available so that right holders
can effectively enforce their rights.
 Dispute Settlement: The Agreement makes disputes WTO Members
about the respect of the TRIPS obligations subject to the WTO’s
dispute settlement procedures.
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85. What do you know about Trade Related Investment Measures

(TRIMS). Also discuss it’s objective?
 The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS)
recognizes that certain investment measures can restrict and distort
trade.
 It states that WTO members may not apply any measure that
discriminates against foreign products or that leads to quantitative
restrictions, both of which violate basic WTO principles.
 A list of prohibited TRIMS, such as local content requirements, is part
of the Agreement. The TRIMS Committee monitors the operation and
implementation of the Agreement and allows members the opportunity
to consult on any relevant matters.
OBJECTIVES:
 The expansion and progressive liberalization of world trade.
 To facilitate investment across international frontiers so as to increase
the economic growth of all trading partners, particularly developing
country members, while ensuring free competition.
86. Examine the benefits of TRIMS Agreement?
 It brings transparency by notifying nature of TRIMs and obligation
related with WTO. WTO is quasi-judicial system to eliminated
notified TRIMs and end of agreed transition period.
 TRIMs have acknowledged a policy internalization-ship between
investment and competition within the multilateral trading system.
The agreement very useful to the member of developing countries in
the form of they are fully utilized for efficient contribution of
investment in their growth process.
 TRIMs as allowed to small firm to expand to full competitive scale
and can be used to channel for FDI to bring Infant industry to maturity
stage, as a result such mature industries able to increase domestic
employment and value addes.
 In case of transnational corporation TRIMs are used to guard against
encounter anticipative and trade restrictive practice. Removal of
restriction would help to attract FDI Inflow.
87. Why do we need IPR?
 Encourages innovation: The legal protection of new creations
encourages the commitment of additional resources for further
innovation.
 Economic growth: The promotion and protection of intellectual
property spurs economic growth, creates new jobs and industries, and
enhances the quality and enjoyment of life.
 Safeguard the rights of creators: IPR is required to safeguard
creators and other producers of their intellectual commodity, goods
and services by granting them certain time-limited rights to control the
use made of the manufactured goods.
 It promotes innovation and creativity and ensures ease of doing
business.
 It facilitates the transfer of technology in the form of foreign direct
investment, joint ventures and licensing.
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88. Define Bio-prospecting. Also discuss its advantages &

disadvantages?
 Bio-prospecting refers to Biodiversity Prospecting. It is the process
of discovery and commercialization of new products based on
biological resources.
 These biological resources may include chemical compounds, genes,
micro-organisms, macro-organisms, and other valuable products from
nature.
Advantages:
 Bio-prospecting, if well managed, can generate income for developing
countries and its indigenous community.
 It can provide incentives for the conservation of biological resources
and biodiversity.
Disadvantages:
 If not well managed, Bio-prospecting may lead to environmental
problems related to unauthorized (over-) exploitation.
 Social and economic problems related to unfair sharing of benefits-or
the total absence of benefit sharing-and to disrespect for the rights,
knowledge and dignity of local communities.
 Thus Bio-prospecting in itself not bad. However it is its misuse
(leading to bio-piracy) that creates problem for nature and human
kind.
ROBOTS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

89. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
 To make it simple – Artificial Intelligence is intelligence exhibited by
machines.
 It is a branch of computer science which deals with creating
computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.
 The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 It is a simulation of human intelligence processes such as learning
(the acquisition of information and rules for using the information),
reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite
conclusions), and self-correction by machines, especially computer
systems.
 Nowadays it has become an umbrella term which encompasses
everything from robotic process automation to actual robotics.
 Recently it has become widely popular and gained prominence due to
its multifaceted application ranging from healthcare to military
devices.
90. Give some examples of Artificially Intelligent Technologies?
 Robotic process automation: Automation is the process of making a
system or processes function automatically. Robots can be
programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks normally
performed by humans and further it is different from IT automation.
 Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of human
language and not computer language by a computer program. For
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Example, spam detection, which looks at the subject line and the text
of an email and decides if it’s junk.
 Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on
identifying patterns in data.
 Machine vision is the science of making computers visualize by
capturing and analyzing visual information using a camera, analog-
to-digital conversion, and digital signal processing.
 Machine learning: Field of study that gives computers the ability to
learn without being explicitly programmed. Deep learning is a subset
of machine learning and can be thought of as the automation of
predictive analytics.
 Robotics is a field of engineering focused on the design and
manufacturing of robots. Robots are often used to perform tasks that
are difficult for humans to perform or perform consistently.
91. Write down the major applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
 Healthcare Sector: Machine learning is being used for faster,
cheaper and more accurate diagnosis and thus improving patient
outcomes and reducing costs. For Example, IBM Watson and
chatbots are some of such tools.
 Business Sector: To take care of highly repetitive tasks Robotic
process automation is applied which perform faster and effortlessly
than humans. Chatbots being used into the websites to provide
immediate service to customers.
 Education Sector: AI can make some of the educational processes
automated such as grading, rewarding marks etc. therefore giving
educators more time.
 Intelligent Robots: Robots can perform the tasks given by a human
because of sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as
light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure.
 Gaming – AI has a crucial role in strategic games such as chess,
poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where the machine can think of a large
number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Speech Recognition – There are intelligent systems that are capable
of hearing and grasping the language in terms of sentences and their
meanings while human talks to it.
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92. What are the downsides and risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
 The decrease in demand for human labour due to machines and
intelligent robots taking over the jobs in the manufacturing and the
services sectors.
 Existential risks: The development of full artificial intelligence
could spell the end of the human race. Once humans develop artificial
intelligence, it will take off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-
increasing rate.
 AI technologies falling into terrorist hands may unleash modern
terror network including machine and therefore vulnerability of
humans may magnify.
 It may lead to moral degradation in society due to decreased human
to human interactions.
 It involves a lot of technicalities if an error occurs, resolving it may
become highly complex. Also, concerns over privacy and security
have been raised in the usage of AI.
93. What are the major possible areas for the effective implementation
of AI applications in India?
 It can complement Digital India Mission by helping in the big data
analysis which is not possible without using AI.
 Targeted delivery of services, schemes, and subsidy can be further
fine-tuned.
 Smart border surveillance and monitoring to enhance security
infrastructure.
 Weather forecasting models may become proactive and therefore
preplanning for any future mishaps such as floods, droughts and the
farming crisis, farmer’s suicide, crop losses etc.
 By analyzing big data of road safety data and NCRB (National Crime
Record Bureau) data for crimes, new policies can be formulated.
 Disaster management can be faster and more accessible with the help
of robots and intelligent machines.
 AI can be used to automate government processes, therefore,
minimizing human interactions and maximizing transparency and
accountability.
94. Which nodal organization of the government works for the research
work on Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
 Centre for artificial intelligence and robotics (CAIR), is the primary
laboratory of DRDO for research and development in different areas
of defense, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and is
located in Bangalore.
 It is involved in the Research & Development of high-quality Secure
Communication, Command, and Control, and Intelligent Systems.
 CAIR came into existence in 1986.
 Projects: NETRA- software to intercept online communication,
SECOS- Secure operating system.
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95. What are the major challenges that India is facing for the
Development of AI?
 AI-based applications are mostly driven largely by the private sector
and have been focused largely on consumer goods.
 Public-private funding model which is a success in the United States,
China, South Korea, and elsewhere may be considered good for
India. Presently it is not present in India.
 Our educational system is not updated to the modern technologies
and is outdated in today’s economic environment as the nature of jobs
shifts rapidly and skills become valuable and obsolete in a matter of
years.
 High cost and low availability of computing infrastructure required
for development, training, and deployment of AI-based services.
Cloud infrastructure, though growing rapidly, has limited capability.
 Lack of AI awareness in resolving business-related issues in most of
the public enterprises and government agencies has led to the scarcity
of AI professionals in obstructing adoption.
 The debate of poverty vs. technology and where to spend the most is
more likely to persist until the political class takes a higher interest in
real issues than trivial ones.
96. Write an explanation about RAISE related to Artificial Intelligence
in India which was recently is in news?
 In October 2020, RAISE 2020, a mega event on Artificial
Intelligence was held in the virtual mode.
 RAISE 2020 – ‘Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020’ was
jointly organised by the NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Electronics
and Information Technology (MeitY).
 Representatives from the global AI industry took part in the summit
and exchanged ideas on how AI can be harnessed to drive India’s
vision and roadmap for social transformation, inclusion and
empowerment.
 People from governments, the industry and academia participated in
the mega event.
 Selected start-ups also showcased their AI solutions in RAISE 2020.
97. What are the major steps taken by the Government for the development
of AI in India?
 In 2018-19 budget, the government mandated NITI Aayog to establish
the National Program on AI with a view to guiding research and
development in new and emerging technologies.
 On 20th March, 2019, NITI Aayog circulated the cabinet note to establish
a cloud computing platform called AIRAWAT (Artificial Intelligence
Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation) Platform.
 In Budget 2018, the government announced funds to support the
country’s AI, machine learning, robotics and IoT sector.
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 NITI Aayog envisioned AI use case clearly in the sectors like healthcare,
agriculture, education, smart cities and infrastructure, smart mobility and
transportation.
 The Commerce and Industry Ministry has also set up task forces to
explore the use of AI and Big Data technologies in the country.
 In the Budget 2019-20, the government has announced setting up of
a National Sports Education Board under Khelo India to prepare youth
for new age skills, Artificial Intelligence, IoT, Big Data, 3D Printing,
Virtual Reality etc.
98. Write down the benefits Artificial Intelligence in India?
 In Policing: India still has a conventional policing. AI based products
open a new window of opportunity to do predictive policing in India.
With the help of AI, one can predict the pattern of crime, analyze lot of
CCTV footage which are available across the country to identify suspects.
 Government is digitizing all the records, especially the crime records
putting it into one single place called CCTNS where all the data
including the image, biometrics, or the criminal history of a convict or
suspect is available.
 In Agriculture: It has many uses, for example, it can help sense one how
much water the crop needs.
 For solving complex issues like efficient utilization of available
resources.
 Analyzing the Data: The AI technology helps in analyzing data and thus
can improve the efficiency of the systems like power management in cars,
mobile devices, weather predictions, video and image analysis.
99. Write short note on Robots?
 Robots are multifunctional, re-programmable, automatic industrial machine
designed for replacing human in hazardous work.
 Robotics is the term used in artificial intelligence that deals with a study of
creating intelligent and efficient robots.
 The aim of the robot is to manipulate the objects by perceiving, moving,
picking, modifying the physical properties of object.
 Most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on
stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics.
 Robots are used for several purposes such as in dangerous environments,
manufacturing processes, or at places where humans cannot survive and
work.
100. What do you mean by the term Robotics?
 Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is mainly composed
of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science
engineering for designing, manufacture, and operationalization of robots.
 It involves computer systems for the control of sensory feedback and
information processing of robots.
 The term Robotics also refers to the industry that deals with the
engineering, design, manufacture, and operation of robots for various
commercial industries and consumer uses.
 The modern robot is an electromechanical device that follows a set of
instruction to perform certain jobs and has found wide application in
various industries.
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101. Why software robots are not robots?

