FRICTIONAL FORCES z 7 Pushing lightly on book, i$ no motion results , then Fou =O We can eondude that there must be another force acting in the opposite direction ($) T must be Supplied by the table. - ts called Q STATIC FRICTION FORCE opposing object From sliding . Friction ts a force that arises to oppose relative motion between sucfaces in contact Friction is at times useful, sometime mot. Desirable: Firing nails , screws , beaking , welling etc. Undesirable: in movi cts in machin eg. cendes, responsi ble. ‘4. % 50/) power loss = lubricants used to reduce fiction Suppose we a end h force for the book a ata Py 4 Then friction is shill acting , but this Is KINETIC FRICTION FORCE, 4gPlot of Frictional Force Vs Applied Force w Stuchi ‘cher (fe Fata = SR a 4 LL keinette Frtetien Cbeok, sltding) F, = starting frietisn or cribecal statte friction force 4, = moving Friction or kinehe friction Stohe friction: force preventing motion of stabi surfaces in contact; Stoeting fetetion: maximum value given t static friction before vbyect starts motion welative ts other. Kinetic friction : is lese than starting friction , so less force required &o maintain motion, ag. Car tyres provide more gp (trectton) when mob slipping, COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION Frictional force depends on 2 factorc : 1. type of surfaces in contact 2. 1 force with which either surface is pressed against each ether, 1%" force is called the NORMAL FORCE, F, 4aMateriel in Contact + Tightly pressed obyects have greater friction than lightly press objects . + Easier to push an empty box than a loaded box, + Area of contact is immaterial. Approvimate relationship behoeen Fy and FE: Sain ¢ Static friction 5 = A, Fr Kinehe friction M the proportionality constant is ealled the: CoePFICIENT OF FRICTION Typical = Values Mg Ay Rubber on dry concrete 20-9 © OF " “ wet “ OF 0-5 Steel on steel 075 05% Woed on stoné 0.5 O4 Woed on wood . oF o-4 Leather on wood os O-4 For calewations : { =A, Fy and $2 Ay Fn Dice A friction force_is II" ty surfaces , magnitude of force fe ot te magnitwle of compression force normal to wi ees 50EXAMPLE A (00 kg wooden crate is at rest on a level stone r. trihat is the minimun horigontad. force needed to start the crate moving? b) What is-the mininun force required to keep the erate wn motion at constant speed? — will happen sf SOON force is @ plied to the emk? given Al, = OS » Aby F Om isa oa stone) ZF, 20 Fung eO § Sah, w ny “stone floor DF lstarting ) a UF, = Aymg =(05 )(100kg)(9.8 m/s) = 490N o. Crate will only move of afore ED AION is applied ») Once it sharts moving, coeff. of kinetic friction must be used - Thus Fe (kinohic) = A, mg = (0-4 )(100k9)(9.2mA2) = 392N Only force required Por constant gpeed motion. ¢) os F, (applied) = SOON is > 490N =F, crate will move. Because Fi, >392N° the crate will be acceleratec!. -'. Net force of moving erate is: Fae R-Fe SOON-392N = 108N =Paccelerotion = Y%, = | °9ro0ky = |.08m/s?Exam A it whose shoes have leather heels is walking on a wooden floor. Find the maximum angle the forwerd — le may make unth the verbeal ca order that the heel ne slip on the floor. : SoLuTion; PALF, <0 X¢ ; 1— AD tanned 00 Fa force foot exerts on floor, ne slip hes ceattion force F, F, has wopeells ele 1°" be Fleer. ie. FR w Fsin®(i) & Fy w Fees (ii) Ff slip is net to occur ® < critical angle dependomt on cof of stettc frietion behseen heel & floor. w Reqd. Condition; (5 =F fora mot to occur baae «oF @ fell) conn schlnten. “© o For limi bing angle we haves Fa Fy 5 MeFeosD=Fsiad - c-. Me F sin® = tan® 6.5 ee Fees) Frm duble of coeff. stabi frietion, leather on wood is 0-5 so tan%=05 or tan "9 = 27° te BES 27° , heel will not slip.Example A bowling ball with initial viet of Zmls rolls along o Level Pleor for 50m belre coming to stop. What isthe coefficient of eolling friction? Solution Fist find the balls accelerction : ws Sm/s 7 Vpr0 and S=50m and so using, Vz" 2 V4 205 rewrite as: a = vit-vi = ea m/s) (2)(50m) =-0.09 m/s? . Force coreespending +o this accelerakion is ma which is taal opposite to F Normal force Fy =m A, = rolling coeff mel ree Fre age as fe ML, Fy = M,ng hence ma = A, M4 A, = a. -0.04m/[s* 3 48 m/s® = 0.0092Example The | eoeffont of kinete friction between a rubber | tyre ond a wee roncrete road (3 0.5. @) Find the minimum time in which a ea whose inital Velocity is 50 km/h can stop on such ca road - b) What distance will the ear cover in Hus kime ? a) Mex. available Fickionsl forte is fs AN = My Ing and so fe Aymg = -ma p> AF “Me = ~ (0.5)(4.8 m/s?) = -4.4mls® Vi» 50km/\y = 13-4 mls V, =O car eomesty a stop Vy sVj4ak sO or vi oe | be -Vio 2 7(13-Guls ° a ( Sim.) 2 2$hs, by Distource covered by ear Coming & a sbop Is: 8 ait + gat? =(t Saa/skts) + 4CAAmp\2-94s) 2 1AM Another method iste use : Vyr= vi4 2as here Vv, =O whe $0 gee hadi 2 2a 2 (-A-4 mie) = (ISD4m.Example C Application of 3m Lew) A 1kg bleck A and a Skg block B are in contact on @ frietionless horizontal surface. A force FoION is applied te block i: a) Find the force this block exerts on block B t) The same force is now applied to block . Find ahe fores bleck A exerts on block B. SOLUTION F m= leg Ls, | Ee 0 ede sso PETE - a Blocks stuck teyether .". have same acedn. te Qe E. = ION 5 2-5ms™ + Mg akg To give this block aceln., force A exerts fs: Ra tmt = (Bkg)(2-Sms*) =7-5N by Forre block & exerts on block A is: Fan? mio = (1kg)(2-5 ms) e25N Reechon force of A on ®B is the same but opposite. an direction. NR, net forea to left & block B fs: 1ON-2:SN=7SN, needed to give his block aceln. A= 25ms"*WEIGHT 2 WEIGHTLESSNESS . + Weightlessness sometimes observed on accelerating objects, + reading en spring balance celled objects weight. » Wt. due pithy, “can cell reading APPARENT WIGHT, = Roof & elevatoc We pull due to gravity + Freek Te upwerd tension fous, E F920 T4+(CW)=0 Te W Ww w Suppoce balance is frxed te elevator roof. CASE 1: Elevator at rest => Oy20 , ZFysmay=O or T-WeO0 > TsW “ apparent wt, = gravitational pull , seale reads W CASE 2: Elevoter at constant velocrty => Qys0 , similar to cosel. CASER: ELevetor aceele rating upward. accln. = My take up as*Ve then ZFy=may ve TeWs ma T= maw aa parent weight Wt more thon rest value by ya ay CASE a: E levator acceleraking downward, ZF = may but accln. ig now -ve $3T-We m(-ay) =— May Apparent Weykt = T = W-ma ay apparent wt < pull of qrevity on Now suppose pail is freely falling, then ay=9 sine Wa m4 T-W-m¢q We have T= W-mg= ma-mas0 Balance will read zero , thus ‘pail appeers t have no weight, GENERAL CONDITION for WEIGHTLESSNESS IN PRES FALL. An object is weightless whenever the force f gravity is the only fores acking onthe object, MOTION ON AN INCLINE + one dimensional motion in which mohon is on surfoce making an angle unith the hectgontah . : oe ; <+— ramp aut hort * coordinate system is eheosen go that X i's along the ramp a ag t at, Fie a mgsin® ae = + Coen) — . nant zh fn . nd = W) + We of an object“on a ramp is vertically downward + Nocmal force by definition is 1% to ramp, 56« Resolvi rees into components along axes: - en in Realeabien is: mg din 9 - ncn yodiveeonis ; mg cos® + But Fy és in *ve direction . ve if friction exists it ig cathe x-direction, can be +ve or -vé oppesite direch'on of metion. CONDITIONS GOVERNING AXES: 1) Newton's I8* Lao requires thet 2 Fy =O a) Motion along X-axis obeys Newton's 2" law c= ma, Example A erate is on rame walking an angle oF 40° with the horizontal. Assume no fue or other forces, 9) Cal, how tong rt would take the erate t» slide through a distonce of Im. b) Calewtate howd fast the object would b at the bottom, oe £9" SOLUTION To get suitable egns , apply the 2 conditions. o 1A! te ramp . Fy =mg cos® + Croke will have net force down the ramp of Rae mgsin® and aceln. As Fret m = Wigsin® 29 sinB mgs ‘g si + Now apply aceln. found above to eqns of linear motion. Choosing cloum ramp as tVC, Vi = V7 420% = 0+ (2 gsi) = oOr2qsiner Uy Vit = 2gsin OX) O) stXa vite at*= 04 'igsin®)t* Gi) v.20 & Veev tak so+gsinb: i) CLM ed from can (iy wre get Final velocity as:?* Vex BG8 ms*AGin a0 Nim) = 3.58m/s answer to (b) & from eqn (iti t= Me = 355m/s5 gsing0° = (9. ms“*)(0.64) 2 0:57§. answer t0(a), EXAMPLE A rope whose working strength is 2000N is used to tow a 1000k4 car up a 0° incline. Find the maximum occelerchion the car can be given. SOLUTION 4 : mgsin® — % ; wngsrnd Componet of wt. ‘ng of car Ne! ty imeline ig: mgsin® Ff T is maximum Eension ,then F, along incline Net(macc) ist Eye Temgsin® So ame 2" Law seys Fema .’. T-mgsin® sma selvin @D. asT-qsin® 9 for Zz gin = 2000N ~ (4.¢ns%ein 10°) 1000 kee = 0-30 msEXAMPLE A ramp is to be built along which crates are to slide dow a) At what an . cotetie hor zontal should i ramp b ee are £0 slide down tant So b) wi ool fore Should a 100 crake. be pus ding down with the ae ae #8 be SOLUTION. ZF, =0 mgsin® Component of force along ramp: F. = =mgsin® Reaction force F, of ramp; Fy = mg cos® IF crate slides down at constant eed no net force according t 1% tie cea . accelerAion. Downward force alon ramp = force of kinete peren, Rr A, Fu, mg sind = ibe iy ng cos® 84solving for Aly A, = ‘er sin 6 = sin = ta = SAG coSB cos® ae Suppose ramp is made of wood -th My fer wood en wood 3 O08 < then is O = tan'o.g - 17° 5) Note Us weed on wood is O.5 +’. force of static friction to evercome is: Fa uF = Me Mg CosB Greater force than leinetie friction force . Croke. will only move with initial push, Component of force along plane dus to crote's wt is Fa masin® NB. F< Fy, let applied force Il b plane & move erate be Fiarptced. A gsi Applied force + forward comp nk of wh. i = backward Pitonol force, Fa +ingsin® = Wg m cosB = FS ma (a, cosd~ sin®) 5 = (15:9 )(4-8 ms? XO'S cosl¥-sinl?) = 182N . elEXAMPLE ON APPLICATION OF 2° LAW, Two masses are tied to a massless rope , andthe rope és hung over a massless and frictionless pulley. Find the acteleration of the masses. acceleration for both ts at, $ the game, they are joined Sky 1okg by rope. Active forces => wts. 7 <4 Free body diagrams is “r Skgx 48 me? 2 44N Nn 1Okeg x4 Sms & 9 SN he han = aan Me Choose direchon each mass moves as positive SF ema From 2" Lew we shave: i) 98N-T = (10kq) a W T= 44 2(Skgyla D> T= Sai" add i) & (ii) te eliminate T (48N -7)4 ff BAN) =(OK9)a +(Sk9)a AQn = (iSkg)a FE a= AF i —_ a =33m% A= 7 Can get tension T from either eqn. 2. T= (Ska +449N 2(5k9 X3-3m/8) + 49N = 65N o