 The term "software robot" refers to a type of computer program which
autonomously operates to complete a virtual task. Examples include:
 Search engine bots - aka "web crawlers." These roam the internet,
scanning websites and categorizing them for search.
 Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
 Chatbots - These are the programs that pop up on websites talk to you with
a set of pre-written responses.
 Software bots are not physical robots they only exist within a computer.
Therefore, they are not real robots.
 Some advanced software robots may even include AI algorithms. However,
software robots are not part of robotics.
102. What are the major components of robots?
 The manipulator, which is the robot’s support comprises of segments
jointed together with axes capable of motion in various directions allowing
the robot to perform work.
 The end effector which is a gripper tool, a special device, or fixture
attached to the robot’s arm, actually performs the work.
 Power supply provides and regulates the energy that is converted to motion
by the robot actuator, and it may be either electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic.
 The controller initiates, terminates, and coordinates the Motion of
sequences of a robot. Also it accepts the necessary Inputs to the robot and
provides the outputs to interface with the outside world.
103. Difference between Robotic Process Automation (RPA)and the
Traditional Automation?
 Programmed machinery executes the work in a static way without
responding or adapting to the changing environment.
 RPA, on the other hand are adaptive to the changing environment and are
very efficient, increase productivity and are safe to work with.
 It is not a defined system and is yet evolving in nature.
 New and emerging ideas like artificial learning, deep learning or better
operating systems can be added to it after a few years of progress to
improve the performance further.
104. What is the basic difference between robotics and artificial
intelligence?
S.No. Robots Artificial Intelligence
1. Robots are machines designed Artificial Intelligence is lie a
to execute one or more simple computer program that typically
to complex tasks automatically demonstrates some of the behaviors
with utmost speed and associated with human intelligence.
precision.
2. Robotics is a field of artificial Artificial Intelligence is the bridge
intelligence that makes use of between human intelligence and
AI to improve their functions. machine learning.
3. Robots are autonomous or Artificial Intelligence that
semi-autonomous machines that complements human mind to
use computer system for the enhance its ability to perform tasks
control and information and it self improves.
processing.
4. Used in assembly and packing Applications that use Artificial
space and earth exploration, Intelligence are Netflix, Google’s
medical surgical applications, Deepmind, Apple’s Siri, Spotify, and
laboratory research, weaponry games such as Tic-Tac-Toe. etc
and so on.
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105. What do you know about All India Council for Robotics and
Automation?
 It is a not-for-profit organization established in 2014.
 It sets up standards in robotics & automation and education
industry, helping organizations and professionals to solve difficult technical
problems, while enhancing their leadership and personal career capabilities.
 It is engaged in various activities and has launched several programs
to promote and build an ecosystem for robotics and automation in India.
106. What are the growth prospects of RPA in India?
 India has just started adopting the RPA at this stage.
Few manufacturing industries, parts of the automotive industry
and pharmaceutical companies have adopted the automation.
 Automation is coming up largely in consumers manufacturing now
because it needs high level of production and efficiency as manually
managing the huge amounts of machinery is not easy.
 To meet the market requirement companies need to have high speed up
and optimized processes at their manufacturing sites.
 RPA helps the manufacturing units to increase their productivity by
almost 30-40% without reducing the manpower which is trained to
work with automated processes.
 The fast Electric Vehicle charging system is being developed in
India with the help of automation.
107. What are the major challenges with RPA?
 Lack of awareness: In India, people hardly know about RPA. The
terms Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are
rarely used and it is in initial phase wherever it is used with minimum
knowledge about it.
 Lack of experts: Technological institutes lack experts who can deliver
on the technology.
 Lack of institutionalised efforts: Education system also does not have
RPA technology and even the professors and teachers are not aware about
the systems.
 AICRA recently tied up with UiPath, one of the leading companies
worldwide, to find ways to make the technology available to the Indian
educationists for content development and then delivering the material to
the students to prepare them for the future jobs in RPA.
 Fear of job loss: A change in manufacturing cycle or the manufacturing
environment of industries always faces a huge resistance from the
employees because of the fear of getting replaced which happens also,
sometimes.
108. Enlist some of the important Robots of India with their features?
 Manav: India’s first 3D-printed humanoid robot, has an inbuilt vision
and sound processing capability and is primarily meant for research
purposes.
 Mitra: The first indigenously built humanoid robot is capable of
interacting with humans smartly.
 Robocop: It is a police robot to assist in handling the law, order, and traffic
management deployed in Hyderabad. It can diffuse bombs also.
 KEMPA: It is a special robot assistant built to suit the needs of the
Kempegowda International Airport, which will answer queries of confused
passengers in English as well as Kannada.
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 RADA: It is a unique artificial intelligence-based robot developed by

Vistara, a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, to
automate simple tasks and improve customer experience.
 IRA (Intelligent Robotic Assistant): It is a shiny white interactive
humanoid which would essentially help bank branch staff in servicing
customers and was launched in Mumbai 2018.
 INDRO: This is reportedly the tallest humanoid robot built in India. It
can be used for lightweight tasks like entertainment, education and a few
household works.
 DRDO’s Daksh: This made-in-India robot is primarily designed to detect
and recover Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). It was inducted by
Indian Army around 2011.
109. Write short note on Sophia?
 Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed by Dr. David Hanson,
founder of Hanson Robotics, a Hong Kong-based company.
 In October 2017, Sophia "became" a Saudi Arabian citizen, the first robot
to receive citizenship of any country.
 She can follow faces, sustain eye contact, and recognize individuals. She
is able to process speech and have conversations using a natural language
subsystem.
 Sophia is conceptually similar to the computer program ELIZA, which was
one of the first attempts at simulating a human conversation.
 Sophia would ultimately be a good fit to serve in healthcare, customer
service, therapy and education. In 2019 Sophia displayed the ability to
create drawings, including portraits.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIANS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

110. Give a brief introduction of C.V.Raman?
 He was born at Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu and worked as a civil
servant in the Indian Finance Department in Calcutta.
 He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926, Indian Academy of
Sciences in 1933 and established Raman Institute of Research at
Bangalore in 1948.
 He was awarded with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the
discovery of the Raman effect and Bharat Ratna in 1954.
 India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to
commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.
 Recently Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was remembered on his 50th
death anniversary (21st November 2020).
111. What do you know about the Raman effect a major discovery of
C.V.Raman?
 Raman effect/ Raman scattering: In 1922 he published his work on the
‘Molecular Diffraction of Light’, which ultimately led to his discovery of
‘Raman Effect’ in 1928.
 Light consists of particles called photons; whose energy is directly
proportional to the frequency with which they travel.
 When they strike molecules in a medium at high speeds, they bounce back
and scatter in different directions depending on the angle with which they
hit the molecules, is known as Raman effect.
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 Daylight interacts with the gases in Earth’s atmosphere and scatters, instead
of coming back straight to our eyes from the sun.
1. Blue light is scattered most, which means that it involves our eyes from
all over within the sky, thus the sky appearance blue.
2.Yellow and red light are scattered least, thus we tend to typically see a
yellow sun, and generally a red sun.
112. What is Raman Spectroscopy?
 Raman spectroscopy: It is used to better understand the composition of
the structures, crystallographic orientation of the sample and the change in
vibrational frequency for chemical bond in Raman effect.
 It is used in many varied fields where non-destructive, microscopic,
chemical analysis and imaging is required.
 It can provide key information easily and quickly.
 It can be used to rapidly characterise the chemical composition and
structure of a sample, whether solid, liquid, gas, gel, slurry or powder.
 Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor manufacturing processes in
the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.
 It is additionally utilized in medication to research living cells, tissues and
even in detection of cancers while not inflicting damage.
113. What do you know about Dr. Vikaram Sarabhai?
 Born in Ahmedabad in 1919, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is considered as the
father of India's space program.
 After the death of physicist HomiBhabha in 1966, Sarabhai was appointed
chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India.
 Carrying forward Bhabha’s work in the field of nuclear research, Sarabhai
was largely responsible for the establishment and development of India’s
nuclear power plants.
 He laid the foundations for the indigenous development of nuclear
technology for defense purposes
 Recently, Moon Crater Captured by Chandrayaan-2 was named After
Vikram Sarabhai called "Sarabhai" Crater.
114. Mention the awards conferred to Dr.Vikaram Sarabhai?
 Shanti SwarupBhatnagar Award (1962)
 Padma Bhushan (1966)
 Padma Vibhushan, posthumous (after-death) (1972)
 In 1973, a crater on the moon was named after him.
 Lander of Chandrayaan 2, India’s 2nd mission to moon is named ‘Vikram’
to honour late Dr.Vikram Sarabhai.
115. What are the significant contribution of Dr.Vikaram Sarabhai in Indian
Space Program?
 Established the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad.
 Founded the Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association.
 Established the Indian National Committee for Space Research in 1962,
which was later, renamed the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
 Setting up the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station in
Thruvanthapuram. Later renamed as the Vikaram Sarabhai Space Centre.
 Major role in the creation of the Indian Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad.
 Established Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL), Jaduguda,
Bihar.
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116. Write short note on Srinivasa Ramanujan?

 Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 in the town of
Erode, Tamil Nadu.
 His birth anniversary on 22 December is celebrated as National
Mathematics Day to honour the achievements of the legendary
mathematician.
 He received his degree from Cambridge in 1916 and went on to publish
several brilliant papers on his subject with the help of his professor GH
Hardy of Trinity College, Cambridge University.
 Ramanujan was elected to the London Mathematical Society in 1917 and
was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his excellent work on Elliptic
Functions and the theory of numbers.
 He was also the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of the Trinity College.
117. Write down the major work of Srinivasa Ramanujan?
 Ramanujan made priceless contributions to several mathematical concepts
like infinite series, continued fractions, number theory and mathematical
analysis.
 He also made notable contributions like the hypergeometric series, the
Riemann series, the elliptic integrals, the theory of divergent series, and the
functional equations of the zeta function.
 He introduced a summation in 1918, now known as the Ramanujan sum
which is currently used in signal processing, i.e. analysing, modifying and
synthesising periodically repetitive signals such as speech, music, DNA
sequences etc.
 In his famous letter to Hardy in 1919, he introduced the “mock theta
functions” which are used today in ‘String Theory’ in theoretical physics.
 He is also credited for his work in ‘Modular functions’ which are used to
reveal properties of Black Holes by astrophysicists.
118. Write short note on Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha?
 Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha was born on 30 October, 1909 in a prospectus
Parsi family in Mumbai.
 He is also known as the Father of Indian Nuclear Science Programme.
 He was instrumental in the establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research (TIFR) in 1945 with the help of Dorabji Tata.
 He was appointed then director of nuclear programme in India. Under his
guidance atomic reactors Apasara, Cirusand Zeralina was commissioned.
119. Write down the major work of Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhabha?
 In 1937 he studied cosmic rays with Walter Heitle and described that
primary cosmic rays from other space interact with the upper atmosphere to
produce particles observed at the ground level.
 Cosmic Rays are high-energy protons and atomic nuclei which move
through space at nearly the speed of light.
 They originate from the sun, from outside of the solar system, and from
distant galaxies.
 In 1948, Atomic Energy Commission was formed and Bhabha was appointed
its first chairman.
 In September, 1956, nations held conference in New York of establishment
of atomic agency and Bhabha was elected chairman of the conference by
common consent.
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120. What do you know about Dr. Prafulla Chandra Roy?

 Dr. Prafulla Chandra Roy was born in Raruli Katpara Village of Khulna
district of Bengal on 2 August, 1861.
 He developed his curiosity towards chemistry and in 1982 he was awarded
one of the two Gilchrist prize schlorship after an all India competitive
exam.
 He was elected vice president of Edinburgh University chemical Society in
1988.
 After his return to India he joined Presidency College as temporary Assistant
Professor in chemistry.
121. Write short note on Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu and also highlight his
major work?
 Jagadish Chandra Basu was born on 30 November, 1858 at Mymensingh,
now in Bangladesh.
 While working at Presidency College, Koklata he started doing original
scienfitic work in microwaves, carrying out experiments involving
refraction, diffraction and polarization.
 He developed the use of galena crystals for making receivers, both for short
wavelength radio waves and for white and ultraviolet light.
 Basu demonstrated wireless communication using radio waves, using
them to ring a bell remotely and to explode some gunpowder.
 Jagadish Chandra Basu was the first person to use semiconductor junction for
detecting radio singnals.
 Bose made a number of pioneering discoveris in Plant Physiology. He used
his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to various
stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and
plant tissues.
 A crescograph is a device for measuring the growth in plants. It was
invented in the early 20th century by Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu.
122. Write in brief about Dr. Raja Ramanna?
 Dr. Raja Ramanna was bron on 28th January 1925 in the busy industrial town
to Tumkur in Karnataka.
 Handpicked by the founder of India’s Nuclear Programe, Dr. Homi
Bhabha, Dr. Raja Ramanna was the most celebrated physicist and nuclear
scientist that India had ever produced.
 About his famous Work:
1. Following the steps of his ideals, Dr. Homi Bhabha and Vikram
Sarabhai, Ramanna managed to grab of major role in shaping India’s
energy and security programmes.
2. With the tremendous success of India’s peaceful explosion experiment,
he is regarded as one of the most successful promoters of science and
technology in India.
3. He laid the foundation of DRDO and served as the chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission.
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123. What do you know about Dr. Har Govind Khurana?

 Dr. Har Govind Khurana was an Indian American biochemist famous for his
work in the field of Genetics of DNA.
 Har Govind Khurana was born of Hindu parents in Raipur, a little village in
Punjab, which is now a part of eastern Pakistan.
 He shared Nobel Prize of Medicine and Physiology in 1968 with Marshall
Nirenberg and Robert Holley for cracking the genetic code.
 Genetic Code is biological language common to all living organisms, is
spelled out in three-letter word each set of three nucleotides codes for a
specific amino acid. First to synthesize Oligonucleotides (strings of
nucleotides).
 Their experiments looked at the nucleic acids found in RNA, a chemical in
cells that translates the genetic information contained in DNA.
 His work unambiguously confirmed that the genetic code consisted of 64
distinct three letter words.
 He and Dr. Niremberg discovered that some of the words told a cell where to
begin reading the code, and where to stop.
124. Write short note on Satendra Nath Bose?
 Physicist Satendra Nath Bose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), West
Bengal in India, on 1 January, 1894.
 He derived with Saha, the Saha-Bose equation of state for a non-ideal gas.
 In 1921, Bose left Kolkata to become a Reader at the Dhaka University. It
was during this period that he wrote the famous paper on the statistics of
photons. It was named Bose statistics after him and is now an integral
part of Physics.
 Paul Dirac, the legendary physicist, coined the term boson for particles
obeying these statistics.
 In 1937, Rabindranath Tagore dedicated his only book on science, Visva-
Parichay to Satyendra Nath Bose.
 Government of India named him a National Professor (1959), the highest
honor in the country for a scholar (15 Years)
125. Prof. Satendra Nath Bose is famous for which work?
 Quantum mechanics, in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-
Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate.
 A boson is a particle which was a whole number spin (‘spin’is a quality
assigned to subatomic particles). Bosons carry energy.
 A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1.
 When a gas of Bose particles is cooled down to temperatures very close to
absolute zero, then the kinetic energy of the particles decreases to negligible
amount, and they condense into the lowest energy level state.
 This state is called a Bose-Einstein condensate. This property is also the
explanation for super-fluidity. The Higgs particle is a boson.
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126. What do you know about Sir M. Vishversharaiya?

 Vishveshraiya was born into a Telgu Brahmin family in village near
Bangalore, India.
 In 1955, he was awarded independent India’s greatest honor, the Bharat
Ratna for his impeccable work in the fields of Engineering and education.
 Sir M. Vishversharaiya was awarded an Honorary Membership of London
Institution of Civil Engineers for an unbroken 50 years.
 Engineers Day: The country celebrates Engineer’s Day on September 15 to
appreciate the contributions of M. Vishveshraiya.
127. Write down the major contribution of Sir M. Vishversharaiya in the
field of engineering?
 He was instrumental in designing and patenting a system of automatic weir
floodgates in 1903.
 He was the architect of the Great Krishna Raja Sagara Dam in Mysore.
This is one of the major contributions of Vishveshraiya to Karnataka and to
the nearby states.
 He designed a flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad by Mussi
River.
 He played a key role in developing a system to protect Vishkapatanam port
from sea erosion.
 He had designed and carried out the waterworks for the Municipality of
Sukkur in 1895.
128. What do you know about Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam?
 Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (full name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam)
was born on 15 October, 1931 in Dhanushkodi town of Rameshwaram
district of Tamil Nadu.
 For his important contribution in the development of missiles in India, he is
also known as "Missile Man" of India.
 Dr. Kalam was elected to the highest Constitutional post and served as the
President of India from 2002-2007.
 He has been awarded with India's greatest honour Bharat Ratna in 1997.
 He has written many notable books like Wings of Fire, India 2020, Ignited
Minds etc.
129. Discuss the major contribution of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in the field of
Science and Technology?
 In 1958 Dr. Kalam was appointed senior scientist in Hovercraft project under
Defence Research and Development Organisation.
 Influenced by Kalam’s dedication and hard work, Prof. M.G.Menon took him
to Indian Space Research organization in 1962.
 Dr. Kalam took the training of technique of launching of Rockets from
NASA and First Rocket ‘Nike Apache’ was launched by India from Thuma.
 He was appointed project director of SLV project and under his directorship
SLV III successfully deployed ‘Rohini’ Satellite into orbit.
 In 1983 Kalam was appointed Chief Executive of Integrated Guided Missle
Development Programme (IGMDP) and he played very important part in
development and launching of Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Nag and Akash
missiles.
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 He was present during First Nuclear Test at Pokhran and was Chief Project
Coordinator for Pokaran-II nuclear test in 1998. For this important
contribution to the development of missiles in India he is also known as
‘Missile Man’ of India.
130. Mention the Awards given to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam?
 In 1981 he has been awarded with Padma Bhushan.
 In 1990 he has been awarded with Padma Vibhushan.
 In 1997 he has been awarded with Bharat Ratna.
 In 1997 he has been awarded with Indira Gandhi Award for National
Integration.
 In 1998 he has been awarded with Veer Savarkar Award.
 In 2000 he has been awarded with Ramanujan Prize.
 In 2013 he has been awarded with Von Braun Award by National Space
Society.
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AWARD

IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
131. What do you know about Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award?
 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology is one of the
highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.
 It was instituted in 1958 by the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research in the honor of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar the founder Director of
CSIR.
 It was awarded annually by CSIR for notable and outstanding research in
Biological Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and
Planetary Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, Medical
Sciences and Physical Sciences.
 Any citizen of India up to the age of 45 years is eligible for this award.
Overseas citizen of India and person of Indian origin working in India are
also eligible.
 It was first awarded to Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan in 1958 for
physical science.
 It was last awarded in 2019, the recipient of this award receives a citation,
plaque and a cash money of Rs. 5,00,000. In addition, recipients also get Rs
15,000 per month up to the age of 65 years.
132. Write short note on Norman Borlaug Award?
 It is an award recognition conferred by a fertilizer company, Coromandel
International Ltd for outstanding Indian scientists for their research and
contribution in the field of agriculture and environment.
 It was instituted in 1972 and named in honour of Nobel Laureate Norman
E. Borlaug.
 The award carries a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh, a gold medal and a citation.
 It was first awarded in 1972, and the first recipient of this award was Dr.
Atmaram Bhairav Joshi.
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133. Write short note on Dr. B C Roy Award?

 Dr. B C Roy Award was instituted in 1976 in memory of Bidhan Chandra
Roy by Medical Council of India.
 The Award is given annually in each of the following categories:
Statesmanship of the Highest Order in India, Medical man-cum-Statesman,
Eminent Medical Person, Eminent person in Philosophy and Eminent
person in Arts.
 It is presented by President of India in New Delhi on July 1, the National
Doctor’s Day.
 The award comprises silver medal, certificate and Rs 1 lakh.
134. What do you know about Vikram Sarabhai Science and Technology
Award?
 It is one of the National award for science & Technology by the name
of Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai who was an Indian scientist and innovator
widely regarded as the father of India's space programme.
 Sarabhai received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal in 1962.
 The nation honoured him awarding Padma Bhushan in 1966 and Padma
Vibhushan in 1972.
 It was instituted in 1990, it is given in the field of space research.
 The award comprises of Rs 5 lakh, medal and a certificate.
135. Write in brief about G D Birla Award?
 GD Birla Award for Scientific Research is conferred by KK Birla
Foundation.
 It is instituted in 1991, the award recognises eminent Indian scientists
below the age of 50 for their original and outstanding contributions to any
branch of science or technology.
 The award carries a cash prize of Rs 5 lakh and a certificate.
 Professor Suman Chakraborty has been selected for the 30th GD Birla
Award for Scientific Research for his outstanding contribution to
engineering science and its applications in developing technologies for
affordable healthcare.
136. Write short note on India Science Award?
 India Science Award is one of the highest and the most prestigious national
recognition by the Government of India for outstanding contribution in the
field of science.
 The award covers all areas of research in science
including engineering, medicine and agriculture.
 The award was instituted by the 10th Prime Minister of India Shri Atal
Bihari Vajpayee in 2003.It is announced and presented every year at
the Indian Science Congress (ISC).
 The first award, for the year 2004, was given to a renowned chemist Prof.
C.N.R Rao for his works in solid state and material chemistry.
 The recipient of this award receives a citation, gold medal and a prize
money of Rs. 25 Lakhs.
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137. What do you know about Aryabhata and Homi Bhabha Award?
 Aryabhata Award is an annual award, presented to individuals with
notable lifetime contributions in the field of astronautics and aerospace
technology in India.
 It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI).
 The recipient of this award receives a citation and a prize money of Rs.
One Lakh.
 Homi Bhabha Award in Science Education was instituted in 2006 and is
given every alternate year.
 The award will carry a citation and a cash prize of Rs 20 Thousand given
by TIFR Endowment.
138. What do you know about Nobel Prize?
 The Nobel Prizes regarded as the most prestigious awards given for
intellectual achievement in the world are awarded annually from a fund
bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist
Alfred Nobel.
 Nobel Prizes are awarded every year in the fields
of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.
 In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Prize in
Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
 It is presented by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Physics and
Chemistry), Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute (Physiology or
Medicine), Swedish Academy (Literature), Norwegian Nobel
Committee (Peace).
 The laureates of Nobel Prize receive a gold medal, a heavily decorated
diploma and the cash award.
 The first distribution of the prizes took place on 10th December, 1901.
139. List the Indians who have been awarded with Nobel Prize in the field of
science?
 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was the first Indian physicist to win a
Nobel Physics Prize in 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for
the discovery of the Raman effect.
 Dr. Har Gobind Khorana's work on electron diffraction got him the 1968
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, "for their interpretation of the
genetic code and its function in protein synthesis".
 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar made India proud in 1983 when he bagged
the Nobel Prize in Physics "for theoretical studies of the physical processes
of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".
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140. Who have been awarded with Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year
2020? Also mention the discovery.
 It was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna
for discovering the CRISPR-Cas9 genetic scissors, which allows scientists
to ‘cut-paste’ inside a genetic sequence.
 CRISPR: They are specific segments in the bacterial DNA that contain
palindromic repeats inter spaced with pieces of DNA (called spacer) that
bacteria snip off from attacking viruses.
 Cas9: It is a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease, or enzyme, that acts
as "molecular scissors" to cut DNA at a location specified by a guide RNA.
 CRISPR-Cas9: It is a unique genome editing technology that enables
geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by
removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
 It is a three-stage complex mechanism of unwinding, cleaving and
rewinding of DNA to bring desirable changes in the genome of any
living beings.
141. Who have been awarded with Nobel Prize in Medicine for the year
2020? Explain.
 It was awarded to Harvey Alter, Charles Rice, and Michael Houghton for
discovering the Hepatitis C virus (HCV).
 It is a blood-borne virus and causes Hepatitis C disease which affects the
liver.
 It happens through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood
products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through
injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible.
 According to WHO, there about 71 million people (6-11 million of them in
India) who are suffering from chronic infection caused by HCV.
 It is also a major cause of liver cancer. No vaccine is available for HCV
yet.
142. For which discovery Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez
received a Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020? Explain.
 It was awarded to Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for
furthering the understanding of black holes, the most “enigmatic” objects in
the universe.
 Black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of
relativity. Discovery of a supermassive black hole (Sagittarius A*) at the
centre of our galaxy.
 A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light
cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed
into a tiny space. This can happen when a big star is dying.
 In 2019 scientists got the first optical image of a black hole through Event
Horizon Telescope.
 Black Holes cannot be directly observed because they themselves do not
emit or radiate light, or any other electromagnetic waves that can be
detected by instruments built by human beings.
 Their detection can provide a test for existing theories of the universe, and
lead to a better understanding of black holes and the nature of the universe
itself.
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143. What do you know about Turing Prize?

 The turing Prize is awarded annually by the Association of Computing
Machines (ACM) to individuals who make a significant contribution to any
advancement in the field of computer science.
 The prize was first awarded to Alan J perlis in 1966. Since there is no
Nobel Prize for computer science, this is the equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
 It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science, or
the Nobel Prize of Computing.
 Dabbala Rajagola Raj Reddy is an Indian-American computer scientist and
a winner of the Turing Award.
 He is one of the early pioneers of Artificial Intelligence and has served on
the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon for over 50 years.
144. Write in brief about Fields Medal?
 This award is given every four years by the International Congress of the
International Mathematical Union (IMU) to two, three or four
mathematicians under 40 years of age of making lasting and advanced
achievements in mathematics.
 The award was first donated to Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and the
American mathematician Jesse Douglas in 1936, and then officially started
the activity in 1954.
 Maryam Mirzakhani is the first young female scientist to receive this award
along with three other young scientists in 2014.
 In 2018 it is awarded to Caucher Bikra, Alessio Figalli, Alessio Figalland
Akshay Venkatesh.
 Akshay Venkatesh, a renowned Indian-Australlian mathemacician, in one of
four winners of mathematics prestigious Field medal, known as the Nobel
Prize for Math.
145. Write short note on Abel Prize?
 Abel Prize is among the new and famous awards in the firled of mathematics
donated by the King of Norway to outstanding mathematicians.
 The award is an effort to promote mathematics knowledge among the
people, especially the youth and is the de facto Nobel Prize of mathematics.
 The prize is NOK 6 million (about 1 million US Doller) and was first
awarded in 2003.
 The Abel Prize for 2020 awarded to Hillel Furstenberg and Gregory
Margulis.
 Srinivas S.R.Varadhan, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New
York, is awarded the Abel Prize in 2007 “for his fundamental contributions
to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large
deviations”.
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146. What do you know about Albert Einstein Prize?

 Albert Einstein Prize, awarded by the World Cultural Council, includes a
diploma, a commemorative medal and $ 10,000.
 Nominess can be introduced by governments, organizations, educational
institutions, and prominent individuals.
 The Albert Einstein Prize has a distinguished a reputable jury, the committee
that selects the winner includes many scientist from different countries
around the world.
 The award is given for the recognition and encouragement for scientific and
technological research and development.
 The Indian-American Professor Abhay Ashteka have received this prize for
numerous and seminal contributions to general relativity, including the
theory of black holes, canonical quantum gravity and quantum cosmology.
BHOPAL : 7223901339 47

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SPACE FOR NOTE MAKING

PAPER – III (UNIT–7)

1. How do Technology changes Human Life?

4. Write down the impact of Science and Technological Development on

8. What are the negative impacts of Science and Technological Development

15. Write short note on Indigenously Developed/Developing Vaccines of

18. What is Remote Sensing Satellite? Also, explain atmospheric transmission

20. What is Microwave Remote Sensing? Also define Synthetic Aperture

22. Development of Remote Sensing Satellite System in India?

ORGANISATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS

33. Write down the major achievements of DRDO?

40. Define Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)

GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLES

56. What are the differences between GSLV and PSLV?

S.No. GSLV PSLV

2 The first flight by GSLV The first successful launch of

3 It delivers the It delivers the earth-observation

BIOTECHNOLOGY, CLONES, PATENTS & RIGHTS OF

59. Write a short note GM Crops?

62. What IndiGen Programme. Describe in details?

65. Write a short note on Golden Rice?

69. What is Utility Model of Intellectual Property.Describe?

73. Write a note on Cloning?

77. Discuss some of the advantages of Stem Cell Technology?

80. Examine Ethical Issues Involved in Human Cloning?

83. What is TRIPS Agreement. Also highlight it’s objective?

85. What do you know about Trade Related Investment Measures

88. Define Bio-prospecting. Also discuss its advantages &

ROBOTS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

101. Why software robots are not robots?

 RADA: It is a unique artificial intelligence-based robot developed by

CONTRIBUTION OF INDIANS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

116. Write short note on Srinivasa Ramanujan?

120. What do you know about Dr. Prafulla Chandra Roy?

123. What do you know about Dr. Har Govind Khurana?

126. What do you know about Sir M. Vishversharaiya?

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AWARD

133. Write short note on Dr. B C Roy Award?

143. What do you know about Turing Prize?

146. What do you know about Albert Einstein Prize?

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